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PRA Procedures in the UK and in Europe

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PRA Procedures in the UK and in Europe PRA procedures in the UK and in Europe By Dr Ray Cannon The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera) Thursday 28 th July 2011, Bangkok Format of the talk • What is PRA? And Why is PRA done • Pathway, Pest or Policy-initiated? • Two PRA schemes: – PART 1: The UK PRA scheme • The EC PH Directive and Annex-listed quarantine pests for Europe – PART 2: EPPO PRA scheme What is Pest Risk Analysis? • The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it. • Glossary of phytosanitary terms, ISPM No. 5 Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) A structured, science-based process for evaluating: – Scientific and economic evidence – Determining whether the risk posed by an organism is sufficient to warrant phytosanitary regulation – The nature and strength of the measures to take against it (PRM). Why is PRA done? • To evaluate and manage risks from specific pests and internationally traded c ommodities – To identify and assess risks to agricultural and horticultural crops, forestry and the environment from plant pests – To create lists of regulated pests – To produce lists of prohibited plants and plant products – To assist in identifying appropriate management options (including measures and treatments) PRA schemes • A framework for conducting analyses • Ensuring that all factors are taken into account in detailed assessments • Highlighting those factors of key importance when there is time for only a brief appraisal, e.g. when pests are detected in perishable imports EPPO (2002). Pest risk analysis on detection of a pest in an imported consignment. EPPO Bulletin 32 : 235-239. PART 1. • The UK Fera’s PRA scheme for specific pests and diseases • With some examples of different pathway related PRAs • The three P’s! – Pathway, Pest or Policy UK PRA System INITIATION • Identity of pest • Capable of introduction ? • Reason for PRA (entry & establishment) • Define PRA area • Potential to cause damage ? RISK ASSESSMENT RISK MANAGEMENT • Present in UK/EU ? • Prospects for continued • EU/EPPO Pest Lists ? exclusion ? • Host Plants • Management options / • Geographical Distribution prospects for eradication • (Consultation) CONCLUSION UK PRA STAGE 1: INITIATION 1. What is the name of the pest? 2. What is the reason for the PRA? – New pathway ? – New pest ? – New policy ? 3. What is the PRA area ? – The UK or European Union? – EPPO region? PRA areas: the UK PRA areas: the EU PRA areas: the EPPO region A. Pathway-initiated PRAs • Commonly as a result of a new trade pathway(s), or via • Identification of a pathway that presents a potential pest risk • Uses a pathway (rather than a pest) as the basis for the PRA • Additional PRA’s are necessary for any pests that are identified as potential quarantine pests Ware potatoes from New Zealand (i) • PRA initiated via new trade request • Invertebrate potato pests studied – 52 pests and diseases were found to be common to NZ and UK – 15 pests identified for PRA • The white fringed weevil , identified as potentially serious invertebrate for EU • 15 PRAs sent to EC PH Standing Committee Graphognathus (Naupactus) leucoloma Conclusion of PRA • polyphagous pest of >350 plant species in the USA including vegetable crops and tree seedlings . • Native to South America • Spread to USA, S. Africa, Australia & New Zealand • Could spread to the EPPO region where it would threaten agriculture and silviculture. Ware potatoes from New Zealand (ii) • EC Decision 2001/199/EC – Derogation to import prohibition (Annex III.A.12) – From 1 st March to 31 st August 2001 • Derogation conditions included – use of certified seed and freedom from the white fringed weevil, wart disease, brown rot and potato cyst nematodes – More than 4,500 tonnes were imported – No quarantine pests and diseases detected B. Pest-initiated PRA • Uses a pest as the basis for the PRA – All possible pathways need to be considered • May occur as a result of: – Detection of pest in consignments – Outbreaks - inside or outside of the PRA area – A request for a pest to be imported for research – The spreading of a pest – Identification of an organism not previously known to be a pest – Identification of a pest that may require phytosanitary measures C. Policy-initiated PRA • As a result of review or revision of existing phytosanitary policies and priorities UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT 4. Does the pest occur in the PRA area or does it arrive regularly as a natural migrant? – Natural migrants may not be excluded 5. Is …the pest is already established in the PRA area? – PRA may not be required (or for smaller area) 6. What is the pest’s status in the Plant Health Directive (2000/29/EC)? – Quarantine status (listed?) EC Plant Health Directive 2000/29/EC • Quarantine pests are listed in the Annexes of the EC Plant Health Directive:- • 300+ plant viruses, bacteria, insects, mites, nematodes and parasitic plants • Harmful to