COLLECTION MONETA . 97
COIN HOARDS FROM ROMAN BRITAIN
VOLUME XII
EDITED BY RICHARD ABDY, ELEANOR GHEY, CELINE HUGHES AND IAN LEINS
MONETA,WETTEREN 2009
COLLECTION MONETA – 97
COIN HOARDS FROM ROMAN BRITAIN
VOLUME XII
EDITED BY RICHARD ABDY, ELEANOR GHEY, CELINE HUGHES AND IAN LEINS
MONETA, WETTEREN 2009
Cover: Hacksilver, coins and jewellery from the Patching hoard; © Trustees of the British Museum Coin of Domitian II from the Chalgrove hoard; © Trustees of the British Museum.
© Moneta 2009 MONETA, Hoenderstraat 22, 9230 Wetteren, Belgique, Fax (32) 93 69 59 25 www.moneta.be
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ...... 7 CONTRIBUTORS ...... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 10 NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE ...... 12 LOCATION MAP OF HOARDS ...... 13 LIST OF BUST VARIETIES ...... 14 LIST OF THIRD-CENTURY REVERSE TYPES ...... 15
1 Cowbit, Lincolnshire ...... 24 2 Llanddeiniolen, Wales ...... 27 3 Bungay, Suffolk ...... 30 4 New Forest, Hampshire ...... 34 5 M1 Motorway, (possibly Leicestershire) ...... 36 6 Longford Grange, Shropshire ...... 49 7 Nomansland, Wiltshire ...... 52 8 Ethy, Cornwall ...... 63 9 Hambrook, South Gloucestershire ...... 72 10 Kirton-in-Lindsey I, Lincolnshire ...... 74 11 Kirton-in-Lindsey II, Lincolnshire ...... 81 12 Stogursey, Somerset ...... 86 13 Langley with Hardley, Norfolk ...... 97 14 Easterton II, Wiltshire ...... 111 15 Chalgrove II, Oxfordshire ...... 113 16 Braithwell, South Yorkshire ...... 149 17 Frampton, Dorset ...... 158 18 Breamore A, Hampshire ...... 171 19 Blunsdon Ridge, Wiltshire ...... 190 20 Breamore B, Hampshire ...... 192 21 Yate, Bristol ...... 199
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22 Langtoft I, Yorkshire ...... 208 23 Ravenstone, Leicestershire...... 226 24 Goodnestone, Kent ...... 233 25 Prestwood B, Buckinghamshire ...... 237 26 Taynton, Gloucestershire ...... 251 27 Langtoft II, Yorkshire ...... 254 28 Carleton St. Peter, Norfolk ...... 261 29 Grassmoor, Derbyshire...... 265 30 Leatherhead area, Surrey ...... 278 31 Longbridge Deverill, Wiltshire ...... 282 32 Hockwold, Norfolk ...... 290 33 Welbourn, Lincolnshire ...... 295 34 Haxby B addenda, York ...... 304 35 West Bagborough, Somerset ...... 306 36 Little Smeaton, North Yorkshire ...... 313 37 Kings Langley, Hertfordshire ...... 316 38 Calstone, Wiltshire ...... 331 39 Wood Norton, Norfolk ...... 332 40 Bowerchalke, Wiltshire ...... 333 41 Chippenham, Cambridgeshire ...... 337 42 Medina district, Isle of Wight ...... 339 43 Eye area, Suffolk ...... 344 44 Ketton, Rutland ...... 347 45 Thetford, Norfolk ...... 354 46 Worlington, Suffolk ...... 355 47 Good Easter addenda, Essex ...... 358 48 Thirsk, North Yorkshire ...... 359 49 Melcombe Horsey, Dorset ...... 361 50 Stanchester, Wiltshire ...... 366 51 Cattal addenda, North Yorkshire ...... 375 52 Lindsell, Essex ...... 377 53 Haynes, Bedfordshire ...... 379 54 Patching, West Sussex ...... 389
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55 Oxborough, Norfolk ...... 393 Appendix ...... 396
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CHALGROVE II (2003), OXFORDSHIRE
Jérôme Mairat1
(Plate 5-22)
4957 copper-alloy radiates to AD 279 BM ref.: 2003 T83 Circumstances of discovery (by R. Abdy) Found by Mr. Brian Malin with the aid of a metal detector, 7th April 2003 at a depth of 30-60 cm on arable farmland, about 10 miles south-east of Oxford. In 1989 Mr. Malin, along with his brother Ian Malin, found the remarkably similar Chalgrove I (RBCH 756A, 4145 radiates in two Romano-British black burnished pots), 100 feet away from the find spot of the present hoard. (See J. Mairat below for comparison between these two hoards). The condition of hoard, fused together with copper-alloy corrosion products within the jar made conservation (carried out by the British Museum conservators Simon Dove and Abby Dickson) a painstaking task that unavoidably delayed identification until early 2004. This did allow stratified spits to be taken: roughly 100-coin samples (actual 430) from the top, upper middle, lower middle, and bottom (analysed below). The presence of the second recorded example of a coin of Domitianus (Domitian II) in Chalgrove II provoked a great deal of media attention.2 The RIC plates showed that this new coin was a die-identical example of the previously unique first discovery. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (A. H. M. Jones et al) lists this Gallic Domitianus as: “Usurper under Aurelian, quickly suppressed Zos. 1.49.2. Possibly in Gaul, where a coin of doubtful authenticity was found with the legend ‘Imp. C. Domitianus p. f. Aug.’ RIC V.2 590”. The matching example from Chalgrove, certainly confirmed the authenticity of the coin. By coincidence, renewed research in France on the first Domitian II coin was coming to fruition around the time of the discovery of Chalgrove II. The first coin had been found as part of a hoard of 1,456 radiates to AD 274,3 at Cléons (Haute-Goulaine, Loire-Atlantique), 1900, and subsequently published by F.-M. A. de la Fuÿe.4 The Cabinet des Médailles in Paris refused to purchase the coin due to the unrealistic price,5 and in 1929 was given to the Musée Dobrée in Nantes, the owner’s hometown.6 It subsequently proved hard to locate, leaving the plaster cast published in RIC as the only reference throughout the century.7 It was declared to be a retooled Tetricus / Hilaritas Augg (RIC 79) by the influential Italian numismatist L. Laffranchi,8 while other doubters pointed out the unusual lack of praenomen and nomen on what should have been an inaugural issue.9 Despite its detractors, the coin was never quite dismissed. Apart from the entry in RIC and the 1971 Prosopography, R. Delbrück also accepted the coin (dating it to AD 273).10 In more recent times the authenticity of the coin has been championed by M. Weder11 (who also highlighted its omission from AGK) and S. Estiot and G. Salaün. The latter were able to make use of the breakthrough of the confirmation of the coin’s existence at the Musée Dobrée (via J. Lafaurie in 1996) and its subsequent transfer to the Paris Cabinet des Médailles for conservation and examination. The cleaning of the Cleóns coin revealed that the legend was embedded in ancient corrosion products making Laffranchi’s proposed retooling (deduced from the cast alone) impossible.12 It was also more apparent that Domitian II was given different features from either Victorinus or Tetricus, although style was similar to those emperors’ busts from ‘Gallic mint II’ with the reverse displaying stylistic parallels to the early issues of Tetricus’s mint I coinage, thus dating the coin to
1 I would particularly like to thank C. Howgego and V. Heuchert for having invited me in the capacity of Kraay scholar to Oxford University and the Ashmolean Museum in 2006, in order to publish the Chalgrove II hoard, as well as R. Britton-Strong for having organised my visit to Oxford. I would also like to thank N. Allard (iNumis, Paris) for her invaluable help with the complete photography of the hoard. I am grateful to E. Ghey and R. Abdy (British Museum, London) for allowing me to publish this study in the prestigious series Coin Hoards from Roman Britain, and to E. Ghey for having kindly accepted the difficult task of the translation of a written French text. I would also like to thank R. Bland, Head of Portable Antiquities and Treasure, who has offered me the possibility of comprehensively publishing Chalgrove II, with all illustrated coins, weights and die-axes, through the Portable Antiquities Scheme (http://www.finds.org.uk). 2 In addition to television and radio, it made the front page of The Times, 25/II/2004 (and subsequently of local newspapers) and attracted media attention in France, Germany, Australia, Canada and the U.S. The British Museum received enquiries from as far away as North America, Australia and China. 3 This of course narrows down the possible date of minting for the Domitianus coin from Chalgrove II’s tpq of AD 279. 4 F Allotte de la Fuÿe, ‘Une Monnaie du Tyran Domitianus’, RN 1901, pp. 319-24. 5 See p.20 of L Laffranchi, ‘Il Preteso Domiziano Tiranno’, RIN 1942, pp. 19-23. 6 See p.202-5 of S Estiot and G Salaün, ‘L’usurpateur Domitianus’, RN 2004, pp. 201-18. 7 R Bland pers. comm. In addition, it would seem that the Dobrée initially had restrictions on publicity (especially photographs) placed on it by the owner to avoid encouraging potential forgers (p.8 of F Allotte de la Fuÿe, ‘La Monnaie du Tyran Domitianus’, RN 1930, pp. 7- 8). As recently as 1992, a scholar was able to complain of its disappearance (p.108 of L Okamura, ‘Forging a usurper in late Roman Aquitania’, Hermes 120 (1992), pp. 103-9). 8 Laffranchi 1942, pp. 21-2. 9 See Okamura 1992, p. 106, for this and other pre-war arguments over the authenticity of the Domitianus coin. 10 See p.141 of R Delbrück, Die Münzbildnisse von Maximinus bis Carinus. Römische Herrscherbild III, 2 (Berlin, 1940). 11 M Weder, ‘Münzen und Münzstatten der gallisch-römischen Kaiser. Teil I.’, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 1997, 76, pp. 103-33. 12 Estiot and Salaün 2004, pp.211-2.
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AD c.271.13 (See J. Mairat below for further numismatic observations) As to the identity of this Gallic Domitian, de la Fuÿe recognised the resemblance to Victorinus and Tetricus I. He proposed a tentative link to the historically recorded Domitianus, who had come to notice helping to defeat the usurper Macrianus in the Balkans in AD 262. He was apparently a senior officer under Aureolus, Gallienus’s generalissimo who later rebelled against the emperor at Milan in AD 268.14 He therefore proposed that the coin could have been issued in 262 in the Balkans, or, given the style of the coin, later on in Gaul around the time of Tetricus with the same historical Domitianus somehow becoming an unrecorded competitor for the Gallic Emperorship. The story is further complicated by mention of a certain Domitianus ‘punished’ (?executed) at Rome around AD 271 under Aurelian15. The third, but less likely possibility to de la Fuÿe being that Zosimus’s Domitian, perhaps the same victor of 262 and the rebel of 268, produced the coin in Rome about 271.16 We can now rule out a place of production outside the Gallic empire and it remains a moot point as to whether the authority on this coin issue can be related to any historically recorded figure.17 However, after a century of debate, with the matching of the French and British Domitianus specimens, and the recent examination on the former, we can now conclusively demonstrate a line-up of seven Gallic Emperors (including one Caesar):
i. Postumus (AD 260-9) ii. Laelian (AD 269) iii. Marius (AD 269) iv. Victorinus (AD 269-71) v. Domitian II (AD c.271) vi. Tetricus I and II (AD 271-4)
With only one set of known dies made for him, we must treat Domitian II’s reign as more fleeting than either Laelian, who spent most of his few months of office besieged at Mainz, or Marius, who had reigned for a short period of time, both of whom were at least historically recorded.
The pot prior to conservation of the coins (by P. Booth)18 The vessel is largely complete, though the upper shoulder area is fragmented and only part of the rim is present – it looks as if at least some of the rim was lost prior to recovery (e.g. through plough damage). The vessel is in a fine reduced (grey ware) fabric with few obvious sand or other inclusions. It has a thin dark grey slip, now much eroded. The body is mid grey with a brown core in places. This fabric is in the R10 range (fine reduced wares) in the Oxford Archaeology pottery recording system and superficially appears close to fabric R11 (Oxford fine reduced ware) within that range. An Oxford industry source for the fabric seems very likely. Apart from the slip there is no clear sign of surface treatment (the vessel may have been burnished but this cannot be determined in its present condition) except for horizontal grooves on the shoulder and at the girth. In terms of the Oxford industry vessel typology19, there does not appear to be an exact parallel, though this may simply reflect the fact that the vessel is not at present fully accessible. An indentation on the outer edge of the rim is not very characteristic of the Oxford industry, but the range of coarse ware production in the industry is very wide and not all covered by Young's corpus. The vessel is a narrow mouthed jar – i.e. one in which the rim diameter is less than two thirds of the maximum girth of the vessel – but it does not have characteristic features such as the grooves and cordons at the base of the neck typical of Oxford narrow mouthed forms such as R15 (ibid, 211-212). In its broad proportions, with roughly equal girth and height, it is closer to medium mouthed forms such as R21 (ibid, 212, 214) and it is perhaps best categorized for now as a hybrid of these two forms. Neither is very closely dated, but R21 is considered not to have been in production after AD 200 at the latest, while R15 is principally a 2nd to 4th century form. Leaving aside the finds association the vessel would probably fit best in a later 2nd to 3rd century date range.
