Vivi

Karat

ze

ni

Epiru

b

w

pendence

Epirus

do

M

were th

seq so

M M at

dom

when order A. R

Carchedonians

early

w

cavat

w co

th

ti

th cl

gaps, o

in

i hi

te

of

The of

y Epirus

s

hich

c d

e

uth

ill ace wn earer.

oma

hi

ace

e s

In

e storica Pydna a e

nclu

from

the

ul

u

Th

timonies

recent

Ep

L

dit

revolution

und

c

Greek Historical

e

a a

depend

i

s s s

i h was

so

the ern donians. r

n

donian

knowledge

as

ons.

rl t

thus,

c iru e in

e

t

T

e Antiquity, n

the

included Epirus

ces

o

s we

rrane y

haeologi

ld

uffered

ions

e

s pr

hraci

the

th

presenc

r

l

s co 148

in

b

in

part,

toda

abolished.

re

and

as y

ese

Rom studies

inve

e

for

eg

durin

State.

the

ear

nqu

,

the

end

168

2n

a

is

s destro

innin on

an

th nt

wars,

l

BC,

n

w y

aves

E

In

s,

d

b

s

which

quite

of

.

image

e

er from

ti

-

piru

After

eca

ca

ans

so

cen

s

e incur

g

a

the

BC

of

gat

tud

T

confirma

167

r

ava

Philip

se ithin

l h

i

M

uth c

th

the

g

ye

h

n

b

b

th

m

in

ave h

data

tur the

-

i

t

data

s a s

The

y

ese

ase

y

e

of

findings

on

ilable

ace

aeo

meagre.

Epirus

d

a had e a e

to

sio ern

BC,

h

the

after

the of

Rom

aims eas

y

nd

n

and Macedon

d

the a

s wa

the

Jrd and

donia

data

becom

logi

t

in d

ew

Andriscos

n

BC

a

Rom

Epirus

defeat

tern on

de

s.

part 1

2nd rt

especially

Rom

rds

the

allied

tion

70

about

ce

Epiru

d

1 bound

The

150,000

at ed

an

vas

Ill ca

di

d

''

e

l

le

until

ntur

imi

of N

and ates

fe

th

c

saster

pr part

r l y

lost

ce

an

ad

o

fillin

p

iti

tatin

es

of ri

a ever

a

of

f

e

futur

ese er

in

esearc s

w

ntur

tin

ian

n

t

s a s

a.

es

ub

the

Ep

ed

province

y

much

t

Eas

s

from

Jrd

a

w

i

ith

o

th

it

Perseus

2

of

o

ri

was th

nting

g

g

BC,

g

nd

.

in

th

se

s

hi

iru Roman

ca

d

for people

king­

After

literar ce

e

es

y

e

e

t histor

the

inde­ the

con­

,

- the

e

the

c

u

h

yea

in

BC rtain

less

that par­

peri­

ex

s, h

of

put

se

as

it

and

­

s

d

r

, ,

y s

y

participate lo

their as

econom

Actium, centre r from

wa

th

Ni r t

h th se

Undoubtedl s sho

fore,

donment, province

pears

tains man

in

th

C koina Kastritsa

1 tinu

searc ye

tion

even

even Roman

manders

eviva quent

e

li egress

a

"

ca

rm

i

e

c e

some h

g

e g

d

All

z

copo

rd

t,

cen

htl ir

a

uld

ur

t

memor

from

e ca s

e radro

as

s

s.

i

dominant

the h,

c

-

representing

d l

independ

ty's

es

und more

y

in

that co

the

to the

01mn

u

It

that

tur

of

indic

civil

both

prob

lis even

around

se

the ic

b

cities

a

nt

aimed

K

appears r

b

gloomy

e

nd

- popul

h

s

d as

y

e th

egiona

th

c

e

for

and w

at e

assopi, in

eac

in

r Era

ave

y

iti

se maintain

nd

it

BC

c a an

e a e

e the

wars ab

a

y,

we

inh

hi

u

these

in

iti th

und

th s

r of

e

t

es

d

the

h e

destruction

e of

ve

d

l

ch

the

political

s r

of

e emogra s

es

y

e

th ence d

ll

4

a er

a

th

position,

ea

eco tr a

h

t

ofE political con

th

.

d

ti

t l

Aetolia o

bit

inh

be e As

coas

own

by

a

e

that as

Ammotop

amo

Strabo e Ambraci see

d se

th

o

governors

the

in e r

t

co

ex c by

th

exis

escr

foundin eg

nomi

n

ed

ircumst

ttlem

e

the

dition

the

histori

a

considered

pirus i

the

and

e m

- pedien

nst

s

the

bitant

ts and

ic

1

creating

ng

recon the

that

phi

t,

after de

until

" iption

at

instituti

to

of

po

a

8 arbitrary

c

Ambracia

archaeological

c a c

ce

nt

s gives some e

Macedonian

co

in

har

th

l

were

ir

a

c

foundation

nt

an

eas of

wer

h

S.

ca in

ntur

s'

the ances.

g

e

e

mmunity

nd

more

wars,

r s

ave cies

a

gene

a

os,

the

.

ac

d

e

tru

l

E

ll

deteriorated

ca n

167

t

t

Roman of Because

the

du

of

o

v

piru

Akarnania

t

a

typically

t

of

known,

c

of ptivation c

forced

g

y

e

i

ons

Gardiki

o

c

surv

overstated.

perpetuat

cto Nicopolis, ultural

iti

en

both

cti

r.

ulf, new

total

tion

r

BC

acts

E a disasters, BC

Excava­

a

ge 7 the

th

es

s l rea

d

5

on and

piru

ry

,

.

ived

ese

neral

to­

as

it

There­

, of

s

,

3

and

urban main­

Ro­

uff of

of

aban­ com­ apart

of

at

con­

of of

.

to

ap­

well

And

s

th

th

r

a -

e

er

an

the

nd

e

­

e

e

­

6

Dyrrachium Dyrrachium

Epirus Epirus loos loos

and and

ministrative ministrative

fected fected

h

auneia auneia

well well

serenity serenity

a

AD, AD,

pire pire

cletian, cletian,

century. century. in in

rise rise

will will

ing ing

The The

Especially Especially

independent independent

period period

temporarily temporarily

of of

this this Hadrian Hadrian

Trajan, Trajan,

between between

that that

empire empire Nicopolis Nicopolis

the the

gustus gustus

ry ry

Nicopolis Nicopolis area. area.

merit merit

Nicopolis Nicopolis emperors emperors tached tached

Nicopolis Nicopolis

of of

category category

contrary, contrary,

cities cities

Vetus) Vetus)

(where (where

bolition. bolition.

·

:

n·h'l1·1r n·h'l1·1r

Juli

Akarnania Akarnania

AD AD In In

th

The The

The The

coinage coinage

situation situation

of of

saw saw

invasion invasion

of of

not not

from from

with with

the the

declared declared

as as

e e

barbaric barbaric

In In

the the

a

were were

to to

consisting consisting

area.

by by

coins coins

n n

in in

Mountains Mountains

the the

is is

(Epirus (Epirus

Epirus Epirus

the the

of of

indicates indicates

Epirus Epirus

revival revival

is is

interval interval

it it

the the

until until

Most Most

Herouli Herouli

to to

last. last.

..L ..L

nPf1nlp.c nPf1nlp.c

also also

who who

Epirus. Epirus.

the the

a a

mainly mainly

they they

end end

T

27 27

Diocletian Diocletian

threatened threatened

was was

Nicopolis Nicopolis

showed showed

prosperity prosperity

the the

in in

as as

and and

for for

during during

Illyrian Illyrian

period period

treasures treasures

13 13

policies policies

he he

the the

not not

-

beginning beginning

provinces, provinces,

..l ..l

the the

at at

BC) BC)

as as

In In

its its

and and

years years

province, province,

and and

showed showed

128 128

the the

and and

peoples peoples

around around

west west

of of

a a

initially initially

likely likely

appears appears

survived survived

from from

'--

Nova) Nova)

administrative administrative

was was

and and

the the

Nicopolis Nicopolis

execution execution

its its

totally totally

the the

between between

few few

seat. seat.

J J

danger danger

the the

the the

includes includes

invade invade

of of

rP<:tf1rPrl rP<:tf1rPrl

shows shows

AD

begin begin

emperor emperor

Ambracia

and and

the the

particular particular

seat.

~-

of of

to to

middle middle 103-114 103-114

dynasty dynasty

divided divided

prosperity prosperity

and and

adapted adapted

the the

3

the the

-

1

more more

has has

in in

as as

3rd 3rd prosperity prosperity

further further

for for

0 0

and and

'

by by

-

1

recovery recovery

the the

d d

interest interest

the the

2 2

take take

early early

The The

established established

to to

submitted submitted

abandoned; abandoned;

1

Old Old

of of

its its

appointing appointing

century century

-

the the

4 4

also also

as as

the the

area area

of of

province province

to to

century century

Epirus. Epirus.

the the

been been

-

internal internal

the the

the the

have have

mouth mouth

Constantine, Constantine,

end end

in in

the the

of of

the the

p

seat seat

thP thP

-

centuries. centuries.

of of

the the

as as

advantage advantage invade invade

period period

constant constant

eliminated eliminated

into into

er

Epirus Epirus

. .

east. east.

2n

AD, AD,

showed showed

towards towards

9 9

turmoil turmoil

from from

-

the the

merit merit

building building

empire empire

north, north,

ioikides ioikides

foundation foundation

reforms reforms

a a

the the

in in

d d

2

related related

coastal coastal

of of

intPrn"l

of of

and and

v

for for

empire's empire's

"Sav

nd nd

century century

AD, AD,

The The

isited isited

of of

Trajan Trajan

two two

AD, AD,

-

In In

the the

age age

the the

misrule

the the

of of

--

by by

century, century,

3

of of

it it

the the

the the

Epirus. Epirus.

the the

of of

rd rd

on on

New New

---·-

to to

(Epirus (Epirus

267 267

Ache­

with with

iour

as as

the the

Achaia Achaia

Au­

-

special special mint­

the the

area area

This This

of of

hiding hiding

of of

caused caused

centu­

4

ad­

area area

the the

l l

cities cities

to to

Dio­

of of

ef­

this this

Ker­

th th

em­

the the

an an

city city

the the

as as

de­

-

" "

. .

of of

.

11 11

a a

logical logical

picture picture

sites sites

lytically lytically

of of

Dakaris Dakaris

Preveza Preveza

clarified clarified

tematicall

ginning ginning

prefecture prefecture

B. B.

fecture

More More

This This

chapters chapters

Roman Roman

Epirus Epirus

AD AD

of of

neighbouring neighbouring

PnrP PnrP

sea sea

and and

sources sources

sions, sions,

Dodona Dodona

refuge refuge references references

nection nection

rope rope

lapsing. lapsing. nal nal

is is 380 380

Theodosius Theodosius

buildings buildings

sions.

Nicopolis Nicopolis

works works

a a inhabitants inhabitants

an an

Christianity Christianity

the the

economic economic

cially cially

-

--

long long

mentioned mentioned

--

the the

During During

the the

After After

From From

episcopate episcopate

by by

stroke stroke

Sites Sites

4

in in

and and

facilitates facilitates

and and

chapter chapter

for for

t

tf""\ tf""\

·

1

h h

which which

to to

emphasis emphasis

7 7

-

Vandals Vandals

area's area's

Roman Roman

s s

in in

in in

period, period,

finds finds

the the

was was

century century

These These

given given

1

-

"T

is is

thP thP

of of

with with

to to 5 5

-

of of

that that

the the

by by

on on

--

395 395

the the

two two

stops stops

the the

y y

several several

other other

in in

Furthermore, Furthermore,

forced forced

was was

given given

-

was was

where where

to to

measures measures

hesprotia" hesprotia"

the the

mountainous mountainous

Ioannina Ioannina

every every

the the

published. published.

in in

conquered conquered

of of

r

Ostrogoths Ostrogoths

n.rPfPrh,,•pc n.rPfPrh,,•pc

remains remains

the the

history history

I)

mentioned mentioned

Nicopolis Nicopolis

death death

prevailed. prevailed.

restoration restoration

-

end end

AD, AD,

in in

will will

----

centuries. centuries.

two two

by by

southern southern

-

, ,

invasions invasions

seat.

islands islands

Epirus Epirus

the the

in in

functioning functioning

given given

Epirus Epirus

invasion invasion

ferociously ferociously

period period

according according

Epirus Epirus

while while 1970's. 1970's.

areas, areas,

will will

(possibly (possibly

according according

most most

Roman Roman

in in

references references

cities cities

the the

------

site site

467 467

of of

archaeological archaeological

and and

refer refer

invasions invasions

better better

1

of of

6 6

the the

during during

the the

be be

in in

and and

by by

inhabitants inhabitants

Julian Julian

traced traced

slightly slightly

of of

and and

cases, cases,

from from

probably probably

and and

suffers suffers

Nevertheless, Nevertheless,

two two

It It

have have

The The

of of

by by

which which

to to

order order

Epirus, Epirus,

studies studies

given given

AFihPcn.rAt-~., AFihPcn.rAt-~.,

in in

in in

Especially Especially

-

he he

will will

the the

4'

has has

of of

the the

period period

should should

Arta, Arta,

areas. areas.