plants, or plant products, whose Introduction into EU MS’s is banned • Enacted in the UK by the Plant Health (England) Order 2005 UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (i) 7. What is the quarantine status of the pest in the lists of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation ( EPPO )? – I.e. EPPO A1 and A2 Lists of pests 8. What are the pests’ host plants ? – Some hosts may not be present (tea in the UK!) 9. What hosts are of economic and/or environmental importance in the PRA area? UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (ii) 10. If the pest needs a vector , is it present in the PRA area? – Pine wood nematode vectors: Monochamus spp. 11. What is the pest’s present geographical distribution ? – Distributions of quarantine pests are given on EPPO data sheets as well as PRAs UK PRA scheme • The previous questions (Q’s 1-11) were aimed at collecting and collating the information required for a PRA • In the next stages (Q’s 12-19), more judgements are involved: i.e. in making assessments of the likelihood of occurrence a range of factors…. UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (iii) 12. How likely is the pest to enter the PRA area? – Very unlikely – Unlikely – Moderate likelihood – Likely – Very likely Factors determining the ‘probability of entry’ • The number and variety of pathways • Association of pest with the pathway • Survival in transit • Probability of surviving phytosanitary procedures • Probability of surviving cultural or commercial practices • Transfer onto a suitable host UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (iv) 13. How likely is the pest to establish outdoors in the PRA area? – E.g. using CLIMEX mapping to predict survival 14. How likely is the pest to establish in protected (e.g. glasshouse) environments in the PRA area? – E.g. chrysanthemum glasshouses average of 20-22 °C Factors determining the ‘probability of establishment’ • Ecological Factors – Suitability of the abiotic environment – Presence of suitable hosts, alternate hosts and vectors – Availability of effective natural or artificial control mechanisms – Cultural practices • Intrinsic Factors – Life cycle – Reproductive strategy – Genetic adaptability – Minimum population needed for establishment Temperature data in relation to Aphid nerii development 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 TempTemp (C) (C) 10.0 5.0 0.0 1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 Julian date Red = threshold temperature for development of Aphis nerii (8.2 °C) Heated max Heated min Outdoors max Outdoors min Blue = outdoor maximum and minimum temperature data southern England Black = maximum and minimum temperature in a heated glasshouse. Aphis nerii : PRA conclusions • In the UK hosts are grown outdoors and in protection • Is a pest which could survive in protection ‘year round’ and outdoors in the summer • Could be a virus vector • Statutory action was taken against the pest Fig. A3(iv) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera distribution in Europe predicted by CLIMEX with 1931-1960 mean climatic data from 285 weather stations Western corn rootwom: Establishment potential Hot (1995) Average (1997) UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (v) 15. How quickly could the pest spread within the PRA area? • E.g. For WCR spreading in the UK – A. Without EC controls : Rapid spread • 40 km yr -1 rate and costs between £2.2 - 2.6 million over 20 yr – B. With EC controls : Slow spread • 4 km yr -1 rate and costs between £8.6 - 11.5 million over 20 yr Maize distribution and Diabrotica spread potential UK PRA STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT (vi) 16. What is the pest’s potential to cause economic and/or environmental damage in the PRA area? – E.g. Phytophthora ramorum 17. What is the pest’s potential as a vector of plant pathogens? – E.g. Bemisa tabaci : vector of 120+ viruses Factors determining ‘economic impacts’ • Direct Pest Effects – Yield – Quality – Cost and Efficacy of Plant Protection • Indirect Pest Effects – Market Access – Environmental Effects – Eradication, Research and Advisory costs – Social costs e.g. tourism UK PRA STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT (i) 18. How likely is the pest to continue to be excluded from the PRA area? – A) Outdoors and B) In protection 19. How likely are outbreaks to be eradicated ? – Thrips palmi was eradicated in the UK in 2000-01 – Bemisa tabaci is regularly eradicated from glasshouses in the UK UK PRA STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT (ii) 20. What management options are available for containment and control? 21. Summary 22 . Conclusions REFERENCES Name of Pest Risk Analyst Conclusion of Pest Risk Assessment • Provide a statement summarising the overall risk • Does the pest have the characteristics of a quarantine pest? • Highlight key factors influencing overall risk: Entry, Establishment, Impacts • List the principal uncertainties • Ensure conclusions can easily be used by risk managers, e.g.
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