DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download gh-2020_2 DEF.qxp_Hrev_master 15/01/21 12:45 Pagina 236 Geospatial Health 2020; volume 15:886 Changes in geographic clustering of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth seven years after an earthquake in Cauquenes, Chile Marcelo Leiva-Bianchi,1 Carlos Mena,2 Yony Ormazábal,2 Carlos Serrano,1 Pedro Rojas1 1Faculty of Psychology, Laboratory of Methodology for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Talca; 2Faculty of Forestry Sciences, Geomatics Center, University of Talca, Talca, Chile possibilities, appreciation of life, PTSD symptoms, PTSD reac- Abstract tions and PTSD in total). The spatial identifications found could Recent findings indicate that both disruptive Post-Traumatic facilitate the comparison of mental health conditions in popula- Stress Disorder (PTSD) and healthy Post-Traumatic Growth tions and the impact of recovery programmes in communities (PTG) responses have some spatial distribution depending on exposed to disasters. where they are measured and the different degrees of exposure that people may have to a critical event (e.g., earthquake). Less is known about how these responses change as a function of space and time after these events. The objective of this study was to Introduction only enter deeper into this relationship analysing how PTSD and PTG During the course of life, people can be exposed to critical responses vary in their spatial distribution 6 and 7 years after an events, such as natural disasters, illness, unemployment, even the earthquake (such as the one that occurred on 27 February, 2010 in death of a loved one. Such events test adaptive capacity and can Cauquenes City, Chile). Spatial analyses based on Geographic alter people’s mental health both for the short and the long term Information Systems (GIS) were performed to detect global and (IASC, 2007). Notuse all people face these events equally, nor is their local geographic clustering. Investigating 171 (2016) and 106 resilience the same. For example, an earthquake can elicit disrup- (2017) randomly selected adults from Cauquenes, we demonstrat- tive responses, e.g., Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anx- ed that 7 years after the event only 4 variables were spatially clus- iety, depression, substance abuse and suicidal ideation, although tered, i.e. personal mental strength, interpersonal relations, new healthy responses, such as Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG), social possibilities and appreciation of life), all of them PTG dimensions; support and resilience are also likely to emerge (Bonanno et al., This result contrasted with the situation the previous year (2016), 2005). These authors (2010) and Cairo et al. (2010) indicate that when 7 variables were clustered (total PTG, spiritual change, new disasters produce at most 30% of disruptive responses. Variables of exposure-protection to the event, such as social support, being farther from the epicentre or having fewer material losses (Leiva- Bianchi et al., 2017), are related to greater psychological well- Correspondence: Yony Ormazábal, Faculty of Forestry Sciences, being and the emergence of healthier responses, such as engage- Geomatics Center, University of Talca, Talca, Chile. ment in interpersonal contacts, beliefs about mutual helpfulness E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +56.71.2201654. and benevolence (Kaniasty, 2012). In this sense, healthy responses of the PTG type are directly Key words: Post-traumatic stress disorder; post-traumatic growth; related to PTSDs. This dependency is presented as an illusion of earthquake; Geographic Information Non-commercialSystems; Moran’s I; Getis-Ord impact control in the face of a difficult event (Hobfoll et al., Gi*; Chile. 2007). Likewise, from the perspective of psychosocial impact, healthy responses are considered to correspond to the absence of Funding: This work was supported by the FONDECYT-Chile 1190578 disruptive responses and the appearance of adaptive responses and CONICYT Doctorado en Ciencias Humanas 21181845. (Leiva-Bianchi et al., 2017). This adaptation can be successful if the strategy is appropriate for the stressful event to which the indi- Conflict of interests: The authors declare no potential conflict of interests. vidual is exposed (Bonanno et al., 2004; Cheng, 2001). Furthermore, both the absence or presence of these responses and Received for publication: 7 April 2020. Accepted for publication: 6 September 2020. the exposure-protection before the event can be organized into continuums of healthy-disruptive and exposure-protection ©Copyright: the Author(s), 2020 responses, respectively. Four types of impact combine them: Licensee PAGEPress, Italy resilience (to respond in a healthy manner when exposed to a par- Geospatial Health 2020; 15:886 ticular event), trauma (to respond disruptively when exposed), doi:10.4081/gh.2020.886 safety, i.e. to be a bystander (to respond in healthy manner when protected) and paradoxical (to respond disruptively when protect- This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons ed from the event) as proposed by Leiva-Bianchi et al. (2019). Attribution Noncommercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro- Impacts can have different trajectories over time (Bonanno, vided the original author(s) and source are credited. 