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Underwater Surveys and Rescue Excavations Along the Israeli Coast

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Underwater Surveys and Rescue Excavations Along the Israeli Coast The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (1993) 22.1: 61-77 Underwater surveys and rescue excavations along the Israeli coast Ehud Galili, Uzi Dahari and Jacob Shanit Israel Antiquities Authority, POB 180. Atlit, Israel Along the area of the coastline and the shallow We present here some of the sites and finds continental shelf extended human activity took which have been discovered lately during place during recent millennia. Trading, shipping, surveys and rescue excavation (Fig. 1). fishing, invasions and wars left many traces in the form of wrecked ships, cargoes, port instal- Southern coastal plaibPalmachim lations and prehistoric settlements covered by (Yavneh Yam), an ancient anchorage the sea. The area between the sandstone (kurkar) reefs Most of the underwater archaeological finds and the coastline is in the shape of an oblong of Israel are concentrated within a narrow basin: the depth of the water in the area close strip approximately 200 m wide along the to the eastern edges of the sandstone reefs is Mediterranean seashore, and the shores of the approximately 3-6 m. This makes anchoring Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. relatively safe for most of the year other than During recent decades, these finds have been during winter storms. in danger of destruction, for the following In the north-western part of the area, reasons: bordered by kurkar reefs (Fig. 2, shown by (a) Sand quarrying and building breakwaters dashed lines), dozens of stone, lead and iron resulted in the exposure of archaeological anchors were found scattered over the seabed remains, which had been covered with a 35'1 35'30'1 thick layer of sand for thousands of years. I/ I) These remains were protected by the sand AKKO 6 from the destructive activity caused by waves. The layer of sand made the salvaging and rescue of any items beneath it impossible. (b) Due to an obvious regression of the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, large sections of the sea bottom became dry. The archaeo- logical remains were thus exposed and became available for treasure hunters. (c) Demand for land in the coastal area, especially around the cities, is increasing. z LOCATION MAP ASOllOUlA Since the price of reclaiming land from the @ YOOtll c111 sea is relatively small, a large number of UlOElWAlEl Sllt project developments are being planned. - TEL AVlV OtSCllBtO IU TEXT In order to find and record the archaeological 0 20 4osn remains which have been uncovered and P SCLLI prevent treasure hunting for antiquities and the destruction of sites, the Marine Branch of the @JERUSALEM Antiquities Authority is carrying out under- I water rescue surveys along the Israeli seashore 3s0I 35-30" throughout the year. Figure I. Location map of Sites. 1057-2414/93/010061+ 17 %08.00/0 0 1993 The Nautical Archaeology Society I’ZZ ‘ADOTOBVH3NV TV3ILnVN E. GALILI ETAL.: UNDERWATER SURVEYS ALONG THE ISRAELI COAST \ A B Figure 3. Anchor types from Palmachim anchorage (schematic scale). At the northern part of the site, which is were probably trapped in the anchorage, due to a marked by an interrupted line, a Roman oven storm, or hit the kurkar reefs, disintegrated and made of lead, decorated with three astragals, were cast ashore. was found. The potsherds are mostly broken According to archaeological traces, it seems amphoras, used in sea trade during the Iron, that the north-westem part of the basin, which is Persian, Roman and Byzantine periods. flanked by the reef (the area marked with a Great numbers of rectangular stones with dashed line), served almost without interruption cavities are found in the above-mentioned con- as an anchorage for shipping vessels from the centration of ashlar stones, in addition to those Late Bronze Age onwards. Because of the lack of scattered over the entire area of the anchorage. other natural shelters for shipping vessels in the Anchors of this type are rare, and only a few of area, it is feasible to suppose that in antiquity this them have been discovered in Israel. Perhaps place served as the main anchorage site on the their source can be attributed to some local southern shores of Israel (from Tel Ridan to culture, or to part of a large cargo from a ship- Jaffa). wreck. The ship probably hit the reef and the stones than scattered on the sea-bottom. Central coastal plain-Apollonia (Arsuf), Some years ago, on the southern, shallow an ancient anchorage (1-3 m) part of the anchorage (Fig. 2 B and C), South of the ruins of Arsuf, there is a sandstone the following items and cargoes were discovered: reef, which is connected to the shore at its marble pillars; metal objects (mostly bronze northern edge below the ruins, facing the south- nails); and lead weights for fishing nets, from west (Fig. 4). Between this strip and the several periods. A complex of several items of the shoreline, there is a relatively protected area Late Bronze Age was also discovered (Raban & with a depth of 3-5 m, which makes anchorage Galili, 1985). The character of these remains and possible. the shallow depth where they were found testify During the surveys remains of vessels and that their source was navigational vessels. These their cargoes from various periods were exposed 63 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 22.1 .