-

in in

comprehension comprehension

Epirus Epirus

with with

to to

"Cassopaia". "Cassopaia".

h h

the the

Getes Getes

474 474

-----

to to plundered. plundered.

551 551

4 4

invasions invasions

at at

the the

took took

heavy heavy

oracle oracle

century century

the the

this this

to to

been been

7 7

by by

the the

in in

Slavic Slavic

not not

until until

Ionian Ionian

historical historical

disturb disturb

4 4

Gothic Gothic

sources sources

to to

later

the the

to to

sites sites

were were

1

since since

the the

AD. AD.

Visigoths Visigoths

AD, AD,

of of

AD. AD.

363 363

r

public public

8 8

th

in in

archaeo­

particular particular

age age

refer refer

release release

also also

been been

--

in in

to to

a a

remains remains

the the

and and

e

traced. traced.

S. S.

end end

the the

, ,

taxation. taxation.

the the

re re

at at

series series

in in

traced traced

inva­

--

Dodona Dodona

of of

The The

AD, AD,

517 517

seek seek

Sea Sea

-

col­

and and

of of

the the

refer-

Eu­

from from

pre­

be be

inva­

are are

-

espe­

con­

a

be

---

..,,..,,.-1 ..,,..,,.-1

each each

Old Old

sys­

of of

na­

His His

as as

the the

­

fi­

-

for for

in in

of of

-

Map Map

of of

Epi

rus. rus.

Roman Roman

Sit

es es

find

with with s. s.

IONIAN IONIAN

ALBANfA ALBANfA

SEA SEA

Dymokastro Dymokastro

lgoumenitsa lgoumenitsa

• •

Koutsi Koutsi

•Margariti• •Margariti•

eDoliani eDoliani

e e

Photiki Photiki

Paramythia Paramythia

Oraiokastro Oraiokastro

e e

e e

Prodromi Prodromi

Karyoti Karyoti

Veliani Veliani

Vasilikoe Vasilikoe

Aetopetra Aetopetra

GrammellQ GrammellQ

e e

e e

e e

· ·

Lyggose Lyggose

e e

Areti Areti

Rodotopi• Rodotopi•

e e

• •

Artopoula Artopoula

Anthochori Anthochori

Pr. Pr.

Kalpaki-Doliana Kalpaki-Doliana

Bestia Bestia

e e

• •

elliorachi elliorachi

ofiOANNINA ofiOANNINA

Gardikie Gardikie

eKalivia eKalivia

e e

•Dramesioi •Dramesioi

eKonilo;a eKonilo;a

Dodona Dodona

1 1

oannlna oannlna

Stavraki Stavraki

• •

e e

• •

• •

e e

Lycotrichi Lycotrichi

Perdika Perdika

e e

Loggades Loggades

e e

Kat~ika Kat~ika

Kastntsa Kastntsa

• •

Pistiana Pistiana

. .

eKypseli eKypseli

Pr.ofARTA Pr.ofARTA r6s r6s

shore

found.

moved moved

Area Area

In In

of of

Roman Roman

ing ing

man man

acropolis acropolis

sm

r66 r66

Dramesioi

the the

Roman Roman basilica basilica

found found

Dodona

two two

Apart Apart

Area Area

with with

were were

was was

nally, nally,

lo lo

basilica basilica

been been

chori.

centurie

B B

graves graves

ka ka century century

cist cist

Area Area

linkin

the the

dating dating

ods.1

ha

Sites Sites

riod. riod.

period. period. ne

tent

the

the the

ve ve

Ioannina, Ioannina,

w w

Slightly Slightly

a

the the

1. 1.

and and

Souli

se se

ll ll

h

surviving surviving

inland inland

graves graves

, ,

excavations excavations

found found

tom

phase phase

9 9

, ,

as as

data data

provided provided

been been

a a

with with

found found

p

a a

traced traced

of of

g g

26 26 Prefecture Prefecture

cif cif

locations, locations,

a a

31 31

of of

from from

More More

in in

citadel citadel

l

were were

Alepochori

to to

mosaic mosaic

over over

grave grave

a

been been

w

Mter Mter

small small

were were

the the

,

.

-

AD, AD,

period

s s

, ,

i

bstones bstones

the the

Outside Outside

2

Dodona-Grammeno Dodona-Grammeno

Lakka Lakka

n n

are are

the the

7 7

which which

e

AD.

the the

giving giving

. .

early early

re re

2

Roman-early Roman-early

were were

northern

located located

in in

extended extended

of of

has has

no

8 8

area area

the the

from from

in in

found found

2

a a

Ioannina Ioannina

in in

specifically, specifically,

located

1 1

found found

excavated excavated

area area

discovered discovered

of of

head head

"

22 22

Bestia remains remains

all, all,

Epirus Epirus

rth rth

early early

tombstone, tombstone,

while while

floor floor

Artopoula

Its Its

a a

. .

also also

the the

29 29

early early

Remains Remains

Christian Christian

despite despite

the the

conducted conducted

found found

was was

were were

of of

considerable considerable

Souli Souli

li

during during

the the

of of

another another

In In

Kale"

of of

ght ght

. .

along along

20 20

of of

Ambracian Ambracian

dating dating

area area

been been

Christian Christian

2

in in

, ,

3

, ,

and and

4 4

t

Grammeno, Grammeno,

the the

one one remains remains

in in

since since

in in

h

castle, castle,

In In

a a

r

Christian Christian

Dionysus Dionysus

of of

d d

and and

found found

of of

to to

e e

the the

basin basin

temple-like temple-like

dating dating

to to

in in

, , Romano Romano

Lyggos Lyggos

their their

between between

Alepochori Alepochori

Kas

building building

in in

the the

sanctuary sanctuary

an an

inside inside

a a

iden

25 25

Ch

the the

this this

of of

of of

Ioannina Ioannina

most most

settlement settlement

to to

area, area,

4th 4th

which, which,

Roman Roman

Hellenistic Hellenistic

neighbouring neighbouring

the the

and and

Sistrouni.

in in

on on

tri tri

early early

the the

ristian ristian

a a

recent recent

dating dating

the the

plain plain

confin

from from

tifi

times times

historical historical

century century

amount amount

to to

Roman Roman

some some

earlier earlier

Gulf Gulf

the the

hill hill

was was

the the

Antho­

basilica basilica

likely likely

(Mospina) (Mospina)

was was

main main

ed.

1

the the

Poli

in in

remains remains

Christian Christian

two two

a a

s

t t

of of

coins coins

at at

lake­

whe a a

finds finds

30 30

build­

c

years, years,

Ro­

have have

-

e

to to

the the

with with

found found

two two

a

of of

late late

23 23

d d

2

s

a

2nd 2nd

stle stle

Lak­

peri­

AD AD

t

roads roads

nd nd

n

of of

a

the the

bath bath

ex­

d d

Fi­

r

pe­

fY­

e e

a a

site site

mer mer

Roman Roman

Remains Remains

Area Area

seem seem

sults sults

AD

fortification, fortification, dated dated

which, which,

atel F F

from from

the the

northern northern

bl

Hellenistic Hellenistic

tion tion

ditional ditional

of of

of of

ry ry Roman Roman

excavation excavation

the the

Alongside Alongside

ki ki

covered covered

of of

ancient ancient

Roman Roman

of of

Hellenistic Hellenistic

century century

of of

found found ha Rodotopi, Rodotopi,

found found

Lycotrichi

coph

been been

grave grave

moved moved

the the

times.

made made

Wozniak, Wozniak,

y y

s s

AD).

wh

Of Of

another another

the the

which which

a a

a a

Architectural Architectural

Foundat

y y

Tekmon

4

vears vears

of of

hill hill

been been

fact fact

1

Gribiani)

confined confined

Roman Roman

of of

uncovered uncovered

. .

a

after after

the the

to to

of of

traced traced

to to

e

It It

3

g

in in

a a

Pe

of of

lake lake

in in

in in

2 2

re re

acco

us us

the the

39 39

over over

of of

period period

great great

Passaron, Passaron,

second second

ve

AD AD

period period

Parakalamos Parakalamos

s

It It

two two

inscripti

that that

the the

trovouni

Loggades.

limestone, limestone,

hould hould

of of

of of

4th 4th

and and

recognised recognised

Stavraki

the the

a a

remains remains

of of

167 167

rifY rifY

Kastritsa

.

Rodotopi, Rodotopi,

is is

fortified fortified

35 35

ion

a a

buildings buildings

research research

of of

aforementioned aforementioned

fortified fortified

these these

temple temple

rding rding

, ,

a a

the the

in in

l

century century

also also repairs repairs

from from

are are

Roman Roman

the the

Hellenistic Hellenistic

estimated estimated

Two Two

it it

emperor emperor

ate ate

.

area area

interest interest

fort fort

southern southern

43 43

Ioannina, Ioannina,

area area

s s

BC. BC.

the the

w

Katsika

have have

the the

be be

construct

(1

Rom

of of

preserved. preserved.

remains remains

ons ons

Roman Roman

3r

a

come come

restorations restorations

, ,

is is

.

to to

" "

s s

36 36

Roman Roman

in in

b

and and

another another

at at

d d

above above

3

a a

conduc

noted noted

, ,

of of

However

century century

e

4 4

found found

located, located,

foundations foundations

Mo

dating dating

cond

have have

cent

by by

Hellenistic Hellenistic

Further Further

S. S.

Roman Roman

been been

tween tween

in in

and and

the the

whic

use use

to to

a

cons

Areios Areios

are are

on on

dating dating

n n

3

potsherds potsherds

Dakaris, Dakaris,

that that

3 3

the the

from from

part part

los

the the

the the

where where

ur

buildings

r

and and

village village

during during

u

ion ion

view. view.

as as

a a

been been

period. the the

the the

u

that that

tructi

h h

reported reported

in in

ted ted

sian sian

cted cted

y y

4

lo

li

graves graves

headless headless

to to

southern southern

Kranoula Kranoula

0 0

well well

remains remains

it it

BC-

6t

excavation excavation

ng

the the

present present

of of

AD AD

, ,

The The

north, north,

cation, cation,

Zeus. Zeus.

Rodotopi.

debris. debris.

building building

phase, phase,

a a

hill hill

to to

results results

s

h h

accord

the the

had had

in in

on on

hould hould

. .

city, city,

recognised, recognised,

Roman Roman

the the

the the

century century

in in

on on

date date

imm

Areti Areti

city, city,

excava

the the

of of

the the

4

as as

were were

of of

1992 1992

1

of of

2 2

were were

the the

, ,

excava

Roman Roman

1994 1994

been been

" "

The The

Two Two

the the

phase

ancient ancient

remains remains

two two

a a

proba­

in in

in in

the the

stat

in in

2

an an

of of

ing ing due due

Gardi­

centu­

of of

the the

e

ea

from from

be be

sa

edge edge

n

an

rli

(for­

d d

have have

the the

rl

tion tion

use use

r­

un­

one one

the the

ue ue

the the

also also

ad­

­

re­

38 38

d d

on on

y y

­

to to

37 37 to to river ments, logical

been continuous from location Elia. tian mote of late Palaiogoritsa

basilica). the

Palaiogoritsa, farmhouse to of chitectural westwards and

the found AD

dating of period Iliorrachi, a

complex Around which Area have was man

stone Lachanocastro). Roman

valley Area

Christian basilicas

remains Area the

Graves

cist

The

Konitsa

a

Nevertheless, the

the

Justinian

area

Roman

period.

