iucsrna -Iuf;t 2##; lucerna Roman Finds Group Newsletter 24

Contents Editorial RFG Vicg-Presidgnt . . . ., . r, r . . r . r . 2 I would like to thank all the contributors to Catherine lohns: selected bibliography . 2/24 this issue far their work, especially as I Catherine lohns: retirement speech . ., . . 3 brought the deadline forward. Coopered object from Dorchester . . . . ., 7 Lucerna 24 ls out now in order to publicise Ngxt RFG Meeting . r, ., !, . r . . r ! . ., . 10 the University of Durham's conference on Odd brooch, any idgas? .,, . ! r .,, . . . 11 Roman Finds on July 6th-7th, further details Bone styli . r . . r . r r . r r r . . . r . . r . r 11 of which will be found on pp 17 and 25, and Referencing policy for contributors . . . . Lz inside the back cover. It is not too late to Some portable antiquities from Hants . . 13 book a place. New wax spatulae from . . . . Suffolk,, !4 The most important item in this issue is the Morg arnulgts . . . r r ., . r . r . . . t . . . r r 15 announcement that we now have Vice- Candlesticks in Roman 15 a Britain...... Presidefrt, Catherine lohns (p 2). Catherine Crossword bytDigger' 16 ,,,.,.,,, !., worked at the for nearly 35 TRAC r r r t r ! r r . . . . r . r . . . . . ! r . r 16 years, a cheerful source of information and Roman Finds Conference in Durham . . . . !7 guidance. Her retirement speech was a very FRG autumn mggting r . ., r, ., !, .,, ! !7 pertinent and perspicacious assessment not Thg Cattgrick gallus . ., ., .,, . ., . . 18 . only af the current climate at the British The RFG's meeting at Segedunum . . . . . 22 Museum but also of the wider world. She has . . ., ! t t . D r r Conferences r . . . r r . r r 25 kindly allowed it to be printed here (pp 3-6) BOOkS . r r r r . . . r r r r . r . r . . r . r t . . 26 for all RFG members to read. Still 'Catherine-related', Oxbow Books have SUBSCRIPTIONS TOR kindly given away FREE to RFG members the illustrated introduction to the Hoxne 2003 treasure, and have put together the special enclosed leaflet of items on their stocklist RfG srrbscriptions falt due in October that will be of particular interest to ofeach year members. Nate the special price of Catherine's The lewellery of . Please remember to send your f,5 to: 'Perhaps', 'probably', 'possibly' and 'may' are well-used are Angela Wardle, I Stebbing Farm, Fishers words in archaeology, but anathema to the press, so it seems Green, Stevenag€, Hert SGJ 2lB inevitable that any interpretation of archaeological evidence (as opposed to the straightforward evidence itself) which finds Information fgr .contri butors its way inta the papers will be simplified and provoke Post your contributions to Nina Cruffirny, 2 Hall so an adverse reaction within at least part archaeological community. Road, Copford, CO6 1BN , or email of the them to [email protected], Deadlines Hilary Cool's article on pp 1B-21 shows what May 30th for inclusion in the July issue, and happens when a cautious and well- November 30th for the January issue. documented interpretation is taken up by the Emailed text should be either a .txt, .ftf, or .doc press. If those writing in to britarch had read file. Illustrations should preferably be simple line the report, I doubt that there would have drawings or uncluttered photos. Emailed pictures been any fuss at all. MoreoveL the Roman should be .tiF or .jpg files. Remember not to Empire contained a wide variety of breach copyright law when sending illustrations. individuals and types. Small wonder one or See page L2 for referencing policy. two might be spoffed in Britannia. Nina Crummy /ut*r*a Ju{p, J##2

'A Roman writing tablet frorn ', Antiq J 54 RFG Vice-President (r97 4), 290- 1 'Roman clay statuette of Mars from Muckiffg, Shortly after her retirement, the RFG Essex', Antiq J 56 (1976), 246-7 Committee, on the Group's behalf, sent 'A Roman gold and emerald necklace from Catherine lohns the following letter: Cannon Street, Londoil', Antiq J 56 (1975), 247-8 Dear Catherine, 'A Roman bronze mount from Water End, Hertfordshire', Antiq J 58 (1978), 364-6 your In recognitian of scholarly contribution 'A group of late Roman jewellery from Owmby- to the study of Roman finds, 'small' or by-Spital, Lincolnshire', Lincalnshire Sauth otherwise, the Roman Finds Group would be Humberside Archaeol 15 (L979), 87-B delighted if you would agree to become its 'Fragments of two Roman necklaces frorn H an ora ry Vi ce- President. ', Antiq J 59 (1979), 420-1 The position is a new one, created especially 'An unusuat Roman ring from Dersingham', to allow us to acknowledge your Narfolk Archaeol 37.3 (1980), 345-6 achievements. We are an informal body, and 'A bronze amulet from Boughton Aluph', Archaeol duties attached Vice- Cantiana gG (1980), 394-6 na are to the tThe Presideftcy, but we hope and trust that you Risley Park silver lanx: a lost antiquity from will be able to attend occasional Group Roman Britain', Antiq J 6L (1981), 53-72 meetings when conveniefrt, and continue to 'A Rornan gold ring from Bedford', Antiq J 61 contribute to Lucerna if so moved. ( 1981), 343-5 Yaur knowledge, dedication and cheefful 'A Roman bronze head from Margate', Archaeol Cantiana 97 (1981), 307-11 gaod sense are beacons in the field. We laok forward to an even greater output of Sex or symbol? Erotic images of Greece and Rome publications in your retirement, which, with (1982, 1gg1) yur existing body of wark, will create a vital 'A Romn silver spoon from Helpston, and important legacy for generations ta Cambridgeshire', Britannia 13 (1982), 309-10 come, 'A Christian late-Roman gold ring from Suffolk', Antiq J 64 (1984), 393-4 Yours most sincerely, 'A Roman Christian ring from Brentwood, Essex', Roy Friendsh ip-Taylor President Antiq J 55 (1985), 461-3 *A Richard Hobbs Secretary Roman bronze head from ', Antiq J Cfi ristine Jones Treasurer 65 (1985), 437-9 Angela Wardle Membership Secretary 'Faunus at rhetford: an early Latian deity in late Ellen Swift Meetings Secretary Roman Britain', in M Henig & A King (eds) pagan Nina Crummy , Editor Gods and Shrines (1986), 93-103 Jenny Hall Publication Organiser -The Roman silver cups from Hockwold, Norfolk', Archaeologia 1O8 (1986), 1-13 We are pleased to say that Catherine has 'A Roman gold ring from Aldborough, North accepted, and that the RFG now has an Yorks', J Brit Archaol Ass 139 (1986), 153-4 Honora ry Vice-President. 'A Romano-British statuette of a mounted warrior god', Antiq J 70 (1990), 446-57 'Research on Roman silver plate', J Roman Archaeol 3 (1990), 28-43 -Some Catherine Johns: a unpublished jewellery from Roman Britain', * Jewellery Studies 5 (1991), 55-64 selected bibliography 'A late Roman silver toothpick with the Christian monogram', Antig J 72 (1992), L77-80 'Gaulish potters' staffips', Antiq J 43 (1963), 2BB- I 'The decorated samian', in W H Manning , The 'Black Roman pottery: report on the excavations at rlsk samian ware from South Wales', 1965-1976 (1993), 763-206 Monmouthshire Antiquary 1.3 (1903), 11-19 *An enamelled bronze pyxis from Roman grave Arretine and samian pottery (L97L, L9ZT) a 'A at Elsenham, Essex', Antiq J 73 (1993), 161-5 Roman silver pin from Oldcroft, -Romano-British precious Gloucestershire', Antiq ] 54 (L974), 195-l metal hoards: some cornments on Martin Millet's paper', in S Cottam et al (eds), TRAC 94, Proc Faurth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeol conf, Durham rgg4 baoks and major articles only; contributions to (L994), LA7 -LL7 excavatian reparts (apart from the Usk samian) and forthcoming items not included Continued on p 24 lucerna JUU 2002

Catherine Johns her speech to colleagues and guests on her retirement from the British Museum 29 May 2OO2

The British Museum is the third museum in which I have worked ; I started my employment as a museum curator 40 years ago this September, in the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff, and then worked for th ree yea rs at the Rhein isches Landesmuseum in Bonn before I arrived here at the beginning of December L967. Working in Germany was a formative experience, Not only did I learn the language and make many friends there, but it ensured that as a Roman archaeologist, I have always since seen things from an international, Empire- wide perspective rather than a British one.