The pot after conservation of the coins (by J. D. Hill) The pot is extremely well preserved compared to most hoard pots recovered in recent years. Approximately 75% of the vessel remains complete. The neck and the upper part of one side of the vessel have been broken away and the broken sherds were not recovered. The neck appears to have broken away some time ago, as the breaks are not partially worn. The missing side of the vessel is a more recent breakage, as the broken edges are very fresh. This pattern of breakage might suggest the vessel was buried having already lost its neck, the main damage to the body being caused by very recent agriculture or digging. The vessel is a wheel made grey ware jar. The vessel has a simple flat base 8.5 cm in diameter, a maximum girth of 20.5 cm, survives to a height of 18.5 cm, where the neck originally began. Here the base of the neck has a diameter of 9.1
13 Estiot and Salaün 2004, p.207. 14 (SHA The Two Gallieni II, 6; SHA The Thirty Pretenders XIII, 3 and XII, 14). It was Domitianus, indeed, who won this victory, bravest and most active of Aureolus’ leaders, who claimed to be a descendant of the Emperor Domitian and Domitilla (SHA The Thirty Pretenders XII, 14). 15 …leaving …Pannonia…he [Aurelian] marched for Italy… Meanwhile, there was trouble at Rome, for certain senators charged with being privy to a plot against the emperor were brought to trial and executed…At the time, Septimius, Urbanus and Domitianus were similarly suspected of plotting and were immediately arrested and punished. (Zosimus, New History 1.49, trans. R T Ridley). 16 Allotte de la Fuÿe, p. 324 17 See Estiot and Salaün 2004, pp.214-7 for discussion of the possibilities. 18 Notes on container vessel as seen by P. Booth at Ashmolean Museum, 10th April 2003. Note that the vessel still contained most of the coins and was packaged for protection, so full examination was not possible. 19 C J Young, The Roman pottery industry of the Oxford region, BAR 43, (Oxford, 1977).
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cm. Grey ware is a term describing a very common coarse ware fabric with grey surfaces and a grey colour fabric or matrix.
Disposition The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, have acquired the whole hoard.
The composition of the hoard The hoard contained 4957 radiates, struck between 251 and 278-9. Its composition is completely typical for British hoards of the second half of the third century, with a date of deposition in the reign of Probus. The Central Empire is represented by 1486 coins, of which 165 are imitations, making up 30% of the hoard (27% without the imitations). The oldest coins of the hoard are two coins of the reign of Trebonianus Gallus, one of which was struck at the mint of Antioch. 43 coins belong to the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, comprising 2.9% of the coins of the Central Empire. The sole reign of Gallienus is well represented, with 744 coins (50% of the Central Empire coins), followed by Claudius II with 519 coins (35%). 51 coins belong to the reign of Quintillus (3.4%). Radiates in the name of Divo Claudio are fairly strongly represented for a British hoard, with 46 official coins (probably struck at the beginning of the reign of Aurelian) (3.1%) and 67 imitations (4.5%). There are 18 coins in the name of Aurelian. There are very few coins issued after the monetary reform of 274; only 7 coins are present: 3 of Tacitus and 4 of Probus, all struck at Lyon. Looking at the mints, it is (as often) the mint of Rome which dominates the coinage of the Central Empire, with 72% of the assemblage. Milan is in second place with 170 coins (11%). Siscia is represented by 56 coins (3.8%). The eastern mints do not make up a significant proportion, with 8 coins of various mints. The Gallic Empire is, as one might expect in Britain, preponderant, with 3178 official coins and 293 imitations, representing 70% of the hoard. Coins of Postumus are quite numerous; there are 153 official coins (4.4% of the coins of the Gallic Empire) and 15 imitations (0.4%). Victorinus is represented by 1145 coins (33%), of which 21 are imitations (0.6%). Like all hoards of this type, the reign of Tetricus is most strongly represented in the find; there are 1874 official coins (54%) and 218 imitations (6%). Mint I is understandably the most strongly represented, with 1817 coins (that is, 52% of the Gallic Empire coinage). Mint II – to which can certainly be added the 8 coins of Cologne struck under Postumus – is represented by 1298 coins (37%). Imitations in the name of Gallic emperors total 293 coins, only 8.4% of the coins of the Gallic Empire.
Table 1: composition of the Chalgrove II hoard by mint and reign
Central Empire Rome Uncert- Milan Mint I Lyon Siscia Cyzicus Second Antioch Imita- Total ain mint Eastern tions Rome? Mint Trebonianus 1 1 2 Gallus 50.0% 50.0% 0.1% Valerian & 34 1 6 1 1 43 Gallienus 79.1% 2.3% 14.0% 2.3% 2.3% 2.9% Gallienus 591 1 94 35 3 20 744 79.4% 0.1% 12.6% 4.7% 0.4% 2.7% 50.1% Claudius II 359 65 15 2 78 519 69.2% 12.5% 2.9% 0.4% 15.0% 34.9% Quintillus 46 3 2 51 90.2% 5.9% 3.9% 3.4% Divo Claudio 35 67 102 34.3% 65.7% 6.9% Aurelian 7 7 4 18 38.9% 38.9% 22.2% 1.2% Tacitus 3 3 100.0% 0.2% Probus 4 4 100.0% 0.2% Total 1073 1 170 6 7 56 2 1 5 165 1486 72.2% 0.1% 11.4% 0.4% 0.5% 3.8% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 11.1% 30.0%
Gallic Empire Mint I Mint II Cologne Milan Uncertain Imitations Total Postumus 134 8 21 15 178 75.3% 4.5% 11.8% 8.4% 5.1% Laelian 5 5 100.0% 0.1% Marius 10 1 11 90.9% 9.1% 0.3% Victorinus 723 401 21 1145 63.1% 35.0% 1.8% 33.0% Domitian II 1 1 100.0% 0.0% Tetricus 950 890 34 218 2092 45.4% 42.5% 1.6% 10.4% 60.3% Uncertain 39 39 100.0% 1.1% Total 1817 1298 8 21 34 293 3471 52.3% 37.4% 0.2% 0.6% 1.0% 8.4% 70.0%
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C. King has published a statistical table of British hoards with latest coins in the reign of Probus. This study reveals that “coins of the Central Emperors [are] ranging between c.20% to 30% and coins of the Gallic Emperors [are] falling between 60% and 75%” (Chalgrove I, p.126)20. With respectively 30% and 70%, the Chalgrove II hoard fits perfectly in this category. It is nevertheless notable that the sole reign of Gallienus is very slightly overrepresented in Chalgrove II, with 15% of the assemblage, compared with the hoards discussed by C. King, in which coins of Gallienus make up between 8% and 14% (Chalgrove I, p.132, table 3). Coins in the name of Postumus represent 3% of the hoard. Whereas the ‘currency hoards’ discussed by C. King contain less than 1% coins of the first Gallic Emperor, the rare ‘savings hoards’ of Maltby and Tattershall contain respectively 7.4% and 22.8% coins of Postumus (ibid, p.128). This point suggests that Chalgrove II is essentially a currency hoard.
Date of deposition The three latest coins of the hoard were struck at the Lyon mint in the sixth issue of the reign of Probus. P. Bastien dates this important issue to the years 278-279. A deposition date for Chalgrove II in the 280s therefore seems the most likely hypothesis.
Chalgrove I and Chalgrove II: a single hoard? The Chalgrove I and II hoards were discovered only 100 feet apart. This naturally poses the question of whether the two hoards were, in fact, one and the same hoard.
Table 2: composition of the Chalgrove I hoard by mint and reign21
Central Empire Rome Milan Ticinum Lyon Siscia Cyzicus Second Antioch Uncertain Imita- Total Eastern tions Mint Trebonianus Gallus Valerian & 10 1 1 12 Gallienus 83.3% 8.3% 8.3% 1.3% Gallienus 290 31 15 1 14 351 82.6% 8.8% 4.3% 0.3% 5.6% 38.2% Claudius II 325 25 14 23 387 82.6% 7.1% 4.0% 6.6% 42.1% Quintillus 18 4 1 1 24 75.0% 16.7% 4.2% 4.2% 2.6% Divo Claudio 66 1 42 109 60.6% 0.9% 38.5% 11.8% Aurelian 6 2 1 1 222 12 50.0% 16.7% 8.3% 8.3% 16.7% 1.3% Tacitus 10 1 11 90.9% 9.1% 1.2% Probus 1 2 11 14 7.1% 14.3% 78.6% 0.2% Total 716 62 3 21 31 1 1 2 3 80 920 77.9% 6.7% 0.3% 2.3% 3.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 8.7% 22.2%
Gallic Empire Mint I Mint II Cologne Milan Uncertain Imitations Total Postumus 32 2 10 2 46 69.6% 4.3% 21.7% 4.3% 1.5% Laelian 1 1 100.0% 0.0% Marius 6 6 100.0% 0.2% Victorinus 450 247 3 32 732 61.5% 33.7% 0.4% 4.4% 23.4% Domitian II
Tetricus 1254 399 42 281 1976 63.5% 20.2% 2.1% 14.2% 63.2% Uncertain 72 294 366 19.7% 80.3% 11.7% Total 1742 647 2 10 117 609 3127 55.7% 20.7% 0.0% 0.3% 3.7% 19.5% 75.4%
20 Chalgrove I: C King, ‘Chalgrove, Oxfordshire’, CHRB IX, 1992, 125-53. 21 Chalgrove I, table 2, p.131 (the coin of Laelian must be given to Mint II; changes in figures accordingly). This hoard contains 98 more coins classified as “uncertain” (i.e. not given to the Gallic Empire or to the Central Empire). 22 Chalgrove I 89i belongs to the Uncertain Balkan mint. Chalgrove I 90 belongs to Rome (LV 382; LV 473-502) or Milan (LV 4659-78; LV 4731-7).
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The similarities are numerous and striking: firstly, the size of the two hoards: 4145 coins for Chalgrove I, 4957 for Chalgrove II, both contained in locally made grey ware vessels. Secondly, both hoards fit the same chronological profile. The earliest coins of Chalgrove I belong to the years 253-4, those of Chalgrove II to 251-3. The latest coins of Chalgrove I belong to the sixth Lyon issue of Probus (278-9), as do those of Chalgrove II. This suggests a similar date of deposition for the two hoards, during the 280s. Finally, the broad composition of each hoard is in the same proportions. Chalgrove I has 22% coins of the Central Empire compared to 30% for Chalgrove II and has 75% coins of the Gallic Empire compared to 70% for Chalgrove II. Despite this, there are significant differences between the hoards. Imitations make up a larger proportion of Chalgrove I, at 16.6% (689 coins), whereas Chalgrove II only contains 9.2% imitations (458 coins). Coins of Postumus – often saved in preference for their higher intrinsic value – only represent 1.5% of Gallic coins of Chalgrove I (1% of the hoard), whereas they constitute 5.1% of the Gallic coins of Chalgrove II and 3.6% of the hoard. Coins of Victorinus account for 23% of the Gallic coins in Chalgrove I, against 33% in Chalgrove II. It is regrettable that we do not have more information on the archaeological context of the field in which the two hoards were found. Despite this fact, in the absence of new discoveries, it seems likely that the two finds were originally one and the same hoard, deposited in different places by its owner.
A partially stratified hoard During the cleaning phase, the British Museum conservators were able to isolate four layers, with about 100 coins in each. The first was located at the top of the vessel, the second in the upper middle part, the third in the lower middle part and the last in the bottom of the vessel23. The results are presented in Table 3. Each layer produced relatively similar results, with proportions broadly respecting that of the whole hoard. Layers two to four contained on average 34 coins of the Central Empire and 73 of the Gallic Empire, compared with 30% and 70% of the hoard as a whole. However, the first layer was an exception. It contained 49 coins of the Central Empire and 59 coins of the Gallic Empire. This is explained by a significant quantity of coins in the name of Claudius II (25, against 13 to 16 for the other layers) and a smaller number of coins of Tetricus (22, against 38 to 42 for the other layers). It could therefore be suggested that the coins of Claudius II only found their way to Britain later, after the end of the Gallic Empire, despite the fact that coins of Tetricus are later than the reign of Claudius II. This could be a plausible hypothesis, but we must remain very careful as Chalgrove II is a currency hoard which does not show apparent stratigraphy by reign. Apart from this upper layer, the coins of Chalgrove II seemed uniformly distributed throughout the vessel.
23 Noted in the catalogue in the layer column: 1: top, 2: upper middle, 3: lower middle, 4: bottom, -:not from a sample.
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Table 3: composition of the hoard including the four sample layers
(1: top layer, 2: upper middle layer, 3: lower middle layer, 4: bottom layer, -: not from a sample)
Layer 1 2 3 4 - Total Central Empire 49 38 33 31 1335 1486 Trebonianus Gallus 2 2 Rome 1 1 Antioch 1 1 Valerian & Gallienus 3 2 1 37 43 Rome 3 2 1 28 34 Milan 1 1 Mint I 6 6 Second Eastern Mint 1 1 Antioch 1 1 Gallienus 14 17 14 16 683 744 Rome 11 15 13 12 540 591 Uncertain mint (Rome?) 1 1 Milan 3 1 1 3 86 94 Siscia 1 34 35 Antioch 3 3 Imitations 1 19 20 Claudius II 25 14 16 13 451 519 Rome 17 8 10 7 317 359 Milan 3 2 2 5 53 65 Siscia 1 2 1 11 15 Cyzicus 2 2 Imitations 4 2 3 1 68 78 Quintillus 3 1 2 45 51 Rome 3 1 1 41 46 Milan 3 3 Siscia 1 1 2 Divo Claudio 3 4 1 94 102 Rome 2 33 35 Imitations 1 4 1 61 67 Aurelian 1 1 16 18 Rome 1 6 7 Milan 1 6 7 Siscia 4 4 Tacitus 3 3 Lyon 3 3 Probus 4 4 Lyon 4 4
Gallic Empire 59 75 71 74 3192 3471 Postumus 7 7 4 1 159 178 Milan 3 18 21 Mint I 6 3 2 1 122 134 Cologne 8 8 Imitations 1 1 2 11 15 Laelian 1 4 5 Mint II 1 4 5 Marius 1 10 11 Mint I 1 9 10 Mint II 1 1 Victorinus 30 24 22 30 1039 1145 Mint I 21 16 15 18 653 723 Mint II 9 7 6 10 369 401 Imitations 1 1 2 17 21 Domitian II 1 1 Mint II 1 1 Tetricus 22 42 43 38 1947 2092 Mint I 12 21 20 18 879 950 Mint II 10 18 20 18 824 890 Uncertain mint 34 34 Imitations 3 3 2 210 218 Uncertain 1 2 4 32 39 Imitations 1 2 4 32 39
Total 108 113 104 105 4527 4957
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The coins Besides the remarkable coin of Domitian II, the Chalgrove II hoard contained a number of rare or unpublished coins, discussed below:
Sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260-268) Coin number 33 is a hybrid struck in the mint of Rome, combining an obverse die belonging to the end of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, legend IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG G M, with a reverse of the first issue of the reign of Gallienus, VIRTVS AVG – P//–. This coin is not in the corpus of R. Göbl. Number 80 has a variant reverse type which does not seem to have been noted previously. It is a radiate of Salonina with the reverse PVDICITIA, where the letter of the officina in the right field is formed by a retrograde Q. However, the majority of catalogues do not seem to take into consideration these minor variants. The coin in the name of Gallienus, no. 84, with the reverse PAX PVBLICA, Pax seated, does not have the officina mark V in the exergue and seems to be unpublished in that respect. However, there are rare gold coins with this reverse where the letter of the officina is also absent (G. 522d). The radiate no. 110 is a rare variety of bust for the fifth series of the mint of Rome. The bust is nude, with traces of drapery to front and rear of truncation (A3). The reverse FORTVNA REDVX belongs to the sixth issue. This combination of bust and reverse is not in R. Göbl’s catalogue24. Coin no. 190 poses a problem. It belongs to the Legionary Issue of the Milan mint but its state of preservation makes it difficult to read. The reverse depicts the wolf and twins and consequently two reverse legends are possible: LEG II ITAL VI P VI F and LEG II ITAL VII P VII F. On the obverse, the legend GALLIENVS AVG is associated with a military bust left with shield and spear in front (G2l). This obverse is not recorded with the wolf and twins reverse type, which makes this certain to be an unpublished coin even though the reverse legend cannot be read.