Kalpaki-Doliana

architectural

large

The

was found

Aoos

very

the

grave

been

rocky

grave

of

dating

if

if

in

early as late of

remains,

to

the

density

under

dating

of A

of

the

finds

found

of

Konitsa

have

Roman Pogoni

it

ruins Kalpaki-

the Gormos of

the

building

favourable

basilica

while

and

suggests

of

Roman

traced

double river remains were in

an

Konitsa. has flow

consisted

As

at

dating

hill,

Christian

the

plain times

age

and

to

site

the

on

early

Kastani,

least investigation

been

and

important

to

indicated

its

of

of been

in

the

45

the

early Aoos

above

most

of

discovered architectural

top remain

Agricultural

remains

Konitsa

of

years

the

with

Additionally,

a

tributaries the

Aetopetra.

have

of

in

was

remains

cist

to

were Doliana

two

Christian

the period

ample

fort probably

wider

found

Eight

2nd-

Kalivia

found

Konitsa

of

for of

Oraiokastro

area. Roman

the

Christian

46

remains

period remains

flows,

grave

found

Konitsa.

remains

to

existence been

early

which

probably

a

while

also

on

by

human

settlement

1"

in 1"- vast

were

4

the

water Roman

area

in

.

was

4

of

4

in

at

century

8 on

the

top

the many

in dating A

traced

found

of

period the

A Christian

through

between

(probably

Vasiliko.

an

remains period

2nd

early

School.

plain,

in Kleidonia.

a

are

had

the

4 found a

found

small

the

from

combina-

building

a times 9

archaeo­

late

of

site

fi·om

settle­

tomb­

early

plain

the

at

dating

Roman

centuries

(or

traced

coins sites

remains

a

hill always

Chris­

dating

at

to this

dating

a

BC

of Ro­

were

re­

area pillar

the

and

in

and

47

Ax­

the

the

the

of

of

a

to

in

probably

A of B.2 goods, ern

the si)

been have must well which riod -

In of search.

identified Nevertheless,

only mentioned Konitsa above is of shown next since side presented AD

ably the to route same when in

cent

which ently, Flamininus in

extending

of tion

tion

early

_54

Arta, Roman

set

Ioannina,

Apollonia.

Pindos,

the

On

198 the great

excavations

cemetery

parallel

and

as (known

have

be also

be with

years.

of

to found

have

as Prefecture

Genousos passage

this

between

the

was

52

retrieving

interior

according

the

beginning

the further follows

BC

Christian

where

defence

a identified

a

must

confirmed

importance

a

the

been

big

station.

been

with

is

city on

been building sites

Smolikas

storage

Thus, right

discovered

to

remains

in

on

route

in

to

only

the

mouth

as

51

such mountain was

of

. have

the the

any

Thus,

only

Metsovo.

the

found

down

uplands

This his

the

Tabula

Epirus suitable

found conducted the

a

fortification.

is

ancient passage

edge

after

this

to Anyone

settlement

map a

area

Roman

of to

a

with

place

shown

other

way

narrows

an

flow admired

by

few

with remains of

recently, main

Leake's

and

river of

a

a

.

is

Ilio,

passage

of

:

in

of

near assumption

his

a

larger natural

of

Roman and archaeological Peutingeriana)

of

the the

of to

for

the 53

remains

fortification,

chain,

Ambracia,

of for Tymfi, Philip

Perdika

source,

the

4 Apollonia. Arta

which

the cmnmunication

is

defeat

on

who

Roman

Macedonia

the

outpost,

Albania

in

aligned

fact

river the

the

the

of

Roman

interpretation

probably

the

agricultural of

in

constructions river,

river

Additionally,

its

should

4

one

Aoos.

passage,

prefecture

V

the

the

river southwest­

construc­ coins,

Konitsa.

has

which

that

mountains

may northern

Apsos

of is

by

(Moule­

century

followed

may

section

flowing

right

coins not site Roman

rooms,

have

in

during visited

this

5 Appar­

it

route

Aoos

0

prob­

be

Aoos,

as

re­

The

re­

as

lies

rise

Ilio

is

pe­

Nevertheless, Nevertheless,

bic bic

claimed claimed

s

mortar. mortar.

the the

Ambracia

the the

tions

site site

restorations restorations

r68 r68

north north

have have

man man

Sykies, Sykies,

plain plain

Kostakioi. Kostakioi.

Further Further

tian tian

with with

i

church church

mer mer

bracia bracia

Ambraciots, Ambraciots,

inhabitants inhabitants

or or

city city

of of

referring referring

Nicopolis Nicopolis

A A

non-existent. non-existent. western western

the the

inating inating Arta Arta

two two

vestigated56 vestigated56

more, more,

management management AD. AD.

turies turies

man man

the the

area, area,

of of have have

century century

the the

lightl

c c

floor floor

few few

In In

Both Both

the the

4 4

the the

invasions invasions

period period

more more

of of

finds finds

river river

building building

period

is is

, ,

prominence. prominence.

already already

Other Other

or or

centuries, centuries,

not not

Roman Roman

period period

at at

date date

y y

surrounding surrounding

began.

the the

the the

coast coast

AD AD

graves graves

inhabited inhabited

remains remains Phidokastro,

doesn

1st 1st

3'd 3'd

occasiona

on on

According According

probably probably

earlier, earlier,

from from

a a

early early

was was

that that

architectural architectural

AD AD

the the

cemetery cemetery

yet yet

Arachthos Arachthos

'

prefecture prefecture

fortification fortification site, site,

to to

recent recent

of of

cen

s s

-

to to

In In

dating dating

the the

have have

61 61

of of

fortified fortified

settle settle

architectural architectural

of of

of of

55 55

and and

beginning beginning

found found

the the

known known

the the

' '

aforementioned aforementioned

prove prove

have have

the the

been been

and and

the the

during during

were were

tury tury

was was

dating dating

59 59

old old

from from

Christian Christian

the the

t t

building building

remains remains

the the

which which

As As

hill hill

small small

the the

whereas whereas

come come

even even

been been

5

demo

in in

l l restorations restorations

restorations restorations

for for

4th 4th

dating dating

60 60

was was

same same

Turkish Turkish

excavations excavations

derives derives

to to

th th

to to

constructed constructed

been been

find

BC, BC,

Ambracian Ambracian

investigated. investigated.

the the

of of

to to

of of

traced traced

that that

very very

during during

the the

century century

port port

inscriptions inscriptions

near near

century century

to to

Nicopolis Nicopolis

a a

stones, stones, of of

the the

the the

though though

has has

s s

remains remains

St. St.

Hammond's Hammond's

to to

found found

ancien

in in

s s

further further

was was

are are

city city

and and

and and

ofTEIY ofTEIY

Arta, Arta,

area, area,

the the

of of

southern southern

period period

P P

the the

traced traced

(coins, (coins,

to to

ea

Theodora, Theodora,

imperial imperial

an an

use use

9th 9th

remains remains

not not

indicate indicate

from from

the the

a a

Soustal Soustal

domination domination

traced traced

the the

rl

restored restored

the the

the the

of of

first first

the the

assure assure

few few

history history

end end

bricks bricks

y y

century century

of of

are are

t t

remains remains

in in

until until

AD, AD,

it it

other other

with with

date date

yet yet

data data

area area

Ambracia.

in in

Arta: Arta:

it it

of of

period period

4th 4th

in in

gulf

in in

lamps) lamps)

1960'

lo

the the

the the

early early

62 62

poli

at at

exist exist

the the

three three

nearly nearly years years

has has

when when

the the

Further­

the the

from from

ses ses

in in

At At

been been

the the

edge edge

whereas whereas

from from

the the

century century

the the

times times

relates relates

that that

later later

to to

the the

and and

of of

. .

the the

s s

estima­

and and

sites sites

finds, finds,

ancient ancient

south­

a a

in in

of of

which which

during during

th

been been

of of

s s

AD. AD.

the the

in in

its its

city city

Chris­

Ro­

the the

of of

the the

mosa­

1

same same

of of

end end

in in

ago. ago.

cen­

Am­ e e

Ara­

end end

orig­

the the

s

or or

the the

its its

the the

in­

of of

t t

the the

Ro­

for­

vast vast a a

and and

58 58

6

3 3

of of

3 3

habitation habitation yet yet

goon

man-early man-early

ther ther

building building

the the

ports ports

early early

bay

the the

Area Area

Sites Sites

riod riod

after after

The The sopaia", sopaia",

B.3 B.3

relevant relevant

wi

St. St.

In In the the

were were

early early

in in

Ambracian Ambracian fmds fmds

ture ture

AD. AD.

hill hill

from from

The The

early early

traced traced

rooms, rooms,

is is

octagonal octagonal

known known

remains remains

parts parts 1994 1994

the the

neighbouring neighbouring Roman Roman served served

Roman Roman

a a

th th

Kypseli Kypseli

In In

the the

Further Further

72

Thomas Thomas

been been

chapel chapel

more more

extended extended

of of

66 66 areas areas

building building

east, east,

, ,

have have

number number

, ,

of of

the the

with with

excavation excavation

Chris

Roman Roman

Christian Christian have have

found found

of of

Chris

the the

whic

the the

as as

oJVathy oJVathy

s

attested attested

Prefecture Prefecture

Remains Remains

it

prefecture prefecture

St. St.

in in

Arta, Arta,

in in

oil-pressing oil-pressing

to to

es es

Nic

well well

have have

chapter chapter

of of

are are

period period

times.

field field

investigated. investigated.

in in

recent recent

of of

mountainous mountainous

another another

Aikaterine

1

been been

the the

during during

finds finds

building, building,

Christian Christian

were were

tian tian

h h

of of

been been

st st

have have

(Chosepsi)

ti

architectural architectural

a a

gulf. gulf.

the the

opolis

in in

preserved preserved

residence, residence,

an an

century century

used used

only only

as as

Roman Roman

complex

of of

been been

St. St.

remains

remains remains

area area

surveys surveys

that that

area area

64 64

Pistiana

basilica

bay-Margarona­

Nicopolis,

traced traced

period period

a a

area area

dating dating

have have

existed existed

of of

these these

traced traced

6

conducted conducted

traced

church, church,

of of

Minas, Minas,

After After

7 7

tombstone tombstone

of of

the the

site site

. .

to to

two two

the the

of of

the the

traced traced

In In

S. S.

of of

estab

probably probably

, ,

Preveza, Preveza,

period period

of of

AD AD

be be

been been

at at

, ,

. . Strongyli, Strongyli,

Dakaris Dakaris

villa villa

Near Near

Roman Roman

ofPreveza ofPreveza

, ,

sites sites

of of

6

Margarona

Koronisia

of of

73 73

of of

;mmnrl ;mmnrl

: :

mentioned mentioned

6

villa villa

dating dating

all, all,

sites sites

consists consists

late late

9 9

to to

which which

have have

s

8 8

the the

area area

two two

for for

ho

the the the the

one one

remains remains

are are

lishm

remai

recent recent

and and

Strongyli: Strongyli:

the the

to to

th

70 70

from from

architectural architectural

rustica rustica wing wing

has has

found found

Roman Roman

Pogonitsa Pogonitsa

a a

Margarona

was was

with with

from from

e e

remains remains

coasts coasts

th

the the

located. located. many many

built built

of of

also also

of of

dating dating

Roman Roman

long long

apart apart

a a

a a

to to

Roman Roman

study study

at at

ent ent

apart apart

period

the> the>

ns ns

mu

of of

tombstone tombstone

the the

bathhouse. bathhouse.

the the

very very

years.7

where where

. .

in in

3r

signs signs

65 65

the the

have have

are are

been been

Roman Roman

are are

, ,

of of

1992 1992

graves graves

in in

v~thy v~thy

store­

d d

ltiplied ltiplied

and and

o

in in

of of

sites sites

time. time.

use use

fi.·om fi.·om

prefec­

on on

two two

cent

ut

and and

from from

"Cas­

to to

a a

Ro

of of

the the

Fur­

pre­

early. early.