Because of Cardiff and a short period as a temporary Clerical Officer in a government department, I was familiar with the Civil Service. The BM was, though technically a 'fringe body', still very much a CS establishment in the late 1960s. Although the ethos didn't always suit the needs of an academ ic institution, it d id have its advantages. There were strict rules, and Catherne Johns holding aloft her 'erotica' leaving card at they cou ld be looked u p. Some were her retirement party. irrelevant rules, but at least they were clear. They also promoted indeed, demanded a Nearly thirty years went by. On Frid dy, degree of loyalty and selflessness on the part February 13, 1998 , a highly appropriate of employees that is little known these days; date, the depa rtment held its last socia I people generation which is why, when of my gathering in those premises, and within a encou nter papers on such matters as couple of years, even the name of the 'professional ethics'written by complete department had been arbitrarily changed to outsiders for our instruction and edificatiofl, a meaningless and inaccurate one that, we feel a mixture of hilarity and outrage. moreover, gave us the squalid acronym PEE, I have worked under five Directors and five Change is normal. There would be something Keepers. \fy'hen I arrived, I entered what was wrong if society, institutions and individuals still the sub-Department of Prehistory and did not change during a period of over 30 Roman Britain within the Department of years a generationt a third of a century. British and Medieval Antiquities. It was Some changes are for the better (can't think already evident that the British and Medieval of maoy, off-hand, but there must be some), Department was too diverse and unwieldy but anyone who imagines that we are for efficiency, and in less than 18 months, unaccustomed to change in the BM, and that ou r section had become the independent we resistit, knows very little about us. Department of Prehistoric and Romano- Change has actually been the only real British Antiquities, based in spacious and constant here over the last three decades. well-designed penthouse offices above what However, as people who are interested in the is now the South Portico of the Great Court, past, and who understand it better than and looking out on the beautiful, ever- most, we are rig ht to be concerned about changing view of the Reading Room dome, retaining what is good and scrutinising now forever lost to all but the pigeons. changes very carefully.An institution that lucerna July 20CZ

has functioned with spectacular success modern material culture, numismatics through all the changes of 250 years must again, an endless list. Needless to say, Don have been doing something right. is at the very top of that list. I am still I shall return to that point, but I want to say constantly amazed by how much he knows. something about the two aspects of life in Being surrounded by younger people who the BM that seem to me to encapsulate its understand computers in a way that I never importance and its values: our colleagues, shall has enabled me just about to keep up and the museum's collections. with such matters; remember that personal computers did not exist when I started work COLLEAGUES here. There was not so much as a single photocopier in the building. The departments people I The first: it was in 1994 that of Education and Design have enriched my particularly keenly the became aware of perceptions of the scope and focus of profou nd influence of mentors and museum work. colleagues, because that was the year in which three of my former teachers d ied. Colleagues both within and outside the Richard Atkinson, who was my professor at museum with whom I worked when active in Cardiff, Mike Jarrett, who also taught me Trade Union affairs taught me things I never there, and who nurtured my enthusiasm for even knew about as a young, innocent Roman archaeology, and George Boon, who archaeologist, and induced a healthy instructed me in the basic principles of rynicism about life. I learned a remarkable curatorship in my first job in the National amount as a Trade Union rep. Museum of Wales. I realise now, far more than I did when younger, how much my And of course, the scholars and students knowledge and my attitude to my work has from outside the museum who come here to owed to them. study our collections are an extended part of the network of knowledge centred on our Within this institution, it would be impossible own colleagues, while the museum visitors, for me to list all the people who have helped the ordinary members of the public who to shape my work and who bear some of the come to see us, people of all ages and from success have achieved. credit for any I may all backgrounds, have things to teach us as Of those who are no longer alive, I would well as to learn from us. They are continually mention especially lohn Brailsford and Tim providing new insights, and ensure that we Potter, both of whom were utterly committed never become ivory-tower academics to encouraging and promoting the work of detached from reality. their colleagues. I have learned something from virtually There is a chain of knowledge that is passed down within a venerable institution like everybody who has worked in my this department for the last 34 years, and from one, a form of cumulative expertise which enables countless colleagues in other departments each one of us to stand on the shoulders predecessors. Through and sections of the museum, and I stress of our teaching example anecdote, that I do not mean only other curators and by and by almost process archaeologists. f mean also conservators, a of osmosis, we are able to learn from experiences our scie ntists, a rtists, photographers, the of predecessors, messengers, designers, cleaners, warders, and through them, of their predecessors, own typists, administrators everybody who is as well as from our contemporaries. necessary to the functioning of a complex institution like this one. To sustain and augment that cumulative Some obvious examples: working with expertise, that institutional culture and scientists has deepened my perception of the collective memory, it is vital both that ways in which antiquities may be studied and employees stay for long periods in the given me a whole different angle on ancient institution, and that a wide range of technology. working with our illustrators has professional skills is represented within the taug ht me how to look more acutely and workplace. All that is then required is that more perceptively at an object though colleagues communicate freely and openly they, and the conselators, can still usually with each other. It is an elegantly simple, see things that I missed. Curators in other profoundly human process that has worked departments have introduced me to Classical brilliantly for centuries and millennia, and we damage it at our peril. a rchaeology, Egyptology, med ieva I a nd lwerna Juty 2002

They still give rise to a kind of archaeological research that, though closely linked with University-based work, starts from a different point, and is complementary rather than identical. Artefact-based research is founded on a profound familiarity with the objects that our remote ancestors used, 'from beautiful and precious works of art to the most mundane equipment of daily life. The questions we ask, and the answers we seek, are inspired directly by these antiquities and our response to them. This does not mean that we cannot engage in theoretical speculations The Reading Roam roaf about ancient societies as well as the next archaeologist: we can, and do. In fact, it is fun to formulate half-a-dozen new theoretical ideas before breakfast, and far less The shabby, superficial culture of outside demanding than learning how to recognise consultants short-term contracts and and date typological series flints or shatters the process, and once broken, the a of potsherds. We are simply approaching the chain of knowledge cannot be repaired. One study of the past from a specific angle. The day a new management guru will doubtless work of specialists who are deeply familiar come along who comprehend and will with artefacts, who possess that indefinable promote this understanding, but it may well skill known in other fields as be too late by then to recover what has been connoisseurship, lost. is a vital component in the advance of archaeological knowledge, and Painstakingly writing down what we do, how the environment of a large, venerable and and why we do it, what skills and experience comprehensive museum is the only one in we commafld, may look very efficient. It is which it can be fully nurtured and developed. not. All it does is waste a prodigious amount Another aspect of curatorial research that of paper, Describing what we do when we differs from the work of our University cou ld actually be doing is not sensible it a colleagues concerns our constant interaction use of that valuable resource, time. The with the general public. We become constant, clumsy re-invention of the wheel extremely familiar with the interests and that is required when we cast aside levels of knowledge of the public, and we cumulative memory and expertise in favour learn how to communicate effectively with of simplistic and, T have sdy, already to them, whether through the labelling in the obsolescent, management tools, is a hugely galleries, letters, lectures, full- inefficient and wasteful process. exhibition length books, or personal conversations. We learn how to convey our hard-earned and COLLECTIONS often very obscure knowledge in succinct and accessible terms. This is a skill that Now the collections: the museum's many archaeologists need not learn. collections form the bed rock of the staff's knowledge. They stretch back 250 years and It is something of a two-edged sword. form a database of potential knowledge and Because we become adept at expressing inspiration which connects us directly with all difficult concepts and deep learning in our forebears, all the way back into the t8th simplified terms, and get into the habit of century. A museum like this one is a doing this whenever we converse with those precious archaeological artefact in itself, an who are not professional colleagues, there outstanding ideological and physical, are people of limited understanding who co ncrete p rod u ct of the Age of imagine that our subject must be very easy Enlightenment which is still liviog, flourishing - that anyone can do it, and that they are and evolving toddy, and we should be very therefore entitled to instruct us simple souls careful indeed about how we handle it. on the nature of our work and how to The collections of this museum helped to 'manage'it better. co nstru ct a nd sha pe the study of My advice to all of you who in future cross archaeology in Britain from its very infancy. swords with some new and ignorant outsider lucerna July ZCI}i

who comes in to tell you how to do your job should be a very different person if I had not is to speak to them exclusively in the most worked here. I feel that this institution is arcane and impenetrable professional jargon. incredibly important as part of the culture of They won't understand you, but at least they the western world. will have to accept that you know something At the same time, the gift is not one-sided. they don't. The Museum owes us everything, too. It is because of the quality and dedication of the CHANGES people who have worked here over the generations that the museum has retained to the BM as an historical artefact I referred reputation as a centre of learning and in its own right. It is a living and growing its inspiration for inspiration. Because of this, those who come source of knowledge and into senior positions public, and the reasons here from elsewhere scholars and for the to much of should have a care before they start for its very existence underlie 'culture' the place, before they thinking, in the widest attack the of modern 'scientific' dare to patronise us and underestimate the sense of that term. If we try to rearrange it knowledge staff. A current passing fads and skills and of the according to the worldwide reputation for excellence is not political credos, to pull bits off it and move lazy, disloyal or ignorant employees. find eventually that built on them elsewhere, we shall the professional staff of this institution we have abandoned some of the principles of We know what we are doiog, how to do it, and the Enlightenment, and that we are heading should be done, and we deserue back towards an attitude to learning more why it respect. appropriate to the Middle Ages. Maybe, in the nature of things, that has to happen, but If there is a revolution to be desired, it is a I hope I don't live to see it. revolution in which all of those who work This is not the time to go into my views on here, not only those of us who have dispersal and so-called restitution from collaborated and supported each other for established collections, which are well known years and decades, but the newcomers too, to many of my colleagues. I would say only learn to ask the opinions of their colleagues this; those who do not understand the past at all levels in the hierarchy; to hear what are not fit to plan for the future. they stsy, and to learn from what they say. In a word, RESPECT. Physical changes to the Grade I listed building have to be debated and fully I think that is all I have to say. I am sorry justified before they can be accepted; they there have not been any amusing anecdotes may not be carried out on a whim. Changes and jokes, but I do not believe this is a time imposed on the very concept of an artefact for joking. I have enjoyed most of my thirh/- such as this museum should, likewise, be four-and-a-half years here, ifi spite of some founded on a true understanding of its bad moments. I have seen management history and its purpose, and should not be styles come and go: you will be glad to know entered into for short-term or frivolous that, given time, they do go. I have learned reasons. Such ill-considered changes may from my friends and from the cherished easily bring disaster. Most of you here will be memory of my predecessors. I have tried to well aware of how close we are standing to repay that debt, and hope I can leave a the edge of the precipice at this moment. sound legacy for the future. We are curators; it is our job to care for things, and to pass MUTUAL BENEFITS them on in undamaged condition for our successors to use and enjoy as we have The concept of the museum, its collections done, not to cast them aside and introduce and its staff, combine to create something the latest tawdry rubbish. I believe that this unique and hugely important. Like all my curatorship includes ideals and concepts as colleagues, I am acutely aware that any well as objects, success I have had in my career so far owes an immense amount to the extraordinary Above all, I hope, most sincerely, that some environment in which I have been privileged of the more shallow and frivolous trends of to work, an environment which, not so long the early zltt century will not succeed in ago, was amazingly conducive to thought, destroying this precious monument to the research and inspiration. It is less so today. elevated ideals of the 18th. I do not identify myself solely as a creation Catherine lohns of the British Museum, but I know that I lucerna July 20l,Z

