Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue Reseeding Intervals After
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HORTSCIENCE 47(6):798–800. 2012. was applied 2 WBS (Lycan and Hart, 2006). Sulfosulfuron at 13 to 26 g/a.i./ha applied the day of seeding or 1 WBS reduced creeping Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue bentgrass and kentucky bluegrass establish- ment compared with the non-treated control Reseeding Intervals after (McCullough and Nutt, 2010; Willis et al., 2007). Amicarbazone applied at 0.4 kgÁha–1 Aminocyclopyrachlor Application has the potential to reduce perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cover when applied the day John B. Workman1, Patrick E. McCullough2,4, and F. Clint Waltz3 of seeding. However, researchers noted that Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment perennial ryegrass and tall fescue establish- Street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797 ment appears uninhibited when amicarba- zone at the same rate is applied 2, 4, or 6 James T. Brosnan2 WBS (McCullough et al., 2011). Common Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] seedlings have shown significant injury Gerald M. Henry2 and reduced establishment in response to Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX rimsulfuron, simazine, and trifloxysulfuron applied 1 to 2 WBS (McCullough and Nutt, 79409-2122 2010; Willis et al., 2007). McCalla et al. (2004) Additional index words. establishment, turf, herbicide, weeds reported that ‘Princess 77’ bermudagrass seedlings exhibited 30% or less injury after Abstract. Turfgrass managers applying aminocyclopyrachlor for annual and perennial applications of diclofop, metsulfuron, 2,4-D, broadleaf weed control in cool-season turfgrasses may want to reseed into treated areas. dicamba, monosodium acid methanearsonate Field experiments were conducted in Georgia), Tennessee, and Texas to investigate (MSMA), clopyralid, and quinclorac applied perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 1, 2, and 4 weeks after emergence. McElroy reseeding intervals after aminocyclopyrachlor applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall et al. (2005) noted that prepackaged mixtures fescue establishment were similar to the non-treated control after treatments of amino- of herbicides containing 2,4-D, mecoprop, cyclopyrachlor and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + dicamba + methylchlor- dicamba, clopyralid, or triclopyr should be ophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) at 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Results used with caution when applied at seeding or demonstrate that no reseeding interval is required after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment. before stolon development with warm-season Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue can be safely seeded immediately after amino- grasses. The researchers found that low and cyclopyrachlor treatment at 39, 79, and 158 g/a.i./ha. high rates of 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba and 2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba reduced ber- mudagrass cover of the cultivars Yukon, Synthetic auxins are popular herbicides (Anonymous, 2010; Bukum et al., 2010; Riviera, and Princess 7 21 d after initial for selective, postemergence broadleaf weed Curtis et al., 2009; Rudenko, 2009). treatment when compared with the non- control in turfgrass management (Struckmeyer, Aminocyclopyachlor has promising im- treated control (McElroy et al., 2005). 1951; Watson, 1950). Herbicides in this class plications for controlling problematic broad- Turfgrass managers may need to reseed of chemistry control susceptible weeds by leaf weeds in turfgrass, but turfgrass managers desirable turfgrasses like perennial ryegrass disrupting hormonal balance leading to in- may want to re-establish cool-season grasses and tall fescue after broadleaf weeds have creased cell wall plasticity, nucleic acid metab- from seed after applications. Application been controlled by aminocyclopyrachlor or olism, and uncontrolled growth in meristimatic timing and rate of postemergence herbicides other postemergence herbicides. Thus, re- regions (Sterling and Hall, 1997). A new from various herbicide families have been seeding intervals may be critical for new synthetic auxin, aminocyclopyrachlor, was reg- reported to inhibit establishment of cool- and herbicides introduced for postemergence istered in 2010 for annual and perennial broad- warm-season turfgrasses from seed. Prepack- broadleaf weed control in turf management leaf weed control in turfgrass (Anonymous, age products that include auxin herbicides regimes. Data describing reseeding intervals 2010). 