.7

the the

the the

and and

side side

la­

of of

not not

1 1

pe­

4 4

an an

, ,

the the

the the

the the

to to

an an

in in

ur

­

It It y y sumption

traced are d church The Dakaris i which to

Area in tic firmed cient invasions seems likely On

fortification

should Vouchetion sounta, cities diately the

Area ry the In known Christian Remains period and Area Rem century found ing of in Archangelo the building

In Area tian the

.e

a

tions

.

the

the

AD

Michalitsi

Stefani, fortification, this

after

preserved the

Roman

church the

village

to church

a

remains

period

Vatia

a

in

of

of that

funeral of

ins

years in of

that

area.

Hammond

both

the

village

were

site.

after be of by

were

of

in

as

hill

dates

AD

167 Rizovourli

167

Stifani-Nea Kamarina-

Michalitsi

the

dated

of

of 82 of

of

basilica

the

the

Palioroforo). th

dated,

the

the

Roman such

th

of

Finally,

of

ofKastri,

of

s

of are are

in

the period

the (castle

are e

a

a the

found

as BC,

BC.

_7 found

of area e

inside

to

Archangel

inscription

Koimisis

same

7

fortification

building

building ofNea

late St

restorations

St.

foundations

the

the

well

to

preserved. located

an

Virgin). one

late

related an

destruction .

the

81

according

whereas

Barbara

Apostles

of

have

the

defines

Roman

barbaric

plain early

Roman

of

However,

assun1ption period in

in and

period

the

as

Roman

-N

early can the

Oropos

the

Rogoi),

Sampsounta,

Rom Oropos

Kamarina.

Kerasounta

tis cist

79

.

been

with

dating

to

A

84

particularly

walls,

os

Christian modern

of

observe

Sampsounta­

.

Theotokou

of

remains

80

Wozniak

Roman

75 ,

Building

as

In tombstone the

of

graves

and

of

pottery

have the

of

Grammeno

to a invasions pottery

In

was the

of

n-early

a

medieval, traced

times.

the it

the

the

under

a

later Dakaris barbaric

to

mosaic

(previously

Nea

remains

in is the

is

early

2nd

also

also

78

repairs

village, Hellenis­ the

ancient

con­

of ancient

more

the

of

basilica period,

Epirote

found

NW

It

repairs dates

under foun­

(As­ centu­ was

Kera­

imme­

a

Chris­

.

the

an­

been

found

83

1

dat­

area

,

later

floor

st

76

to

of

of

of

a

indicated

Area and Valtos A Kyriaki. Dak ered located, Hammond

more

where from tion in cist recent of farmhouse, In Riza, Roman sepulchral Pelagia Area Fragokklisia. man E Archangel Plain

Thesprotiko, structed Hadrian Augustus. duct northern

south, Roman aqueduct cient the tween Area tion the site both

St

x

male marble male

habitation

the

tended .

the

graves

a a

bridge Louros

Georgios

of

possible

of

ris

period

of

are

the

in tombstone of

recent

in one,

of

and

of

of area

years

plain in

the

the

Kouremadi

the

at

Tile

the

dates one

building Parga

the

the pottery

Kastrosykia-Riza Acheron

after

also

Panagia

or

Roman

by

St.

one,

of

The

Kastrosykia.

os. Anthousa.

architectural

probably

and monument

remains

two

ofNekromanteio, classical-

on

defines

are Julian.

basin 1st

in

of

90 are church site

the graves can

construction

Georgios,

Nicopolis

88

that

Stefani, preserved

were

it

the

Valanidorrachi. probably

century

the

sherds

southern

statue

located the

bridges

to

located

large

of

and

observe with

complex,

a at

period

destruction

87

. (Voulista)-Kerasona

north

the

85

also

river Artolithia

as of settlement

were

Hellenistic

of dating Panagia.

95

Remains

94

a

Louros

medieval,

were

number

ancient

89

a

dating In

Roman

St.

was dedicatory

BC

remains

further

are

remains

traced

in of

Latin

in The

in

Acheron,

bridge

found

i

in

have Agia,

s

phase

Sofia

Rizovouni, the

86

the

the

preserved.

to

found probably

the found.

the

were

Further and remains

to

or

where

inscription. 92

the of Pandosia

existed, of aqueduct,

during

been of

site

years

north

it

period

most period

both

of

whereas

and fortifica­ and was

In

which

the

the

the potsherds

is

in

age

91

remains inscrip­

the

found

of

Kastri,

consid­

traced

in

Signs

a con­ Ro­

of St.

a

in

two an­

aque­

at

of

St. Be­

the .

of

as

93

a

the

are

a

-

96

in

remains remains

literary literary

traced traced

identified identified Glyki Glyki

early early

!70 !70

the the cities cities

preserved preserved

of of

swns. swns.

mains mains

city city to to

dicate dicate

habitants habitants

of of

the the suitable suitable Donatos). Donatos).

c

in in was was

tinian tinian

Paramythia, Paramythia,

mains mains

portant portant

ern ern man man

cance cance

study. study.

be be sites sites

the the

As As

B.4 B.4

man man

" tia

chapter chapter

funeral funeral

umn umn

man man

period period

Very Very

coins coins

ous ous

a

Thesprotia". Thesprotia".

stle stle

Acheron, Acheron,

Archaeological Archaeological

Evidence Evidence

, ,

decline, decline,

the the

Photiki Photiki

the the

limited limited

is is

gorge gorge

are are

inscriptions, inscriptions,

publication publication

Epirus Epirus

which which

built built

areas areas

and and

Christian Christian

domination domination

period period

tombstone tombstone

of of

mentioned mentioned

few few

comes comes

and and

serving serving

Prefecture Prefecture were were

of of

in in

built built

the the

the the

remains of of

1

analysed analysed

sources

have have

" "

inscription inscription

of of

for for

site site

southern southern

B

an an

the the

Photiki Photiki

those those

in in

century century

on on

in in

, ,

with with

of of

of of

sites sites

Paramythia: Paramythia:

Due Due

second second

wealth wealth

a a

probably probably

is is

the the

to to

after after

after after

on on

found found

establishing establishing

where where

in in

early early

during during

case case

unfortified unfortified

of of

at at

from from

Glyki, Glyki,

the the

Souli. Souli.

been been

valley valley

a a

undoubtedly undoubtedly

as as

the the

Thus, Thus,

, ,

.

plain plain

with with

the the

sites sites

period period

the the

the the

Euroia, Euroia,

1

a a

that that

to to

the the

0

of of

in in

the the

a a

the the

Nicopolis. Nicopolis.

prefecture. prefecture.

1 1

in in

of of

settlement

in in

are are

in in

Epirus Epirus

Christian Christian

and and

Valanidousa

reference reference remains remains

Roman Roman

BC.

refuge refuge

the the

in in

traced traced

This This

the the

site site

prefecture prefecture

hill hill

the the

Ano Ano

the the

architectural architectural

at at

of of

carved carved

the the

with with an an

have have

Thesprotia, Thesprotia,

the the

finds finds

due due

6

marble marble

the the

and and

Trikastro

preserved preserved

'

h h

the the

prosperity prosperity

of of

100 100

fact fact

Kokytos, Kokytos,

in in

have have

aforementioned aforementioned

emergency. emergency.

of of

river river

above above

one one

study study

period period

century century

fortification, fortification,

settlement. settlement. introduction introduction

site site

present present

Rachi.

its its

to to

The The

known known

been been finds finds

for for

Karioti, Karioti,

in in

Limboni Limboni

northern northern

of of

Thesprotia Thesprotia

of of

City City

that that

the the

on on

, ,

It It

barbaric barbaric

of of

also also soil soil

church church

Potsherds Potsherds

of of

sarcophagi, sarcophagi,

has has

the the

flows flows

graves graves

the the

the the

the the

of of

Param

.

was was

extended extended

97 97

ofThespro­

a a

99 99

the the

the the

most most

of of

traced traced

of of

the the 98 98

near near

in in

between between

in in

AD AD

was was

small small

been been

S. S.

mountain­

and and

been been

paper paper

sections, sections,

Roman Roman

by by

city's city's

of of

Roman­

A A

the the

there there

the the

founded founded

from from

Dakaris Dakaris

four four

The The

south­

basic basic

signifi­

city city

(St. (St. and and

Re-

are are

bank bank

y

the the

Latin Latin

the the

im­ un­

begins begins

inva

a a

Jus­

thia thia

of of

Ro­

after after

Ro­

col­

and and

Ro­

in­

will will

also also

size size

are are

in­

re­

re­

­

a a

basin basin

smaller smaller

gathered gathered

m

are are

(like (like

tained tained

From From

Doliani, Doliani, fortification fortification

C. C.

cient cient

riod

loi loi this this cent cent

north. north.

trolling trolling

on on

house house

that that

New New

Igoumenitsa, Igoumenitsa,

where where

entrance entrance period period

tion tion exist exist

of of

fortification fortification

period.

site site

ling ling cemeteries cemeteries

of of

tion tion

ably ably

mountains mountains

angle angle recent recent

and and

of of

Prodromi.

scriptions scriptions

whereas whereas the the

m

a

a

n n

In In

the the

Ladochori Ladochori

In In

Latin Latin

Koutsi, Koutsi,

village, village,

abandoned abandoned

a a

ins ins

Conclusions Conclusions

fort fort

.

of of

small small

is is

the the

1

the the

the the

domination, domination,

restorations restorations

traces traces

phase phase

remote remote

dating dating

in in

ofloannina), ofloannina),

09 09

Fanoti. Fanoti.

the the

Seleukeia

the the

the the

of of

According According

that that were were

probably probably

Roman Roman

Dymokastro.

of of

a a

fort fort

plains plains

have have

104 104

He He

the the

11

the the

probably probably

Turkish Turkish

plains plains

coa

Plataria Plataria

inscriptions inscriptions

at at

an an

Roman Roman

0 0

of of

ar

an an

area area

aforementioned aforementioned

plain plain

This This

102 102

and and

between between

a a

which which

during during

of of

of of

e

the the

of of

also also

is is of of

plain plain

s

to to

ancient ancient

the the

discovered discovered

ancient ancient

of of

a a

fort fort

been been

tal tal

of of

early early

hill, hill,

date date

the the

(such (such built built

this this

and and

this this

of of

Parga, Parga,

the the

of of

the the

and and

of of

coins coins

the the

, ,

or or

coasts coasts

fort fort

ancient ancient

of of

plain plain

claim

Igoumenitsa Igoumenitsa

part part

near near

bay. bay.

castle castle

to to

exists exists

Filiates, Filiates,

which which

Igoumenitsa

remains remains

of of

the the Arta Arta

graves graves

to to

to to

he he

dates dates

late late

Roman-early Roman-early

period period era era

traced, traced,

Xenia, Xenia,

Christian Christian

Margariti

the the

Roman Roman

the the

in in

a

the the

as as

was was

be be

1

fort fort

the the

ncient ncient

fortification, fortification,

Goumani Goumani

Dakaris' Dakaris'

D5 D5

the the

in in

of of

were were

identifies identifies

Signs Signs

have have

s s

the the

mountainous mountainous

of of

and and

the the

exist.

Konitsa, Konitsa,

Roman Roman

period period

and and

river river

is is

that that

observed observed

(known (known

settlements settlements

in in

Elina, Elina,

a a

to to

the the

plain plain

used used

was was

Plataria

were were

at at

Roman Roman

north north

located, located,

city city

Roman Roman

while while

a a

also also

inner inner

of of

1992.

the the

sites

been been

the the

found found

Acheron), Acheron),

Lygia, Lygia,

of of

settlement settlement

1

or or

settlement settlement

north north

the the

06 06

.

basins basins

basilica, basilica,

103 103

a a

used used

bay.

estimations, estimations,

for for

, ,

of of

of of

a a

at at

of of

discovered discovered

vast vast

Restorations Restorations

late late

exist exist

building building

Roman Roman

from from

, ,

at at

period period

Kalpaki, Kalpaki,

with with

more more

of of

it it

In In

as as

1

construc

, ,

side, side, on on

found found

Margariti Margariti

0

the the

Christian Christian

in in

the the

1

on on

control­

oeriod. oeriod.