--. '--2 STONE ANCHORS W CLUSTER OF ASHLAR STONES SUBMERGED SANDSTONE RIDGE V PILLARS MAN-MADE STRUCTURE A snip WRECKB CARGO CLIFF B CITY WALL rrrrn COASTLINE c BIELOS TYPE ANCHOR ABRASION PLATFORM D "so CALLED'' MILITARY MEDITERRANEAN SEA I Figure 4. Apollonia (Arsuf) anchorage. by natural causes and recorded (Fig. 5). Around In addition to these stone anchors, a Roman 45 stone anchors of several types were dis- iron anchor was found. Most of the anchors covered. Among them were 15 anchors with a were discovered in the deep water area where single perforation obviously dating from the Late anchorage was probably preferred (Fig. 4, indi- Bronze Age (Fig. 5 A) and three anchors with cated by a dashed line). In the south-west part of three perforations (Fig. 5 B and C) of the Iron the anchorage area (Fig. 4-Area A), a cargo of and Persian period. It is worthwhile mentioning metal was found, including fragments of a that a Byblos-type anchor, which we attribute broken bronze life-size statue of a male figure. to the Middle Bronze Age was among the stone There were also bronze and lead items, as well as anchors with one perforation (Fig. 5 G) as well a section of lead cladding carrying an inscription as three unusual anchors with one perforation in Latin. In several parts of the anchorage and on and two grooves in the bottom (Fig. 5 E). One the kurkar reefs there were a few dense concen- remarkable anchor was found with a single open trations of small and medium-size ashlar stones. perforation at the bottom, and another, T- In addition to the objects mentioned above, shaped, perforation in the upper 'frontal' area many columns of various sizes, made of granite, (Fig. 5 F). There are no known comparisons for marble and kurkar, were found. All over the the last two types of anchor. A marble ring, with anchorage area, many potsherds, mainly incised two perforations in its upper part was found Byzantine amphoras, Byzantine pythoi, and (Fig. 5G). Similar rings, made of lead, were some 'basket handle'-type amphora handles discovered in a shipwreck at Porticello from the were discovered as well as ceramic fragments end of the 4th or the beginning of the 5th century from the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman BC (Eisemen, 1979: 80). periods. 64 E. GALILI ETAL.: UNDERWATER SURVEYS ALONG THE ISRAELI COAST Figure 5. Anchors and a hawser ring from Apollonia (Arsuf) (scale =20 cm). Of most interest were the discoveries of several shipping from the Middle Bronze Period broken glass ingots, fragments of glass and glass onwards. Most of the broken amphoras, the chips, probably originating from the local glass columns and scattered remains in the shallow industry. water area near the sea shore, and on the kurkar Victor Guerin, who surveyed the remains of reefs, would seem to be from shipwrecked Arsuf, described the protected area in the kurkar vessels. The deep water area where the anchor reef as a natural anchorage, used as a trading finds are concentrated, was the preferred port without anchoring facilities (Guerin, 1880, anchorage in antiquity. 11: 374-82). In fact, with the exception of the continuation Camel Coast, Caesarea South of the city wall into the water (Fig. 4-Area B), Underwater surveys south of Caesarea are being no other ashlar stone structures in the area of the conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority anchorage, were discovered. There is a possi- and Haifa University. Marine installations, bility that part of the reef was raised slightly, by cargoes originating from shipwrecks and pre- assembling unworked stones on its top. historic remains were documented on the sea- Kurkar stone, from natural sources in the bottom between the coastline and the kurkar Apollonian area, is very soft. There is no reefs (Fig. 6)(Galili et al., 1989). possibility of using it for construction. The anchorage looks to have been used for the Prehistoric remains import of building stones, in addition to mer- The sandy clay exposed under the loose sand chandizing activity. The ashlar stones, which are yielded flint flakes and fragments of cores. Some scattered over the area of the anchorage and on of the flakes are retouched, but cannot be dated the reefs, appear to have dropped from vessels. by typology (Fig. &Area A).
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