High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy As a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution
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Tailored Microstructure of Colloidal Lipid Particles for Pickering Emulsions with Tunable Properties
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Soft Matter. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supporting information. Tailored Microstructure of Colloidal Lipid Particles for Pickering Emulsions with Tunable Properties Anja A.J. Schröder1,2, Joris Sprakel2, Karin Schroën1, Claire C. Berton-Carabin1 1. Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2. Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands. Email addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] S1 S1. Tripalmitin CLP dispersions produced with 0.5% w/w (left) and 1% w/w (right) Tween40 in the aqueous phase. S2. Fatty acid composition of palm stearin. Component name Percentage average C14:0 1.16 C16:0 82.18 C18:0 5.12 C18:1 9.03 C18:2 1.83 C18:3 0.02 C20:0 0.32 C22:0 0.25 C22:1 0.04 C24:0 0.05 S3. Hydrodynamic diameter (z-average) measured by dynamic light scattering, and, D[4,3], D[3,2], D10, D50 and D90 measured by static light scattering of CLPs composed of (a) tripalmitin, (b) tripalmitin/tricaprylin 4:1, (c) palm stearin. S2 Type of z-average PdI D[4,3] A D[3,2] D10 D50 D90 lipid (μm) (μm) (μm) (μm) (μm) (μm) Tripalmitin 0.162 ± 0.112 ± 0.130 ± 0.118 ± 0.082 ± 0.124 ± 0.184 ± 0.005 0.02 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.005 Tripalmitin/ 0.130 ± 0.148 ± 0.131 ± 0.117 ± 0.080 ± 0.124 ± 0.191 ± tricaprylin 0.011 0.02 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.010 (4:1) Palm 0.158 ± 0.199 ± 0.133 ± 0.119 ± 0.081 ± 0.127 ± 0.195 ± stearin 0.007 0.02 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.000 0.010 A B S4. -
Krill Oil and Astaxanthin
Krill Oil and Astaxanthin Krill are small reddish-color crustaceans, similar to shrimp, that abound in cold Arctic waters. They survive in such cold, frigid temperatures because of their natural anti- freeze, the polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are bound to molecules called phospholipids (especially phosphatidyl choline) that act to help transport nutrients into cells and change the structure of animal cell membranes. Studies show that these combined fatty acids have better absorption into the cell membranes throughout the body, especially the brain, as compared to other types of fish oils. Although it has less EPA/DHA content than most fish oils, krill oil seems to be almost twice as absorbable. Unlike fish oil, krill oil also contains a very potent antioxidant, astaxanthin, which helps prevent krill oil from oxidizing (turning rancid). Astaxanthin is a red pigment found in different types of algae and phytoplankton. It is astaxanthin that gives salmon and trout their reddish color. It is considered to be one of the most potent natural antioxidants, almost 50 times stronger than beta-carotenes found in fruits and vegetables and 65 times better as an anti-oxidant than vitamin C. Krill oil is composed of 40% phospholipids, 30% EPA and DHA, astaxanthin, vitamin A, vitamin C, various other fatty acids, and flavanoids (anti-oxidant compounds) Human studies indicate krill oil is powerful at decreasing inflammation throughout the body, especially in the brain. It reduces C-reactive protein, a marker for heart disease. Tests indicate it has a powerful anti-inflammatory remedy for rheumatoid as well as osteoarthritis. -
Effect of the Lipase Inhibitor Orlistat and of Dietary Lipid on the Absorption Of
Downloaded from https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19950090 British Journal of Nutrition (1995), 73, 851-862 851 https://www.cambridge.org/core Effect of the lipase inhibitor orlistat and of dietary lipid on the absorption of radiolabelled triolein, tri-y-linolenin and tripalmitin in mice BY DOROTHEA ISLER, CHRISTINE MOEGLEN, NIGEL GAINS AND MARCEL K. MEIER . IP address: Pharma Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland (Received 8 November 1993 - Revised 12 September 1994 - Accepted 7 October 1994) 170.106.40.139 Orlistat, a selective inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases, was used to investigate triacylglycerol absorption. Using mice and a variety of emulsified dietary lipids we found that