An item of Roman coopered furniture from Dorchester (Dorset)

According to Kilby (I97L, 132), the practice The surviving elements of the artefact are: of recycling coopered casks and tubs into furniture was widespread from the 16th o Two thin copper-alloy bands with a century onwards, especially in poor moulded profile some 60 mm wide: one is households. The main problem with this kind almost complete, the other is fragmentary, of artefact is that as wood shrinks in the o Two fragmentary, discontinuous and drier indoor air, hoops will become too big corroded iron hoops, 2-3 mm thick, adhering and the item will have to be tightened until to the back of the copper-alloy bands the wood has thoroughly dried out. There are mentioned above. Their original width cannot nevertheless some interesting specimens of be ascertained. the genre ranging from barrels reused as tables at the 'Smugglers' Inn', to stools, to o Four fragments belonging to a decorated even padded armchairs on rockers. A rare copper-alloy band of unknown length. The instance of furniture from Roman Britain original width is B0 mm as shown in two end suggests that things may have been different fragments: one of them has two original in the more distant past. ltlhile barrels were edges and the camplete design of the reused as well-linings and makeshift tubs in curvilinear punched decoration. The other Roman tim€s, the evidence shows that two fragmenfs have an original concave craftsmen were experimenting with new, edge. pu rposely- bu ilt coopered fu rn itu re of innovative design. The coopered container o One leaping dolphin in copper alloy rcZ mm that is the object of this short note is no re- long), decorated with incised {ines; it has a used barrel : it is an original design. splayed tail and a wide-open mouth. The fragment (tail) af a matching artefact. The item belongs to a n assem blage recovered in Dorset over 50 years ago. o Four moulded copper-alloy feet, sguare in section, 15 mm wide, 24 mm tall; they are In May of that year a very large numismatic fixed to the iron hoops. find totalling over 22,000 coios, known as the 'Marks & Spencer hoard', was discovered The wood has completely disintegrated. during building works at 48 South Street, Some fragments may have been preserued Dorchester, It consisted ma inly of at the back of the metalwork, but the antoniniani and had been deposited in three present state of the artefact does not allow any examination of the relevant areas. The vessels: a bronze jug , a metal bowl and a coopered item. \Nhile the coins and the jug presence of wood is documented by the were in due course examined in detail photographs taken at the time of the invention hoard one them (RCH M E L970, 5 37), the other two of the , In of (RCHME L970, pl 230) edge is conta iners have remained la rgely the of a stave unreported. At the moment the artefacts are clearly visible, Moreover, Colonel Drew, who on display in Dorchester County Museum; was called to the scene by Dorchester the coin collectior, on the other hand, has Museum after the workman had hit the been dispersed (see note on page 10). This assemblage with a pick and discovered the article deals with the coopered item and hoard, does mention the word 'stave' in his proposes a reconstruction. report. Sufficient wood was recovered at the time to identify the species. The The reconstruction is based on the pictu res i nvestig atio n wa s ca rried o u t at th e taken when the hoard was discovered, oD Biophysical Laboratory at Bourton-on-the-Hill the accou nts of eyewitnesses and on the in Gloucestershire. and the wood was examination of the artefact itself. pronounced to be mature yew but in a rotten Unfortunately the latest restoration process, and decayed state, possibly because of the by which the suruiving metalwork has been chalky terrain. The sample is no longer fixed to a polystyrene drum simulating the extant. woodwork, is non reversible; only the outer coopered su rface of the metalwork was therefore The container appears to be a available for inspection. artefact of a unique design (Fig 1). It lucerna Juty ?0#;

tO ca^-

Figure 1. The Dorchester coopered container. luterna Jul.v ?CCZ consisted of a staved drum resting on its side the fixing mechanism of the dolphins on four metal feet. This drum was bound by themselves could be investigated. two iron hoops each covered with a band of copper-alloy sheeting. It is suggested that The number of staves making up the drum is the container opened at the top and that conjectural: obviously the smaller the there was an arrangement for placing a seal diameter of the container, the narrower the per in a seal-box across the opening. staves. The proposed width of B0 mm stave has been arrived at by considering The width of the container has been artefacts of a contemporary date. f n the estimated by measuring the tightly-packed saddle keg which is smaller mass of coins from the pictures taken at the (maxirnum diameter 378 mm, Podley time of invention. This gives a drum width of forthcoming, K11), the staves have a approximately 220 mm , including two maximum width of 65 rnm. In large barrels, wooden sides each 15 mm thick. The on the other hand, staves can be as much as circumference was ca lcu lated by I2A mm wide, The flat, vertical sides of the extrapolating from the curvature at the base container, for which a 15 mm thickness has of the artefact where the four copper-alloy been postulated, could easily have been a feet appear to be in situ. The area also composite construction with planks shows a build-up of metal possibly due to the positioned side by side and jointed with fixing of the feet and the overlapping of the dowels, a standard practice for barrel heads metal bands. The estimated maximum both in Roman and modern times. measurements of the container are as follows: 42O mm (diameter), 435 mm The construction method appears to have (height including feet) , 22A mm (width). been fairly straightforward. Staves had to be backed, ie shaved at the edges on the The original photographs show that the iron outside and hollowed out in the centre to hoops covered with the copper-alloy bands ach ieve a sl ig htly rou nded tra nsverse were placed on the edge of the staves. The section. They were then arranged around a proposed reconstruction places the prepared side and clamped with an iron hoop decorated copper-alloy band (80 mm wide) possibly applied hot to shrink to a tight grip. between them where it fits with a clearance The process was repeated for the second of 10 mm on either side. The length of this hoop and copper-alloy bands and feet were copper-alloy band is conjectural. From the then fixed. two f ragments with an orig inal concave edge, a circular opening some 7A mm in The use of metal hoops on cooperage was diameter can be postulated, wide enough for confined in Roman times to buckets and a hand to get through but too tight to tankards; barrels were normally fastened retrieve a fistful of coins. with an organic binding in hazel or willow. The only known instance, in Britain, of a It is proposed that the copper-alloy dolphins barrel with iron hoops is the cupella from were handles but not for the purpose of Lullingstone which also has a metal swivel carrying the container. They would be far to handle (Meates 1987 , 107). insubstantial for the purpose. The two leaping dolphins were used to fix a seal-box In the case of the item in question, the iron across the opening. The reconstructed binding (approximately a0 mm wide and 2- 3 artefact would therefore include a wooden mm thick) was essential. When it was buried bung approximately 70 mm in diameter and the container was full to the brim with a sealing mechanism across it. The coinage and must have been of considerable positioning and the exact relationship of the weight. Only a tough metal binding could handles and the decorated copper-alloy band have taken the strain. The design and the None surviving robust construction of the item strong ly are not clear. of the jug fragments of the copper-alloy band shows suggest that, unlike the bowl and the found with it, holding money was its primary a ny rivet holes. In the proposed reconstruction, it has been assumed that the function. It is certainly difficult to see what band was held in place by the dolphins which other purpose it could have served. It does would entail the presence of a rivet hole at look an unlikely container for small quantities each end of the band. In the actual state of of drink as Earwood suggests (Earwood 1993, B0). is too large and the handle restoration of the a rtefact neither the It presence of rivet holes under the handles nor provisions are plainly inadequate. lucerna July 2002

The artefact was, however, not only a The Dorchester hoard functional item, but also a beautiful piece of The vessels and over 1500 coins are ln the Dorset furniture. Yew was a very good choice County Museum; 2817 coins are in the Dept of because of its strength, durability and Coins and Medals, British Museum. Other coins relative immunity to dampness; its are in: Ashmolean Museum; Birmingham combination with lavish copper-alloy fittings Museum; Curtis Museum, Alton; Hull City (feet, leaping dolphins and bands) would Museum; Portland Museum; Rye Museunr; Dept of have produced a stunning effect. Archaeology, University of Sydney. Bibliography This item has no immediate comparanda in Jaurnal of Roman Studies (1937), 263 the Empire. The style of the metalwork with 27 the very naturalistic leaping dolphins E Besley & R Bland 1983 The Cunetio Treasure, suggests a Roman input. On the other hand, L8L.7 the juxtaposition of copper alloy metalwork H Mattingly 1939 Dorchester hoard, and yew is frequently found in other Numismatic Chronicle for 1939, 21-61 coopered artefacts, namely Celtic ritual A S Robertson 2000 An inventory of Romano- buckets, such as those from Aylesford and British coin haards (ed R Hobbs), Royal Baldock Britain; Goeblingen and Vielle Numismatic Society Special Publication 20, no for 470 Toulouse for the continent, all from native contexts (Vidal 7976). According to Vidal (ibid, 197) the inspiration for the design may have originally come from Etruria, but the ROMAN FINDS GROUP manufacture was certainly local and the style of the metalwork is strictly Celtic. Autumn Meeting 2OO2 It is not proposed here to discuss in detail in the circumstances of the deposition of the hoard. It has been suggested (RCHME 1970, 537) that the coins represented a consignment of cash not yet in general LONDON circulation. The date for the deposition of the on hoard has been set at AD 257 or soon afterwards, giving a terminus ante quem of Monday November l8th the mid 3rd century for the manufacture of the artefact. Suffice it to say that we have "Roll up, roll up, see the here an example of coopered furniture so far unparalleled in the , a high- amazing Roman waterwo.rlc in status item of innovative design and possibly evidence of the coming together of different action" woodworking traditions. Speakers will include lenny Hall, lohn Paola Pugsley, Shepherd, Angela Wardle & Fiona Seeley Rockhaven, 5t George's Well, Further details and .#J[:l*rm wiil be sent to Cullompton, Devon EX15 lAR Bibliography Study Group C Earwood 1993 Domestic Wooden Aftefac,s,. Auern 27 March 2003 K Kilby 1971 The Cooper and his Trade. London A meeting of the Quern Study Group vrdll take G W Meates L987 The Roman villa at place at the Institute of Archaeologry, Oxford. We Lullingstone, Kent, 2: t-he painting and the finds. welcome offers.of papers on any subject London concerning worked stone. T G Padley forthcoming The Lanes, Carlisle,2 Anyone interested in attending or giving a paper RCHME 1970 The county of Dorcet 2: the please contact: south-east Ruth Shaffrey, I I Amity Road, Reading RG I AIN Tel: 01865 263800 (daytime) M Vidal 1976 'Le sceau de bois orn6 de Vielle Toulouse', Gallia 34, 167-200 Em ail : ruth :sh afkey@hotm ail. co m