Reign of Claudius II (AD 268-270) Coin no. 327 is a rare radiate with the legend VICTORIA·G·M (only the second punctuation mark is visible). The reverse depicts Victory standing left, with a captive at her feet on either side. These rare coins belong to the end of the second issue and never have an officina mark. No. 438 consists of 10 radiates of Milan with the reverse VICTORIA AVG from the second issue. The example illustrated in the plates (3.70g) has a punctuated reverse legend VICTORIA·AVG, which does not seem to have been noted before. The radiate number 462 is of Cyzicus and carries the mark SPQR in the exergue of the reverse FORTVNA REDVX. Associated with a nude bust with traces of drapery (A3), it seems unpublished and is not included in the publication of A. Alföldi dedicated to this coinage25. A pellet below the bust indicates the first officina of the Cyzicus mint.
Reign of Aurelian (AD 270-275) Radiate no. 500 belongs to the first issue of the mint of Rome, where all the reverses are taken from the coinage of Quintillus. It has the very rare extended legend IMP CAES L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG, in place of the usual IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG. The reverse is corroded, but it may be possible to see the mark of the sixth officina in the right field (– //–). No example without mintmark seems to be recorded for this issue (BNC26. p.287). The example in Paris, from different dies, is a cast coin (BNC p.155). An example marked with the sixth officina is noted in the Komin hoard (Komin 571)27. Coin no. 501 belongs to the second phase of the first issue of Milan, with the reverse CONCORD LEGI. The D1 bust has the interesting feature of a right forearm raised in a salute. LV 1578 shows this feature with the mark of officina P in exergue.
Reign of Victorinus (AD 269-271) Coin no. 598 has an unusual mintmark V (palm)//–, without the star in the right field usually associated with this mark (V (palm)*//–). Of lesser importance is example no. 625, of Mint II, which has the reverse of the fifth issue PROVIDENTIA AVG associated with a punctuated obverse legend IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG.
Reign of Domitian II (AD 271) The discovery of a second coin of Domitian II, no. 627 in the present catalogue, is the most important feature of the Chalgrove II hoard. The first coin of Domitian II known was part of the Cléons hoard (near Nantes). The historical importance of this discovery has been fully discussed by S. Estiot and G. Salaün28 and is summarised by R. Abdy above29. I will confine myself to some numismatic observations. It is worth noting that the obverse die shows Domitian II with his own features. Indeed, the first coins in the name of Victorinus still bear the portrait of Marius, showing that the engravers of the mint had begun to engrave the dies in the name of the new emperor whilst not being familiar with the features of the latter. This did not occur in the case of Domitian
24 R Göbl, Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/275), MIR 73 (Vienna, 1993). 25 A Alföldi, ‘Die Römische Münzprägung und die Historischen Ereignissse im Osten zwischen 260 und 270 n. Chr.’, Berytus V.1, 1938. 26 Z Barcsay-Amant, A Komini Éremlelet a Kr. U. III. Szazadbol (Budapest, 1937). 27 S Estiot, Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, XII.1, D’Aurélien à Florien (Paris, 2004). 28 Estiot and Salaün 2004. 29 See also R A Abdy, ‘The second-known specimen of a coin of Domitian II recorded in a hoard from Oxfordshire’, RN 2004, pp. 219-22; and R A Abdy and J D Hill, ‘Chalgrove II, Oxfordshire, 4,957 base silver radiates (2003 T83)’, TAR 2003, 373.
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II. Not only does his image appear, but the reverse type is also made for him: it does not re-use a reverse die from the preceding reign, as would doubtless be necessary in the case of an urgent issue. The first coins in the name of Tetricus I seem to have been engraved in similar circumstances. Before the French example came to light again, M. Weder commented on the coin from the published casts30. He argued for the hybrid nature of the coin. The obverse is in the style of mint II, with a B1 bust doubtless by the same hand as the engraver who made the dies of mint II in the reign of Victorinus. He states that the reverse, depicting Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopiae, reappeared in the first issue of Tetricus from mint I with the legend CONCORDIA AVG. To this can be added a very important stylistic argument, also noted by M. Weder, that the style of the hair and the drapery of the reverse is characteristic of mint I (compare the illustrated examples no. 633 for mint I, and no. 659 for mint II). How, then, to explain that the obverse of the Domitian II coin belongs to mint II, but has a reverse die made by an engraver from mint I? Coins termed “hybrid” which combine an obverse from one mint and a reverse from another are fairly common in the reign of Tetricus. Certain coins have an obverse legend characteristic of one mint (most frequently IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG for mint I; IMP TETRICVS P F AVG for mint II) with a bust type characteristic of the other mint (bust D1 for mint I; B1 for mint II). Establishing that most of the recorded hybrid coins belong to the end of the reign of Tetricus, A. Burnett and R. Bland suggest that the mints were combined at this time, c. late 273 (Normanby, pp. 149-155). This hypothesis, although likely, does not explain the hybrid character of the Domitian II coin. Using evidence provided by the coin of Domitian II, M. Weder suggests that both mints of the Gallic Empire were combined during the reign of this short-lived emperor31. This hypothesis would evidently explain the hybrid aspect of the coins of Domitian II, but it has greater difficulty in explaining the fact that the first issues in the reign of Tetricus divide into two series that are clearly distinguished by appearance. A parallel can be made to the coin of Domitian II. The first coins struck in the name of Tetricus by mint II carry the full legend IMP C G P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG, with a D1 bust, characteristic of mint I. The reverse, FIDES MILITVM, by contrast, is clearly of mint II, by its type but equally in its style, with full drapery and less stylised design (Normanby 1502, compared to Normanby 1455). If the two mints were not already combined, then this would suggest that mint I sent dies to mint II under the brief reign of Domitian II and at the very beginning of the reign of Tetricus I. It is possible that these dies were sent by the principal mint at the same time as the monetary instructions for the new reign. This hypothesis seems more likely if mint I was located at Trier, capital of the Gallic Empire.
Imitations Imitations of this period are still very poorly understood and are difficult to classify rigorously. Coin no. 785 is noteworthy. The obverse imitates a coin of the second issue of Rome in the reign of Claudius II: IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG, bust B1. The reverse appears to be inspired by the coins of Siscia with the mark of the mint S I//– in the reign of Gallienus. However, a coin of Claudius II has also been recorded with the mark –SI//– on the reverse FORTVNA RED (Judenburg-Strettweg 278132). Like Normanby 1082, with the reverse PROVIDENT AVG, it need not be read as –SI//– but only as –S//– (the “I” being merely the base of the letter V in the legend). This being the case, only coins of Gallienus have the mintmark SI//– (G. 1510-5).
CATALOGUE
CENTRAL EMPIRE
TREBONIANUS GALLUS (2)
Rome (1) No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. Issue 2, phase 2 (1) IMP CAE C VIB VOLVSIANO AVG 1. PAX AVG Pax 1 – *//– D2 359 – 1 3.02
Antioch (1) Second Series (1) IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS P F AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust RIC Layer Qty Av. wt. 2. FELICITAS PVBL Felicitas 1 – –//•••• D2 82 – 1 3.58
30 See p.130 in M Weder, ‘Münzen und Münzstatten der gallisch-römischen Kaiser. I.’, RSN 1997, pp. 103-33. 31 Ibid. 32 O Burböck, ‘Ein römerzeitlicher Münzschatz aus Judenburg-Strettweg’, Graz, Schild von Steier, 2, 1984-5.
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VALERIAN & GALLIENUS (43)
Rome (34)
VALERIAN (16) First Series (2) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 3. APOLINI CONSERVA Apollo 2 D1 436 – 1 3.07 4. APOLINI PROPVG Apollo 3 D1 437 – 1 2.82 Second Series (14) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS P F AVG 5. ANNONA AVGG Annona 1 D1 466 – 1 2.41 6. APOLINI CONSERVA Apollo 2 D1 468 – 2 2.40 1 1 2.60 7. FELICITAS AVGG Felicitas 1 D1 469 – 5 2.90 1 1 3.41 8. ORIENS AVGG Sol 2 D1 485 – 1 2.62 9. P M TR P IIII COS III P P Sol 3 D1 488 – 1 2.90 10. RESTITVTOR ORBIS Emperor 6 D1 495 – 1 2.92 11. VICTORIA AVGG Victory 2 D1 498 – 1 2.60
GALLIENUS (8) First Series (1) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG 12. VICTORIA AVGG Victory 1 B1 557 – 1 3.11 Third Series, phase 1 (2) IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG GERM 13. FELICITAS AVGG Felicitas 1 B1 604 – 1 2.40 14. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 2 B1 599 – 1 3.27 Third Series, phase 2 (1) IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG G M 15. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 2 B1 617 2 1 2.35 Fourth Series, phase 1 (5) IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG G M 16. PAX AVGG Pax 1 B1 628 – 1 2.63 17. PAX AVGG Pax 1 T –//– B1 626 – 2 3.14 2 1 2.70
SALONINA (8) First Series (8) SALONINA AVG 18. IVNO REGINA Juno 1 E2 651 – 5 2.90 3 1 2.64 19. PIETAS AVGG Pietas 4 E2 655 – 2 1.95
VALERIAN II (1) Lifetime coinage (1) P C L VALERIANVS NOB CAES 20. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1b D2 664 1 1 2.35
SALONINUS (1)
LIC COR SAL VALERIANVS N CAES 21. PRINCIPI IVVENT Prince 3a C2 697 – 1 2.64
Mint I (6)
VALERIAN (4)
IMP VALERIANVS AVG 22. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 D1 710 – 1 3.28
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VALERIANVS·P·F·AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 23. ORIENS AVGG Sol 2 D1 707 – 1 4.88 24. ORIENS AVGG Sol 3 D1 708 – 1 3.58 25. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 7 D1 712 – 1 2.83
VALERIAN II (1)
VALERIANVS CAES 26. PIETAS AVG Sacrificial implements 1b C2 739 – 1 3.05
SALONINUS (1)
SALON VALERIANVS CAES 27. FELICITAS AVGG Felicitas 1a C2 743 – 1 1.86
Milan (1)
IMP GALLIENVS AVG 28. DIANA FELIX Diana 4 B1 749 – 1 3.60
Antioch (1)
Issue 3 (1) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG 29. RESTITVT GENER HVMANI Emperor 8 D2 821 – 1 3.54
Second Eastern Mint (1)
Issue 2 (1) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS P F AVG 30. PIETAS AVGG Emperors (two) 2 D2 849 – 1 3.67
GALLIENUS (724)
Rome (591)
First Series (2) No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. IMP GALLIENVS AVG 31. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 5a – P//– B1 883 – 1 2.56 32. IOVI VLTORI Jupiter 5 S –//– B1 886 – 1 2.55 Mule with obverse legend proper to the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (1) IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG G M 33. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 5 – P//– B1 – – 1 2.83 Second Series (21) GALLIENVS AVG 34. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 5 – P//– A1 921 – 3 2.64 4 1 2.33 35. IOVI VLTORI Jupiter 5 S –//– A1 936 – 2 2.68 2 1 1.65 36. IOVI VLTORI Jupiter 5 S –//– B1 938 – 1 2.95 37. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a T –//– B1 943 – 1 3.15 38. VICTORIA AVG [III] Victory 3a T –//– B1 947 – 1 2.86 39. VICTORIA AVG III Victory 3a A1 957 – 1 3.35 40. VICTORIA AVG III Victory 3a T –//– A1 948 2 1 2.45 41. GENIVS AVG Genius 1 – Q//– B1 962 – 2 2.62 42. PAX AVG Pax 1 – V//– B1 972 – 2 2.88 43. PAX AVG Pax 1 V –//– A1 963 – 2 2.93 44. PAX AVG Pax 1 V –//– B1 965 - 2 3.38 2 1 3.88
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First and Second Series (22) SALONINA AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 45. VESTA Vesta 1a E2 989 - 2 3.01 46. VESTA Vesta 1a – –//? E2 988 – 1 2.85 47. VESTA Vesta 1a – –//Q E2 987 – 6 3.03 48. VESTA Vesta 1a – –//ret.Q E2 G. 365 dd(2) – 1 3.10 49. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 1 – –//? E2 991 – 1 3.37 50. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 1 – –//VI E2 990 – 4 2.76 2 2 2.67 51. VENVS GENETRIX Venus 6 E2 995 – 1 2.85 52. VENVS GENETRIX Venus 6 – VI//– E2 993 – 4 3.12 Second, Third or Fifth series (uncertain) (7) GALLIENVS AVG 53. PAX AVG Pax 1 A1 1009 – 3 2.53 4 1 2.11 54. PAX AVG Pax 1 B1 1010 – 2 3.10 55. PAX AVG Pax 1 ? ?//– B1 1012 – 1 2.90 Third Series (43) GALLIENVS AVG 56. PROVID AVG Providentia 1 A1 1017 – 7 2.88 2 1 4.23 57. PROVID AVG Providentia 1 B1 1018 – 1 2.65 58. LIBERAL AVG Liberalitas 1 S –//– A1 1022 – 1 2.41 59. LIBERAL AVG Liberalitas 1 S –//– B1 1024 – 5 2.64 60. FELICIT AVG Felicitas 1b B1 1050 – 1 3.71 61. FELICIT AVG Felicitas 1b T –//– A1 1046 – 1 3.33 62. PAX AVG Pax 1 – T//– B1 1044 – 2 2.60 63. PAX AVG Pax 1 T –//– A1 1039 – 1 2.95 64. PAX AVG Pax 1 T –//– B1 1041 – 1 3.52 3 1 2.96 65. PAX AVG Pax 1 T –//– D1 G. 352g – 1 3.20 66. SALVS AVG Salus 2 A1 1054 – 1 4.27 67. ANNONA AVG Annona 1b – –//? B1 1061 – 1 3.00 68. ANNONA AVG Annona 2a A1 1067 – 1 2.67 69. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 A1 1078 – 2 2.52 4 1 3.18 70. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – ?//– A1 1076 – 1 2.15 71. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – V//– A1 1073 – 2 3.23 72. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – V//– B1 1074 – 2 2.90 73. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 1085 – 1 2.44 74. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – VI//– A1 1081 – 2 2.17 75. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – VI//– B1 1082 – 5 3.49 76. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 – VI//– B1 1089 – 1 4.33 Third Series, Salonina (7) SALONINA AVG 77. VENVS VICTRIX Venus 2 E2 1112 – 1 2.39 78. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 2 E2 1110 – 4 2.91 79. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 2 – Q//– E2 1109 – 1 2.94 80. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 2 – ret.Q//– E2 – 3 1 2.21 Fourth Series (8) GALLIENVS AVG 81. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 1 – –//S A1 1121 – 1 2.40 82. FELICIT PVBL Felicitas 3 – –//T B1 1126 3 1 3.87 83. SECVRIT ORBIS Securitas 3 – –//T A1 1130 – 1 2.95 84. PAX PVBLICA Pax 5 A1 – – 1 3.71 85. PAX PVBLICA Pax 5 – –//V B1 1133 – 2 3.10 86. SECVRIT ORBIS Securitas 1 – –//VI A1 1136 – 1 2.21 87. SECVRITAS PVBL Securitas 1 – –//VI A1 1140 – 1 3.49 Fourth Series, Salonina (1) SALONINA AVG 88. PVDICITIA Pudicitia 1 – –//? E2 1147 – 1 1.92