2004), which makes the prevalence of disruptive or healthy respons- es vary according to when they are measured (Bonanno et al., 2010; [page 236] [Geospatial Health 2020; 15:886] gh-2020_2 DEF.qxp_Hrev_master 15/01/21 12:45 Pagina 237 Article Milliken et al., 2007). Recently, it has been discovered that both dis- Maule Region, Chile (Figure 1). The city is made up of the follow- ruptive and healthy responses have a special distribution that ing sectors and villages: the city centre (downtown) which concen- depends on where they occur and the different degrees of exposure trates the commercial activities in combination with the oldest res- that people may have before a shocking event (Leiva-Bianchi et al., idential sectors; in the Northwest, the “Los Poetas” and “Bombero 2019). Likewise, people may be exposed to more than one event of Venegas” suburbs, which are working-class residential sectors a similar nature at different times, in these exposure time periods, with medium urban development; in the Northeast, the both healthy and disruptive responses can coexist in the same person “Fernández” suburb is a residential sector with high poverty rates (Morland et al., 2008; Morgan et al., 2011; Leiva-Bianchi et al., and poor urban development; and in the South, the “Estación” sub- 2017). Natural disasters occur frequently in Chile (e.g., earthquakes urb that is a residential sector characterized by the higher income and tsunamis in 2010, forest fires in 2017 and droughts in 2012- and greater urban development. 2019) and when their size and severity are considerable with large The registered effects of the 27F earthquake in the county number of people affected, disaster areas are decreed by the govern- according to the post-earthquake survey of the Ministry of ment (Diario Oficial de la República de Chile, 2010; 2017; 2019). Planning (Ministerio de Planificación, MIDEPLAN, 2010) indi- The objective of this study is to enter more deeply into the interac- cate that 25.1% of the population experienced no damage, 41.3% tion between space and time that the disruptive or healthy responses minor damage, 16.2% major damage and 17.4% saw a total loss of have after a critical event such as a natural disaster. For this, the fre- their dwellings. By 2016, data collected for this study indicate that quency and spatial distribution of PTSD and PTG responses are 24.6% of the population experienced no damage, 32.2% minor compared, six and seven years after the earthquake of 27 February, damage, 19.9% major damage and 23.4% lost all of their 2010 (27F) in the urban nucleus of Cauquenes in Chile. dwellings. For its part, in 2017, it was registered that 7.5% experi- enced no damage, 17% minor damage, 30.2% major damage and 45.3% saw a total loss of their dwellings. Participants only Materials and methods From a total of 13,695 dwellings distributed over 466 blocks in the urban area of the Cauquenes borough (INE, 2019a), a sub-sam- Study site and impact ple or two-stage sample was built (the first stage was the urban The study was conducted in the urban centre of Cauquenes, blocks and usewithin these the dwellings). The participation of a suit- Non-commercial Figure 1. Localisation of the study area. [Geospatial Health 2020; 15:886] [page 237] gh-2020_2 DEF.qxp_Hrev_master 15/01/21 12:45 Pagina 238 Article able informant was required for each dwelling, e.g., a person over under study that present a global clustering. The index values can 18 and head of the household. The data were collected longitudi- range between −1 to +1, where a value near +1 indicates that the nally (same house and same person) during the months of July and variable tends to cluster, meaning that values registered for partic- September of 2016 and 2017. The estimates were subject to a max- ipants at one location are similar between neighbours; and a value imum error of 7.5%, a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% near -1 indicates that higher and lower measurement values are and a maximum variance of 50%. In 2016, 171 people (65.5% heterogeneously distributed in the analysed area. The threshold women) participated and in 2017, a total of 106 people (70.8% distance used in the analyses for the searching ratio was 700 m, a women) (Table 1). The age group with the highest frequency was distance that represent a mean size of a suburb-sector of the city. the >65 years age-group (33.3%) in 2016 and the same (36.8%) in The Gi* local statistic (Ord and Getis, 1995) was used to anal- 2017. Although 38% of the original sample was lost in the survey yse the spatial correlation among post-traumatic indices of neigh- application in 2017, this percentage is within what is acceptable as bouring participants in order to detect statistically significant spa- indicated by the National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional tial clusters of high value (hotspots) or the opposite (coldspots).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on Cartography in the Republic of Chile 2011 - 2015
    REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 ARMY OF CHILE MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF CHILE REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE 2011 - 2015 PRESENTED BY THE CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION AT THE SIXTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION AUGUST 2015 1 REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 CONTENTS Page Contents 2 1: CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE ICA 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Chilean ICA National Committee during 2011 - 2015 5 1.3. Chile and the International Cartographic Conferences of the ICA 6 2: MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES 6 2.1 National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Chile 6 2.2. Pan-American Institute for Geography and History – PAIGH 8 2.3. SSOT: Chilean Satellite 9 3: STATE AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 10 3.1. Military Geographic Institute - IGM 10 3.2. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy – SHOA 12 3.3. Aero-Photogrammetric Service of the Air Force – SAF 14 3.4. Agriculture Ministry and Dependent Agencies 15 3.5. National Geological and Mining Service – SERNAGEOMIN 18 3.6. Other Government Ministries and Specialized Agencies 19 3.7. Regional and Local Government Bodies 21 4: ACADEMIC, EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING SECTOR 21 4.1 Metropolitan Technological University – UTEM 21 4.2 Universities with Geosciences Courses 23 4.3 Military Polytechnic Academy 25 5: THE PRIVATE SECTOR 26 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND ACRONYMS 28 ANNEX 1. List of SERNAGEOMIN Maps 29 ANNEX 2. Report from CENGEO (University of Talca) 37 2 REPORT ON CARTOGRAPHY IN CHILE: 2011 - 2015 PART ONE: CHILEAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE ICA 1.1: Introduction 1.1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Stress Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Earthquake Survivors
    Terapia Psicológica ISSN: 0716-6184 [email protected] Sociedad Chilena de Psicología Clínica Chile Leiva-Bianchi, Marcelo; Baher, Guillermo; Poblete, Carlos The Effects of Stress Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Earthquake Survivors. An Explanatory Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Terapia Psicológica, vol. 30, núm. 2, julio, 2012, pp. 51-59 Sociedad Chilena de Psicología Clínica Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=78523006005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative TERAPIA PSICOLÓGICA Copyright 2012 by Sociedad Chilena de Psicología Clínica 2012, Vol. 30, Nº 2, 51-59 ISSN 0716-6184 (impresa) · ISSN 0718-4808 (en línea) The Effects of Stress Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Earthquake Survivors. An Explanatory Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Efecto de las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en los síntomas de estrés post- traumático en sobrevivientes de un terremoto. Hacia un modelo explicativo del estrés post-traumático Marcelo Leiva-Bianchi Guillermo Baher & Carlos Poblete Faculty of Psychology, University of Talca, Chile (Rec: 6 de marzo de 2012 / Acep: 25 de abril de 2012) Resumen Se determinó el efecto de las estrategias de afrontamiento (WOC) en los síntomas de estrés post-traumático (PTSD) ante un evento estresante común para 304 personas (Chile, terremoto 27 de febrero de 2010), me- diante la aplicación del Ways of Coping Questionnaire y de la Davidson Scale of Trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Web Accessibility of Higher Education Institutions in Chile
    International Education Studies; Vol. 11, No. 12; 2018 ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Evaluation of Web Accessibility of Higher Education Institutions in Chile Carlos Máñez Carvajal1,2, Rocío Fernández Piqueras2 & Jose F. Cervera Mérida2 1 Escuela de doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain 2 Facultad de Psicología, Magisterio y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain Correspondence: Carlos Máñez Carvajal, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Godella, Valencia, Spain. Tel: 96-363-7412. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 6, 2018 Accepted: August 12, 2018 Online Published: November 27, 2018 doi:10.5539/ies.v11n12p140 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n12p140 Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the web accessibility concerning the websites of Chilean universities which are listed in The World University Rankings. Web accessibility is a fundamental factor in achieving a true educational inclusion. It is especially important in the light of the current trend of expanding not only the online content, but also online learning. What makes this even more essential is the Chilean legislation which under Law 20422 establishes the regulations regarding equality of opportunity and social inclusion of people with disabilities. The analysis has been conducted on the basis of the international standard set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), version WCAG 2.0. Evaluation methodology called WCAG-EM created by the same entity, has been applied in the analysis. Various automatic web accessibility evaluation tools have also been used, apart from manual verifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Humboldt State University Preliminary Tsunami Survey Team Report April 3, 2010
    Humboldt State University Preliminary Tsunami Survey Team Report April 3, 2010 An interdisciplinary team (see appendix for team members) with expertise in tsunami hazard assessment, mitigation, education, and outreach visited Chile from March 26 to April 3, 2010. The team focused on identifying the factors that effected the impacts of the February 27, 2010 M 8.8 earthquake and ensuing tsunami. Most ITST groups have specific goals – modelers need good runup and water level measurements, coastal engineers examine the performance and effects of coastal structures and so forth. Because our group was looking to identify the many threads that influenced outcome, we used intensive interviews with a broad section of people including public officials, radio station personnel, community organizers, business people, and the general public to learn about pre-event planning, response, and recovery issues. Our general approach was