8 8

a a

in in

the the

fortifica­

07 07

at at

is is

farm­

for for

western western

Kasnetsi) Kasnetsi)

the the

Roman Roman

plains plains

the the

and and

more more

are are

the the

areas areas in in

the the

Veliani, Veliani,

In In

ascer­

the the

the the

an­

the the

coastal coastal

Ro­

in­

prob­

site

in in

re­

con­

My­

at at

the the

also also

site site

and and

in in

pe­

hill hill

­

s s at at landowner sources AD,

tion.11 in (latifundia) the one, bly mouth As luxurious this has that the large of banker period. erties undertook mans form leading from ning is tlements, scriptions, status AD. been decline, dicated lenistic seats.

to South

the and lages numbers ing lack completed low Hierokles about

urban ment. across

no

Nea

Apart

these

survive

aforementioned,

in

been exploitation

mouth

period

walled

the

as

in

Although

Dodona,

owners

the

of

of

112

estates

indication

abandoned. of

settled of

5 in

as

They

Riza

these becomes centres Epirus: the

Epirus, The Titus

of

Seleukeia

referring

years

archaeological It

The

by

the

5th

since

a inhabitancy wea

a acquisition

the

from

found

farmhouses only

Louros,

is villa

rural

city

i

that

main it until

in

the

s cities agricu

of century,

becomes

until

of

regime 1"

known must l

settlements

especially

of

area

valid earlier later

in

thy Pomponius

built

Nicopolis

which

the

in

the

is

Nicopolis,

Preveza.

it four

the the

century until

two called presents

large

Epirus,

character.

in

around

known

Tabula

of roads.

of small.

initially

the Romans;

of

to

ofBouthrotum

l

area ofThesprotia Only

be

appeared

river

in

tural

until

cities economy Strongyli on

Ambracia

agricultural

aforementioned

urban the cities

oflarge

even

the

that this

of

the

years

a

properties used

during small

the

Amaltheia)

appear

fortified

111

The

of

purely research

in

further

Thus,

Thyamis

BC,

became

Ambracia

activities.

classical Peutigeriana

the the

the

senator to

by

and

2nd

type

and

from

area Atticus

maintained

Unfortunately,

though Nicopolis

Photiki,

The

in

coastal

to

centers,

of Thessaly.

he

unwalled

the

Synekdemos

to

conditions 4th

century,

4th

wealthy

ownership

the

the

near their

of Justinian,

be the

to

it on

of

of

agricultural

owned

the suffer number

knowledge

sites,

century

century

historical

does

produc­

which

appears

undertake and

owners

be

Rogatus,

and

episcopate

area

installation

Roman

Konitsa,

(Kalamas).

areas the was

rural

114

and

it

(and

the

appears Euroia

develop­

begin­

that

another

.

was

The 11

11

possi­

in­ have

as Hel­ Ro­

vil­

tota

road not

3

of

there a

6

one

prop­ on

and set­

in a legal

in­ is dur­

of

of

not

of

l

the

al­

a

period,

i.e. seems proven with likely

tury vide this excavation the years Kastritsa. edly, riod Lygia,

Vouchet in pairs

tions, surrounding for cient used viously Photiki, vasion of classical-Hellenistic reach villa turies first ruling

tury, became ing unfortified landowners, circumstances, munity of ments, sions, damage moil turies. under clergy did Christianity,

Kastri

the

uncertainty The

during

protection,

barbaric

site

channels

not

AD

invasions

of the

the in

which

this as

can

immediately

fortifications in

.

these

that

its

which that

Doliani

The

ancient

New

of

the

were by

that the

a

the

Strongyli

a

abandoned

socio-economic

was projects

i

the change

apparent. in

while

final archaeological

to

on peak

fortified

According

of point

be

insecurity refuge

Herouli

the

the

pressure

throughout

conducted

Turkish

road

the

great

settlements

restorations the

Acheron,

after

is

area

re-inhabited

(castle 11

fort

invasions. taken

observed

areas.

as

were

etc.

7

answer,

Vatia

and possib

repairs

within

invasion

(Fanoti),

at

the and

in

countryside,

undergo

of

the

end

i with

network

for

such

fications

for

a

losses

must the

at

The

areas

site

view,

119

particularly after

in

over about period

lack

at

ofRogoi),

fortifications higher terror. of

domination.

in

age

the

of the in

l

to

more

y

As

same

Koutsi,

267

the

as

date however,

the as

is

120 in

the

in

Rizovouni,

abandonment

the the connected have

this

severa like in

of

period

of research

by Phidokastro are 167

since

end

are inhabitants

well

already used aqueducts,

transformation

structures,

The

the

Kastritsa

to

from prevalence

and

subsequent

AD,

118

are

human

barbaric of the

security

than

ranks to

area 6th wealthy

time,

troublesome

dated

Nicopolis

restored

the cause

BC

created

of

Under

fortification

abandonment

l Dymokastro, as

the

it as constructed

results

other

plain

century

.

reflects ofPandosia

postula­

with

Thus,

the

it the

which

in

two

has

settle

shown,

a

Undoubt­

will

to

many

of

of

years is

fi-om

lives,

refuge

with

a

agree

of

the

4th

inva­

in

3rd

the which

the drain­

most

been of the

area

tur­

the com­

these a

cen­ and

and

of

of

pro­

­

it of

cen­

sense the

the

and cen­

AD,

an­

cen­

the

will

pre­

171

of

pe­ the

the

the

the

re­

in­

the

!72 !72

forced forced

seek seek

vaders' vaders' to to

sive sive

particu

possibly possibly

lenistic lenistic at at

dals dals

fortifications fortifications

stored, stored,

for for

Photiki, Photiki, are are

is is

tlements tlements

the the

the the

All All

historical historical

The The

built, built,

the the

in in

armouring armouring

refuge refuge

reason reason

attempts attempts

port port

l

to to

467 467

like like

fury. fury.

arly arly

repairs repairs

period period

inhabitants inhabitants

relate relate

in in

in in

li

abandon abandon

ke ke

Igoumenitsa Igoumenitsa

of of

the the

and and

in in

The The

the the

every every

sources, sources,

why, why,

dating dating

in in

Arnbracia, Arnbracia,

other other

to to

of of

are are

relating relating

ones ones

failed failed

invasions invasions

474 474

Nicopolis, Nicopolis,

inhabitants inhabitants

barbaric barbaric

the the

small small

either either

used used

their their

living living

AD. AD.

to to

safer safer

aforementioned. aforementioned.

the the

ancient ancient

to to

the the

to to

after after

or or

homes homes

and and

in in

inhabitants inhabitants

contain contain

new new

from from

in in

areas

invasions invasions

the the

large large

classical-Hel­

in in

Phidokastro, Phidokastro,

were were

unwalled unwalled

in in

being being

fortification fortification

fortifications fortifications

the the

area's area's

. .

sea sea

Konitsa, Konitsa, According According

in in

plain. plain.

the the

often often

area area

order order

by by

re­

and and

defen­

of of

in­

Van­

This This set­

of of

or or

to to

forgotten forgotten

With With

ous ous survives survives

which which tlements tlements

filochia, filochia,

tle tle

6th 6th

AD town town

was was

the the

Euroia Euroia

movement movement according according

an, an, curred curred

after after

in in

cen

. .

to to

area area

S

already already

Its Its

l

their their

the the

avic avic

called called

the the

a a

tur

later later

in in

had had

inhabitants inhabitants

safer safer

for for

where where

near near

and and

y. y.

area area

exception exception

old old

the the

place-names place-names

to to

old old

The The

of of

to to

is is

four four

Arnvrakia Arnvrakia

abandoned abandoned

location, location,

archaeological archaeological

cities cities

the the

ones.

case case

presented presented

the the

as as

homeland. homeland.

move, move,

in in

Slavs, Slavs,

indicated indicated

more more

modern modern

population population

the the

of of

1

most most

are are

2

3 3

of of

in in

Ambracia, Ambracia,

the the

9th 9th

is is

which which

abandoned abandoned

centuries, centuries,

Nicopolis, Nicopolis,

replacing replacing

in in

the the

as as

mentioned mentioned

likely likely

121 121

century century

last last

city city

the the

Arnvrakia

by by

age age

A A

evidence evidence

they they

possibly possibly

invaders, invaders,

the the

5th 5th

massive massive

of of

settled settled

of of

which which

Arn­

the the

the the

AD AD

century century

numer­

which which

Justini­

in in

named named

and and

.

122 122

set­

now now

the the

-

in in

a a

oc­

-

set ­ Karamesini-Oikonomidou Sarikakis

NOTE

NOTE Petropoulos NOTE Kirsten Anth. ment 7 Strab. Pur

NOTE NOTE Strab.

NOTE 1995,229. NOTE Dakaris ban Cabanes-Andreou Sarikakis NOTE 19 P 1994, NOTE Ziolkowski Plut. mond D

194. NOTE Chrysos Sarikakis m 1997. For NOTE

Notes

.1

olyb

akar

an

89.

8.8

ce

es

the

period Aem.

ll

of

.

7

Pa - 7

in A.

1997, i

30

1967,629-635. s

9

9 1

10 .

8

7 . 6

5

4

3

1987. 2

7.6

1987 l

7.6

l.

hi

Nicopolis, 1971

1972,

1

pre

1

Dell.

1

.

1

1966.

9

981. sto

966,

15;

964,

29

.

and

and

ss.

553;

1986,

1991. 120-122.

see

.

r

,9

.

Doukellis

Pure

y Strab.

4-5;

48 1

Cabanes

195

5.

110-112

92

Ham

of

10.2.2. 7

Oost

Di

.

( D

7

69-80.

-1

Karatzeni

e

Epirus

1

1985

Plin.

see

.

ll

o

ff.

993)

9

akar

. 7. 7.

98,Dakaris

mond

51.1.3.

1987.

1954.

Dakaris

;

-

Hoepfner

.

Dufaure Paus. i

1997. HN

s

D and

3;

262

during

19

akaris

1

Liv.

1967,

Sarika

975,

1

-

86. 4.

For

114

5.23.3

267.

999.

C

1972,192-

39

45.

hr

-

Dakaris

1987.

79-80

t 19

the Fouache

1987. 594

ff.

.

h

ki

ysos

A.

H

34.

e

87

s

and

am

settle­

Ro­

1964

D

ff

.

5

Ca­

.

e

­

-

lt

6;

.

.

A Dakaris

NOTE

NOTE A. 96, A.Delt. 1984, 96. NOTE A.Delt. Konstantios

NOTE period, NOTE

NOTE (1968)

Dakaris Dakari 1971,97-98. Chrysos For NO NOTE ff.

NOTE Sa

C NO NOTE Karamesini NOTE ni-Oikonomidou Sar 1981, NOTE

NOTE

.

hr

Wozniak

rik

Delt.

Delt.

ik A.

TE

T

ysos th

E

ak.is

akis

14

e

12-13

D

s

E2,

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17 16

15 16 Hammond 14 17 13 12

42

23

1971,96.

roads

2 e

1972,197-198.

1972,

198

1981,22-27

ll.

.

1

1967,

(1960), 966,

(196

286

-Oi

(1987)

(1968)

34

19

1

1

984

,

ofEpirus

87,

198.

68

(1979) konomidou

1-2

ff.

1

180.Cabanes

94,

,

264

Daka

ff.

El,

1

E2, 292. 123 200

)

1967,

97

E',

213-214.

Koder

E 1.

-201.

321.

ff

ri

197

during 1, .

Ch

s

699

260

1971,

r

Dakaris

1967.

.

1982,

Dakaris ysos

A.

1987.

ff.

.

Chrysos

Konstantios

th

Dell.

Daka

96.

198

e

Ka

9

Roman

1

ff.

r

197

1

23

971,

ames

ri

,37

s

1

,

i

­

A

Evangelidis Dakaris NOTE A. NOTE 1967,173-175. Evangeli ECH

NOTE NOTE

NOTE

A. NOTE NOTE Vokotopoulou 1061.

NOTE From NOTE

B A. A. NOTE

NOTE NOTE NOTE A. NOTE Dakaris

A. BCH NOTE 1

NOTE

98

CH

Dell

D

Delt.

Delt.

Delt. Delt

Delt

4

e

,

lt.

1959

1954 the

195

11

.

41

40

39 38

37 36

. 35 34

33 32

3 30

29

28

27 26

1994

34

1951.