10 Itmtn July 2A02

Odd brooch, any Bone styli

ideas? The article on iron styli in Lucerna 23 (Major Excavations at the promontory site of Le 2OO2, 2-5) reminded me of a note I had Yaudet, Ploulec'h, Brittany have been previously written some 2A years ago in undertaken every surnmer since 1991 by Britannia and had never quite got around to Barry Cunliffe of the University of Oxford and updating. Patrick Galliou of the University of Brest. The In 1983 I published a short note on pre- work involves examining the Iron Age and conquest objects of bone from south-east Roman defences and the settlements of Iron England (Greep 1983). Three of the obiects, Age, Roman and medieval date that they from Braughing (fig 6, L*2), were referred enclose. to as spindles. Two are illustrated here. Although their identification as styli in the continental literature was acknowledged (Greep 1983 , 261), it was not then accepted. It is now clear, however, that the use of these objects as styli is the more likely and therefore the Braughing pieces gain a very significant degree of importance.

a O

I [= \{ 1L,/ (-/I

5 cms 0 o t

Figu re 1. Brooch from Le Yaudet, Brittany. Drawn by Alison Wilkins. The brooch (SF L57) was recovered from a Roman layer (47) in a trench behind the rampart on the upper plateau. It has a simple wide, flat, plain, copper-alloy bow, turned over at the head to create a cylinder through which passes an iron axis bar. The remains of an iron pin, hinged on the bar, are also evident. The plate tapers and has a rounded tip, which is again folded. A notch has been cut in one side to form the catch. Length 34 mm, width 27 mm. Figure 1. Styli from Braughing, Scale 2:3. If anyone knows of a parallel, could they a well- known please let me know. These forms of styli re throughout the empire, with large numbers Emma Harrisoff, being recorded. They are present as early as I nstitute of Archaeology, the 3rd century BC (Gostenfnik 20AL, 384), 36 Beaumont Street, but manufacture may have ended by the Oxford turn of the era. That they are rare in Britain em ma . ha rrison @archaeology.oxford.ac. uk is therefore not su rprising, althoug h examples from London and , together Ed: It looks as if it could have been made as a one-off with later 1st-century examples from the by someone who knew what function a brooch had to (Greep pefform, but had only a basic grasp of the technology of continent such as at Heddernheim manufactltre, 1983, with many further references) indicate

1t fur*r*e J:;!p'i##J

that isolated examples might be expected to authority on bone and antler pendants, when occur into the Flavian period. it was Stephen himself who wrote that section in CAR 2. The true significance of the Braughing finds has not previously been explored. These When site details are also discussed, it is objects were clearly intended for writing on definitely tempting to sirnplify the references wax tablets. Their frequency at the just to keep the bibliography tidy. Full Magdalensberg has been taken to 'illustrate discussion of the jet 'hoa td', for the town's main function as a commercial example, requires references to Drury lgBB and administration centre, with an intense (excavation details), Going in Drury lgBB demand for writing-equipment' (Gosteninik (date of the pottery), and Henig & 2001). The nature of the settlement at wickenden in Drury 19BB (description and Braughing and its trading connections has discussion of the small finds). How much been discussed elsewhere (eg Partridge neater, if erroneous, to put just Drury 1gBB, 1981, 351-6). or just Henig & Wickenden 1988. Evidence for writing in pre-conquest Britain Lucerna is a Newsletter for finds specialists has previously been restricted to graffiti on therefore please check who wrote the text ceramics (Hassall & Tomlin L979, 349). If for your parallels and don't take the easy styli for writing on wax tablets were present way out by using the name on the front of in pre-conquest Britain then we may assume the book cover! If I spot this has happened, that they represent the first materia I I will change the reference accordingly. evidence for the use of wax tablets in pre- Rcman Britain. (I will let you off if the finds specialist's name is one of two or more on the front cover, €g Stephen Greep, Hawkes & Hull L947, Cool & Philo 1gg8, or B Cra igstewaft Crescent, Neal, Wardle & Humm 1990.) Ayr KA7 4DB, Strathclyde It is not just more accurate to credit the author of the small finds report, but, as Bibliography stephen Greep says, if finds specialists don't credit each other, who will? s J Greep 1983 'Early import of bone objects Nina Crummy into south-east England', Britannia L4, ZS9-Z6L K Gostencnik 2001 'Pre- and early Roman bone and antler manufacturing in Kirnten, Austria', in A M Choyke & L Bartosiewicz, Crafting bone: Advonce notice skeletal technalogies through time and space, The RFG Spring 2OO3 meeting BAR International Series 937 will be at M W C Hassall & R S O Tomlin IgTg'Roman Harlow Britain in 1978 : IIB : instrumentum domesticum, on March 17th Britannia 10, 346-356 H Major 2002 'Roman decorated iron styli', Lucerna 23, 2-5 C Partridge Roman Finds Group 1981 Skeleton Green. A Late Iron Finds Research Group ZOO-IZOO Age a nd Romano-British sife. Brita n n ia United Kingdom Institute of Conservators Monograph 2 Archaeology Section Joint meeti ng on Referencing policy for Sfandards and contributors to Practice in Lucerna X-Radiography stephen G reep has for years stressed the Monday 17th February 2003 Education Room, im porta nce of g iving cred it where cred it is Museum of London d ue when it comes to citing references to speakers will include specialist finds contributions published in site Rob white, Hitary coot reports or finds corpora. I have certainly and Quita Mould fou nd myself u nexpectedly promoted to an Further details in next issue of Lucerna

t2 {ut*rne .}u11' 2"*#}

discovered in the same general area. This Some Portable assemblage may represent that of a rural settlement, but the overall volume of Roman Antiquities from finds frorn the area is low. and This find represents an important addition to the database of nine Minerva bust handles known from Roman Britain, as listed by Crummy. In addition, a further example, The Hampshire Portable Antiquities Scheme more stylised than the Micheldever handle, was established in January 1999 and since has recently been found at Stonham Earl and that time approxirnately 2500 objects of recorded by the Suffolk Portable Antiquities Roman date have been recorded. What Scheme (see next article). follows are short notes on three recently Figure 2 depicts a relatively common form of recorded artefacts of interest which are copper-alloy folding knife handle, which was included here in the light of recent articles in found by Mr. Steve Boniface in Uphaffi, Lucerna. Hampshire. The incomplete openwork handle Following the article on wax spatula handles measures 42 mm in length and 19.5 mm in in the last issue of Lucerna (pp 6-8), a width. It is finely made and the figured motif further example of a FeugEre Type A5 depicts a stylised hound running on a solid Minerva bust handle has recently been ground line. The hound is well-defined, with recorded in Hampshire (fig 1). The handle long fore and hind limbs, a long tail and part was found using a metal-detector by Mr of one ear, although the rest of the head is Larry Bunyan in Micheldever. The figure has now missing. waved hair and wears a high Corinthian helmet with a large crest of moulded plumes on a rod-like support.She is depicted draped, wearing the Gorgon's mask or aegis, now abraded, ofl her chest, and holds an object of unknown form in her left hand. The

Fig 2. An openwork knife handle from Upham, Hampshire. Scale 1:1. Drawn by Alan Cracknell.

Originally,it is probable that the hound would have been chasing a hare and there wou ld have been no division between the two animals, The flat rectangular butt has two incised vertica I lines either side of a slight vertical ridge at both ends. The iron knife blade would have been fixed by an iron rivet set in the lower portion of the handle and its corroded remains, about 1 mm thick, are present along the length of the ground line. Fig 1. Minerva bust handle from a wax spatula. Found at Micheldever, Hampshire. Scale 1 : 1. Drawn by Alan This form of fold ing knife is relatively Cracknell. common and the probable subject of the figured motif in this case/ that of a hunting facia I featu res are visible, but are bad ly sceff€, is the most popular, This example is worn. The figure is set upon a triangular very similar to a more complete knife found pedestal, which has an incised triangular in the Thames at Hammersmith, London motif set between plumed mouldings on (Wheeler 1930, 78 fig 19, 4) and another either side. The pedestal has a transverse example depicting a hound chasing a hare is slot to take the iron blade; no traces of known from Richborough (Henderson L949, which now survive. The handle is 51 mm in I29, no 118, pl 36). It is interesting that two length and has a maximum width of 16 mm, folding knives depicting hounds chasing A small number of other Roman finds, hares were found in 4tn-century contexts in including a Colchester brooch and coins excavations of the Northern su bu rbs, dating from the 1't to 3'd century, have been (Crummy et al forthcoming). The