to emphasize that we were looking for the positive stories that could be used as examples for other countries. We used the USGS Surviving a Tsunami (Spanish version) as an example. We found people, even the mayor of Constitución, very willing to talk to us. Often our subjects were relatively reserved at the beginning but after 20 or 30 minutes became very open and discussed the problems as well as the successes. We usually ended our interviews by asking what should be done to assist in reducing vulnerability in the future. Our interview method was not statistically significant, but identified a broad range of issues that future groups and Chilean researchers can examine in more detail. Our group was also interested in identifying lessons for the United States and, in particular, the Cascadia subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Footprint Estimation in a University Campus: Evaluation and Insights
    sustainability Article Carbon Footprint Estimation in a University Campus: Evaluation and Insights Pablo Yañez 1, Arijit Sinha 2 and Marcia Vásquez 3,* 1 Department of Community Engagement, Vice-Presidency of Outreach and Engagement, University of Talca, 346000 Talca, Chile; [email protected] 2 Department of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry Sciences, University of Talca, 346000 Talca, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-994-586-715 Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 20 December 2019; Published: 24 December 2019 Abstract: Background: The University of Talca (UT), since 2012, has been annually tracking the carbon footprint (CF) based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol for all its five campuses. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the trajectory for determining the CF on campuses and identify the stressors. Methods: GHG protocol separates emissions into three scopes—1) direct; 2) indirect; 3) other indirect emissions. This study reports the emissions on the Talca campuses that are related to Scopes 1 through 3. The data is closely studied to draw inferences on the factors most affecting CF and recommend improvements. Results: The estimation of the CF in Scope 1 and Scope 2 were 2 0.03 tCO2e and 0.25 tCO2e per person per year, respectively. Results show Scope 3, which measures indirect emissions generated by activities like transportation of people, produced the highest contribution of 0.41 tCO2e per person to the UT’s CF in 2016. Conclusions: The study strongly suggested that transportation of students and faculty to and from the campus is one of the main stressors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Climatic Change Adaptation on Agricultural Productivity in Central Chile: a Stochastic Production Frontier Approach
    Article The Impact of Climatic Change Adaptation on Agricultural Productivity in Central Chile: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach Lisandro Roco 1,*, Boris Bravo-Ureta 2,3, Alejandra Engler 3,4 and Roberto Jara-Rojas 3,4 1 Department of Economics and Institute of Applied Regional Economics (IDEAR), Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile 2 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, CT, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Economics, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; [email protected] (A.E.); [email protected] (R.J.-R.) 4 Center for Socioeconomic Impact of Environmental Policies (CESIEP), Talca 3460000, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-55-235-5770 Received: 23 June 2017; Accepted: 13 September 2017; Published: 16 September 2017 Abstract: Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growth, and site-specific empirical evidence is needed to facilitate policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the impact of climate change adaptation on productivity for annual crops in Central Chile using a stochastic production frontier approach. The data come from a random sample of 265 farms located in four municipalities with different agro-climatic conditions. To measure climate change adaptation, a set of 14 practices was used in three different specifications: binary variable, count and index; representing decision, intensity and quality of adaptation, respectively. The aforementioned alternative variables were used in three different stochastic production frontier models. Results suggest that the use of adaptive practices had a significant and positive effect on productivity; the practice with the highest impact on productivity was irrigation improvement.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuerpo Académico Características Generales La Carrera De Pedagogía De Educación Media En Matemáticas Depende De La Facultad De Ciencias De La Educación
    Cuerpo académico Características generales La carrera de Pedagogía de Educación Media en Matemáticas depende de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Es política institucional de la Universidad para el aseguramiento de la calidad de la docencia (pre y postgrado) e investigación, que se formen unidades académicas especializadas en cada área disciplinar. En coherencia con lo anterior, la carrera solicita la docencia a las unidades académicas pertinentes. Los académicos que dictan los cursos disciplinares (Matemática, Física y Estadística) son académicos pertenecientes Instituto de Matemática y Física. Los cursos de Formación Pedagógica e Idiomas son académicos que pertenecen a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación a través de Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Educacional, Programa de Idiomas