48

di

48

40 1

41

27

8-123.

1

993,

3,223

Ephorate's

s

,673

(1979)

(1993)

(1993)

1935, (1985) 1952. I, (1986)

(1972)

,

in

135

Dakaris

35.

1973,

.

-4.

press.

.

261.

Dakaris

El,

E

El,

Chron

E2

C

Hammond

1,

hr

arch

95.

,

260.Konstantios

1956.

262

303.

o

446-8.

n

i

.

.

ves.

1 - ,

224.

267.

954,

1

H

00.

a

1967,

mmond

1059

183. -

17

3

flo

Kalp

tw

south south

any any

19

ma

I74 I74

tra

confirmed. confirmed.

Hamm

NOTE NOTE

Hammond Hammond (

619. 619.

Hammond Hammond

NOTE NOTE NO

H

Douz

NOTE NOTE

1996

NOTE NOTE A. A.

From From

NOTE NOTE

tin

271) 271)

A. A.

NOTE NOTE

Chalkia Chalkia

NOTE NOTE

Dak

NOTE NOTE

From From Hammond Hammond NOTE NOTE H

(

19

ammon

ws ws

67,69

een een

ces ces

amm

s s

e e

D

Deft. Deft.

TE TE

68) 68)

case case

a

an

ar

p

, ,

e

ki, ki,

to to

dates dates

o

in in

of of lt. lt.

e

75 75

Ka

the the

i

the the

d d

o

ugli ugli

riod. riod.

s s

51 51

50 50

49 49

nod nod

B2, B2,

48 48

47 47

46 46

45 45

44 44

43 43

Apollonia

42 42

nd nd

6 n 6

Th

a

Kal

pl

17 17

19 19

1997, 1997, a a

1951,174. 1951,174.

lp

lth

ff

d d

Eph

Ephor

aces aces

Roman Roman

. .

a

After After

th

espro

id

o

2

1996, 1996,

196 196

1

1967,273. 1967,273.

(196

o

amas, amas,

( ki ki

1 1

1

966. 966.

9 t

e e

ugh ugh

96

ent

967,696) 967,696)

es es

964) 964)

4. 4.

o

an

168. 168.

fortifi

Ilium Ilium

7, 7,

rate'

7

1

1-62

ifi

tia. tia.

Dou

a

all

d d

, ,

, ,

M

26 26

H

te

as as

th

. .

1

es es

2) 2)

settlement settlement

th

B

, ,

7

's 's

ammo

Dakaris Dakaris s s

H

ere ere

ap ap

Miller Miller

the the

Kalamas Kalamas

3, 3,

catio 4

ff

) )

e e

the the

arc zo

l

at at

a

am

oca

.Woz

B', B',

. .

r

river river

w

1 1

313

c

Pa

i

ugli ugli

Despotiko Despotiko

hives. hives.

7. 7.

ri

s s

hi

mond mond

h

river river

te

n n

ve

padop

no no

nd nd

197-1

e

ves

. .

(

s s

r

ni

to to

H

r r

A e, e,

A

1952,540. 1952,540.

1

Ilium Ilium

relation relation

fl

ak ak

. .

1967, 1967,

994, 994,

can

amm

oos oos

h

.

ho

wi

th

ows ows

D

ave ave

(1967, (1967,

98

ou

1

e e

e

wever, wever,

not not

th th

lt

984,35. 984,35.

that that

B

. .

15. 15.

lou lou

ond ond

. .

n

b

furth

617-

Kala

23 23

yzan

ear ear

een een

be be

be

270-

no no

­

­

er er

in in

­

282-285. 282-285.

AE AE

B1, B1,

NOTE NOTE

(1992) (1992)

1967, 1967,

A. A.

Harnmond Harnmond

NO NO

Soustal

NO

Harnmond Harnmond

padopoulou padopoulou

Dakaris, Dakaris,

NO 140. 140.

Papadopoulou Papadopoulou

NO

Ka

NO NO

A

From From

NO

A. A.

Plot Plot

NOTE NOTE

A. A.

NOT

NOTE NOTE NO

H NOTE NOTE

C

Hammond Hammond

. .

hron

a

Del

ratz

TE TE

Del

TE TE

TE TE

D

mmond mmond

TE TE

D

TE TE

TE TE

265. 265. T

TE TE

195

TE TE

A. A.

P

E E

elt

E E

e

71

t. t.

l

th

en

apaniko

B1, B1,

t. t.

-

t. t.

66 66

65 65 ., .,

64 64

63 63

0-51, 0-51,

62 62 . .

6 60 60

59 59 58 58

Koder

57 57

56 56

D

55 55 54 54

53 53

30 30 , ,

e E e

47 47

H

HE HE

47 47

i i

1999, 1999,

114

Douzougli Douzougli

1 1

Dakaris Dakaris

e

1999. 1999.

.X. .X.

lt lt

294-295. 294-295.

19

(

1967, 1967,

phor

(1992) (1992)

(

1967,156. 1967,156.

19 19

45 45

. .

19

1992

1955

Chron. Chron.

67, 67,

, ,

la

1

67,265

75), 75),

in in

233. 233.

97, 97,

1

926, 926,

ou, ou,

(1990) (1990)

99

a

t ) )

137 137

press

1971, 1971,

137 137

,4

e's e's

344. 344.

7, 7,

B1, B1,

218. 218.

B1, B1,

A. A.

55

A

116

19

344 344

40-41

ar

n

ff

. .

. .

. .

D

. .

2 98, 98,

B1

chives

A. A.

243

Delt. Delt.

.

. .

5

H

A. A.

2. 2.

. .

62-264

elt. elt.

Soustal Soustal

9, 9,

am

, ,

Delt

74-78

-2

Delt. Delt.

26

, ,

95. 95.

1999, 1999,

Hanun

48 48

nwnd nwnd

. .

47. 47.

5-2

. .

A. A.

. .

41 41

(

1981,720. 1981,720.

45 45

. .

1

66. 66.

993) 993)

Delt. Delt.

in in

(

on

1967, 1967,

(1990) (1990)

1

Pa

98

press. press.

d d

­

B1

6

47 47

) )

, ,

A

NOTE NOTE

B

NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE A

NOTE NOTE A. A.

A. A.

1'\IUl..t. 1'\IUl..t.

Sou

NOTE NOTE

A. A.

NO

Eph

29

(

v Delt. Delt.

( cond

Pr NOTE NOTE

In In

N N

For For

ITp until1981

213-14 213-14

NOTE NOTE

ITpantKa ITpantKa

H

74

NOTE NOTE

Dak

A. A.

NOTE NOTE

NOTE NOTE

(

1

1

e

CH CH . .

1

. .

993) 993)

991) 991)

r

eveza, eveza, t

ammo

D

3 3

992) 992)

Delt. Delt.

Delt. Delt.

) )

Delt. Delt.

D

K6no

th

sity sity

T

D

s

£6E~

ora

B2

e

ff

t

Nicopolis, Nicopolis,

ar

e

E E

u

e e

a

l

e

1

118 118

lt. lt.

t

. .

l-Kod

cte

lt. lt.

. .

i

99

larger larger

78 78 77 77

76 76 B1

A

75 75

B1

s s

73 73

, ,

te of of

72 72

I I

7

31 31

B1, B1,

70 70 47 47

69 69

42 42

68 68

48 48

67 67

a a

34 34

w

Aq 595

nd nd

HE HE 't 't

a a

44 44

. .

s s

1 1

4

d d

B

, ,

h

D

(199

, ,

1

, ,

Greek

of of

. .

(

, ,

309. 309.

(1992) (1992)

(1987) (1987)

f

245-251. 245-251.

(

ere ere (

987

in in

osto

1

295. 295.

See See

1:ou 1:ou

1

r

-

e

er er

1967, 1967,

1

(1989) (1989)

23-29 23-29

o

976) 976)

l

6

1955, 1955,

A

993) 993)

sec

979) 979)

t. t.

m m

pre

. .

4

1

ntiquiti

a

. .

see see

48 48

), ),

n, n,

981, 981, a

ll ll

tion tion

Za

ITp<;nou ITp<;nou

A. A.

-

19

lso lso

ss

American American

728. 728.

B2

th

B1

152

B1 th

B1

B1, B1,

(1993) (1993)

. .

Soustal

c

451

I:

91 91

B2

D

ho

A

e e

e e

NtK6noAq NtK6noAq

E

A. A.

270 270

, ,

of of

, ,

, ,

, ,

n

e

.A. .A.

re

203

. .

es; es;

295. 295. 12'h 12'h

334. 334.

, ,

310

l

to to

246. 246.

s s

1E

-

t. t.

Delt. Delt.

285

the the

453

D

l

1994. 1994.

eva

p.6pi

48 48

see see

entry entry

19

-

elt. elt.

B1, B1,

-

D

yta yta

. .

and and

204. 204.

Koder Koder

A. A.

.

. .

prefecture prefecture

nt nt

95 95

elt

Project Project

A. A.

(1993) (1993)

1995, 1995,

A. A.

47 47

ou ou

309 309

. .

'

Delt. Delt.

bibliography bibliography

the the

by by

29 29

St

D

11 11

A', A',

D

(1992) (1992)

19

e . .

el

1981, 1981,

Th

the the

lt

ff

(

in in

gch gch

197

t. t.

B1

. .

84, 84,

48 48

was was

. .

47 47

A. A.

omas

p

46 46

Un

of of

, ,

r

3

B1, B1,

ess. ess.

303. 303.

-

i­ . . Dakari

313. NOTE

A. lis-Defaure-Fouache NOTE C NOTE

NOTE 1971 For Vokotopoulou Dakari Fouache 17 Chrysos NOTE A

NOTE 340. Wozniak

NOTE Wo NOTE 1 Hammond NOTE Hanunond

Hammond NOTE ff. 183-187. NOTE Papadopoulou NOTE A. NOTE

(1975)

984,

h

. D

Dakaris

rysostomou D

(1961-62)

Delt.

z

the

A.

niak ,9 e

e

lt.

lt

148.

s

s

5. 91

90

89

88

87

86

85 E2, 84 Delt. 83

82

81 80

79

19

course

1972,

24

1971

1981

17

1995,

A.D

1984, 1984,

Papadopoulou

(1964)

1977,

219-220

(1969)

1967,

1967,55-56.

1967,57-61.

(1961-62)

48

,97

,24 B',

e

199.

lt.

AAA

232-233.

of

1982.

1997,

73. 73.

(1993)

-98.

201

.

188

35

56.

the

E3

Doukellis-Defaure­

E2,

Papadopoulou

(1980)

ff

1995

,

A. 1971,

342-344.

Dakaris

plan aqueduct

309.

.

E,

253-254

E

Delt

Dakari

Dakaris

1,

194.

.

1997

1,

Konstantios

3,

301

E1,

47

194.Douke

336-337.

1971

A

,

.

see

s

320-321.

342.

.

Dakaris

(1992)

Delt

1971,

1971,179

1997

,

A.

190

30

Delt.

,

El,

.

l

­

Dakaris Dakaris

NOTE Dakar Kode 349. Dakaris NOTE NOTE Dakaris NOTE Dakaris

Dakaris NOTE 1981 E Dakaris Dakaris NOTE NOTE Dakaris Dakaris NOTE NOTE NOTE Dakaris Wozniak A. 73-74). NOTE NOTE

the Hanm1ond NOTE

NOTE

1,

Delt.

246

12th

,

r

i

236-237.

s

1981,

105

104 103

102

99 98

101 97 96 100

95 94

93

92

-2

1972, 1972,100-101,203.

1972,

1972

1972,

1972,

1971,96,216 1971,96.

1971, 1972,

1972 1972 48

-

dates

4

13th

7.

(

1967,67

1993

158

,

, ,

146,

142,

201.

201-202. 136-137,200-201.

96.

136,

100,

135,

Triantafyllopoulos

the

century

.

)

Pallas,

El,

203.

202. A.

repairs

200.

200.

136.

-68

Delt.

n.

312.

Soustal-Koder

.

A.

1983.

(Woz 287. Dakaris

to

Delt

47

the

niak

(1992)

34

years

1971,95

Sousta

19

1984,

(1979)

84

El,

after

.

l

­

.