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Fifth Series (227) GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 89. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 A1 1156 – 2 3.01 4 1 2.30 90. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 B1 1157 – 1 2.07 91. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 ? –//– A1 1155 – 1 2.23 92. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 A –//– A1 1149 – 14 2.49 93. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 A –//– B1 1150 – 3 3.46 94. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 4 X –//– A1 1154 – 1 2.39 95. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1 A1 1167 4 1 2.62 96. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1 ? –//– B1 – – 1 2.71 97. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1 B –//– A1 1159 – 18 2.58 1 1 3.72 2 1 1.94 3 1 1.91 98. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1 B –//– B1 1162 – 1 2.13 99. AETERNITAS AVG Sol 2 A1 1174 – 2 2.52 100. AETERNITAS AVG Sol 2 –//– A1 1169 – 17 2.68 2 1 2.86 3 1 3.63 4 1 3.51 101. PAX AETERNA AVG Pax 1 – //– A1 1188 – 1 2.37 102. PAX AVG Pax 1 –//– A1 1193 – 2 2.61 103. VBERITAS AVG Uberitas 1 A1 1208 – 8 2.70 104. VBERITAS AVG Uberitas 1 B1 1209 – 2 3.43 105. VBERITAS AVG Uberitas 1 – e//– A1 1200 – 20 2.66 1 1 2.15 3 1 1.09 106. VBERITAS AVG Uberitas 1 – ?//– A1 1207 – 3 2.64 107. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 A1 1222 – 1 2.94 108. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – ?//– A1 1221 3 1 2.00 109. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – //– A1 1215 – 18 2.50 2 2 2.84 3 2 2.87 4 2 2.98 110. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – //– A2 – – 1 2.69 111. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – //– B1 1216 – 2 3.23 112. IOVIS STATOR Jupiter 2 B1 1229 – 1 3.40 113. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 ? –//– A1 1234 – 2 2.05 114. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 Z –//– A1 1230 – 10 2.55 115. VICTORIA AET Victory 1 ret.Z –//– A1 1240 – 1 2.75 116. VICTORIA AET Victory 1 Z –//– A1 1238 – 9 2.68 2 1 1.72 117. VICTORIA AET Victory 1 Z –//– D2 G. 588r – 1 3.14 118. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 A1 1266 – 1 3.35 119. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 – H//– A1 1263 – 1 3.07 120. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 – N//– A1 1261 – 4 2.95 121. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 A1 1258 – 1 2.44 2 1 1.86 122. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 – ?//– A1 1257 – 1 3.04 123. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 – H//– A1 1246 – 20 2.44 124. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 – H//– B1 1247 – 1 2.27 125. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 – H//– D2 G. 595r – 1 2.30 126. SECVRIT PERPET Securitas 2 H –//– A1 1251 3 1 3.34 127. IOVI CONSERVAT Jupiter 1 – N//– A1 1271 – 4 2.60 128. IOVI CONSERVAT Jupiter 1 N –//– A1 1269 – 9 2.33 129. PROVID AVG Providentia 2 – X//– A1 1275 – 4 2.47 130. VIRTVS AVGVSTI Virtus 4a X –//– A1 1278 – 4 2.41 1 1 2.52 131. IOVI PROPVGNAT Jupiter 5 ? –//– A1 – – 1 2.30 132. IOVI PROPVGNAT Jupiter 5 XI –//– A1 1289 – 4 2.83 133. CONSERVAT PIETAT Emperor 6a – –//? A1 1302 – 1 2.55 134. CONSERVAT PIETAT Emperor 6a – –//XII A1 1301 – 1 2.62 135. SALVS AVG Salus 2 – XII//– A1 1303 – 1 1.88
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IMP CAES GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 136. PAX AETERNA Pax 1 –//– A1 1179 – 1 2.73 137. PAX AETERNA AVG Pax 1 –//– A1 1177 – 1 2.71 IMP GALLIENVS AVG 138. PAX AETERNA [AVG] Pax 1 – ?//– A1 – – 1 2.43 139. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – //– A1 1214 – 1 2.73 Fifth Series (13) COR SALONINA AVG 140. FECVNDITAS AVG Fecunditas 1 – //– E2 1315 – 3 2.18 SALONINA AVG 141. FECVNDITAS AVG Fecunditas 1 E2 1320 – 1 2.45 4 1 2.30 142. FECVNDITAS AVG Fecunditas 1 – //– E2 1318 – 6 3.00 143. IVNO CONSERVAT Juno 1b – N//– E2 1324 – 2 3.14 Sixth Series (222) GALLIENVS AVG 144. SOLI CONS AVG Winged horse 1 – –//A A1 1338 – 2 2.96 145. SOLI CONS AVG Winged horse 2 – –//A A1 1337 – 22 2.96 1 1 2.26 2 2 2.88 146. LIBERO·P·CONS AVG Tigress 1 – –//B A1 1341 – 6 3.07 2 1 2.97 4 2 3.12 147. DIANAE CONS AVG Antelope 1 – –//? A1 – – 1 3.33 148. DIANAE CONS AVG Antelope 1 – –// A1 1344 – 15 3.04 1 1 3.08 3 1 3.21 149. APOLLINI CONS AVG Griffin 1 – –// A1 1351 – 6 2.48 150. DIANAE CONS AVG Doe 1 – –//e A1 1361 – 11 2.83 3 1 2.70 151. HERCVLI CONS AVG Boar 1 – –//e A1 1367 – 3 2.73 152. IOVI CONS AVG Goat 1 – –// A1 1368 – 8 2.88 153. IOVI CONS AVG Goat 1 – –// B1 1370 – 1 2.58 154. IOVI CONS AVG Goat 2 – –//? A1 – – 4 3.04 155. IOVI CONS AVG Goat 2 – –// A1 1375 – 13 2.74 1 1 2.62 156. APOLLINI CONS AVG Centaur 2 – –//? A1 – – 1 4.01 157. APOLLINI CONS AVG Centaur 2 – –//Z A1 1378 – 11 2.96 158. APOLLINI CONS AVG Centaur 1 – –//? A1 – – 2 3.04 159. APOLLINI CONS AVG Centaur 1 – –//? B1 – – 1 2.76 160. APOLLINI CONS AVG Centaur 1 – –//H A1 1386 – 13 3.20 3 1 3.04 161. NEPTVNO CONS AVG Hippocamp 1 – –//N A1 1392 – 11 2.61 162. NEPTVNO CONS AVG Hippocamp 1 – –//N B1 1393 – 1 3.26 163. DIANAE CONS AVG Stag 1 – –//X A1 1397 – 8 2.78 164. DIANAE CONS AVG Stag 1a – –//X A1 1398 – 1 2.88 4 1 2.86 165. DIANAE CONS AVG Stag 2 – –//X A1 1400 – 5 2.57 166. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 1(a) – –//XI A1 1403 – 1 1.70 167. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 2(a) – –//XI A1 1401 – 18 2.84 1 3 3.14 168. SOLI CONS AVG Bull 2 – –//XI A1 1404 – 1 3.20 169. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 1(b) – –//XII A1 1408 – 9 2.78 170. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 1(b) – –//XII B1 1410 – 2 3.26 171. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 1(b) – –//XII Z 1414 – 1 2.99 172. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 2(b) – –//XII A1 1415 – 3 2.63 173. DIANAE CONS AVG Uncertain – –//? A1 1417 – 7 2.96 IMP GALLIENVS AVG 174. APOLLINI CONS AVG Griffin 1 – –// A1 1348 – 4 2.58 175. APOLLINI CONS AVG Griffin 2 – –// A1 1350 – 1 3.08 176. DIANAE CONS AVG Doe 1 – –//e A1 1357 – 6 2.64 177. DIANAE CONS AVG Stag 1 – –//X A1 1396 – 2 2.89 178. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 2(b) – –//XII A1 G. 750z – 1 3.71
125
[IMP] GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 179. SOLI CONS AVG Winged horse 2 – –//A A1 – – 1 2.45 180. DIANAE CONS AVG Doe 1 – –//e A1 1360 – 1 3.35 181. DIANAE CONS AVG Uncertain – –//? A1 – – 3 2.59 Sixth series, Salonina (7) COR SALONINA AVG 182. IVNONI CONS AVG Capreolus 1 – –// E2 1418 – 4 1.82 1 1 2.72 183. IVNONI CONS AVG Capreolus 2 – –// E2 1420 – 1 3.28 SALONINA AVG 184. IVNONI CONS AVG Capreolus 1 – –// E2 1421 – 1 2.72 Uncertain issue (10) GALLIENVS AVG 185. Reverse blank A1 – – 1 2.61 186. Reverse illegible A1 1330 – 6 2.67 1 1 2.54 187. Reverse illegible Z 1334 – 1 1.23 SALONINA AVG 188. Reverse illegible E2 – – 1 1.60
Milan (94) First Series (Legionary Issue) (2) GALLIENVS AVG 189. LEG I ADI VI P VI F Capricorn 1 B1 1437 – 1 3.08 190. LEG II ITAL VI[I] P VI[I] F Wolf and twins 1 G2l – – 1 1.88 Second Series, large busts (4) GALLIENVS AVG 191. APOLLO CONSER Apollo 4 A1 1507 – 1 2.22 192. APOLLO CONSERVA Apollo 4 A1 1505 – 1 3.05 193. FIDES EXERC VIII Fides 2a B1 1510 – 1 3.26 194. MARTI PACIFER Mars 1b D1 1519 – 1 2.74 Third Series (a), bust similar to first series (large) (9) GALLIENVS AVG 195. DIANA FELIX Diana 5 A1 1588 – 1 3.15 196. APOLLO CONSER Apollo 5 A1 1574 – 1 2.31 197. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 A1 1577 – 1 3.57 198. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 B1 1578 – 1 2.36 199. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 A1 1583 – 2 2.19 200. ORIENS AVG Sol 2 A1 1586 – 2 2.29 1 1 3.36 Third Series (b), smaller and thinner busts (15) GALLIENVS AVG 201. APOLLO CONSER Apollo 5 A1 1592 – 1 2.41 202. DIANA FELIX Diana 5 A1 1593 – 2 2.55 203. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 A1 1596 – 1 2.04 204. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia stg. l., – P//– A1 G. 1091m – 1 2.20 holding baton in r. hand and cornucopiae in l. hand 205. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 A1 1605 – 7 2.70 206. ORIENS AVG Sol 2 A1 1602 – 3 2.86 Fourth Series (10) GALLIENVS AVG 207. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 A1 1609 – 3 2.63 208. ORIENS AVG Sol 1 – –//P A1 1618 4 1 3.10 209. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 – –//P A3 1625 – 1 2.46 210. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – –//S A1 1612 2 1 2.96 211. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – –//S A3 1613 – 1 2.64 212. ORIENS AVG Sol 1 – –//S A3 1621 1 1 3.12 SALONINA AVG 213. PIETAS AVG Pietas 2 E2 1637 – 2 4.03 Fifth Series, phase 1 (6) GALLIENVS AVG 214. PIETAS AVG Pietas 1a – –//? A1 1665 – 2 2.82 215. PAX AVG Pax 4 S –//– A1 1660 – 3 2.67 216. PIETAS AVG Pietas 1a – S//– A1 1664 – 1 2.72
126
Sixth Series (6) IMP GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt 217. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 1 – –//P A1 1687 3 1 2.89 218. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 1 – –//P A3 1688 – 1 3.27 219. SALVS AVG Salus 2 A1 G. 1293i – 1 1.60 IMP GALLIENVS P AVG 220. P M TR P VII COS Emperor 4c – –//P A1 1698 4 1 4.74 IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG 221. P M TR P VII COS Emperor 4b – –//P A1 1705a – 1 2.62 222. P M TR P VII COS Emperor 3b A1 1706 – 1 1.93 Seventh Series (12) IMP GALLIENVS AVG 223. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 1 – –//MP A1 1727 – 2 2.42 224. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 1 – –//MP A3 1728 – 3 3.93 225. FORT REDVX Fortuna 1a – –//MS A1 1734 – 2 2.50 4 1 4.36 226. PROVID AVG Providentia 2b – –//MT A1 1738 – 1 1.67 IMP GALLIENVS P AVG 227. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 1 – –//MP A3 1741 – 1 3.50 228. FORT REDVX Fortuna 1a – –//MS A1 G. 1353d – 1 3.67 CORN SALONINA AVG 229. AVG IN PACE Empress 1 – –//MS E2 1763 – 1 1.70 Eighth Series (30) GALLIENVS AVG 230. FIDES MILIT Fides 2b – –//MP A1 1768 – 1 3.67 231. PIETAS AVG Pietas 1a – –//MP A1 1769 – 3 3.07 232. PROVID AVG Providentia 1 – –//MP A1 1770 – 4 2.98 233. SALVS AVG Salus 2 – –//MS A1 1774 – 2 3.11 1 1 2.55 234. SECVR TENPO Securitas 2 A1 1776 – 3 2.33 235. AETERN AVG Sol 2 – –//MT A1 1778 – 3 3.04 236. AETERN AVG Sol 6 – –//MT A1 1779 – 5 2.54 237. BON EVEN AVG Genius 2a – –//MT A1 1780 – 2 2.49 238. CONCOR AVG Concordia 1a – –//MT A1 1783 – 2 2.76 SALONINA AVG 239. IVNO AVG Juno 3 – –//MS E2 1785 – 4 2.73
Uncertain mint (Rome?) (1)
First Series (1) SALONINA AVG 240. PIETAS AVG Pietas 2 P II//– E2 1433 – 1 2.84
Siscia (35)
First and Second Series (3) GALLIENVS AVG 241. FELICI AET Felicitas 4 A1 1789 – 2 3.19 242. PROVIDEN AVG Providentia 2 A1 1804 – 1 3.38 Third Series (13) GALLIENVS AVG 243. AEQVIT AVG Aequitas 1 A1 1815 – 2 3.43 2 1 2.66 244. AEQVIT[AS] AVG Aequitas 1 B1 – – 1 4.14 245. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 1817 – 2 3.30 246. PAX AVG Pax 1 A1 1821 – 4 3.17 247. PROVI AVG Providentia 2 A1 1823 – 1 3.16 248. PROVI AVG Providentia 2 Z – – 1 3.41 SALONINA AVG 249. PIETAS AVG Pietas 4 E2 1825 – 1 4.55 Fourth Series (4) GALLIENVS AVG 250. PAX AVG Pax 1 S I//– A1 1826 – 3 3.36 251. PROVI AVG Providentia 2 ? ?//– A1 1834 – 1 3.15
127
Fifth Series, phase 1 (5) GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 252. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 A1 1849 – 1 3.26 253. SALVS AVG Salus 1a A1 1841 – 1 4.24 254. FORTVNA RED Fortuna 2 A1 1845 – 2 2.85 SALONINA AVG 255. CONCO[ ] Concordia 1 E2 – – 1 2.87 Fifth Series, phase 2 (3) GALLIENVS AVG 256. SALVS AVG Salus 1a – SI//– A1 1851 – 1 3.37 257. FORTVNA RED Fortuna 2 – SI//– A1 1855 – 2 3.23 Fifth Series, phase 4 (1) GALLIENVS AVG 258. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 B –//– A1 1859 – 1 3.56 Fifth Series, phase 5 (2) GALLIENVS AVG 259. P M TR P XVI COS VII Emperor 10 * –//– A1 G. 1484b – 1 3.66 260. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 * –//– A1 G. 1491b – 1 3.43 Fifth Series, phase 7 (4) GALLIENVS AVG 261. P M TR P XVI COS VII Emperor 10 P –//– A3 G. 1494b – 1 2.63 262. SALVS AVG Salus 1a – P//– A1 1868 – 2 2.96 263. FORTVNA RED Fortuna 2 – S//– A1 1869 – 1 5.24
