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Ntasiefunksie Van Beeld, Rapport En Die Kerj{Bode Ten Opsigte Van Homoseksualiteit, Aborsie En Dobbelary

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Ntasiefunksie Van Beeld, Rapport En Die Kerj{Bode Ten Opsigte Van Homoseksualiteit, Aborsie En Dobbelary Die joernalistieke orii!ntasiefunksie van Beeld, Rapport en Die KerJ{bode ten opsigte van homoseksualiteit, aborsie en dobbelary Evert van Vlastuin BA (Joernalistiek) (Evangelische School voor Joumalistiek en Voorlichting, Ede, Nederland) Verhandeling voorgele ter nakoming van die vereistes vir die graad Magister Artium in Bedryfskommunikasie aan die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Onderwys Studieleier: prof. dr. J. D. Froneman Mede-studieleier: prof. dr. A. S. de Beer Potchefstroom 1998 Daar is uiters stroewe mense wat jy nooit met enige redenasie kan beinvloed nie. En wanneer jou geloofwaardigheid onder verdenking is, ofwanneer jou gesag geminag word, maak jy weinig vordering - selfs by leergierige mense. Johannes Calvyn (J 509-1564) Hierdie werk dra ek op aan die nagedagtenis van my pa, Jan van Vlastuin ( I 93 9-1997), wat plotseling dood is terwyl ek, ver weg in Suid-Afrika, met die navorsing vir hierdie verhandeling besig was. BEDANKINGS Dit is 'n goeie gewoonte om aan die begin van 'n verhandeling sekere bedankings uit te spreek aan alma! sonder wie se hulp die studie nie afgehandel sou kon word nie. Daarom gryp ek ook die geleentheid aan om die talle mense te bedank wat my in die periode van navorsing gehelp het. * In die eerste plek is dit my ouers, wat my - aanvanklik teen wil en dank - gestimuleer het om te studeer en wat dit aanvaar het dat ek vir 'n jaar Suid-Afrika toe gegaan het om hierdie navorsing te doen. * Ek is ook erkentlik vir die hulp en aanwysings van my studieleier, prof. Johannes D. Froneman, wat op sy eie wyse leiding gegee het aan die studie en wat my nie as 'n ondergeskikte student nie, maar meer as 'n gelyke behandel het en wat altyd bereid was om uitgebreid die lewenskragte van die 'nuwe' Suid-Afrika te bespreek. Sonder horn sou dit 'n ander studie geword het en sou my siening op die 'nuwe' Suid-Afrika anders gewees het. * 'n Groot blyk van waardering kom aan die Christelijke Hogeschool Ede (sektor joemalistiek) in Nederland en die Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Onderwys (Fak:ulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte en die Departement Kommunikasie) in Suid-Afrika, wat 'n onderlinge uitruilprojek begin het, waarvan hierdie navorsing die eerste resultaat in Suid-Afrika is. Prof. A. S. de Beer (PU vir CHO) en drs. Ton Veen (CHE) verdien hier besondere vermelding .. * Die personeel van die Departement Kommunikasie, die Instituut vir Kommuni­ kasienavorsing en die Ferdinand Postma-biblioteek van die PU vir CHO, wat bereid was om 'n nagraadse student uit Nederland te aanvaar en te help. Besondere vermelding verdien die gewese departementele sekretaresse, Karien B. van der Leeuw, wat sonder twyfel die mees behulpsame vrou is wat ek in my lewe ontmoet het. * My vriend Emmanuel Mbennah en sy hele gesin. Ons verhouding bewys dat interkulturele vriendskappe nie 'n probleem hoef te wees nie. * 'n Woord van besondere dank is ook gepas aan Come Ferreira en prof. Hein Viljoen, wat die moeisame werk van die taalversorging van hierdie