13 lucsna July 20Az

two Winchester examples are very similar to Bibliography one anoth€r, being more angular and less -Small A Henderson 1949 objects in metal, finished well than the Upham example. bone, glass etf in Fourth Repart on the Finally, a very fine copper-alloy oval plate Excavations of the Roman Fort at Richborough, brooch, dating to the 3'd century, was recently Kent by J P Bushe-Fox found by Gwen Stokes and Cindy Wise near N Crumrny 2OOZ 'Wax spatula handle from Calil€, Wiltshire and reported through the Yorkshire', Lucerna 23, 5-B Hampshire Portable Antiquities Scheme (Fig N Cruffiffiy, P Oltaway &. H Rees forthcoming 3). The brooch has a flat oval intaglio setting Small finds from the suburbs and city defences, produced in layered light and dark blue glass Winchester City Museum Publication 6 to imitate nicolo, with bevelled edges. It is R Hattatt 1982 Ancient and Romano-Eritish well engraved with a depiction of Mercury brooches standing right, with the weight on his left leg. M Henig 1995 The art of Roman Britain C Johns 1996 The Jewellery of Roman Britain R E M Wheeler 1930 Landon in Roman Times

iJ,.ffi New wax spatulae % from Suffolk Fig 3. Plate brooch with intaglio from near Calne, Wiltshire. Scale 1:1. Drawn by Alan Cracknell. Suffolk has recently had two new finds, through the Portable Antiquities Scheme, of The god is naked apart from a cloak draped wax spatulae. One is an example of an iron over his right shoulder and he carries a money Feugbre Type A3, the other is a cast copper- bag and a caduceus. There are three ropework alloy handle in the form of a bust of Minerua mou lded borders around the central setting from a Type A5 spatula (Fig 1). and an outer raised moulded border and much The goddess has a helmet large a surface gilding sulives. The spring is secured with crest, raised through a single pierced lug and the pin of oval on each side, and either a substantial rirn or a roll hair four turns is missing. The deep catchplate is of beneath. The intact, although face has a worn nose and the eyes are just the edge is damaged. Traces visible. of white metal coating survive on the reverse There are no arms, and two V- sha ped g rooves su rface. When wortr, the catchplate wou ld on the chest ind icate drapery. have been uppermost. The brooch is 29 mm The back has three rounded facets in length and has a width of 23 mm. but no other decoratiorl. lust above the waist The more common variety of this form is either ova I or rou nd and has a g lass paste setting in the centre, which is very frequently missing. Occasionally, the setting has simple eng raved figures. Very few examples with properly engraved intaglio settings are known from this country. one of these is an oval plate brooch with an intaglio depicting a fema le head, proba bly Dia ffa, fou nd at Abbots Ann, Hants (Hattatt 1g8g, 181 no 7648; Henig 1995, Fl 82; Johns 1996, tB1- 82). Sally Worrell Hampshire Finds Liaison Officer Winchesfer M useurns Service lilittt1tt11111,'', liiillttl; r:,Iiri il,t 1;li1tiltt{iiiiiilttlii{i ii i'iiiiitltlilllllllrlttlllliri 75 Hyde Street Winchesfer Hants Figure 1. The Minerva bust wax spatula handle from SO23 7DW Stonharn Earl, Suffolk. Scale 1:1.

t4 /u:*rna -Iuly 2#'J:

of the figure are two transverse ridges which Bibliography run right around both front and back. Below P Abauzit 2002 'No more mystery', Lucerna 23, th is the ha nd le fla res out a nd has a T3-L4 triangular facet on both front and back, S J Greep 1983 'Hand and phallus pendants before flattening and becoming rectilinear at from Colchester' in N Cruffiffry, The Roman Small the base. A transverse slot runs up the Finds from Colchester 7971-79, Colchester middle from the base, and in this the iron Archaeological Report 2, 139-140 spatula blade would originally have been S J Greep L994 'Antler roundel pendants from fixed. There is no trace of any rivet, solder or Britain and the north-western Roman provinces, other fixing mechanism. The handle is now Britannia 25, 79-97 worn and corroded. Length: 54.5 mn1. A Wardle 2001 'Mystery widgets', Lucerna 22, 7 This is now the 11th such handle known from Britain, and the most easterly. The find spot is Stonham Earl (also known as Earl Stonham), Suffolk, TM 0902 5898. For a bibliography of the other British Candlesticks in Roman examples see Lucerna 23. Britain Details of the A3 spatula will follow in the next issue. At a recent meeting of the Roman Pottery Group, the suggestion was put forward that Helen Geake, rushlights were made in East Anglia in the Hall, Shire Roman period. Bury St Edmunds, It certainly seems likely that Suffolk there were forms of Romano-British lighting equipment which do not survive well in the archaeological record, especially as ceramic and metal Iighting equipment appears to be so rare in the province. To put this in conteXt, the database for my More forthcoming discussion and catalogue of amulets lighting equipment from Britain only contains I was interested in the recent d iscussion of approximately 2600 objects, a number easily the 'widgets' in Lucerna, 'Mystery widgets?' matched by a single major continental (Wardle 2001) and 'No more mystery' museum such as Trier. (Abauzit 200 can add one more 2). I Given how widespread other forms of Roman example from Britain, found at Silchester material culture such as samian ware are in (unpublish€d, Reading Museum), and there the province, this rarity is unlikely to be due a re a fu rther two u n pu blished from poverty; point Vindonissa. simply to rather it may to a cultural reluctance towards the adoption of I am informed by Angela Wardle that the two these very Roman objects. The use of lamps London examples are likely to be from 1st- and candlesticks represents a considerable centu ry contexts. Together with the dated economic investment (all artificial lighting examples listed in Abauzit 20A2, there is requires fuel such as oil and tallow which ample evidence to suggest an early (?1st- would otherwise serve as food) but perhaps century) Roman date for these types. This is more importantly it represents a very interesting since the other, more common, culturally 'laden' activity. The very need for 'fist and phallus'pendants (eg Greep 1983) artificial light (beyond the hearthfire and and the antler roundel pendants with carued torches) might well relate to very 'Roman' phallus decoration (my Type 4; Greep L994, social practices such as reading and writing fig 1) are also typically of this date, There is or Roman style dining.Using artificial (and no dou bt that these two forms were worn portable) light would have transformed the arou nd the neck, suspended on bro nze use of domestic space and the range of chains (as there are examples with the chain activities carried out at night. in situ). Candlesticks are quite rare in Roman Britain, Stephen Gre€p, with significant regional variation. The B Cra igstewaft Crescent, majority can be dated to the period from the Ayr KA7 4DB, Znd to 4th century AD. The most clearly Strathclyde defined ceramic group is that of New Forest

15 lucema July J002 candlesticks. fron candlesticks occur in a !4.lust some of lots of finds, produced by very wide range of forms, from simple spikes sieving? (4) to multi-directional pieces. Iron candlesticks L7. Roman historian is silent on America (7) are particularly common in rural sanctuaries 18. Gentlemen with a lot of paper in a ship and, BS ceramic candlesticks are absent from (7) such sites, I wou ld suggest that iron 19. Country with a new angle, initially not possessed particular ritual significance. developed (7) 22. Patron saint of the dove? (7) In terrns of their social conteXt, candlesticks 24. Brooch expert in a boat? (4) are much more common in the countryside 25. Beer? Right! It'll make you wide awake and smaller towns than the earlier ceramic (s) lamps which only really occur in the large 26.Overweight, fifty, lacking in urban and military centres. about sparkle? Could be. (4) Hella Eckardt 29. Studying in Berkshire {7) School af Archaeology & Ancient History 30. Hand tools for cheats (7) U n iversity of 31. Enraged, he smote back at turbulent [email protected] priest (6,1,6)

Down Bibliography H Eckardt forthcoming Illuminating Roman 1. Here, a convulsive movement might have Britain, Instrumentum Monograph followed 9 (7) 2. Corpse found by lad, about Dec. 1st (4) 3. Protects limb with sour concoction (7) 4. Warriors who reportedly don't fight by day? {7) CROSSWORD by'Digger' 5. Start every new vice, and end finally with a dead ly sin ! (4) 6. A little fish, divine when eaten by an expert on tegulae? (7) 7. Frankish king with some zest in his whisky, perhaps? (5,3,5) B. To kick u p a fuss, a worker with a particular doctrine creates a religion (13) 15. Back pieces might be attached to a buckle (5) 16. Ditch seabird. !t/hy, you might say? (5) 20. A giant hit a log in a frenzy Q) 21 . Floods of French sledges (7) 22. A type of pipe pa rticu la rly su ited to the American ear? (4-3) 23.Cross islander (7) 27. Some of the artefacts I am cataloguing used to be in Asia (4) 28.This type of brooch is cu rrent a rou nd ....? (4)

Answers on p 26 Across

1. The lack of French in a spa town may cause a very nasty disease (3,3,5) 10. Rea I crazy Portuguese nobleman cou ld inherit this position (7) TRAC 11. Caesar was when he came to Britain in 5 The annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology AD (with a bit of hesitation) (7) Conference (TRAC) was held at the 12.I'll have nothing, thanks or just a little University of Kent at Canterbury from the 5- bit? (4) 6 April 2A02. TRAC is intended to act as a 13. Shrub-like president? At the start, yes forum for new theoretical ideas and a (s) platform for postgraduates to present their