Antioch (3)
Issue 2, phase 2 (2) GALLIENVS AVG 264. AETERNITATI AVG Sol 2 * –//– D2 1895 – 1 3.52 265. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 – *//– D2 1896 – 1 3.25 Issue 4 (1) GALLIENVS AVG 266. SOLI INVICTO Sol 6 – –//PXV D2 G. 1663i – 1 3.50
CLAUDIUS II (441)
Rome (359)
Issue 2 (189) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 267. ADVENTVS AVG Emperor 1 D2 592 1 1 2.29 268. LIBERALITAS AVG Liberalitas 1 B1 599 – 7 2.68 2 1 1.95 269. LIBERALITAS AVG Liberalitas 1 Z 600 – 2 2.83 270. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 B1 595 – 5 3.37 1 1 1.68 2 1 2.24 4 1 2.48 271. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 D2 596 – 1 2.78 2 1 2.55 272. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 Z 597 – 1 2.72 273. SALVS AVG Salus 1 A1 605 – 1 2.59 274. SALVS AVG Salus 1 B1 606 – 6 2.86 4 1 2.38 275. SALVS AVG Salus 1 D2 608 – 2 3.34 276. SALVS AVG Salus 1 Z 609 – 2 3.07 277. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 B1 611 – 4 2.92 1 1 4.35 278. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 D1 612 – 2 3.38 279. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 D2 613 – 2 2.25 280. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 B1 616 – 5 2.68 3 1 2.91 4 1 2.55 281. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 Z 619 – 1 3.06
128
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 282. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 A –//– B1 621 – 2 3.17 283. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 B1 624 – 3 3.66 284. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 D2 625 – 1 2.93 285. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 B –//– A1 627 1 1 2.78 286. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a A1 630 – 2 2.42 287. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a B1 631 – 3 3.09 288. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a Z 633 – 1 2.81 289. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a – //– A1 634 – 3 4.01 290. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a – //– B1 635 – 1 3.04 291. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 637 – 13 2.70 3 1 2.52 292. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a D2 638 – 5 2.71 4 1 3.28 293. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a Z 639 – 1 2.46 294. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– B1 641 – 1 2.27 295. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b A1 642 – 1 3.22 296. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b B1 643 – 6 2.51 297. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b D2 645 – 2 3.26 1 1 2.88 298. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b f –//– A1 649 – 1 3.20 299. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 651 – 1 3.90 1 1 3.56 300. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 B1 652 – 7 2.89 3 1 2.27 301. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 D2 654 – 1 3.04 302. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – ?//– A1 – – 1 3.28 303. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– A1 656 – 1 2.45 2 1 3.05 304. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a A1 658 – 2 3.06 305. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a B1 659 – 10 2.96 306. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a D2 661 – 1 2.82 307. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– B1 665 – 1 2.84 308. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b B1 668 – 5 3.32 309. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 B1 676 – 7 2.56 1 1 3.09 310. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 Z 678 – 1 2.19 311. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 B1 684 – 3 2.68 312. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 – X//– B1 685 – 4 3.01 4 1 2.65 313. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 – X//– Z 686 – 1 3.20 314. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 B1 690 – 3 3.02 315. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b B1 691 – 7 2.97 2 1 2.68 316. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b D2 695 – 1 3.63 317. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b Z – 2 1 1.85 318. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b B1 689 – 3 2.91 319. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b D2 693 – 2 3.26 320. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b – XI//– A1 698 – 1 3.08 321. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b – XI//– B1 701 – 1 3.30 322. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 B1 705 – 7 2.50 1 1 3.76 323. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 Z 708 – 1 3.50 3 1 1.88 324. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – XII//– A1 709 – 2 2.94 325. Reverse illegible B1 – – 3 2.45 326. P M TR P II COS P P Emperor 5 B1 603 – 1 3.35 327. VICTORIA·G·M Victory 2 (captive on each side) A1 Cu. 1942 – 1 2.93 Issue 2 or 3 (68) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 328. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 B1 713 – 2 2.15 329. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 Z 714 – 1 2.44 330. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 A –//– A1 716 – 1 3.06 4 1 3.16 331. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 A –//– B1 714 – 3 3.32 332. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 B1 723 – 1 2.51 333. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a A1 729 – 1 3.28
129
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 334. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a B1 728 – 2 2.51 335. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a D2 – – 1 3.07 336. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 736 – 1 3.40 337. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a D2 – 1 1 2.55 338. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a Z 737 – 1 1.88 339. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– Z – 1 1 1.89 340. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b Z – – 1 2.37 341. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b f –//– A1 746 – 1 1.78 342. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 750 – 1 2.62 343. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 B1 751 – 5 2.52 344. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– B1 756 – 1 2.81 345. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– D2 758 1 1 3.54 346. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 D2 758 – 1 4.02 347. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a B1 761 – 4 3.30 2 1 2.49 348. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– A1 763 3 1 3.34 349. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– B1 764 – 1 3.07 350. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b B1 767 – 1 2.44 351. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b Z 768 – 1 2.82 352. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – ?//– B1 – – 1 2.17 353. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– A1 771 – 2 2.88 354. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– B1 772 – 1 2.73 355. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– Z 773 – 1 3.30 356. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 A1 774 – 1 2.96 357. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 B1 775 – 1 3.08 358. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 D2 776 – 1 2.88 359. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 Z 777 – 1 2.44 360. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – ?//– D2 – – 1 2.69 361. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – N//– B1 780 – 1 3.35 362. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 – X//– B1 787 – 2 2.65 363. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 – XI//– A1 799 – 1 3.42 364. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b A1 791 – 1 2.44 365. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b – ?//– B1 – – 1 3.13 366. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b – XI//– A1 800 – 1 2.81 367. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b B1 792 – 1 2.28 3 1 2.64 368. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b – XI//– B1 801 – 1 2.68 369. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 A1 805 – 1 3.03 370. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 B1 806 – 2 2.77 371. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – XII//– A1 – – 1 2.74 372. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – XII//– B1 – – 1 3.28 373. P M TR P II COS P P Emperor 5 B1 816 – 3 2.98 374. Reverse illegible A1 911 – 1 2.39 375. Reverse illegible B1 – – 2 2.49 Issue 3 (62) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 376. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 B1 824 – 1 2.88 377. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 A –//– B1 826 – 4 3.29 378. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 A1 829 – 1 3.42 379. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 – B//– A1 832 – 1 3.35 1 1 2.47 380. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 – B//– Z – – 1 2.94 3 1 2.54 381. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 B –//– A1 831 – 1 3.05 382. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a – //– A1 837 – 2 3.38 383. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a – //– Z 839 – 1 2.90 384. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a A1 840 – 1 2.73 385. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 841 – 1 3.47 386. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– A1 843 – 1 1.81 387. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– B1 844 – 4 2.75 388. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b A1 846 – 1 1.97 389. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b B1 847 – 1 2.02 390. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b – e//– A1 850 – 6 2.33 391. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b f –//– A1 849 – 1 1.76 392. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – ?//– A1 – – 1 2.19
130
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 393. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– A1 855 – 3 3.23 394. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– A1 864 – 4 3.32 395. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a Z –//– A1 863 – 2 2.29 396. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b A1 868 – 1 2.93 397. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b B1 869 – 1 2.68 398. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– A1 873 – 1 3.53 1 1 2.68 3 1 2.98 399. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– B1 874 – 1 2.19 400. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – N//– A1 877 – 2 2.57 401. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – N//– B1 878 – 1 2.91 402. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – N//– D1 879 – 1 2.68 403. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 B1 881 – 1 2.52 404. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 – X//– A1 884 – 3 2.29 405. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 – X//– B1 885 – 3 2.78 406. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2b – XI//– B1 893 – 1 3.78 407. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – –//? A1 – – 1 1.90 408. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – XII//– A1 905 – 1 2.72 1 1 3.88 409. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – XII//– D2 908 – 1 3.12 Issue 3 or 4 (1) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 410. Reverse illegible A1 – – 1 2.34 Issue 4 (39) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 411. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– A1 917 – 2 2.52 412. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– B1 918 1 1 2.29 413. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 – B//– A1 923 – 1 2.18 414. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – –//? A1 930 – 1 1.93 415. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – –// A1 928 – 3 2.64 416. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – –// B1 929 – 1 3.01 417. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – //– B1 927 – 1 2.88 418. P M TR P II COS P P Emperor 2 – –// B1 937 – 1 2.80 419. P M TR P II COS P P Emperor 2 – //– B1 935 – 1 6.19 3 1 2.53 420. P M TR P II COS P P Emperor 2 –//– A1 932 – 2 2.72 421. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 – e//– A1 940 – 1 3.29 422. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 2b A1 943 – 1 2.00 423. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 2b – //– A1 945 – 1 3.46 424. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – Z//– A1 954 – 2 3.47 425. APOLLINI CONS Apollo 2 – H//– A1 960 – 2 3.31 426. APOLLINI CONS Apollo 2 – H//– B1 961 – 1 2.57 427. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 – –//? B1 975 – 1 1.92 428. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 N –//– A1 968 – 1 3.00 429. MARTI PACIF Mars 1b – –//X A1 982 – 1 1.56 430. MARTI PACIFERO Mars 1b X –//– A1 976 – 1 3.20 431. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b – –//? A1 991 – 1 2.95 432. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b – XI//– A1 987 – 4 2.32 1 1 2.88 4 1 3.00 433. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b XI –//– A1 985 1 1 3.05 434. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – –//XII A1 999 2 1 3.38 3 1 3.53 435. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – XII//– A1 996 – 1 2.28 436. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – XII//– B1 997 – 1 1.90