y Departamento de Pedagogía en Matemáticas (a fines de este año se llamará “Departamento de Enseñanza de la Ciencias Naturales y Exactas”. Se encuentra en un proceso de formación). Los cursos de Formación Fundamental que es transversal a todas las carreras de la Universidad de la Talca, son dictados por el Programa de Formación Fundamental perteneciente a la Vicerrectoría de Pregrado. Finalmente la Facultad de Psicología aporta con académicos para los cursos que le son propios. Por tanto, la Carrera cuenta con un cuerpo docente, cuyos miembros pertenecen a la planta académica o son contratados a honorarios. Los profesores de planta pertenecen al cuerpo académico regular o son Conferenciantes. Los primeros se categorizan de acuerdo a las siguientes jerarquías en orden decreciente: Profesor Titular, Profesor Asociado, Profesor Asistente e Instructor; a quienes corresponde realizar labores de docencia, investigación y otras del quehacer universitario.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors That Affect Post-Graduation Satisfaction of Chilean University Students
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321678336 Factors that Affect Post Graduation Satisfaction of Chilean University Students Article in Studies in Higher Education · December 2017 CITATIONS READS 3 79 5 authors, including: Oscar Espinoza Luis Eduardo González Fiegehen Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Educación (PIIE) Centro Interuniversitario de Desarrollo CINDA 222 PUBLICATIONS 748 CITATIONS 472 PUBLICATIONS 850 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Noel Mcginn Dante Miguel Castillo Harvard University Programa interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Educación, Chile 116 PUBLICATIONS 864 CITATIONS 71 PUBLICATIONS 144 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Personal View project Fondef Nº IT 13120027 View project All content following this page was uploaded by Luis Sandoval on 04 July 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Studies in Higher Education ISSN: 0307-5079 (Print) 1470-174X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cshe20 Factors that affect post-graduation satisfaction of Chilean university students Oscar Espinoza, Luis Eduardo González, Noel McGinn, Dante Castillo & Luis Sandoval To cite this article: Oscar Espinoza, Luis Eduardo González, Noel McGinn, Dante Castillo & Luis Sandoval (2017): Factors that affect post-graduation satisfaction of Chilean university students, Studies in Higher Education, DOI: 10.1080/03075079.2017.1407306
    [Show full text]
  • The Chilean Experience
    The University as an Agent of Social Change: The Chilean Experience Ricardo Chacón Mestre A Thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy [PhD] 2015 Department of Economics Faculty of Business and Law 1 ABSTRACT This thesis examines educational outcomes in Chile to determine whether or not universities act as agents of social change or whether they merely reinforce existing inequalities in society. In order to address this issue, the thesis builds a multi-layered interpretation of social change and a historically sensitive understanding of Chile’s development over time. By adopting an integrated approach linking the country’s social and cultural traditions with political, economic and social realities, the research builds a dynamic interpretation of the way in which higher education in Chile has been shaped by internal and external forces over time. As in other higher education systems the public discourse in Chile identifies universities as ‘agents of social change’ with the assumption being that these institutions act in the public interest as ‘critic and conscience’ of society. The fundamental problem with assumptions such as these is that they stem from theoretical and ideological positions that dominate the discourse on higher education rather than a detailed examination of empirical outcomes. By utilising two alternative theoretical traditions, namely human capital theory and the critical tradition, this research examines the trend data for Chilean universities in terms of enrolment, the teaching-learning process and outcomes. From this detailed empirical examination, it is evident that participation rates in higher education have increased over the past twenty years and this includes the increasing participation rates of the most vulnerable socio-economic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Restructuring and Coordinated Policies for Rural Development in Chile
    AGRICULTURAL RESTRUCTURING AND COORDINATED POLICIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILE by ALFREDO APEY A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography Faculty of Arts The University of Birmingham May 1995 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. SYNOPSIS Despite a successful process of economic growth in Chile principally engineered by a dramatic rise and diversification of primary exports since the late 1970s, rural poverty is still a widespread condition throughout the country; nearly 40 per cent of the rural population are affected by this condition. From a geographical perspective, rural poverty in Chile is a complex result of different intervening factors. The adoption of outward-oriented strategies of development since the mid-1970s has initiated some new trends that have adversely affected a significant segment of the rural popUlation. Thus, one of the results of the socio-productive change, which can be observed in the Chilean countryside, is a growing number of landless peasants and an aggressive market for agricultural land.