verhandeling gedoen het. En aan Martijn van der Wind, wat verskeie kere behulpsaam was in die tyd dat ek vanuit Nederland aan die studie gewerk het. * Baie dankie ook aan alle Potchefstromers wat my op die een of ander wyse gehelp het, nie in die minste nie deur die leer van Afrikaans. Al die bedankings kan saamgevat word deur die eer, lof en dank te bring aan die Here, wat ons roep en toerus, kragte en insigte gee om te leef en te werk en wat mense neig om antler mense te help. Soli Deo Gloria! ii ABSTRACT Title: The journalistic orientation function of Beeld, Rapport, and Die Kerkbode with regard to homosexuality, abortion, and gambling. This study describes how three important South African Afrikaans newspapers (Beeld, Rapport and Die Kerkbode) fulfilled the journalistic orientation function with regard to three subjects of ethical concern, namely homosexuality, abortion, and gambling, during 1995. Each of the three newspapers has a different journalistic character. Bee/dis a daily paper, Rapport a Sunday paper, and Die Kerkbode the official magazine of the Dutch Reformed Church. These three ethical issues are pertinent in the South African context. Before the political reforms which began in the early 1990s, homosexual practice, abortion and gambling were forbidden by law. During 1995 the respective laws were changed (homosexuality) or were in the process of being changed (abortion and gambling) to allow these practices, albeit within some loosely defined limits. A theoretical framework regarding the journalistic orientation function was developed and applied in this study. Christian principles such as the views that man was created in the image of God and that communication is a basic structure of God's creation, were used as a point of departure. A fundamental point in this framework was that every journalistic report is influenced by the specific world view of its author, which implies that objectivity in journalism is impossible. It is then argued that the press is obliged to fulfill an orientation function, that is, to contribute to the audience's processing and understanding of reality. Five theoretical theses were formulated and used in a qualitative content analysis of all the news reports and articles from the three papers regarding homosexuality, abortion and gambling for 1995. The findings show that the three papers apparently fulfilled most of the basic requirements of the orientation function. However, some weak points were also identified. The study endeavoured to make a contribution to mass communication (ethics) from a Christian perspective. iii SLEUTELTERME Joemalistiek. Orientasiefunksie. Beeld. Rapport. Die Kerkbode . Homoseksualiteit. Aborsie. Dobbelary. Etiek. Christelik. KEYTERMS Journalism. Orientation function. Beeld. Rapport. Die Kerkbode . Homosexuality. Abortion. Gambling. Ethics. Christian. iv INHOUD BEDANKINGS II ABSTRACT. iii SLEUTELTERME / KEY TERMS IV HOOFSTUK 1. AGTERGROND, METODE, NAVORSINGSDOELWIT EN PROBLEEMSTELLING 1 1.1 INLEIDING 1.2AGTERGROND 1 1.2.1 Mediasituasie in die post-apartheidsera 1.2.2 Die Afrikaner se blootstelling aan 'n Christelike etos 1.2.3 Die gehoor van Afrikaanse koerante 1.3 ETIES-SENSITIEWE ONDERWERPE 3 1.3.1 Verantwoording van onderwerpe en veranderinge onder die nuwe bedeling 1.3.1.1 Homoseksualiteit 1.3.1.2 Aborsie 1.3.1.3 Dobbelary 1.3.2 