the absorption of , on radiolabelled tripalmitin (containing the fatty acid 16: 0), but not of triolein (18 :ln-9) or tri-y-linolenin 27 Sep 2021 at 17:57:17 (18:3n-6), was incomplete from meals rich in esterified palmitate. Further, the absorption of radiolabelled triq-linolenin, from both saturated and unsaturated dietary triacylglycerols, was 1.3- to 2 fold more potently inhibited by orlistat than that of triolein and tripalmitin. These radiolabelled triacylglycerols, which have the same fatty acid in all three positions, may not always be accurate markers of the absorption of dietary triacylglycerols. Orlistat was more effective at inhibiting the absorption of radiolabelled triacylglycerols with which it was codissolved than those added separately, , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at which indicates that equilibration between lipid phases in the stomach may not always be complete. The saturation of the dietary lipid had little or no effect on the potency of orlistat. -
The Health Benefits of Krill Oil Versus Fish Oil
The Health Benefits of Krill Oil versus Fish Oil Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Antarctic krill is a rich source of long chain Ȧ-3 PUFAs: EPA & DHA Human trials show EPA and DHA significantly lower i~70% incorporated into phospholipids and ~30% is free fatty acids triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, and iDHA content in krill oil is similar to fish oil, EPA content is much higher blood pressure, and raise HDL. in krill oil than fatty fish Fish oil, a prominent source of Krill Oil contains antioxidants Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Astaxanthin EPA and DHA, maintains a long founded history in Clinical Trials epidemiologic and intervention i1 g and 1.5 g krill oil significantly more effective than 3 g fish oil in studies which support it can reducing glucose and LDL help reduce atherosclerotic plaque growth, cancer, i2 g and 3 g krill oil showed significantly greater reduction in glucose, arrhythmia, inflammation, LDL, and triglycerides compared to 3 g fish oil arthritis, kidney disease, and iAfter an additional 120 days at 0.5 g/d krill oil (after 90 days at 1±1.5 g/d skin disorders, as well as krill oil) cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and glucose became increase endothelial function, significantly different from baseline anti-thrombosis, insulin sensitivity, neurological i.ULOORLO¶VKLJKSURSRUWLRQRI(3$ '+$ERXQGWRSKRVSKROLSLGVDQGDV function, retinal and brain free fatty acids demonstrates greater bioavailability and absorption in development, and the intestine compared to fish oil whose EPA & DHA is bound to immunological function. The triglycerides level of causation is so i Mice fed 10% krill oil had higher liver expression of endogenous profound even the American antioxidant enzymes than corn fed mice. -
Heart Health Through Whole Foods
Heart Health Through Whole Foods Certain whole foods in a diet can ultimately provide heart-healthy benefits. The right foods consumed in the right amounts can help lower cholesterol and/or triglycerides. They may also help to reduce risk for heart disease. Even though the benefits of whole foods may be known, too often individuals turn to over-the-counter supplements instead. It is important to discuss all supplements prior to ingestion with your physician. Individuals may not realize that taking some supplements with certain medications may be harmful or that taking too much of a good thing can be bad. The purpose of this session is to educate how to obtain certain nutrients through whole foods rather then through supplements. It must be noted that some individuals may still need supplements in addition to diet. Once again this should be guided by a physician. Supplement Health Benefits Caution Dietary Alternative Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Fish oil is used for There are some safety concerns Consuming fish oil from dietary Fish Oils reduction in cholesterol about using high doses of fish oil. sources such as fatty fish (e.g., and triglycerides. It is Doses greater than 3 grams per tuna, salmon), two servings Fish oils contain used for hyperlipidemia, day can inhibit blood coagulation per week, is associated with Eicosapentaenoic hypertriglyceridemia, and potentially increase the risk a reduced risk of developing Acid (EPA) and coronary heart disease of bleeding. Doses greater than 3 cardiovascular disease Docosahexaenoic and hypertension. grams per day might also suppress (primary prevention). Acid (DHA) immune response. -