16 ERROR! The first eight'Down'clues in Diggefs crossword are numbered wrongly. Please add 1 to each, so 1 = 2,2 = 3, etc. work. A selection of papers is usually It is not too late to book. See p 25 for published in a conference volume. contact details and inside back cover for provisional programme. More information This year's conference had five sessions: can be found www.durham.ac.uk/a./i. approaches the at: . interdisciplinary to mAc-mahon. stu dy of women o meaningful objects o is ritual "out of the ordinary"? o theorising late Antiquity . breaking ground or treading water? RFG Committee theoretical agendas for the 21tt century President: Roy Friendship-Taylor, Toad Hall, 86 On Friday evening there was an opportunity Main Road, Hackleton, Northants NN7 zAD. Tel: to view the Roman collection in Canterbury 01604 870312 Roman Museum and a wine reception. More Minutes & General Secretary: Richard Hobbs, than 60 delegates attended, but during the Portable Antiquities Scheme, 4L Russell Square, TRAC general meeting the lack of London WC1. Tel : O2O7 323 8611. email: rhobbs@ british-m useu m .ac. u k representation of archaeologists working in Treasurer: Christine Jones, 7 4 Beverley museums units or as opposed to universities Crescent, Woodford Green, Essex IG8 gDD. Tel : was once again noted. (work) A207 239 2574. email: christine.e.iones (oconsignia.corn The next TRAC will take place from the 3'd to Flembership Secretary: Angela Wardle, 1 6th of April 2003 at the University of Stebbing Farm, Fishers Green, Stevenage, Herts Leicester, and will be held jointly with the SGl zJB. Tel: (work) 0207 566 9322. email: RAC (Roman Archaeology Conference). For awa rdle@ m useu moflondon .org . u k more details see the Leicester University Meetings Co-ordinator: Ellen Swift, School of website: European Culture & Languages, Cornwallis http : /'www. le. ac. u k/arlrac/i ndex. html Building, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent CTz 7NF. Tel : 0L227 827898. Hella Eckardt, email : [email protected] School of Archaeology & Ancient History Publications Co-ordinator: Jenny Hall, Museum U n iversity of Leicester, of London, 150 London Wall, London EC2Y sHN. Leicester LEI 7RH Tel : (work) A207 814 5739. email : iha I I @ m useu moflondon . org . u k Newsletter Editor: Nina Cruffirny, 2 Hall Road, Copford, Colchester CO6 1BN. Tel : 01206 2LA255. email : nina.crumrlv@n_tlworld. com Roman Finds conference Finds Research Group 7A0-L7A0 Of particular interest to readers of Lucerna is The Autumn 20a2 meeting of the FRG utill be lnsted by a conference to be held soon (6tn -7|m Ju ly Dr Daaful Caldrpell at 20OZ) at the Centre for Roman Provincial The National Museums of Scotland Archaeology at the University of Durharn. Edinburgh Entitled'Promoting Roman Finds: Context Sat 19th - Sun 20th October 2A02 and Theory', the conference is supported by Eng lish Heritage and Archaeology Committee, and is organised by F'AIRS AI\TD Dr Richard Hingley and Dr Steve Willis. Speakers include Mark Atkinson, Paul MARI{EII'S Bidwell, Paul Booth, Hella Eckardt, Richard A prograrune of speakers will rntroduce the evidence Hobbs, Fraser Hunter, Martin Millett, and for, and the development of, markets and fairs through the medieval period. There will be guided tours of the Ellen Swift. Museum and the chance to explore Edinburgh There are sessions on: For further inforrnation contach . contexts lenny Shiels or lackie Moran o people and objects Medicoal Dryartntent, National Musanms of Scotland, Clumbers Street, Edinburgh EHl . techniques of recording, and UF Tel: 01.31 247 4082 Fax: 01.31. 247 406A o promoting finds work. e-m ail :,i .shie ls@ nm s.ac.uk

l7 lucerna July Z?CZ

The Catterick Gallus

Those of you who read a daily newspaper back identifying the individual as a male may have noticed that an unusual 4th aged about 20-25 years the reaction was century inhumation burial found at Catterick that there must be some mistake. The bones was attracting a considerable amount of were sent out for a second opinion which attention one day in late May. Headlines concurred with the first.-So, iD as far as it is such as 'Self-made eunuch emerges from possible to be, we are fairly confident that Roman grave' (The Guardian), 'Was this this was a young man. priest Britain's first cross-dresser?'(The My connection with the grave stemmed from 'Meet Dressus - our Independent), Crossus being invited to write an overview of the first transvestite'(The Daily Mail) and finds that were being published in the report. 'Romo-sexual priest. Fourth century ladyboy As it encompasses excavations made over a (The Daily give the found' Sfar) a taste of long period by different peop!€, there were The story was picked up by radio coverage. many individual reports by many specialists providing opportunities for and television, and there was a danger of not seeing the Eng lish Heritage representatives to be wood for the trees. My aim was to extract a amongst The interuiewed on other things picture of what the finds could tell us about Programme and The Richard and Judy Today life at , and to make sure that even made onto Have Got Show. It it I the general reader could not ignore the News for You. As is not often a Roman it wealth of evidence within the reports. The finds report gets this sort coverag€, your finds provide much food for thought, and it is ed has req uested note provide itor this to not just this burial that suggests Catterick some backg rou nd . then was a very cosmopolitan place. The burial in question was found during the Unsurprisingly, during my work Skeleton 952 now the excavations conducted by what is drew my attention. There can be no doubt for Archaeology at Bainesse Farm just Centre that if he had dressed in life as he was in south Catterick in 1981-2. The to the of death, then he would have been regarded as report on these excavations forms part of a a transvestite. In general adult males in the truly monumental excavation report dealing empire of the 4th century did not go around with 4A years of work by Peter Wilson wearing necklaces and bracelets. did (Wilson The official launch this Nor 2002). of they or females generally wear anklets. That was the occasion of all the coverage. this individual might have been regarded as Skeleton was found extended 952 in an somehow 'other' was also suggested by the position with its head to the south-west and pebbles in the mouth. Who was he, what was the lower arms bent at the elbows and he doing at Catterick? Illumination came crossed on the chest. An elaborate beaded from a memory of Apuleius' The Golden Ass. jet necklace had been worn around the neck. During this the hero, who has been changed An annular shale bracelet was worn on the into a donkey, spends some time in the left upper arm and one formed of jet beads service of a group of eunuch priests of the th readed together on the left wrist. An Goddess Cybele who certainly would have expanding copper alloy'bracelet' was worn pebbles appeared very 'other' as the following around the right ankle and two had quotation been placed in the mouth. The jewellery makes clear. may all be dated to the 4th century and 'The next morning the eunuch priesB individually the pieces are common types. prepared to go out on their rounds, all The multi-strand necklace does seem to be dressed in different colours and looking unusual but that may be because few have absolutely hideous, their faces daubed with been found under modern conditions where rouge and their eye sockets painted to bring careful excavation has allowed possible out the brightness of their eyes. They ware reconstructions to be made. Anne mitre-shaped birettas, saffron-coloured Thompson/ who wrote the report on the jet chasubles, silk surplices, girdles and yellow and shale from the grave, suggests that two shoes. Some of them sported white tunia alternate reconstructions are possible, but with an irregular criss-cross of narrow purple both would retain the multi-strand character. stripes.' Naturally the assumption was that this was a The Golden Ass, by Apuleius. (Penguin female, so when the osteological report came edition translated by Robert Graves).

18 lu:eifid Juiy /CU/

W 1 tWZ tttq3 9G ? o oir m il ' H typeoooo 4 type 5 UPe 6 tyry 7 fiffifii

Upe 8 type I type 10 €rBffiB ? 1.

tYPe 1 type 2

ffi ffiI fTn 3.

Figure 1. The grave goods from Catterick Skeleton 952. 1 and 3: jet beads; 2: shale bracelet worn on left upper arm:, 4: copper-alloy anklet. Illustration by Edward Lyons, EH.

t9 lucerna July 2002

from the bones. It is, however, a plausible story to explain him in the light of currently known information. This leaves the question of whether it is appropriate to suggest such things in an archaeological context. I raise this because the internet Britarch list had a flurry about my gallus and there was a certain amount of hostility to him. This could not be on the evidence because at that point nobody had had the opportunity to read it. As the author of the theory, I was clearly the individual that one contributor accused of the 'propagation of sensationalist (possibly self- serving) claims'. Others seemed offended that a story like this had been publicised, almost as if archaeology was not supposed to be too interesting. In response I would say that I think we owe both the objects and the people who used them the courtesy of going beyond mere typology, otherwise why bother to do archaeology? Such an attitude unavoidably takes you into narrative, and sometimes will take you, tss here, into somewhat unexpected areas, So if you have doubts, please first read the full report in part 2 of Peter Wilson's magnum opus, and then come up with a better story. I, for one, will be delighted to read it.

5Omm Finally it is appropriate to point out that work Fig u re 3 . The jet bead bracelet from Catterick like this is often collaborative and I owe a Skeleton 952. Reconstruction drawing by ludith considerable debt of gratitude to ludith Dobie, o EH. Dobie for her splendid reconstruction painting of the gallus which literally fleshed out my ideas.This undoubtedly played a part The eunuch priests of Cybele, known as galli, in attracting the journalistic interest. Part of castrated themselves in imitation of her lover it features on the front cover of Part 2 of the Attis. Thereafter they abandoned male report but the full painting can still, at the clothing, adopting a long-sleeved, belted time of writing, b€ seen on the BBC web site colourful gown and wore a turban or tiara. (URL at the end). My thanks to her and Eddie They wore their hair in female styles. They Lyons for the illustrations here and to Pete adopted jewellery which included necklaces VUilson for much Catterick related help over or chest ornaments. Could this be the the years. explanation for Skeleton 952, was he a gallus? The choice of black shiny jewellery Hilary Cool may have been significant here as Lindsay 16 Lady Bay Road, Allason-Jones has drawn attention to the West Bridgford, possible link between the rise in popularity of NOTTINGHAM NGz 58] jewellery made of jet and other black shiny h i I a ry . caol @ bti nte rn et. co m materials, and the increasing interest in the eastern mystery religions of which the worship of Cybele was one. Certainly she was known to have had adherents in Britain, Reference and so the presence of galli in the province is P R Wilson 2002 Roman Catterick and its a distinct possibility. hinterland. Excavations and research,7958- 7997. CBA Research Report LZB. (York) Of course, I cannot prove he was a gallus. URL The priests castrated themselves when adult and so there is no chance of establishing http : I / news . b bc. co . u W nilen g I i sh/ u k/e n g la n d/ n ew sid_ 1 99900 O L9997 whether this individual was castrated or not / 34. stm

20 lucsna July 2002

I,

4 $ \

Figure 3. A reconstruction by Anne Thompson of the jet necklace worn by the Catterick gallus, O EH.

r There are more recent finds from Hadrian's Wall, WANTED wax spatulae and also the new Type A3 find from Suffolk (A3; W H Manning identified some iron implements in see p L4), all of which will be described in the the British Museum as modelling tools (1985, 31- next issue. 2), and this has been the preferred identification It would be good to list as many others as for other British parallels so far. In FeugEre's possible, of all the forms, to get some idea of 1995 classification of wax spatulae they are Types distribution, so please could readers write in with BZ & C (see Lucerna 23). All but one of the British examples they know about. Accompanying Museum accessions were from London, the pictures would be useful, but allocation to either a exception being a Manning Type 3/Feugdre Type Manning or FeugEre type would do. Context BZ from Combend, Gloucestershire. Manning cites details and site type where known are also several other examples of Type 3s from Britain, impoftant. and a Type llFeugEre Type C from Baldock, Nina Crummy

2l rucema JUy /UU./

Finds from the Roman North RFG Meeting at Segedunum Roman folt

The RFG met on April 15th 2OO2 at During excavations at the foft, 406 coins had Segedunum, and our thanks go to our been excavated, p€dking in the period AD colleagues in the north for a very interesting 330-3 48. The main concentration of coins series of talks and to Bill Griffiths for a site were found in the main street leading to the tour of Wallsend. principia and also the street to the front. A later concentration peaked in the period AD The recent post-€xcavation programme 364-375, after the principia had been at Newcastle Roman foft abandoned.