Standpuntespektrum van homoseksualiteit, aborsie en dobbelary 1.3.2.1 Homoseksualiteit 1.3.2.1.1 Nie-teenstanders 1.3.2.1.2 Teenstanders 1.3.2.2 Aborsie 1.3.2.2.1 Die instemmende visie 1.3.2.2.2 Die voorwaardelike instemming 1.3.2.2.3 Die absolute verwerping 1.3.2.3 Dobbelary 1.3.3 Standpunte van Afrikaanse 'susterkerke' oor homoseksualiteit, aborsie en dobbelary 1.3.3.1 Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk 1.3.3.1.1 Homoseksualiteit 1.3.3.1.2 Aborsie 1.3.3.1.3 Dobbelary 1.3.3.2 Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk in Afrika 1.3.3.2.1 Homoseksualiteit 1.3.3.2.2 Aborsie 1.3.3.2.3 Dobbelary 1.3.3.3 Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika 1.3.3.3.1 Homoseksualiteit 1.3.3.3.2 Aborsie 1.3.3.3.3 Dobbelary 1.3.3.4 Belang van die susterkerke se standpunte 1.4 NAVORSINGSKEUSES 13 1.4.1 Keuse van koerante V 1.4.2 Keuse van periode 1.5 PROBLEEMSTELLING 14 1.6 NA VORSINGSDOELWIT 14 1. 7 REDES VIR DIE ONDERSOEK 14 1.SMETODE 14 1.8.1 Kwalitatiewe inhoudsanalise 1.8.1.1 Herkoms van die metode I. 8. 1.2 Aard van die metode 1.8.1.3 Kontekstuele beskrywing 1.8.1.4 Kwantitatiewe gegewens in kwalitatiewe navorsing 1.8.2 Bantering van die kwalitatiewe inhoudsanalise 1.8.2.1 Objekte van ondersoek 1.8.2.1.1 Berigte 1.8.2.1.2 Artikels 1.8.2.1.3 Redaksionele kommentare 1.8.2.2 Empiriese ondersoek 1.8.2.2.1 Herkoms van materiaal 1.8.2.2.2 lnhoudsanalise 1.8.2.2.3 Onderhoude 1.8.2.2.4 Wyse van navorsing 1.9 HOOFSTUKINDELING 21 1.9 WOORDOMSKRYWING 22 HOOFSTUK 2: TEORETIESE RAAMWERK: ORIENTASIE DEUR PERS 23 2.1 INLEIDING 23 2.2 TEOLOGIES-FILOSOFIESE UITGANGSPUNTE 23 2.2.1 Kommunikasie as skeppingstruktuur 2.2.2 Kommunikasie en beeldskap 2.2.3 Kommunikasie en gemeenskap 2.2.4 Kommunikasie en roeping 2.2.5 Kommunikasie en die voortgang van die geskiedenis 2.2.6 Rigting in kommunikasie 2.2. 7 Kommunikasie en die wereldbeeld 2.2.8 Orientasie in die hele skepping 2.2.9 Die reg op inligting 2.3 JOERNALISTIEK AS ETIESE GEBEURE 34 2.3.1 Etiek in kommunikasie 2.4 ORIENTASIE EN SY PLEK IN DIE KOMMUNIKASIEPRAKTYK 34 2.4.1 Orientasie en die funksionele teorie 2.4.2 Orientasie in 'n demokratiese sisteem 2.5 ORIENTERENDE JOERNALISTIEK IN DIE NUUSKANTOOR 36 2.5.1 Nuusseleksie 2.5.2 Kommentaar 2.5.3 Etiese joernalistiek en die slegte in die nous 2.5.4 Negatiwiteit as nuuskriterium 2.5.5 Konflik as nuuswaarde vi 2.6 TEORETIESE STELLINGS 44 2.7 SLOT 45 HOOFSTUK 3: BESKRYWING EN ANALISE VAN BERIGGEWING EN KOMMENTAAR IN BEELD 46 3.1 INLEIDING 46 3.2 DAGBLADJOERNALISTIEK 46 3.2.1 Algemene gegewens: dagblaaie 3.2.2 Historiese gegewens: Beeld 3.3 EMPIRIESE GEGEWENS 48 3.3.1 Homoseksualiteit 3.3.1.1 Frekwensie 3.3.1.2 Prioriteit 3.3.1.3 Algemene beskrywing en analise van berigte en artikels 3.3.1.4 Toetsing aan die teoretiese stellings 3.3.1.5 Samevatting en konklusies 3.3.2 Aborsie 3.3.2.1 Frekwensie 3. 3. 2. 2 Prioriteit 3.3.2.3 Algemene beskrywing en analise van berigte, artikels en kommentare 3.3.2.4 Toetsing aan die teoretiese stellings 3.3.2.5 Samevatting en konklusies 3.3.3 Dobbelary 3.3.3.1 Frekwensie 3.3.3.2 Prioriteit 3.3.3.3 Algemene beskrywing en analise van berigte, artikels en kommentaar 3.3.3.4 Toetsing aan die teoretiese stellings 3.3.3.5 Samevatting en konklusies 3.4 SLOT 78 HOOFSTUK 4: BESKRYWING EN ANALISE VAN BERIGGEWING EN KOMMENTAAR IN RAPPORT .
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