Milan (65) Issue 1 (32) IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG 437. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 – –//P D2 1004 – 9 3.42 1 2 2.80 3 1 4.46 4 1 3.34 438. VICTORIA(·)AVG Victory 8 – –//S D2 1008 – 8 3.61 2 1 3.28 4 1 3.17
131
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 439. FELIC TEMPO Felicitas 5 – –//T D2 1012 – 2 3.07 440. FELIC TEN[M?]PO Felicitas 5 – –//T D2 1014 – 4 3.80 441. FELIC TENPO Felicitas 5 – –//T D2 1015 – 1 2.83 4 2 3.05 Issue 2 (30) IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG 442. ORIENS AVG Sol 6 – –//P D2 1022 4 1 3.55 443. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 2 – –//P D2 1020 – 3 3.25 444. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – –//? D2 1029 2 1 2.95 445. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – –//S D2 1028 – 2 3.14 446. FIDES MILIT Fides 1 – –//S D2 1025 – 7 3.33 447. PAX AVG Pax 4 – –//T D2 1031 – 14 2.95 1 1 2.08 3 1 4.04 Issue 3 (3) IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG 448. DIANA LVCIF Diana 1 – –//P A1 1033 – 1 2.60 449. DIANA LVCIF Diana 1 – –//P B1 1035 – 1 2.61 450. PAX AVG Pax 1b – –//P D2 1039 – 1 3.30
Siscia (15)
Issue 2, phase 1 (5) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 451. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 D2 1054 – 1 3.10 3 1 1.87 452. FORTVNA RED Fortuna 2 D2 1057 – 3 3.23 Issue 2, phase 2 (2) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 453. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 3 – I//– B1 Alf. IV.24 1 1 3.53 454. SPES AVG Spes 1 – II//– D2 Alf. II.14 – 1 3.85 Issue 3, phase 1 (4) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 455. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 3 – I//– B1 Cu. 2288 – 1 2.87 456. SPES AVG Spes 1a I –//– B1 Alf. V.26 – 1 3.07 457. PAX AVG Pax 1 II –//– B1 Cu. 2300 2 1 3.13 458. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 * II//– B1 1090 2 1 3.12 Issue 3, phase 2 (2) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 459. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 3 B1 1092 – 1 3.01 460. PAX AVG Pax 1 B1 1094 – 1 3.27 Issue 4 (2) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 461. VBERITAS AVG Uberitas 1 – T//– B1 1103 – 2 2.62
Cyzicus (2)
Issue 3, phase 1 (1) No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust LV Layer Qty Av. wt. IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS AVG• 462. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – –//SPQR A3 – – 1 3.67 Issue 4 (1) IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG 463. VICTORIAE GOTHIC Trophy 1b D2 9900-1 – 1 2.54
132
QUINTILLUS (51)
Rome (46)
Issue 1 (46) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 464. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– B1 Chalfont 81833– 1 2.94 465. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– D1 1146 – 4 2.42 466. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– Z 1148 – 1 4.22 467. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 – B//– D1 1149 – 1 3.20 468. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – –// D1 1153 – 1 2.17 469. CONCORDIA AVG Concordia 4 – –// B1 1159 – 1 2.15 470. CONCORDIA AVG Concordia 4 – //– D2 1158 – 1 2.64 471. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 – e//– D1 1165 – 3 2.54 1 1 2.36 3 1 2.59 472. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 2b – //– D1 1171 – 5 2.68 473. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – –//Z D1 1179 4 1 3.71 474. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna 2 – Z//– D1 1176 – 1 2.73 475. APOLLINI CONS Apollo 2 – H//– B1 1181 – 1 3.40 476. APOLLINI CONS Apollo 2 – H//– D1 1182 – 1 2.61 1 1 2.59 477. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 – –//? D1 1189 – 1 3.68 478. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 – –//N D1 Cu. 2348 – 1 2.85 479. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 N –//– D1 1185 – 1 2.81 480. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b – –//XI D2 1199 – 1 3.43 481. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b – XI//– D1 1197 – 6 3.24 482. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b – XI//– D2 1198 – 6 3.06 483. SECVRIT AVG Securitas 2b ? –//? D1 – – 1 3.90 484. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – –//XII D1 1206 – 1 4.06 485. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – XII//– D1 1203 – 2 2.86 486. Reverse illegible D1 – 1 1 3.35
Milan (3)
IMP QVINTILLVS AVG 487. FIDES MILIT Fides 1 – –//S D2 1224 – 1 2.49 488. CONC[ ] EXER Concordia 5 – –//T D2 – – 2 2.83
Siscia (2)
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Ref. Layer Qty Av. wt. IMP C M AVR [CL] QVINTILLVS AVG 489. PROVIDEN AVG Providentia 2 B1 – – 1 1.81 IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG 490. PROVIDEN AVG Providentia 2 D2 Alf. VII.25 4 1 3.09
DIVO CLAUDIO (35)
Rome (35)
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. Issue 1 (35) DIVO CLAVDIO 491. CONSECRATIO Altar 1a A1 1110 – 9 2.56 1 2 3.05 492. CONSECRATIO Altar 1a or 1b A1 1112 – 2 2.57 493. CONSECRATIO Altar 1b A1 1113 – 5 3.08 494. CONSECRATIO Eagle 2 A1 1115 – 17 2.70
33 C Cheesman, ‘Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire’, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 154-205.
133
AURELIAN (18)
Rome (7)
Issue 1 (7) No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust LV Layer Qty Av. wt. IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 495. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– D1 2–6 – 1 1.77 496. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 – B//– D1 7–10 – 1 1.77 497. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – //– D1 13 – 1 2.80 498. FIDES MILITVM Fides 3 – e//– D1 14–20 – 2 1.84 499. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 – N//– D1 31–2 – 1 2.45 IMP CAES L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 500. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 2b – ?//– D1 cf. BNC 33 1 1 3.03
Milan (7)
Issue 1, phase 2 (1) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 501. CONCORD LEGI Concordia 3 D1 – – 1 3.69 Issue 2 (1) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 502. ROMAE AETERNAE Emperor and Roma 1 – –//Q D1 1806–32 – 1 3.69 Issue 3 (3) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 503. CONCORDIA MILITVM Emperor and Woman – –//S B1 2426–623 – 1 3.63 504. RESTITVT ORIENTIS Emperor and Woman – –//T B1 2425 – 1 3.97 505. ROMAE AETERNAE Emperor and Roma 1 – –//Q B1 2941–3081 – 1 2.67 Issue 4 (2) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 506. IOVI CONSER Emperor and Jupiter – –//P B1 3441–683 – 1 3.85 507. ROMAE AETER Emperor and Roma 1 – –//Q B1 4391–579 2 1 2.58
Siscia (4)
Issue 1 (1) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG 508. PAX AVG Pax 1 – P//– D1 BNC 712 – 1 2.10 Issue 4 (2) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 509. RESTITVT ORIENTIS Emperor and Woman – –//*S D1 6369–93 – 1 3.64 510. IOVI CONSERVATORI Emperor and Jupiter – –//Q* D1 6354 – 1 3.21 Issue 5 (1) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 511. IOVI CONSER Emperor and Jupiter – –//*P B1 6448–583 – 1 3.33
TACITUS (3)
Lyon (3)
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Bast. Layer Qty Av. wt. Issue 5 (1) IMP CL TACITVS AVG 512. MARS VICTOR Mars 2b B A//– D1 79 – 1 3.74 Issue 7 (2) IMP CL TACITVS AVG 513. TEMPORVM FELICITAS Felicitas 1 A *//– D1 93 – 1 3.94 514. MARS VICTOR Mars 2b B *//– D1 96 – 1 4.24
134
PROBUS (4)
Lyon (4)
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Bast. Layer Qty Av. wt. Issue 5 (1) IMP C PROBVS P F AVG 515. MARS VICTOR Mars 2b – –//III H4l 241 – 1 3.71 Issue 6 (3) IMP C PROBVS·P·F·AVG 516. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 – –//III B1 281 – 1 4.03 517. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1 – –//IIII B1 293 – 1 3.95 518. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 7a – –//IIII B1 298 – 1 3.62
GALLIC EMPIRE
POSTUMUS (163)
Mint I (134)
Issue 1, phase 2 (5) IMP C POSTVMVS·P·F·AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 519. HERC DEVSONIENSI Hercules 2b D1 2379 – 2 2.99 520. SALVS PROVINCIARVM River God 1b D1 2372 – 1 2.60 521. VICTORIA AVG Victory 9a D1 2374 – 1 2.97 522. VICTORIA AVG Victory 9b D1 2375 – 1 4.28 Issue 1, phase 3 (25) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 523. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 D1 2386 – 5 3.30 524. HERC DEVSONIENSI Hercules 2a or 2b D1 2384 1 1 3.43 525. HERC DEVSONIENSI Hercules 2b D1 2383 – 3 3.60 526. LAETITIA AVG Galley 1 D1 2385 – 6 3.08 1 1 2.74 527. P M TR P COS II P P Emperor 11 D1 2387 – 7 3.58 528. VICTORIA AVG Victory 9b D1 2381 – 1 3.36 2 1 3.63 Issue 2, phase 1 (2) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 529. P M TR P COS III P P Emperor 11 D1 2391 – 1 2.88 530. SALVS AVG Salus 4a D1 2392 1 1 3.60 Issue 2, phase 2 (4) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 531. HERC PACIFERO Hercules 3a D1 2394 – 1 3.61 532. HERC PACIFERO Hercules 3b D1 2395 – 1 2.97 533. MINER FAVTR Minerva 3b D1 2397 – 1 3.96 534. NEPTVNO REDVCI Neptune 2a D1 2398 – 1 3.92 Issue 3, phase 1 (5) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 535. MONETA AVG Moneta 1 D1 2404 – 1 4.61 536. P M TR P IIII COS III P P Mars 2b D1 2406 2 1 2.13 537. PAX AVG Pax 4 D1 2405 – 1 3.29 538. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 1 D1 2412 – 1 3.20 1 1 3.66 Issue 3, phase 2 (8) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 539. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 D1 2414 – 3 3.12 540. MONETA AVG Moneta 1 D1 2413 – 3 3.16 541. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 1 D1 2415 – 2 3.85 Issue 4, phase 1 (3) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 542. FIDES EXERCITVS Standards 2 D1 2432 – 1 4.41 543. SALVS AVG Aesculapius 2a D1 2435 – 1 2.70 544. SALVS EXERCITI Aesculapius 2a D1 2433 – 1 3.84 Issue 4, phase 2 (5)
135
IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 545. SERAPI COMITI AVG Serapis 2a D1 2437 – 3 2.58 546. VBERTAS AVG Uberitas 1 D1 2440 – 2 3.48 Issue 3, phase 1 and 2 (7) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 547. SAECVLI FELICITAS Emperor 2 D1 2444 – 5 3.47 1 1 3.60 2 1 2.14 Issue 5, phase 2 (8) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 548. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 D1 2449 – 1 4.30 3 1 3.40 549. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 D1 2451 – 3 3.30 550. P M TR P VIIII COS IIII P P Bow, club and quiver 1 D1 2447 – 1 3.48 551. PAX AVG Pax 1 D1 2450 – 1 3.34 1 1 4.12 Issue 6 (48) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 552. COS IIII Nemesis 1 D1 2455 – 8 3.20 553. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 P –//– D1 2454 – 8 3.00 4 1 3.48 554. PAX AVG Pax 1 P –//– D1 2453 – 23 2.96 3 1 3.41 IMP C POSTVMVS·P·F·AVG 555. COS IIII Nemesis 1 D1 2457 – 3 3.14 556. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 P –//– D1 Nby 1344 – 1 2.34 557. PAX AVG Pax 1 P –//– D1 2456 – 3 2.84 Issue 7 (14) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 558. COS ·V· Nemesis 1 D1 2459 – 3 2.92 559. COS V Nemesis 1 D1 2461 – 1 2.80 560. IMP (·)X(·) COS (·)V(·) Nemesis 1 D1 2463 – 3 2.70 561. IMP ·X· COS ·V· Nemesis 1 D1 2462 – 4 2.77 562. IMP X COS V Nemesis 1 D1 2464 – 3 2.76
Cologne (8)
Issue 1 (7) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 563. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 7 D1 2468 – 7 2.99 Issue 2 (1) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 564. P M TR P X COS V P P Emperor 5a D1 2470 – 1 3.22
Milan (21)
Issue 1 (2) IMP POSTVMVS AVG 565. CONCORD AEQVIT Concordia 6 D1 2472 – 1 2.82 566. VIRTVS AEQVIT Virtus 9a D1 2473 – 1 3.61 Issue 2 or 3 (3) IMP POSTVMVS AVG 567. FIDES(·)EQVIT Fides 4 – –//? D1 2476 – 1 2.52 568. VIRTVS(·)EQVIT Virtus 9a – –//? D1 2478 – 2 2.61 Issue 3 (12) IMP POSTVMVS AVG 569. FIDES EQVIT Fides 4 – –//P D1 2480 – 1 3.23 570. FIDES(·)EQVIT Fides 4 – –//P D1 2481 – 2 3.60 2 1 2.65 571. FIDES·EQVIT Fides 4 – –//P D1 2479 – 2 1.97 2 1 1.91 572. CONCORD(·)EQVIT Concordia 6 – –//S D1 2484 – 1 2.08 573. CONCORD·EQVIT Concordia 6 – –//S D1 2482 – 1 3.50 2 1 2.65 574. VIRTVS(·)EQVIT Virtus 9a – –//T D1 2487 – 1 2.46 575. VIRTVS·EQVIT Virtus 9a – –//T D1 2485 – 1 2.60
136
Issue 4 (1) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 576. FIDES(·)EQVIT Fides 4 – –//P D1 2489 – 1 2.85 Issue 5 (3) IMP C POSTVMVS(·)P(·)F(·)AVG 577. VIRTVS EQVITVM Hercules 1 – –//S D1 2497 – 2 2.87 578. PAX EQVITVM Pax 1 – –//T D1 2498 – 1 2.74
LAELIAN (5)
Mint II (5)
Issue 2 (2) IMP C LAELIANVS P F AVG 579. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 D1 2500 – 2 3.04 Issue 3 (3) IMP C LAELIANVS P F AVG 580. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 B1 2501 – 2 3.14 4 1 2.52
MARIUS (11)
Mint I (10)
Issue 2 (10) IMP C MARIVS P F AVG 581. CONCORD MILIT Clasped hands 1 D1 2503 – 2 3.49 2 1 2.64 582. CONCORDIA MILITVM Clasped hands 1 D1 2504 – 4 3.06 583. SAEC FELICITAS Felicitas 1a D1 2505 – 3 2.90
Mint II (1)
Issue 2 (1) IMP C M AVR MARIVS AVG 584. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3 B1 2510 – 1 2.95
VICTORINUS (1124)
Mint I (723)
Issue 1, phase 2 (bust of Victorinus) (2) IMP C M PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS P F AVG 585. PAX AVG Pax 1 D1 2514 – 2 2.94 Issue 2 (29) IMP C PIAV VICTORINVS P F AVG 586. PAX AVG Pax 1 D1 2517 – 5 2.62 587. PAX AVG Pax 1 V *//– D1 2518 – 11 2.76 588. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 D1 2522 – 11 3.31 4 1 3.16 589. INVICTVS Sol 3b * –//– D1 2523 – 1 2.38 Issue 3, phase 2 (218) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 590. PAX AVG Pax 1 V *//– D1 2530 – 95 2.92 1 3 3.44 2 4 3.35 3 3 3.06 4 2 2.80 591. PAX AVG Pax 1 V –//– D1 2531 – 2 2.54 592. INVICTVS Sol 3b D1 2535 – 1 3.14