Effects of Krill Oil on Endothelial Function and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes, a Randomized Controlled Trial
Open Access Research BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000107 on 14 October 2015. Downloaded from Effects of krill oil on endothelial function and other cardiovascular risk factors in participants with type 2 diabetes, a randomized controlled trial Jessika M Lobraico, Lauren C DiLello, Amber D Butler, Marie Elena Cordisco, Joann R Petrini, Ramin Ahmadi To cite: Lobraico JM, ABSTRACT et al Key messages DiLello LC, Butler AD, . Objective: The purpose of this trial was to evaluate Effects of krill oil on the effect of krill oil supplementation, a source of ω-3 endothelial function and ▪ Krill oil supplementation helps to reduce cardio- fatty acids, on cardiovascular disease risk factors and other cardiovascular risk vascular risk factors in patients with type 2 factors in participants with blood glucose control among participants with type 2 diabetes. type 2 diabetes, a diabetes. ▪ Four weeks of krill oil supplementation improved randomized controlled trial. Research design and methods: A randomized, endothelial function, reduced C peptide levels, BMJ Open Diabetes Research double-blind controlled cross-over trial was employed. and improved insulin resistance as calculated by and Care 2015;3:e000107. Outcomes assessed were: endothelial function, blood HOMA in patients with type 2 diabetes. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015- lipids, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum antioxidant ▪ Serum high-density lipoprotein significantly 000107 level, C peptide, and calculated Homeostatic Model increased to more optimal levels following Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores. 17 weeks of krill oil supplementation. Participants were randomized to either krill oil or olive oil ▪ This study was designed as a randomized, Received 3 April 2015 supplementation for 4 weeks, underwent a 2-week double-blind trial with a cross-over design. -
Synthesis and Microencapsulation of Structured Lipids
SYNTHESIS AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS CONTAINING LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS FOR POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN INFANT FORMULAS by SUPAKANA NAGACHINTA (Under the Direction of Casimir C. Akoh) ABSTRACT It has been well established that lower fat absorption in infants, fed with formula, is due to the difference between the regiospecificity of the palmitic acid in the vegetable oil blend versus that present in human milk fat (HMF). In HMF, most of the palmitic acids are esterified at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols (TAGs). However, in vegetable oil, they are predominantly present at the sn-1, 3 positions. Structured lipids (SLs), with fatty acid profiles and positional distributions similar to HMF, were developed via a single step enzymatic modification of either palm olein or tripalmitin. These SLs also were also enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA), which are important for infant brain and cognitive development. SL from modified tripalmitin contained 17.69% total ARA, 10.75% total DHA, and 48.53% sn-2 palmitic acid. Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of time, temperature, and substrate molar ratio on the incorporation of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position, and the total incorporation of LCPUFAs. Physicochemical properties of SLs were characterized for TAGs molecular species, melting and crystallization thermograms, and fatty acid positional distribution. SLs in powdered form were obtained by microencapsulation, using Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of heated protein- polysaccharide conjugates as encapsulants, followed by spray-drying. SL-encapsulated powders had high microencapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability. -
Linolenic Acid Absorption, -Oxidation and Conversion To