NOTE

Chrysos Chrysos Epiru ing Chrysos NOTE NOTE For NOTE Dakaris Sarikakis NOTE

Cic Dakari Hammond NOTE113 of Petropoulos 1967 NOTE112 Dakaris Dakaris Dak the Dak 14. NOTE NOTE110 Dakari A. NOTE NOTE NOTE

318-319. NOTE

thi

Delt.

e Akarnania,

neighborin

the

a

ar

ro,

,

ris

s, s

695-696

is

s

s

route

118 117

116 see 115

1

111

107 109 108 Ad 106

farmhouses

1971

1952, 48

1972 1972 1

1972

1981,37 1972

1981,

1981

1

1964

972,

4

P Atticum

196 (1992)

etro

1991,

through

,93

, ,

, ,

,

542-543. , 207.

39 205.

204. 105-107.

91-93 27-30,

which

g

and

7,

112

poulo

Aetoloakarnania.

.

Map

ff.,

ff. Dakaris

119. E1,

This

1.5,

A.Delt.

map18.

ff. traced

.

154-155,

Arta

91-99.

in

s

Sarikakis

347-348.

17

1.13.1

1991,

Chrysos

is

this

.

1972

also

see

For in

48

era

the

,

119-121.

Hammond

206.

(1993)

observed

1 the

,

.

1966

196.

was

16

1981

neighbor

See

pas

.

p

,

s ,

B1,

a

204.

ing

13-

175

rt

in

of

­

j

ff. ff.

ly ly

in4

gory gory

also also

Pro

Aed accord

Christian Christian

fe

studies, studies,

1987, 1987,

v

restoring restoring

NOTE NOTE

It It

ects ects

id

wer wer

i

after after

s s

74A

ed ed

cop

. .

accepted accepted

known known

by by

1

4.4)

26

new new

for for

ing ing

987, 987,

iu

the the

119 119

man

D D

hi

5-2

s s

.

old old

B

forti

th

s s

to to

(C

att

cons

253 253

es

city's city's

predecessors predecessors

y y e e

66) 66)

that that

ribute

h

C

i

fortifications fortifications

by by

defence defence

des, des,

of of

fica

rysos rysos

h

tru

ff. ff.

like like

rysos, rysos,

Ju

the

oth

seizure seizure

tio

according according

H

ctions. ctions.

st

s s

se se

1

er er

for for

ini

n n

elle

to to

98

of of

was was

f

of of

rese

an an

Ju

ort

nk

1

ex

by by

(see (see

the the

, ,

Nicopolis Nicopolis

s

(

parti

ifi

tini

53)

ampl

empe

Pro

ar

buil

and and

th

i cat

chers. chers.

to to

Woz

provinces provinces

an, an,

. .

e e

co

This This

t t

cula

Vandals Vandals

e e

b

more more

ons ons

r r

immediate

piu

y y

the the

a

niak niak

1987

re re

maki

rl

See See

s, s,

v

w

which which

y y

pro

i

ea

ew ew

r

De De

hi

pro­

ece

, ,

b

Gre rl

ng ng

243 243

c

­

y y

y y

h

i

nt nt

s s

, ,

­

­

Pandosia. Pandosia.

as as

Euroia Euroia

founded founded

According According

roia roia

them 41) 41)

NOTE NOTE

see see

t

ti of of

though though

NOTE NOTE

F

hu

or or

ons ons

Pallas Pallas

the the

s, s,

Wozniak Wozniak

Ju

the the

to to

. .

it it

dating dating

s

Dakaris Dakaris

l

tini

wit

a a

ate ate

121 121 is is

120 120

only only

l

(

ate ate

safe

(

1

assu N

a

h h

983) 983)

Roman Roman

n m n

to to

ea ea

R

to to

the the

r r

fe

19

m

Pr

site site

oman oman

Eur

(

w w

oved oved

this this

1

e

84 84

l

oco

ocates ocates

Cas

952) 952)

d d

of of

w

o

t

an

period period

hat hat

i

era era

piu

tle tle her

a) a)

the the

the the

fortifications fortifications

d d

id

in in

Wozniak Wozniak

s s

it it

Epirote Epirote

of of

are are

e a a e

ent

surv

inhabitant

(De (De

in in

orde

Ioannin

we

ifi

new new

investigated investigated

the the

ivin

Aed. Aed.

es es

re re

r t r

fortifications fortifications

the the

ancient ancient

city city

few. few.

o o

g g

1

987, 987,

a

4.1

in in

fortifica­

protect protect

s s

, ,

Nea Nea

w

of

was was

Ep

. .

her

37-

eve

Eu

a

iru

nd nd

e

­

n n

­

s s

K

H

NOTE NOTE

fu

Soustal-

NOTE NOTE

inh sought sought

again again 19

oder oder

ammo

, ,

. .

see see

abitants abitants

In In

so so

the the

1982.Wozniak 1982.Wozniak

Chr

12

refu

122 122

nd nd

as as

K

b

3 3

ysos ysos

oder oder

ge ge

to to

eg

of of

1967,27 1967,27

innin

ge

Euroi

to to

19

1

t t

Ka

981,104

away away

8

g g

1

a a

ssiope ssiope

, ,

n.2

of of

l

74

1987,267. 1987,267.

eft eft

from from

the the

. .

-77. -77.

Chrysos Chrysos

th

-

in in

113. 113.

eir eir

7'

Koder Koder

th

northern northern

h h

house

ce

e e

Sla

ntur

1981

vs vs

1982, 1982,

s s

t y

once once

and and

Co

,

he he

78. 78. r­ noAmapor5, EAAI]"lKij<;

6o~

11pwTo6u~avnvt}n ~avnvq Chrysos,

23

I:ur6o.\q

Hn£fpou

Chrysos,

EAAI]VlKij<;

noAmapor5,

Hnezpo<;, IIa.\awxpwnavtKI}

Ano Chalkia, in L11!1E)'UA1}

noAmapor5, EAAIJVlKij<;

Ca

L' in

IIpwwv

Cabanes, yza L

BCH c

1984,

P Cabanes,

co

L Cabanes,

Bibliography

it

e

a

'

:

nquet

En1pereur

ris.

es

b

at.) (1981),

Epire,

Nzx6noAu;

'

Hnezpor:;-4000

n?:glement

a

DJ

nes,

n1

d'

109,49

153-167.

,

e

Ambr

in:

Nzx6noAIJ,

E Pw~:.w

E.

romaine

E

E7tOXIJ

d

P.,

P.,

P.-Andreou

KaTa P,

OTlJV ilz

e

.

6-11.

.

4000

,

,

Hnezpor:;

,

wwp!ar:;

wwp(ar:;

K

la

wwp(ar:;

1997

1997.

1

1981

1987.

e

1976

148-165 pfoq Hadrien

ac

168.

997

114-139.

9

8vor5<;

mort

fi:ontalier

'

ito}

-544.

A'

i

Tqv

tOTOpfa

11p£6E~a

e

(~'-IT

xp6vza

(272-167

.

.

et

A8t}va.

TOU

KaHiKn1011

de

xp6vza

IIpaKTll((i

23-29

E

npwTo6u­

de

.Evpnoa(ov

,

pfooo<;

xaz

4000

.

Pyrrho

J

J

a

T£x

I.

A8t}va

A8t}va.

3°

Ch

Nicopolis, ,

entre

at.)

Tl}<;

1985

.

0

v

avJ

.Eenr.

ara

xp

q m.

s

,

,

a

H.X.

(4°~- in: dro

le

.

o

C.)

11

la

wv

s vza

w<;

·

s,

X.

ilwowviJ.

To

Dakari

IIav n6.\£t<;.

EneriJp!oa T6por:;

D

Dakaris,

A8t}vat. Acpz cient ll"lJllll" 'HnEtpo, Apxmo.\oyt£<;

Bwnpwda.

D Cassopaia

AEKavon£oto

Dak

10 H AvaoKa

D

HE Iwavvtva, D

Iwavvfvwv, To

11p Chrysostomou,

aka

a

aka

aka

66.

k

apxmo.\oytKI}

KaoTpo

E i

N

a

a

e

ris,

pwpa

6 1

ris,

ris

ri

Greek nWD]jllOV

ri

ur

£

s,

s

s (1952),

6°~,

~q<;

,

15.

,

,

S.,

S.,

S.,

S.,

S.,

S.,

Xp.

S.,

and

EnWD]JlOVIKij HE

201-234

,

A8t}vm.

1977

1972

1971

1956.

ezr:;

1954

1952 q

1951 PzAoaocpu(Ijr:;

Twv

AAA cities

Et<;

Apxaf

Prakt.

the

I:ou.\q,

v

TWV

537-554.

TWV

3

E

£

DJV

P,

wT .

KaoTpfToav

p

(1954),

Pwywv,

Iwavv(vwv

Elean

EuvE

4

1982

Iwavvf E

£ 1982

1951,

. .

Pt~WV

E

'

pq

Athens

p

Hnezpov,

<;

E

46-80.

<;

uva

EUqvtK

colonies.

,

Eupota

.

oTo

1059-

10-21.

173-183.

vwv

.

.ExoAijr:;

on1v

.

An­

,

E

in:

,

E

t<;

<;

.Evpn

Tqv Kal

Apxmo.\oytKE<;

enapxza '

TlJV ano

Douzougli, Apxmo.\oytK£<;

H

Douzougli,

1990

:E historique 233. Nicopoli Le A8t}va Douk

ilWOWVIJ.

HnEtpo Dakaris apxato.\oytKOU

'

Dakaris

1977-1983. .Evpnoa(ov

I

Dakaris 29

To H apxafa

nxa

Dakaris

146.

Hn

.,

Kot.\aoa

contexte

1995

PwratKt}no.\tnKt}

E

'

w

E

Oppaov. uoT av8pwmvq

TlJV

,

6a

e

tpo

e

H.X31

wv

nr.

llis

xpovo

.

,

,

w,

E

,

,

s.

S.,

'

S., , pq

npotOTOpLKIJ

Km S

I<6vnaa<;

S.,

Hn£tpo,

,

in: 1984,

.,

IIpwwv

P.-Dufaur

de

BCH

A. (0011)'0<;

A.

11-61.

1993

1989

1987

Iwavvtva. 1986 N

Tou

apxmoTqTa, geomorphologique

yza

Nzx6noAzr:;

n1

(1994),

1'

,

-Zachos,

EOTEpE<;

A'

To

1996.

Aqu

11-21

rapTupf

AwKaoa

opaoTqptOTl}Ta

£pEuvE<;

119 Awou:

DJ

xwpou).

EmODJJlOVlKO

on(n

Kovnoa.

AE

e

ilze8vor5<;

e

arov

NzK6noAIJ,

duc

11-50

(1

J.-J.-Fouach

IIpi6ei;a

avaoKa

99

1986,

K.,

E

on1v

1tOXIJ

oTqv

de

A'

E

oTqv

5)

xwpo

:

in:

<;

.

1994

1989-

,

yta

209- IIpm(­

108-

H

W<;

177

.

e

23-

£

t

<;

e,

J

Ll.L£8vov<; Ll.L£8vov<;

243-251. 243-251.

lich

Die Die

N

Hellenkemper, Hellenkemper,

Nikopolis Nikopolis battle battle

39-54. 39-54.

Hammond, Hammond,

AvaoKa

The The

Epirus. Epirus.

of of

Hammond, Hammond,

IIpaxnxa IIpaxnxa

spective, spective,

Evangelidis, Evangelidis,

ond ond

The The

Evangelidis, Evangelidis,

EvJlnoalov EvJlnoalov

ApxmoA.oyla ApxmoA.oyla

mait1s

Douzougli,A., Douzougli,A.,

of of

aKTE<; aKTE<;

H H

29 29

Prakt. Prakt.

74-78 Gregory, Gregory,

Mfa Mfa 1935

nxa nxa

a

hrhunderts?

Lx6noA.TJ, Lx6noA.TJ,

Epints Epints

Nikopolis Nikopolis

avaoKa

EcnT. EcnT.

er er

byzantinische byzantinische

Macedonian Macedonian

opening opening

early early

. .

, ,

. .

pwp.a1Kq pwp.a1Kq

TOV TOV

. .