    [Show full text]
  • Talca Study Guide
    Student Guide for the M. Sc. Program in International Agribusiness (IARD) 2012-2013 1 1. Index How is Chile?.......................................................................3 Climate……………………………………………………..……….…….……..4 How to get to Talca……………………………………….…………….…..5 The first night……………………………………………………….…….…...8 About Talca……………………………………………………………...….…..9 How to get to the University…………………………………....…..…10 About the University……………………………………………….….…..11 University Services……………………………………………..…...12 Academic Terms…………………………………………..…..……..14 Study Program……………………………………………….………...15 Accommodation………………………………………………………..…….17 Practical information…………………………………………………….….18 Health Insurance…………………………………………………....…19 Bank account………………………………………..………..………...20 Commercial Schedules………………………………………..…..…21 Contacts………………………………………………………………………..…..23 2 2. How is Chile? Chile is a “long and thin strip of land”, located in the southern extreme of America, borders with Argentina, Peru and Bolivia. It possesses a length of 4,200 km approx. Its capital is Santiago de Chile. Talca is the capital of the VII Region “Región del Maule”. It is located 255 km south of Santiago. • Boundaries: . East : Argentina . West : Pacific ocean . North: VI Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins . South: VIII Región del Biobío. According to the “Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas” in Chile, Talca counted with 193,755 inhabitants. 3 3. Climate Because Chilean geography is so diverse its climate varies from region to region. Talca presents a Mediterranean climate, with dry season in summer. Minimum temperatures are in the order of 12 °C and maximums of 30°C. with rainy winters having from 340 mm to 1200 of rainfall. The temperature in this season reaches the 3°C. • Summer : Dec. to Feb. (19 ºC-30 ºC max.) • Winter : Jun. to Aug. (-2 ºC- 11ºC max.) smoggy and rainy 4 4. How to get to Talca? • After a long flight to Chile, the most probably is that you will arrive to Santiago.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd in Civil Law, Chilean, +56 226994405 / +56993466934/ +569224538927 [email protected] / [email protected]
    LAURA ALBORNOZ PhD in Civil Law, Chilean, +56 226994405 / +56993466934/ +569224538927 [email protected] / [email protected] EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 2002-1999 PhD in Civil Law (suma cum laude), University of Sevilla, Spain. 2001-1999 Master in Human Resources Management (with honors), International Business School (Ceren) of Madrid, Spain. 1998 Lawyer, Supreme Court of Justice, Santiago, Chile. 1991-1995 Bachelor of Law, University of Chile, Santiago. WORK EXPERIENCE Since 2013: University of Chile Position title: Professor, Research Fellow, School of Law, Universidad de Chile. http://www.derecho.uchile.cl/facultad/cuerpo-academico/124971/lista-de-academicos#a 2014-2018: CODELCO (National Copper Corporation of Chile) Position title: Director of the Board (First woman to be appointed to its 9- member Board of Directors) https://www.codelco.com/directorio/prontus_codelco/2016-09-21/111510.html#vtxt_cuerpo_T3 Activities: - Preparation of Codelco's annual Budget to the approval of the Ministry of Finance; transfer of utilities to the Treasury; constituting, participate or take interest in corporations and societies inside or outside the country. Modifying, dissolve or liquidate and appoint directors of linked companies is also part of our faculty as a board of directors; appoint and remove the CEO of Codelco; authorize the contracting of internal and external loans subject to the authorization of the Ministry of Finance. - Chairing the Committee of Directors of Corporate Governance and Sustainability, while applying a new corporate governance law demanding probity, transparency and accountability. CODELCO Sustainability Plan for the next ten years, which includes the "Green Copper" Program that considers a traceability procedure, is a highlight. - Responsible for directing the implementation of Director Training Programs for Codelco affiliated and associated companies and for internal mentoring as well as the Certification processes in the Chilean Standard 3262 of the company divisions.
    [Show full text]