Ma rgaret Snape opened the proceedings by So how was the area being used? The only describing the excavations of the Roman fort other comparable site for the number of at Newcastle. It was an important area coins lost was at the auxiliary fort at strategically, sited as it was on a steep Wallsend. At Usk and coins and promontory at the confluence of the River pottery denoted a possible trade function Tyne and the Lort Burn stream. It was an with traders living within the forts at a time important river crossing and, following a when the vici had been abandoned. Perhaps period of farming, construction debris the same had happened at the Newcastle showed that Hadrian's Wall must have run fort. close by, although the astual line is not known precisely. A possible Flavian timber Assernblages and cultural practices at bridge was superseded by the stone-built Newstead Pons Aelius in the Hadrianic period. Rick Jones reminded us that Newstead was A stone inscription to lulia Domna dating to rich in finds, most having been excavated by AD 2I3, Foftery with a terminus post quem Curle in 1906-1911. These finds are now in of the late 2nd to early 3rd century, and a the National Museum of Scotland. From coin hoard terminating in AD 210-13 gives 1989-1994 a research project took place an early 3rd-century construction date for which returned to Curle's excavations and the fort. It measured 0.9 hectares, and the found little in the way of finds but a large principia (with a deep underground strong amount of information on the contexts of room), praetorium and granaries have been Curle's finds. The project was extended to identified. A small building with a scattering record an Iron Age settlement and of barley may denote stabling for animals. surrounding indigenous sites. The unit stationed there in the early period Under Curle, metals and organics had been was the Cahors Prima Cugernorum. In the excavated with little contextual late Notitia, the unit recorded is the Cohors but information. Deep pits were excavated. For Prima Cornoviorum. The fort was rebuilt in example, Pit 22 yielded the 4 the late 3rd early 4th century when the 3 out of to helmets. These pits were mostly outside the principia and praetorium were rebuilt and the fort to the south. g ranary converted. As part of the conversion , a stone plinth was added under Rick's project looked at what was around the granary floor, a bronze dodecahedron those pits and he excavated the remains of was placed on top and then covered in soil. large timber buildings (15 x 5 m). The pits had originally been dug as wells and then Coin distributions at Newcastle Roman filled with the deposition of votive offerings. fort He argued that the 4 helmets and 7 swords could not have been just domestic rubbish as Continuing with the same site, Paul Bidwell they would have only been a small explained that the objective of the proportion of the armour in use. excavation had been to improve the understanding of the chronology of Hadrian's On the indigenous sites there were few finds. Wall. They were able to postulate the nature Fifty farmsteads were sited on the of the occupation of the fort in the 4th surrounding hilltops. It was good farming century from the distribution of coins and land and the sites themselves were kept some of the pottery. clean with little evidence of rubbish. Did this

22 lute,*fra J*iy ?rfi2?

show a different cultural practice with pleasing contrast with the black, and bone possible use of domestic organic rubbish as armlets were often worn between jet ones manure on the fields? for the same reasons.

New displays at Segedunum Roman fort Roman brooches frorn Cheshire Alex Croom provided an overview of the Nick Herepath was down to talk about the museum display poliry and a rundown of Portable Antiquities Scheme in the North- some of the most interesting finds on display West, but decided to talk about a specific from the re-excavation of the fort. The aspect of the material he has recorded over museum is laid out on the pattern of the fort, the last five years. Nick was unnecessarily which means that visitors can see the apologetic about being a non-Romanist, as objects displayed linked to the find spot on he has clearly done an excellent job of the site. These include an unusual folding identifying the different brooch types which spoon with zoomorphic handle; a fragment have come up in his area. Nick concentrated of an iron decorated cheek-piece from an on Cheshire, as an area where most of the auxiliary helmet, edged with copper; a detectorists he deals with conduct their number of seal-boxes; oil lamps, which are hobby. Thirteen different brooch types have rare finds for northern military sites; a been identifi€d, with Polden Hill and Trumpet number of spear heads, including one which types being the most common. The former is far too large to have been effectively used includes a silver-gilt piece with settings for in battle; and spearhead-shaped finials. The stones, and the latter are all sprung rather publication of this material is imminent. than hinged varieties. There are also a number of headloop types, Recent research on Roman jet and shale and the so-called 'Wirral' type, published in Lindsay Allason-Jones has been working with Britannia in 1999. Plate brooches are very Mick Jones on analysing jet and shale objects rare; Nick has recorded only a handful of with thin section sampling. Lindsay showed these. Likewise crossbow brooches, af which slides of jet in section, which has a wonderful Nick has only seen two, and penannular golden colour and very distinctive rings. types have not been seen at all. (The latter Shale on the other hand is completely may be due to detectorists not finding these different - black and speckly. This made it types of brooches very often, ds they will not clear that finds reports which do not analyse usually provide a strong signal to a metal- black materials may be making assumptions detecting advice. This was pointed out by about what they have - without analysis, it is Hilary Cool in her assessment of the data on not possible to distinguish between jet and Roman finds recorded by the Portable shale (and to some extent black glass) by Antiquities Scheme. Nick also added that he eye. has seen very few medieval penannular brooches as well, so this would seem to fit The analyses have been able to show where the pattern). Whitby jet was and was not being exported and used; eg there are jet items from Monte Romaro-British writing tablets Gelato in Italy, but examples for the Rhineland are not made of Whitby jet. Finds lohn Pearce provided an account of the researchers should also be aware of the fact prog ress of the Centre for the Study of that gold leaf was sometimes applied to jet, Ancient Documents (CSAD) in its re- but that this may not be obvious to the examination of the tablets. naked eye. For example, jet beads from Originally the tablets were shot using infra- Ashford, Kent, excavated by the OAU, had red technology, but this meant that some small traces of gold leaf which only became parts were still very hard to decipher. A new apparent on analysis. technique is being used to re-photograph the Lindsay also talked about the amuletic tablets and digitally enhance them. This is proving properties of jet, being electrostatic; and already to be extremely useful, with thus objects of jet are often made to be worn it now being possible to clarify readings of next to the skin (eg pendants and bracelets), tablets which have already been published. rather than being set in metal, where there The plan is to make as many of the images would be no contact. The use of contrasting of the writing tablets as possible available on colours was also pointed out, gold being the web. The site will be divided into two used as an inlay, as it provided a very parts: a database of images, which is

23 lucerna ,7uli' ;0#J

effectively an on-line edition of the withMGFulford&MHenio catalogu€, and an on-line exhibitioil, which 'A Roman gold ring from Silchester, Hampshire', will provide the user with information about Britannia 18 (1987), 279-8I the excavations and so on. Follow the with M G Fulford. A M Burnett & M Henio oroiect's_J Drooress on www,csad.ox.ac.uk. r I- J 'A hoard of late Roman rings and silver coins from Jenny Hall Silchester, Hampshire', Britannia 20 (1989), 219- Early London Dept 28 Museum of London with P Gu€st i h a I I @ m useu m oflondon . oro . u k 'The : an update', RFG Newsletter 16 Richard Hobbs ( 1998), 4-B Prehistoric & Early Europe Dept British Museum with M Henig rhobbs(d british - m useu m .a c. u k 'A statuette of a herm of Priapus from Pakenham, Suffolk', Antiq J 7L (1991), 236-9 with J Pickin 'Late Roman silver spoons from Spennymoor, County Durhaffi', Britannia 24 (1993), 258-61 Continued from p 2 with T W Potter The Thetford Treasure: Roman jewellery and Catherine Johns: a silver ( 1983) *New light on the Canterbury late Roman selected bibliography treasure', Archaeol Cantiana 99 (1983), 283-6 'The Canterbury late Roman treasure', Antiq J 65 (1985),437-9 'The classification and interpretation of Romano- British treasures', Britannia 27 ( 1996), 1- 16 'The Tunshill Victo?y', Antiq J 66 (1986), 39L-2 The jewellery of Roman Britain: Celtic and Roman Britain ( 1992) classica I traditions (1996) withMStokes&MHenig 'Hacked, broken , or chopped?: a matter of 'Rings and things', Lucerna, RFG Newsletter 22 terminolegy', Antiq J 76 (1996), 228-3I (2001), 7 -9 'Mounted men and sitting ducks: the iconography with H Thompson & P Wagstaff of Romano-British plate brooches'in B Raftery, 'The Sifes and sights of the lron Age: essays of Wincle, Cheshire, hoard of Roman gold jewellery', Antiq J 60 (1980), 48-58 fieldwork and museum research presented to I M Stead, Oxbow Monograph 56 (1996), 103-9 with D Viner *A 'Isis, not Cybele: a bone hairpin from London', in Roman bronze head frorn Cirencester', Antiq J I Bird, M Hassall & H Sheldon (eds), Interpreting 65 (1985), 437-9 Roma n London ( 1996), 1 15- 18 with C Wingfield Erotica (L997) 'A Roman gold ring from Bromham, Bedfordshire', The Snettisham Roman jeweller's hoard (L997) Bedfordsh ire Archaeol 19 ( 1991), 108- 1 1 'A gold amulet-pendant from Eaton Constantine, Shropshire', Lucerna, RFG Newsletter 23 (20 02), with P Wise 9- 10 'A Roman silver dish from Ratley, Worwickshire', J (1996), 'Romn sexual imagery in Britain', Coins & Brit Archaeol Ass 149 7B-Bz Antiquities (May 1999) , 25-28 with R Bland The Hoxne treasure: an illustrated introduction ( 1993, 1994) Thanks 'The great Hoxne treasure: a preliminary report', J Many thanks to all who responded to my survey Roman Archaeol 6 (1993), 493-6 on Roman finds research. I was very pleased to 'The Hoxne late Roman treasu r€', Britannia 25 receive 48 completed questionnaires, with many (1994) , 165-7 3 thought-provoking and insightful comments, which have been very useful in my study of 'A Roman hoard from Whitwell', Rutland Record current attitudes to Roman finds research. will 14 ( 1994), 151-8 I be presenting the results of the survey in a paper withRAGCarson at the Durham conference on 6-7 July (see inside 'The Water Newton hoard', Durobrivae 3 (1975), back cover). I hope to see many of you there. 10- 12 Ellen Swift, Universis of Kent at Canterbury

24 lucerna July ;8#?