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPP are recommen- after aminocyclopyrachlor treatments are Aminocyclopyrachlor is the first pyrimi- ded to be applied 3 to 4 weeks before seed limited. In the transition zone and cool humid dine carboxylic acid herbicide with structural is sown or after two to three mowing events region of the United States, tall fescue and similarities to pyridines (Bukum et al., 2010). (Anonymous, 2004). Quinclorac, a highly se- perennial ryegrass are widely used for resi- This herbicide has both foliar and soil activity lective auxin herbicide, has shown to be safe dential lawns, golf courses, and commercial and is more effective at lower rates than 2,4- when applied at seeding of annual bluegrass properties. The objective of this research was D and other auxin herbicides (Flessner et al., (Poa annua L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundi- to determine reseeding intervals for perennial 2011; Turner et al., 2009). Aminocyclopyra- nacea Schreb.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium ryegrass and tall fescue after aminocyclopya- chlor has efficacy on many broadleaf weed perenne L.), and fine fescue for pre-weed chlor applications. species including wild carrot (Daucus carota control during establishment (Anonymous, L.) Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) 1998; Enache and Ilnicki, 1991). Reicher Scop.], Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japon- et al. (1999) found that quinclorac at 0.84 Materials and Methods ica Houtt.), catsear dandelion (Hypochoeris kgÁha–1 did not injure kentucky bluegrass radicata L.), and plantains (Plantago spp.) (Poa pratensis L.) or perennial ryegrass when Experiments were conducted in Griffin, applied at seeding. These experiments did GA, Knoxville, TN, and Lubbock, TX, from note that quinclorac applied at seeding de- Aug. 2010 to Mar. 2011. Experiments at all layed the cover of kentucky bluegrass up to three locations were initiated on mature, 16 weeks (Reicher et al., 1999). Bispyribac irrigated tall fescue that was mowed weekly Received for publication 27 June 2011. Accepted sodium applied 1 week before seeding (WBS) with a rotary mower at a 6.4-cm height. for publication 1 Oct. 2011. 1Graduate Assistant. reduced creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloni- Clippings were returned. Soil in Georgia was 2Assistant Professor. fera L.) and kentucky bluegrass by 30% and a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, ther- 3Associate Professor. 42% compared with the non-treated control, mic Typic Kanhapludults) with 2.5% organic 4To whom reprint requests should be addressed; respectively. However, these grasses were matter and a pH of 5.8. Soil in Tennessee e-mail [email protected]. safely established when bispyribac sodium was a Sequatchie loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, 798 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 47(6) JUNE 2012 TURF MANAGEMENT semiactive, thermic humic Hapludult) with in opposite directions with a single nozzle fertilizer was applied at 48 kg N/ha 4weeks 2.1% organic matter and a pH of 6.2%. Soil in (Teejet 9504E flat fan spray nozzle; Spray- after seeding (WAS) at each location. Texas was a Brownfield sand clay loam soil ing Systems Co., Roswell, GA) CO2-pressured Measurements and statistical analysis. (loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Arenic sprayer calibrated to deliver 375 LÁha–1.In Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cover were Aridic Paleustalfs) with 1.6% organic matter Tennesse and Texas, treatments were ap- assessed visually, because Yelverton et al. and a pH of 8.0. plied by making one pass per plot with a four (2009) reported that visual ratings of herbi- Experimental design. Separate studies nozzle (Teejet 8002 flat fan spray nozzle; cide responses in turf were highly correlated were conducted to determine reseeding in- Spraying Systems Co.) CO2-pressured sprayer to those measured using the line intersect tervals for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. calibrated to deliver 280 LÁha–1. method or digital image analysis. Turf cover The experimental design for each was a ran- Turfgrass seeding and maintenance. Seven was evaluated for each species 2, 4, 8, 12, and domized complete block with four replica- days before seeding, each experimental site 20 WAS on a percent scale where 0 equaled tions. Four herbicide treatments were applied received a broadcast application of glyphosate no turf cover and 100 equaled complete turf at four application timings before seeding in (Roundup Pro. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, cover. addition to a non-treated control. Aminocyclo- MO) at 3.3 kg/a.i./ha to kill existing vegetation Data were subjected to analysis of variance pyrachlor (Imprelis 2SL; DuPont, Wilmington, and facilitate visual assessment of turfgrass with main effects and all possible interac- DE) was applied at 39, 78, or 158 g/a.i./ha and seedling cover. On the day of seeding, the field tions tested using the appropriate expected 2, 4-D + dicamba + MCPP (Trimec Classic was mowed to 3.8 cm with a rotary mower, mean square values as described by McIntosh 2.72 SL; PBI Gordon Corp., Kansas City, debris was removed, and the seedbed received (1983). Data were pooled from all three loca- MO) was applied at 1100 +