Bauauftrag Bauauftrag

1952, 1952,

260-264. 260-264.

of of

thP thP

The The

Tou Tou

in: in:

T., T.,

the the

and and

Ilp£6c:

1984

histnrv histnrv

IIpwTOV IIpwTOV

Byzantine Byzantine

in in

EvJlnoalov EvJlnoalov

geography, geography,

Ap.6paKtKOU Ap.6paKtKOU

N. N.

Tov Tov

N. N.

N1x6noA.u:; N1x6noA.u:;

23-29 23-29

1987 1987

306-325. 306-325.

D., D.,

D., D.,

PaooT06fou, PaooT06fou,

Aoi Aoi

yw yw

adjacent adjacent

Epeiros. Epeiros.

, ,

in in

campaigns campaigns

in: in:

__._ __._

, ,

G. G.

H., H.,

G

ne; ne;

1998

TX TX

253-261. 253-261.

aypotKfa aypotKfa

1952 1952

1935 1935

comparative comparative

a11d a11d

IIpwwv IIpwwv

TT) TT)

. .

Stena Stena

War,JRS War,JRS

des des

NLx6noAL<;' NLx6noAL<;'

L., L.,

L., L.,

Stadtmauer Stadtmauer

LenT. LenT.

PoooT6nt, PoooT6nt,

1987. 1987.

68. 68.

Ll.

. .

NLx6noA.TJ NLx6noA.TJ

t

the the

areas. areas.

fortifications fortifications

1967 1967

h

1966 1966

5

Ein Ein

L£8

P P

.oder .oder

yw yw

Ecnr. Ecnr.

in in

ancient ancient

tnnnoranhv tnnnoranhv

A'. A'.

and and

vov<; vov<;

1984

......

I1p£6c:

K6A.nou, K6A.nou,

Kaiser­

the the

Oxford. Oxford.

on<; on<;

HX10, HX10,

1966, 1966,

TTJ TTJ

IIpax­

6. 6.

per­

the the

1998, 1998,

A. A.

Sec­

....

, ,

von von

re­

23-

......

97. 97.

Ll.L£8vov<; Ll.L£8vov<;

The The

Ambracia Ambracia

Kirsten, Kirsten,

in: in:

ofNikopolis, ofNikopolis,

Karatzeni, Karatzeni,

N

241-247. 241-247.

Karamesini-Oikonomidou, Karamesini-Oikonomidou, IIpaxnxa IIpaxnxa

loque loque

dans dans 8qoaupwv, 8qoaupwv,

Ll.L£8vov<; Ll.L£8vov<;

.Eup.6oA.q .Eup.6oA.q

Karamesini-Oikonomidou, Karamesini-Oikonomidou,

Augustus, Augustus, Chron., Chron.,

Eupqp.a Eupqp.a Karamesini-Oikonomidou, Karamesini-Oikonomidou,

H H

1975. 1975.

Hoepfuer,W, Hoepfuer,W,

1971. 1971.

NtKon6A.c:w<;. NtKon6A.c:w<;.

NLxon6A.cux;. NLxon6A.cux;.

N N

Nikopolis-Zur Nikopolis-Zur

1967 1967

129-133. 129-133.

19 19

NLx6noA.TJ, NLx6noA.TJ,

IIpaxnxa IIpaxnxa

Lx6noA.TJ

op.tap.aToKonfa<; op.tap.aToKonfa<;

L' L'

VOJlLOJlOTOKon(a VOJlLOJlOTOKon(a

Il Il

nrt nrt

origins origins

l' l'

. .

international international

Illyrie Illyrie

p£6c

Antiquite-III. Antiquite-III.

199()) 199())

E., E.,

42-51. 42-51.

Paris. Paris.

NtKon6A.cw<;, NtKon6A.cw<;,

V, V,

during during

in: in:

ne; ne;

EvJlnoa(ov EvJlnoa(ov

EvJlnoa(ov EvJlnoa(ov

, ,

meridionale meridionale

1987 1987

wv wv

23-29 23-29

wv wv

23-29 23-29

of of

AE AE

' '

1999 1999

in: in:

NLx6noA.L<; NLx6noA.L<;

T

1'PUI1i' 1'PUI1i'

1987 1987

A8qvat. A8qvat.

Ilcptypa

the the

I}V I}V

Stadtgrundung Stadtgrundung

IIpwwv IIpwwv

IIpwwv IIpwwv

NLx6noA.L<; NLx6noA.L<;

1967,91-114. 1967,91-114.

de de

the the

Mc:A.£Tqv Mc:A.£Tqv

EcnT. EcnT.

first first

EcnT

Actes Actes

. .

Chantilly Chantilly

11r1r 11r1r

TI}<; TI}<;

Roman Roman

TT)<;' TT)<;'

et et

yw yw

yw yw

inhabitants inhabitants

AE AE

. .

P P

du du

l' l'

1984

1984, 1984,

A. A.

!:ahrmP' !:ahrmP'

'Epire 'Epire

LTJ LTJ

M., M.,

M., M.,

M

TT) TT)

III III

1971, 1971,

ouo ouo

TI}<; TI}<;

A. A.

(16-

era, era,

.

, ,

, ,

col­

des des

91-

Ayp(vw Ayp(vw

ApxawA.oyLx6 ApxawA.oyLx6

Ap.6paKtKou Ap.6paKtKou

xpovo" xpovo"

AplEPWJlO AplEPWJlO

P

Evviopw Evviopw

Papadopoulou, Papadopoulou,

Hammond, Hammond,

Pwp.a·iKq Pwp.a·iKq

H H

n

H H

IlaA.atoxpwnavtKq IlaA.atoxpwnavtKq

n:

LVJ1n6aw, LVJ1n6aw,

Papadopoulou, Papadopoulou,

Pallas, Pallas,

H H

p.watwvtKq p.watwvtKq

£pcuv£<; £pcuv£<;

Roman Roman

Konstantios, Konstantios,

£1tOtKI}OI}<; £1tOtKI}OI}<;

K6vLTOQ<;' K6vLTOQ<;'

Koder

Eupow-fAuKq, Eupow-fAuKq,

in in

Oost, Oost,

(IlaA.atoxpwnavtKq (IlaA.atoxpwnavtKq (1983), (1983),

HX26 HX26

Ent

Ilpo6A.qp.aw Ilpo6A.qp.aw

(1982), (1982),

Greece. Greece.

e

cpiooo cpiooo cptO

tropoulos

the the

AnwA.oaKapvavfa AnwA.oaKapvavfa

Pnll{lTPnn Pnll{lTPnn

K6vnoa K6vnoa

. .

Xrl Xrl

age age

St. St.

, ,

D., D.,

J., J.,

policy policy

Dallas. Dallas.

547-566. 547-566.

(1984), (1984),

9

A' A'

oTq oTq

-35. -35.

I., I.,

in: in:

TI}<; TI}<;

0xTw6p. 0xTw6p.

rf rf

1982. 1982.

1983 1983

n

ALTwA.oaxapvav(a<;, ALTwA.oaxapvav(a<;,

335-348. 335-348.

OTO OTO

75-85

£p

, ,

OTOV OTOV

Kat Kat

1954 1954

EnLOLT)JlOVlKO EnLOLT)JlOVlKO

the the

H H

M., M.,

D., D.,

'H

Kat Kat

in in

1Ts:'nl 1Ts:'nl

B~ B~

KaTa KaTa

iooo

K6A.nou K6A.nou

117-145. 117-145.

TI}<; TI}<;

B.

B., B.,

roman roman

Kat Kat

Enapx!a Enapx!a

xwpo xwpo

Epirus Epirus

. .

nnpo

xm xm

1984 1984

T01tWVUp.ta<; T01tWVUp.ta<;

1991 1991

llapvaaa6<; llapvaaa6<;

, ,

, ,

q q

N. N.

EHaoa EHaoa

nvrl nvrl

K6vnoa. K6vnoa.

1997 1997

1996 1996

, ,

oA.a6tKq<; oA.a6tKq<;

1988, 1988,

cupuTcpq cupuTcpq

TI}V TI}V

OKa

in

8woaA.ovfKq

IawpLx6 IawpLx6

G.L. G.L.

. .

conquest conquest

, ,

: :

n:cpfooo

Kal Kal

and and

KaTa KaTa

Tnn Tnn

KaTa KaTa

A' A'

ncpfooo<;)

HX24 HX24

6u

93-125. 93-125.

Acamania Acamania

LO LO

Tqv Tqv

TI} TI}

OTI} OTI}

of of

25 25

, ,

in: in:

, , . . AvEKOOl:Ot

!tanvtKat

Sarikakis,

NtK01tOA xpovouc;

I:uJ.I6o!tq

193-215.

HnEfpou

Sarikakis,

pwJ.la.iKq<;

31n.X.),

I:uJ-l6o!tq

HnEfpou

Sarikakis,

71-90.

Roman

The Tl]

npwwv

Purcell,

Nzx6noA.u:;

Nu<6noAIJ,

Ni

I1p

co

N.,

Urban

A.E.

,

ou::8vovr:;

E

Th.,

Th.

Th.,

E Kani

W<;,

politan

l

w:;

EAAl]VlKa

E

£6£

t<;

Kupwpxfac;

mypacpa(

EAAIFtKat

1987

A'

,

l:l}V

l:l}V

~a.

196

AE

1966

1964,

1964

.

policy,

23-29

Touc;

l:OU<;

IIpaxnx

Synoecism

7

wwpfav

tal:o

1967,

Evpnoa(ou

105-119.

19

pw}la

xpovou<;

EEnT

n1<;

in:

pfav

Kat

(167-

178-186.

(1966),

a

AKl:ta<;

.

.

iKt1c;

wv

1984,

l:l}<;

l:l}<;

and

l:l}<;

yza

ApxazoAoy(ar:;,

ewoaAOVtKll-Citta

8£o11 Evveop(ou

in:

Triantaf)rllopoulos, V

H

Apxazooy(ar:;,

1980, 8woa!tovfK11-Citta

n1c;

Euviopzo

Theophylactos,

Wien. I1apmqpqonc;

Sou

1980,

Nikopolis

in:

al

der Bompliana

Zwei

Soustal,

1976

a

ticano.

d'

J.IWatwvtKt1

IIpaxnxa

Actes

s

Umgebung

HnEfpou.

tal

Etudes

.

l:l}<;

T6por:;

mittelalterliche

T6por:;

JIB,

,

P.-Koder

P.,

du

und

on1v

Xpwnavzx1jr:;

715-720.Athenes.

1981

Xpwnavu

und

By

XVe

B

B,

Kephall

za

wv

10°

Th.

,

8eaaaAo

na!tata

wnKI1

von

das

577-584.

8EaaaA.ov(xJ]

ntines

563-574.

Congres

yta

,

J.

D.

i1zE8v£r:;

,

,

10

"Phidokastron".

1984

Arta

1981

del en

del

n1

,

Festungen . ov

1984

Ath

ia

'

Vaticano.

ilze8vovr:;

Hnnpo,

N .

Internation­

Kat

v(

T.I.B3.

(Epirus),

e

tK6no!tq

xJ]

n

es

11

Sept.

in

BC.

ilaxapl],

The

PBSR

Ziolkowski

n6!.£w<; Apxato!toytK

fuJ-lvaow

Zachos,

r6por:;

Evpnoa(ou Wozniak

Nikopoli 29

Epirus,

IIpaxnxa ofEpiru

Late Wozniak,

Vokotopoulou,

95

Ot5IJy6c;

EEnr.

n

Economic

plundering

.

Rom

339.

54

yza

,

HX26

K.,

s,

in:

,

s

Movadov

1984,263-267.

(1986),

F.

443-453.

F.

in:

a

and

A8qvat.

l:l}<;

,

wv

n

,

,

A.,

1994

Pl])'6r:;.

wv

yza

1987

1984

fortific

Nzx6noA.zr:;

E

<;

the

AKcfac;

considerations

(1984),

1986.

J

I.,

ofEpirus

npwrov

TIJ

£pwv£

69-80.

1973

Rom

lwavvtva.

Nzx6noA1],

a

Ttpl]TLK6r:;

tions

Iwavv(vwv,

71-77.

N

<;

.a

n

I1p£6£~a.

o

ol:o

tKo­

A'

in

in

z

Defense

Ewnjpl]

e8vovr:;

.

167

.

179

23-