Officer, AIA Office, School of Archaeological Conferences Studies, Univercity of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, tel 0116 2525337 , fax 0116 2525005. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.industrial- archaeology.org. u k NAMHo zaaz 5th-3th July 20a2, Aberystwyth National Association of Mining History AARG 2OO2 10th-12th September 20a2, Organisations's conference, hosted by the Welsh Canterbury Mines Society at the University of Wales, The Aerial Archaeology Research Group annual Aberystwyth. Theme:'The application of water meeting for 2002 will be held at the Univercity of power mining'. in Details from: to John Hine, the Kent at Canterbury. Details: Dave MacLeod, Grottag€, 2 Cullis Lane, Mine End, Coleford, Meetings Secretdry, English Heritag€, 37 Tanner (send Gloucestershire GL16 7QF an sae). Row, York YO1 6WP, Email:

dave. macleod @eng I ish-heritage. org . u k Promoting Roman finds: context and theory 5th-7th July zooz, Durham 6th international conference on waterfront Conference to be held at St John's College, archaeology 20tn -22"d September, Southampton Durham (see page XXX). Details from Dr Richard Theme: "Working on the waterfront: shipbuilding, Hingley or Dr Steve Willis, Department of fish processing and related maritime industries". Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Jointly organised by the Centre for Maritime Durham DH1 3LE, tel 0191 3743625, fax 0191 Archaeology, Southampton, University College 37 43619. Email: London and the Hampshire and Wight Trust for [email protected], or Maritime Archaeology. Session themes: [email protected] Website: www.durham. shipbuilding, timber supply and iron working; ac. uk/a.j. mac-mahon fishiflg, salt production and fish processing; waterfront machinery. Details: [email protected] British Archaeological Association 2AO2 or [email protected] 27th-31't July 20a2, Rochester The BAA 2AAZ conference is entitled "Medieval 8th annual meeting of the European art, architecture and archaeology in Rochester". Association of Archaeologists 24rn-29* Open to non-members. Details (send an sae) September 20A2, Greece from Robert Gwyno€, Conference Secretd?y, 44 Will be held in Thessaloniki, Greece, hosted by the Montagu Mansions, London W1H 1LD. Other Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the Greek queries to Anna Eavis, Conference Organiser, Ministry of Culture. Four main themes: theory and nmrc, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 zGZ, tel 01793 interpretation of material culture; cultural 414648, email : [email protected]. uk heritage a nd the rnanagement of the archaeological record; archaeology in the modern International Council for Archaeozoology world politics a nd conflicts ; a nd paths to 2OOZ conference 23'd-28th August, Durham diversity regional perspectives. Details from: Symvoli Congress Organisers Ltd, B Patmou Str, The ICAZ 2402 conference will be held the at GR-551 33 Thessaloniki, tel ++30 310 425159, University of Durham. Details from: ICAZ 2AA2, fax ++30 310 425169. Email: symvoli@ Dept of Archaeology, University of Durham, South symvoli.com.qr Website: www.symvoli.com.or Road, Durham DH1 3LE, tel 0191 3741 139, fax 0191 374 3619. Email: [email protected] Website : www.nmnh.si.edu''caz UK Archaeological Science 2OO3 znd-Sth April 2003, Oxford Common threads 4.9.02-6.9 .02, Birmingham To be held at St Anne's College. Deadline for The Museum Documentation Association's 2AA2 submissions of abstracts is 31. L2.02. Details conference will be held at the Botanical Gardens, from: Archaeological Science 2003, Research Birmingham. Conference will explore the central Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 5 position of information and knowledge Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3Ql , fax 01865 273932 management in the operations of collections Email : [email protected] institutions. Papers are currently invited. For further information contact Frances Bycroft, mda, sth Roman archaeology conference Jupiter House, Station Road, Ctsmbridge CB1 2)D, 3rd-6th April 2003, Leicester tel 01223 315760, fax 0L223 36252I, email The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies [email protected] Website: www.mda.org.uk conference, to be held at the University of Leicester. Full programme and booking forms will Association for Industrial Archaeology be available in September 2042. Details: Roman annual conference 6th-12th September 2002, Society, Senate House, Malet Street, London Edinburgh WC1E 7HU, tel A20 7862 8727, fax 020 7862 AIA conference to be held at Herriot Watt 8728. Email: [[email protected] Webpage: University. Details from: Isabel Wilson, Liaison www. le"ac. u kla rchaeology/rac'i ndex. htm

25 lucerna JuiY 20CJ

Vol L, CBA Research Report 128. ISBN 1 90277I Books efc 23 0. 832. Vol 2, CBA Res Rep L29. ISBN 1 9A277L 24 9. €32. Order from York Publishing Services Ltd, 64 York YO31 7ZQ Guide to conservation for metal detectorists Hallfield Road, Layerthorpe, by R Hobbs, C Honeycombe, S Watkins L'aftisanat romain: 6volutiorls, continuitds et A step-by-step guide for members of the public, ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales) particularly detectorists, who find historic metal edited by M Polfer a rtefacts. The book expla ins the tech n ica I Contains 2A papers presented at the znd considerations which should be taken into account international conference on Roman crafts held at in order to ensure the long-term survival of the Erpeldange in October 2001. Covers glass, wood- objects. workifig, tanning, crafts represented on To be published in July 2042. Tempus. ISBN 0- tombstones, metalwork, bone-workiff9, pottery, 7524-2522-6. 89.99. iron . Order from Tempus Publishing Ltd, The Mill, Monographies Instrumentum 20. ISBN 2-9A7 303- Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Glos. GLs 2QG 61-9. 260 pp. €40.80 (incl p&p). Lorica Segmentata I: a handbook of Rornan Order from *ditions monique mergoil, LZ rue des plate armour by M C Bishop Moulins, f 34530 Montagnac, France. Lorica Segmentata II: a catalogue of finds by Bibliographie Instrumentum 1994-2001 M D Thomas by M Feugbre et al Vol l presents the principal types and discusses 6,000 entries presented alphabetically within 33 the development, technology, use, etc. Vol II is a thematic chapters covering functional categories detailed catalogue of published finds across the of objects and different types of craft production. whole Empire. Both are useful for small finds Also comes as an electronic database (Mac and/or specialists, and also to experimental PC) which enables personalised searching and a re-enactors. rchaeologists and sorting . Vol I published June 2402, ISBN 0-9539848-4-2. Monographies Instrumentum L7 . ISBN 2-907303- Vol II published July 2A02, ISBN 0-9539848-5-0. 52-X. 276 pp + CD-rom. €42. 10 (incl p&p). Order from The Armatura Press, Braemar, Order from 1ditions monique mergoil, address Kirkgate, Chirnside, Duns, Berwickshire TD11 3XL above. Roman Carlisle and the lands of the Solway La n6cropole gallo-romaine et by M McCafthy m6rovingienne de Breny (Aisne) The archaeology of this strategically-important by M Kazanski site, rich in sculptural remains. A synthesis of Merovingian garnet-decorated disc Ternpus. ISBN A-7524-1955-2. 8L6.99. brooches, with a morphological classification of Crder from Tempus, address above. eight groups and a chronology. Function, Volue The heirs of King Verica, culture and politics and symbolism also explored. in Roman Britain Collection Europe medievale 4. ISBN 2-9A7 303- p&p). by M Henig 62-7. 269 pp, 125 pl. €42. 10 (incl A re-examination of the historical and Order from editions monique mergoil, address a bove. a rchaeolog ica I evrdence suggesting that Britons who were fully 'Romanised' before AD 43 were the initiators of political and cultural chaflge, not the comrn9 soon Roma ns. Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-1960-9. 8L7.99. Illuminating Rornan Britain Order from Tempus, address above. by Garrison life at Vindolanda: a band of Hella Eckardt brothers in the Instrumentum Monograph series by A Birley Life for the soldiers and their families on the edge of Britannia as shown by the writing-tablets from this waterlogged site by Hadrian's Wall Crossword Answers Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1950-1. €15.99. lstc 'gz urels ' 'tZ qof,-uro] 'ZZ .TZ Order from Tempus, address above. LZ asalehJ sa6n;eq Uteilog'AZ Ailng'9I de.r15'SI ursrtuetsatord '6 'g .L Roman Catterick and its hinterland, 1 & 2 1.lor{S aqt uldad ratpptl Anu3 'g slrl6lu)l 'S srnorurv ', Apog 'E lf taraH ,Z by P Wilson The results of over 40 years of excavation of this urYroo important relationship small town. Covers .62lallaS between civilian and military populations, and the ? seruoql 'IE staslqf '08 Eutpeau tetJ '92 UatV 'SZ '?Z eqrlnto) .ZZ pue16u3 .51 transition Roman Large 1nH from to medieval. sa:rnb5'91 sn]lrel'/I 7oH-?T Aqsng .g1 elol assemblages of finds. 'zT rape^ul 'IT uropue3 '0I qleao Iletg aql .T ssoJfv

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