0031-3998/06/5902-0271 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 59, No. 2, 2006 Copyright © 2006 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Variation in [U-13C] ␣ Linolenic Acid Absorption, -oxidation and Conversion to Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Pre-Term Infant Fed a DHA-Enriched Formula CLIFFORD MAYES, GRAHAM C. BURDGE, ANNE BINGHAM, JANE L. MURPHY, RICHARD TUBMAN, AND STEPHEN A. WOOTTON From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [C.M., R.T.], Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BB, UK; Department of Child Health [A.B.], Grosvenor Rd, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK; Institute of Human Nutrition [G.C.B., J.L.M., S.A.W.], Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton S016 6YD, UK ABSTRACT: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an integral compo- DHA. Although there is evidence that these infants can con- nent of neural cell membranes and is critical to the development and vert ALNA to DHA (7–9), the extent to which pre-term function of the CNS. A premature delivery interrupts normal placen- infants can meet their demands for DHA through this conver- tal supply of DHA such that the infant is dependent on the nature of sion remains uncertain. the nutritional support offered. The most abundant omega-3 fatty acid The extent of absorption across the gastrointestinal tract, in pre-term formulas is ␣ linolenic acid (ALNA), the precursor of DHA. This project studied the absorption, -oxidation and conver- especially if immature, may also limit the availability of sion of ALNA to DHA by pre-term infants ranging from 30-37 wk of ALNA for DHA synthesis. -
Triglyceride Transesterification in Heterogeneous Reaction System with Calcium Oxide As Catalyst
Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioquia N.° 57 pp. 7-13. Enero, 2011 Triglyceride transesterification in heterogeneous reaction system with calcium oxide as catalyst Transesterificación de triglicéridos en el sistema de reacción heterogénea con óxido de calcio como catalizador Mónica Becerra Ortega, Aristóbulo Centeno Hurtado, Sonia Azucena Giraldo Duarte* Centro de Investigaciones en Catálisis (CICAT). Escuela de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS). Carrera 27 Calle 9. Bucaramanga. Colombia (Recibido el 03 de febrero de 2010. Aceptado el 15 de octubre de 2010) Abstract In this work, the behavior of the CaO as a potential catalyst for the transesterification of triglyceride towards biodiesel production was studied. The effect of the alcohol type, the ratio of alcohol/triacetin, the amount of catalyst, and the chain length of triglyceride on the catalytic behavior of CaO was analyzed. Total conversion was obtained at room temperature with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to triacetin over 1% of CaO, after 1 h. It was demonstrated that the whole reaction occurs in heterogeneous phase. During five reaction cycles the CaO maintained a high catalytic activity, showing its good stability. Additionally, it was established that the length of the triglyceride used influenced the transesterification reaction yield due to the steric hindrances and diffusional limitations in the fluid phase. ----- Keywords: Biodiesel, triacetin, basic catalysis, triolein Resumen En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento del CaO como potencial catalizador en la transesterificación de trigliceridos para la producción de biodiesel. Se analizó el efecto del tipo de alcohol, la relación molar alcohol/triacetina, la cantidad de catalizador y el tamaño de la cadena del triglicérido sobre su comportamiento catalítico. -
Krill Oil and Blood Lipids
Nutra Report Krill Oil and Blood Lipids Active component[s]: Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] Other speculated active components: Alpha-linolenic acid [ALA], astaxanthin, flavanoids, Vitamin A, vitamin E. Source material: Body oil from Euphausia pacifica [Pacific Krill] and Euphausia superb [Antarctic Krill]. Dosage route: Oral. Directions of use: A clinical literature search did not yield specific results pertaining to directions of use. Duration of use: 3 months (Bunea et al., 2004). Target Population: Adults. Risk Information: Consult your health care practitioner if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Do not take if you are allergic to shellfish. Avoid if you have a known allergy to shellfish. The following have been reported with krill oil supplementation of 2g/day for 4 weeks: gastrointestinal