137
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 593. INVICTVS Sol 3b * –//– D1 2534 – 81 2.96 1 2 3.44 2 3 2.57 3 1 2.50 4 2 3.07 IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 594. PAX AVG Pax 1 V *//– D1 2538 – 10 2.74 1 1 3.40 595. INVICTVS Sol 3b * –//– D1 2539 – 7 3.39 1 1 3.21 Issue 3, phase 3 (172) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 596. PAX AVG Pax 1 V \*//– D1 2544 – 11 3.15 597. PAX AVG Pax 1 V(palm)*//– D1 2543 – 32 2.92 1 5 2.73 3 3 3.24 4 1 3.78 598. PAX AVG Pax 1 V(palm)//– D1 – – 1 2.33 599. INVICTVS Sol 3c * –//– D1 2545 – 50 2.78 1 2 3.00 2 3 2.48 4 2 2.24 IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 600. PAX AVG Pax 1 V \*//– D1 – – 7 3.03 2 1 3.53 601. PAX AVG Pax 1 V(palm)*//– D1 2547 – 18 2.85 2 1 2.89 4 2 3.56 602. INVICTVS Sol 3c * –//– D1 2548 – 30 3.12 1 1 2.32 2 1 3.53 4 1 2.43 Issue 3, phase 2 or 3 (58) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 603. PAX AVG Pax 1 V ?*//– D1 2540 – 6 2.46 604. INVICTVS Sol 3b or 3c * –//– D1 2541 – 31 2.79 1 3 3.31 2 1 2.28 3 1 2.90 4 2 2.62 IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 605. PAX AVG Pax 1 V ?*//– D1 2542 – 1 4.30 606. INVICTVS Sol 3b or 3c * –//– D1 2548 – 12 3.23 1 1 2.78 Issue 4 (4) IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 607. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 2549 – 4 3.03 Issue 5 (237) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 608. SALVS AVG Salus 1 D1 2552 – 84 2.53 1 1 2.23 2 1 1.96 3 6 2.12 4 3 2.41 609. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 3a D1 2553 – 99 2.54 1 1 2.58 2 1 2.62 3 1 3.04 4 2 2.56 IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 610. SALVS AVG Salus 1 D1 2554 – 19 2.51 611. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 3a D1 2555 – 19 2.65 Uncertain issue (3) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 612. Reverse blank D1 2557 – 1 3.22 613. Obverse brockage D1 2556 – 1 2.89
138
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 614. Reverse illegible D1 2557 – 1 2.54
Mint II (401)
Issue 1, phase 1 (bust of Marius) (6) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG 615. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 B1 2561 – 6 3.11 Issue 1, phase 2 (bust of Victorinus) (2) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG 616. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 B1 2562 – 2 3.09 Mules, issue 1/2 (1) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG 617. SALVS AVG Salus 2 B1 2564 – 1 3.45 Issue 2 (134) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 618. SALVS AVG Salus 2 B1 2567 – 125 3.06 1 4 3.03 2 3 3.24 4 2 2.25 Issue 3 (108) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 619. PIETAS AVG Pietas 4 B1 2571 – 14 3.19 1 1 3.60 3 2 3.27 620. PIETAS AVG Pietas 4 or 4a B1 2574 – 29 3.00 4 1 2.45 621. PIETAS AVG Pietas 4a B1 2572 – 55 2.89 1 1 2.83 2 2 3.46 3 1 2.52 4 2 2.42 Issue 4 (5) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 622. FORT REDVX Fortuna 1 B1 2576 – 1 3.10 623. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a B1 2575 – 4 3.32 Issue 5 (137) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 624. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 2 B1 2577 – 124 2.55 1 3 3.34 2 2 2.24 3 2 2.88 4 5 2.63 IMP C VICTORINVS·P·F·AVG 625. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 2 B1 – – 1 2.11 Uncertain issue (8) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 626. Reverse illegible B1 2579 – 7 2.33 3 1 3.09
DOMITIAN II (1)
Mint II / Mint I (1)
Issue 1 (1) IMP C DOMITIANVS P F AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust RIC Layer Qty Av. wt. 627. CONCORDIA MILITVM Concordia 1a B1 1 – 1 2.07
139
TETRICUS (1874)
Mint I (950)
Issue 1 or 2 (2) IMP C G P ESV[VIVS] TETRICVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 628. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1459 – 2 2.77 Issue 2 (2) IMP C G P ESV TETRICVS AVG 629. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1b D1 1462 – 1 2.38 630. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1463 3 1 2.18 Issue 3 (106) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 631. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1b D1 1465 – 53 2.55 2 2 2.28 3 1 3.00 4 2 2.44 632. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1466 – 39 2.45 2 3 2.51 3 1 2.75 4 1 3.78 IMP C TETRICVS·P·F·AVG 633. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1b D1 1467 – 1 3.08 634. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1468 – 3 2.69 Issue 1, 2 or 3 (7) Obverse illegible 635. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1b D1 1469 – 4 2.21 636. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1470 – 3 2.23 Issue 3 or 4 (5) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 637. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1b or 1c D1 1471 – 4 2.13 1 1 3.12 Issue 4 (605) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 638. COMES AVG Victory 1 D1 1472 – 93 2.50 2 4 1.99 3 3 2.08 4 5 2.47 639. PAX AVG Pax 1b D1 1473 – 289 2.46 1 7 2.45 2 5 2.25 3 4 2.53 4 4 2.62 640. PAX AVG Pax 1b I –//– D1 Cu. 2604 – 1 2.50 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 641. COMES AVG Victory 1 D1 1475 – 3 2.75 642. PAX AVG Pax 1b D1 1477 – 2 1.93 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 643. PRINC IVVENT Prince 4 C2 1532 – 24 2.45 2 1 2.13 644. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1c C2 1526 – 149 2.36 1 3 2.47 2 1 2.80 3 4 2.19 4 3 2.24 Hybrids (76) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 645. PRINC IVVENT Prince 4 D1 1480 – 9 2.95 4 1 2.37 646. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1c D1 1479 – 26 2.61 4 1 3.08 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 647. COMES AVG Victory 1 C2 1528 – 19 2.61 2 1 1.99
140
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 648. PAX AVG Pax 1b C2 1529 – 17 2.47 2 1 2.06 4 1 2.39 Issue 5 (132) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 649. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 (i) D1 1492 – 45 2.80 2 1 2.56 3 3 2.69 650. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 1 D1 1485 – 78 2.94 2 2 3.25 3 3 2.75 Uncertain issue (15) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 651. Reverse blank D1 1499 – 1 2.27 652. Reverse illegible D1 1500 – 13 2.37 1 1 2.00
Mint II (890)
Issue 1 (4) DIVO VICTORINO PIO 653. CONSACRATIO Eagle 4 A1 1453 – 2 3.03 654. CONSACRATIO Eagle 4 Z – – 1 2.70 655. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 2 Z – – 1 2.57 Issue 2 (2) IMP C P ESV TETRICVS AVG 656. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 D1 1504 – 1 2.74 657. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 Z – – 1 3.96 Issue 2 or 3 (2) IMP C P ESV[VIVS] TETRICVS AVG 658. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 D1 1503 – 2 2.83 Issue 3 (42) IMP TETRICVS AVG 659. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 B1 1506 – 40 2.48 2 2 2.55 Issue 3 or 4 (8) IMP TETRICVS [P F] AVG 660. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 B1 1507 – 8 2.49 Issue 4 (18) IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 661. FIDES MILITVM Fides 1 B1 1508 – 17 2.29 1 1 2.03 Issue 5 (83) IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 662. LAETITIA AVG N Laetitia 1 B1 1510 – 74 2.42 1 2 2.46 2 3 2.23 3 2 2.32 4 1 2.85 Reverse brockage 663. LAETITIA AVG N Laetitia 1 – 1512 – 1 2.55 Issue 5 or 6 (98) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 664. LAETITIA AVG N/AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 1514 – 1 1.92 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 665. LAETITIA AVG N/AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 1513 – 96 2.37 1 2 1.89 2 1 1.79 3 1 2.35 4 4 2.45 Issue 6 (207) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 666. LAETITIA AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 1516 – 3 2.42 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG
141
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 667. LAETITIA AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 1515 – 98 2.47 3 5 2.32 4 1 3.75 C P E TETRICVS CAES 668. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1a C2 1554 – 8 2.41 669. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1552 – 13 2.32 3 1 1.91 4 1 2.50 670. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 C2 1551 – 4 2.64 671. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1a C2 – – 2 2.08 672. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1551 – 2 1.98 673. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1550 – 3 2.19 3 1 2.56 C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES 674. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1 C2 – – 1 1.85 675. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1a C2 – – 3 2.09 2 1 2.40 676. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1544 – 4 2.37 677. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1c C2 1545 – 2 2.21 678. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 C2 – – 2 2.91 679. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1a C2 – – 4 2.75 680. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1b C2 – – 8 2.55 2 1 2.60 681. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1c C2 – – 1 2.67 682. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1543 – 10 2.38 1 1 2.16 4 1 1.61 683. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1d C2 1542 – 1 2.90 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 684. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 C2 – – 1 2.65 685. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1d C2 – – 3 2.33 686. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 C2 1541 – 1 2.31 687. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1d C2 1540 – 14 2.44 2 2 2.18 C·P·E·TETRICVS CAES 688. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1b C2 1547 – 1 2.12 689. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1d C2 1546 4 1 2.07 Reverse brockage 690. PIETAS AVGG Sacrificial implements 1b Brockage – – 1 2.18 691. PIETAS AVGG/AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 Brockage 1555 – 1 3.12 Issue 7 (153) IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 692. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 B1 1487 – 4 3.27 3 1 3.28 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 693. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 B1 1489 – 132 2.69 1 1 3.12 2 5 2.41 3 5 2.40 4 4 3.10 Reverse brockage 694. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 – 1491 – 1 1.86 Issue 7 and 8 (168) C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 695. SPES AVGG Spes 1b C2 1533 – 156 2.79 1 2 2.94 2 2 4.06 3 3 2.78 4 4 2.89
142
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 696. SPES AVGG Spes 1b Z 1536 – 1 2.85 Issue 8 (78) IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 697. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 (ii) B1 1495 – 56 2.83 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 698. SPES AVGG Spes 1b D1 1534 – 20 2.99 2 1 1.71 4 1 3.58 Uncertain Issues (20) IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 699. Reverse blank B1 1522 – 1 1.76 700. Obverse brockage B1 1521 – 2 2.44 701. Reverse illegible B1 1523 – 15 2.42 1 1 1.55 3 1 2.37
Uncertain mint (34)
Obverse proper to Mint II / reverse to Mint I (1) IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 702. PAX AVG Pax 1 B1 1477 – 1 3.46 Illegible coins (33) Obverse illegible (Tetricus I) 703. Reverse illegible Z 1524 – 4 2.52 C P E TETRICVS CAES 704. Reverse illegible C2 – – 3 2.48 C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES 705. Obverse brockage C2 1557 – 1 2.21 706. Reverse illegible C2 – – 6 2.55 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 707. SPES AVGG/PVBLICA Spes 1b or 1c C2 Cu. 2660 – 9 2.88 708. Blank reverse C2 – – 1 3.50 709. Reverse illegible C2 Cu. 2661 – 7 2.54 Obverse illegible (Tetricus II) 710. SPES AVGG/PVBLICA Spes 1b or 1c Z Cu. 2663 – 1 2.27 711. Blank reverse C2 1558 – 1 2.58
IRREGULAR COINAGES
GALLIENUS (20)
Reverses types of Rome, Second Series (1) GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 712. GENIVS AVG Genius 1 A1 – – 1 2.45 Reverses types of Rome, Third Series (1) GALLIENVS AVG 713. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 ? ?//– B1 2727 – 1 2.32 Reverses types of Rome, Second, Third or Fifth Series (3) GALLIENVS AVG 714. PAX AVG Pax 1 A1 2731 – 2 2.04 715. PAX AVG Pax 1 A3 – – 1 2.62 Reverses types of Rome, Fifth Series (1) SALONINA AVG 716. VENVS VICTRIX Venus 2 E2 Nby 1712 – 1 1.93 Reverses types of Rome, Sixth Series (8) GALLIENVS AVG 717. LIBERO·P·CONS AVG Tigress 1 – –//B A1 Nby 1663 – 1 2.72 718. DIANAE CONS AVG Antelope 1 – –//? A1 Nby 1666 – 1 2.55 719. DIANAE CONS AVG Antelope 1 – –// A1 Nby 1665 – 1 2.10 720. DIANAE CONS AVG Antelope/Gazelle 1 – –//? A1 Nby 1666 – 1 2.69 721. APOLLINI CONS AVG Griffin 1 – –//? A1 2760 – 1 2.00 722. IVNONI CONS AVG Capreolus 1 – –// A1 Nby 1682 – 1 3.00 723. DIANAE CONS AVG Stag 1 – –//X A1 2773 – 1 2.50 724. DIANAE CONS AVG Gazelle 1(b) – –//XII A1 Nby 1680 – 1 3.52
143
Reverses types of Rome, proper to Claudius II (1) GALLIENVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 725. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 A1 – 4 1 2.72 Miscellaneous types (5) GALLIENVS AVG 726. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 1 A1 – – 1 2.35 727. Reverse illegible A1 Nby 1709 – 4 1.95
