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Study the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) for Wireless OFDM University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2013 Study the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) for Wireless OFDM Saeed Mohseni University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Mohseni, Saeed, "Study the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) for Wireless OFDM" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 438. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/438 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. STUDY THE CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET (CFO) FOR WIRELESS OFDM __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Saeed Mohseni June 2013 Advisor: Dr. Mohammad A. Matin ©Copyright by Saeed Mohseni 2013 All Rights Reserved Author: Saeed Mohseni Title: STUDY THE CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET (CFO) FOR WIRELESS OFDM Advisor: Dr. Mohammad A. Matin Degree Date: June 2013 Abstract Due to high proficiency with high bandwidth efficiency, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected for broadband wireless communication systems. Since OFDM can provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments, and due to its robustness against the multipath delay spread, OFDM has always been a designated technique for broadband wireless communication mobile systems. Nevertheless, OFDM suffers from Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). CFO has been recognized as a major disadvantage of OFDM. CFO can lead to the frequency mismatch in transmitter and receiver oscillator. Lack of the synchronization of the local oscillator signal, for down conversion in the receiver with the carrier signal contained in the received signal, can cause the performance of OFDM to degrade. In other words, the orthogonality of the OFDM relies on the condition that the transmitter and receiver operate with exactly the same frequency reference. If this is not the case, the perfect orthogonality of the subcarrier will be lost, which can result in CFO. In this research, the source of creating CFO and the major CFO estimation algorithms have been reviewed and discussed in literature. We then proposed some algorithms and techniques for estimating and compensating for the effect of CFO. We showed that our proposed methods have a better performance with low complexity. Although this research focuses on CFO, high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) has been named as the other main drawback of the OFDM modulation format. ii The chapter 4 is dedicated to PAPR. In this chapter after investigating PAPR, we proposed a technique that leads to the reduction of PAPR. On the other hand, in wireless communication path loss is the main power loss that occurs between the transmitter and the receiver antenna. Therefore, chapter 5 is dedicated to investigate indoor and outdoor path loss. We then proposed an extended model that can be used to cover the outdoor and indoor environment for predicting the path loss. Chapter 6 contains the results and conclusion. iii Acknowledgements I am most grateful to my advisor, Dr. Mohammad A. Matin, for his consistence support, encouragement, expertise, and exquisite guidance throughout my PhD study. I also appreciate the members of my committee, Dr. Jun Jason Zhang, Dr. George Edwards and Dr. Davor Balzar for their guidance and support. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mother and my brother, Mansour for their willing encouragement and support during my study over the years. Special thanks go to my beloved wife, Sima, for her consistence love and support, and to my lovely children, Sarina and Daniel, for bringing me all the joy and happiness in the world. I send my blessings to my late father for all he had done for his children, especially for the love of learning that he planted in his children’s hearts. Even though he is not alive, I am sure his soul gets happy when he sees that his children are successful. I also wish to express my appreciation to all those who have cared for me. iv Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Table of contents ................................................................................................................. v List of figures ................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ...................................................................................................................... xii List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Objective ........................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Scope of research work ..................................................................................... 3 1.5 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Contribution and publications ........................................................................... 3 1.7 Chapter organization ......................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................. 7 Concept of OFDM .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2 The history of OFDM ....................................................................................... 7 2.3 OFDM ............................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Concept of overlapping modulation.................................................................. 9 2.5 The methods of organizing the subcarriers in OFDM .................................... 11 2.6 The role of cyclic prefix .................................................................................. 12 2.7 The effect of subcarriers and Guard Band on system performance ................ 14 2.8 Modulation ...................................................................................................... 14 2.8.1 Coherent Modulation for OFDM systems ....................................... 15 2.8.2 M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying (MASK/M-ary ASK)..................... 15 2.8.3 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK/M-ary PSK) .............................. 15 2.8.4 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM/M-ary QAM) . 16 2.9 The advantages and disadvantages of OFDM ................................................ 16 2.10 Challenges in the OFDM wireless systems .................................................. 17 2.11 Path losses and fading in OFDM systems .................................................... 18 2.12 Choice of OFDM parameters ........................................................................ 21 2.18 A typical schematic of an OFDM transceiver ............................................... 24 2.19 Proprietary OFDM Flavors ........................................................................... 25 v Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 26 Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) ....................................................................................... 26 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Effects of frequency offset on OFDM signals ................................................ 27 3.3 Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) ..................................................................... 28 3.4 Sources of frequency offset ............................................................................ 34 3.5 Doppler Effect ................................................................................................. 34 3.6 The effect of integer and fractional part of CFO ............................................ 35 3.7 Effect of CFO on phase shift .......................................................................... 37 3.8 Effect of CFO on degradation of OFDM systems .......................................... 39 3.9 The effect of CFO, phase
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