complaints like flatulence, gas, bloating, and/or diarrhoea (Maki et al., 2009). HUMAN HEALTH INDICATIONS: Recommended Use or Purpose General Adults 1 - 1.5 g/day*§ Helps lower total blood cholesterol and low-density 2 – 3 g/day* lipoprotein [LDL]-cholesterol levels and improve high- density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol levels. Helps lower total blood cholesterol, triglyceride [TG] and LDL- cholesterol levels and improve HDL-cholesterol levels. *Potency specific to a 3 month supplementation period §With follow up of 500 mg/day krill oil for a subsequent 90 days (Bunea et al., 2004) © Nutrasource Diagnostics Inc. Page 1 120 Research Lane, Suite 203, Guelph, ON, N1G 0B4 CANADA T: 519.341.3367 | F: 888.531.3466 | E: [email protected] www.nutrasource.ca Nutra Report KRILL OIL Krill is a Norwegian term meaning “young fry of fish” given to small shrimp-like crustaceans belonging to the order Euphausiacea (Tou et al., 2007). -
Properties of Fatty Acids in Dispersions of Emulsified Lipid and Bile Salt and the Significance of These Properties in Fat Absorption in the Pig and the Sheep
Downloaded from Br. y. Nutr. (1969), 23, 249 249 https://www.cambridge.org/core Properties of fatty acids in dispersions of emulsified lipid and bile salt and the significance of these properties in fat absorption in the pig and the sheep BY C. P. FREEMAN . IP address: Unilever Research Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford (Received I July 1968-Accepted 25 October 1968) 170.106.35.76 I. The behaviour of fatty acids in dilute bile salt solution and in dispersions of triglyceride in bile salt solution was examined. The properties of fatty acids in bile salt solution were defined in terms of their saturation ratio, and of the critical micellar concentration of bile , on salt for each fatty acid as solute. The partition of fatty acids between the oil phase and the micellar phase of the dispersions was defined as the distribution coefficient K M/O. The 25 Sep 2021 at 20:48:57 phases were separated by ultracentrifugation. 2. Of the fatty acids examined, palmitic and stearic acids behaved in bile salt solution as typical non-polar solutes. Lauric, oleic and linoleic acids had properties similar to typical amphiphiles. The effectiveness of these and other amphiphiles was expressed in terms of an amphiphilic index. 3. The trans-fatty acids, vaccenic acid and linolelaidic acid possessed solubility properties similar to their &-isomers. The properties of elaidic acid were intermediate between those , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at of the non-polar and the amphiphilic solutes. 4. The distribution coefficients of fatty acids differed less significantly than their solubilities in bile salt solution, but were influenced to some extent by the composition of the oil phase. -
Bioeffective Krill Oil Compositions
(19) TZZ _ _T (11) EP 2 612 672 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: A61K 35/60 (2006.01) A61K 45/06 (2006.01) 10.07.2013 Bulletin 2013/28 A61K 31/122 (2006.01) A61K 31/23 (2006.01) A61K 31/683 (2006.01) A61K 31/685 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 12187516.5 A61K 35/56 A61K 9/48 (22) Date of filing: 28.03.2008 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Tilseth, Snorre. AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR N-5027 Bergen (NO) HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT • Banni, Sebastiano. RO SE SI SK TR I-09126 Cagliari (IT) • Cohn, Jeffrey. (30) Priority: 28.03.2007 US 920483 P Sydney, NSW 2050 (AU) 25.09.2007 US 975058 P • Mancinelli, Daniele. 29.10.2007 US 983446 P N-6150 Orsta (NO) 28.01.2008 US 24072 P (74) Representative: Golding, Louise Ann (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in Dehns accordance with Art. 76 EPC: St Bride’s House 08718910.6 / 2 144 618 10 Salisbury Square London EC4Y 8JD (GB) (71) Applicant: Aker BioMarine AS 0115 Oslo (NO) Remarks: •This application was filed on 05-10-2012 as a (72) Inventors: divisional application to the application mentioned • Bruheim, Inge. under INID code 62. N-6100 Volda (NO) •Claims filed after the date of receipt of the divisional • Griinari, Mikko application (Rule 68(4) EPC). FIN-02660 Espoo (FI) (54) BIOEFFECTIVE KRILL OIL COMPOSITIONS (57) This invention discloses new krill oil composi- combination with approximately 20% ethanol.