CLAUDIUS II (78)
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. Reverse types of Rome, issue 2 (7) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 728. LIBERALITAS AVG Liberalitas 1 B1 1714 – 1 1.91 IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 729. SALVS AVG Salus 1 B1 – 1 1 2.18 730. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 1739 – 1 2.27 731. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a Z – – 1 1.92 732. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b B1 1741 – 1 3.26 733. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a B1 – – 1 1.85 734. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – –//? B1 – 2 1 2.89 Reverse types of Rome, issue 2 or 3 (42) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 735. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 B1 1736 – 1 2.00 736. VICTORIA AVG Victory 1 A –//– Z – – 1 2.28 737. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 A1 – – 1 2.32 738. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a A1 729 – 1 2.28 739. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a B1 – – 1 2.92 740. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a B1 – – 1 2.02 741. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a A1 1738 – 2 2.22 742. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 1739 – 1 2.44 743. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a Z – – 1 2.80 744. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– A1 – – 1 2.40 745. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– B1 – – 1 2.63 746. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a – //– Z – – 1 3.61 747. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 4b B1 1741 – 2 2.50 1 1 2.31 748. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 1744 – 3 2.24 4 1 2.10 749. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 B1 1745 – 1 2.85 750. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– A1 – – 1 2.85 751. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– B1 – – 1 2.32 752. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a A1 1747 – 1 2.57 753. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a B1 1748 – 1 2.51 754. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a Z – – 1 2.43 755. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– A1 – – 1 2.74 756. GENIVS EXERCI Genius 1a – Z//– Z – – 1 2.55 757. MARS VLTOR Mars 2b – H//– B1 – – 1 2.72 758. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – –//? Z – – 2 2.14 759. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 A1 1754 – 4 2.54 760. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 B1 1755 – 1 2.66 761. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 Z – 2 1 2.41 762. FIDES EXERCI Fides 2 or 2b – XI//– A1 1758 3 1 2.56 763. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – –//? A1 – – 1 2.94 764. PROVIDENT AVG Providentia 3 – –//? Z – – 3 2.66 Reverse types of Rome, issue 3 (7) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 765. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1 Z – – 1 2.65 766. GENIVS AVG Genius 2a B1 – – 1 3.55 767. ANNONA AVG Annona 1a B1 – 1 1 2.30 768. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 A1 1776 – 1 2.23 769. AEQVITAS AVG Aequitas 1 – //– A1 – – 1 2.09 770. LIBERT AVG Libertas 1 B1 1755 – 1 2.23 771. LIBERTAS AVG Libertas 1 A1 – – 1 3.40
144
Reverse types of Rome, issue 4 (10) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 772. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A1 1739 – 1 2.90 773. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 B1 1794 – 1 2.25 774. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 1 A1 – – 1 1.26 775. VICTORIA AVG Victory 8 – –//? B1 – – 1 2.09 776. APOLLINI CONS Apollo 2 – H//– A1 – – 1 2.76 777. MARTI PACIF Mars 1b Z – – 1 2.42 778. MARTI PACIF Mars 1b X –//– A1 – 3 1 2.80 779. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 – XII//– A1 – – 1 1.46 IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 780. PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1 A –//– A1 1793 – 1 2.25 781. Reverse illegible A1 – – 1 2.61 Types of Milan (2) IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG 782. PAX AVG Pax 1b B1 – – 1 2.93 783. Reverse illegible B1 – – 1 2.26 Types of Siscia (2) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 784. Reverse illegible Pax 1 – II//– Z – – 1 3.05 IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 785. PAX AVG Pax 1 S I//– B1 – – 1 3.11 Reverse types proper to other reigns (2) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 786. SALVS AVG Salus 2 A1 – – 1 2.09 IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 787. PAX AVG Pax 1b – *//– A1 – – 1 2.55 Uncertain (6) IMP [C?] CLAVDIVS AVG 788. Reverse illegible A1 1828 – 3 2.33 3 1 2.36 789. Reverse illegible Z 1828 – 1 2.13 1 1 1.50
DIVO CLAUDIO (67)
Reverse types of Rome (61) DIVO CLAVDIO 790. CONSECRATIO Altar 1a A1 1829 – 18 2.06 2 1 1.64 3 1 1.74 791. CONSECRATIO Altar 1a or 1b A1 1831 – 7 2.59 2 2 2.19 792. CONSECRATIO Altar 1b A1 – – 7 1.95 793. CONSECRATIO Eagle 2 A1 1835 – 24 2.18 1 1 2.20 Lifetime reverse types, Rome, issue 2–3 (1) DIVO CLAVDIO 794. IOVI VICTORI Jupiter 1 – ?//? A1 – 2 1 2.27 Lifetime reverse types, Rome, issue 4 (2) DIVO CLAVDIO 795. AETERNIT AVG Sol 2 N –//– A1 – – 1 3.67 796. LAETITIA AVG Laetitia 1 A1 1860 – 1 3.21 Lifetime obverse types, Rome, issue 2 (1) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 797. CONSECRATIO Altar 1a B1 – – 1 2.70 Lifetime obverse types, Rome, issue 3–4 (2) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 798. CONSECRATIO Eagle 2 A1 – – 2 2.82
145
POSTUMUS (15)
Reverse types of issue 1 (2) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Cunetio Layer Qty Av. wt. 799. P M TR P COS II P P Emperor 11 D1 2893 2 1 2.60 800. VICTORIA AVG Victory 9b D1 2888 – 1 3.85 Reverse types of issue 2 (1) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 801. VIRTVS AVG Virtus 3b D1 2901 – 1 2.62 Reverse types of issue 3 (3) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 802. MONETA AVG Moneta 1 D1 2907 1 1 2.93 803. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 1 D1 2909 – 2 2.88 Reverse types of issue 4 (3) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 804. SAECVLI FELICITAS Emperor 2 D1 2929 – 1 2.80 805. VBERTAS AVG Uberitas 1 D1 2928 – 2 2.72 Reverse types of issue 5 (4) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 806. IOVI STATORI Jupiter 2 D1 2930 3 1 3.44 807. ORIENS AVG Sol 3 D1 2932 – 2 2.92 3 1 2.14
Uncertain reverse (2) IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG 808. Reverse illegible D1 2947 – 2 3.17
VICTORINUS (21)
Reverse types of Mint I (9) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 809. INVICTVS Sol 3b * –//– D1 2958 – 5 2.66 4 1 2.36 810. PAX AVG Pax 1 D1 – – 1 1.96 811. PAX AVG Pax 1 – *//– D1 – – 1 3.12 812. PAX AVG Pax 1 V *//– B1 – – 1 2.46 Reverse types of Mint II (8) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 813. PIETAS AVG Pietas 4 or 4a B1 – 2 1 2.50 3 1 2.80 814. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia 2 B1 – – 2 1.56 815. SALVS AVG Salus 1 D1 Nby 1911 – 2 2.47 816. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a B1 – – 2 2.59 Reverse type proper to Tetricus I (1) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 817. HILARITAS AVG Hilaritas 1 Z Nby 1929 – 1 1.86 Miscellaneous reverses (3) IMP C VICTORINVS P F AVG 818. FELIC TEMPO Felicitas 5 Z – 4 1 2.34 819. FELICITAS AVG Felicitas 1a Z – – 1 2.83 820. Reverse illegible D1 Nby 1947 – 1 2.64
TETRICUS (218)
Reverse types of Mint I (127) IMP [C?] TETRICVS P F AVG
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 821. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 Z 1956 – 13 2.08 822. PAX AVG Pax 1b B1 – – 1 1.83 823. PAX AVG Pax 1b Z – – 8 2.04 824. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 Z 1953 – 7 2.14 825. SPES AVGG Spes 1 Z 1968 – 1 2.67 826. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 Z 1948 – 2 3.25
146
No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av. wt. 827. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a C2 – – 1 3.91 828. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a Z 1949 – 1 3.07 829. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 1 Z – – 10 3.13 IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 830. COMES AVG Victory 1 D1 – – 1 3.08 831. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 D1 1956 – 2 2.87 832. PAX AVG Pax 1b D1 1951 – 9 2.45 833. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 D1 1953 – 4 2.82 834. SPES AVGG Spes 1 D1 1968 – 1 3.61 835. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 D1 1948 – 8 2.23 2 1 1.40 836. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1949 – 1 2.66 837. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 1 B1 1952 corr. – 2 3.18 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 838. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 B1 1956 – 6 2.27 839. PAX AVG Pax 1b B1 – – 6 2.46 840. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 B1 1953 – 3 2.96 841. SPES AVGG Spes 1 B1 1968 – 3 3.54 842. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a D1 1949 – 1 3.00 843. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 1 B1 – – 1 3.57 C P E TETRICVS CAES 844. PAX AVG Pax 1b C2 1984 – 1 1.63 845. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 C2 1974 – 1 1.99 3 1 3.63 C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES 846. Illegible reverse Spes 1 C2 – – 3 2.60 847. COMES AVG Victory 1 C2 1983 – 1 2.49 848. PAX AVG Pax 1b C2 1984 – 2 2.59 849. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 C2 1986 – 1 2.43 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 850. HILARITAS AVGG Hilaritas 1 C2 1989 – 4 2.20 851. PAX AVG Pax 1b C2 1984 – 5 2.69 852. PAX AVGG Pax 1b C2 – – 1 3.22 853. SALVS AVGG Salus 4 C2 1986 – 3 2.39 854. SPES AVGG Spes 1 C2 1975 – 4 2.76 855. SPES PVBLICA Spes 1 C2 1974 – 3 2.33 856. VIRTVS AVGG Virtus 1 C2 – – 4 2.06 Reverse types of Mint II (38) IMP [C?] TETRICVS P F AVG 857. LAETITIA AVG N Laetitia 1 D1 – – 1 2.11 858. LAETITIA AVG N/AVGG Laetitia 1 Z 1955 – 3 2.45 IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 859. LAETITIA AVGG Laetitia 1 Z 1955 – 2 1.99 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 860. LAETITIA AVG N/AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 1513 – 3 2.60 861. LAETITIA AVGG Laetitia 1 B1 – – 2 2.17 C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES 862. PIETAS AVGVSTOR/AVGG Sacrificial implements 1 C2 1977 – 18 2.43 4 1 2.76 863. SPES AVGG Spes 1 C2 1975 – 2 4.23 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 864. LAETITIA AVG N Laetitia 1 C2 1988 – 2 2.28 865. PIETAS AVGVSTOR Sacrificial implements 1 C2 1977 2 1 1.88 866. PIETAS AVGVSTOR/AVGG Sacrificial implements 1 C2 1977 – 3 2.04 Reverse types proper to Victorinus (4) IMP [C?] TETRICVS P F AVG 867. INVICTVS Sol 3 Z 1961 – 1 3.36 IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 868. INVICTVS Sol 3 * –//– D1 1961 4 1 1.84 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 869. SALVS AVG Salus 2 B1 – – 1 3.47 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 870. INVICTVS Sol 3b * –//– C2 1980 – 1 2.40
147
Reverse type proper to Divo Claudio (1) C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Normanby Layer Qty Av.wt. 871. CONSECRATIO Eagle 2 C2 – – 1 3.66 Miscellaneous types (48) IMP [C?] TETRICVS P F AVG 872. Reverse illegible B1 – – 6 2.71 873. Reverse illegible D1 – 3 1 2.20 874. Reverse illegible Z – – 14 2.14 2 1 1.48 IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG 875. PAX AVG Pax 1 Z – – 1 2.16 876. Reverse illegible C2 – – 1 2.45 877. Reverse illegible Z – – 4 2.85 IMP TETRICVS P F AVG 878. Reverse illegible Z – – 1 2.78 C P[IV] E[SV] TETRICVS CAES 879. Obverse brockage C2 – – 1 2.65 880. Reverse illegible C2 – – 11 2.77 C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 881. PAX AVG Pax 4 C2 – – 1 2.60 882. Reverse illegible C2 – – 5 2.72 3 1 3.24
UNCERTAIN (39)
Obverse illegible No. Legend Rev. type M.–m. Bust Layer Qty Av. wt. 883. VICTORIA AVG Victory 3a Z – – 1 4.35 884. Reverse illegible Z – – 31 2.43 2 1 2.28 3 2 1.71 4 4 2.51
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The twelfth volume of Coin Hoards from Roman Britain presents 57 hoards with terminal dates from AD 244 to the end of the Roman period. This is the companion volume to CHRB XI, which contained the earlier hoards discovered between 1997 and 2001. CHRB XII also includes later hoards found up to April 2003. More recent addenda to these hoards have been included where possible.
The volume includes the Chalgrove II hoard of 4,957 radiates, with its important find of the second known coin of Domitian II. The recognition of an additional Gallic usurper has expanded our knowledge of this less well understood period of Roman history. The latest hoards included in the volume, Patching and Oxborough, are accompanied by discussion of the significance of these hoards for the monetary history of the late Roman to early Medieval transition.
Richard Abdy, Eleanor Ghey and Ian Leins are curators of Roman coins in the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum. Celine Hughes is a former intern of the department.
MONETA Hoenderstraat 22, 9230 Wetteren, Belgique
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www.moneta.be ISBN 978-90-77297-64-3