Temporal Disorder U.S

Home , George Edgar Slusser, Irwin Allen, Jeremy Carver, Jonathan Frakes, Kelly Marcel, Roberto Orci

Temporal Disorder U.S. American Time-Travel Narratives

from Edward Bellamy to Stephen King

Lecturer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Brandt ˑ Department of American Studies Contact: [email protected] University of Graz - Winter 2015/16

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES (SELECTION)

Required Reading1 – Additional Texts – Research Shelf (Media Archive)– Media Archive – Research Shelf (Library)

Allen, Dick. Anon and Various Time Machine Poems. New York: Delacorte Press, 1970. Asimov, Isaac. The End of Eternity. New York: Doubleday, 1955. ---. Pebble in the Sky. New York: Doubleday, 1950. ---. “What If.” 1952. The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 678-687. Bellamy, Edward. “How I Came to Write Looking Backward”. Science Fiction Studies 4.2 (1977): 194–195. ---. Looking Backward, 2000 - 1887. 1888. New York et al: Penguin Books, 1986. Borges, Jorge Luis. “The Garden of Forking Paths.” 1941. Coldbacon. n.p., n.d. Web. 6 February 2013. (-> Argentinean author!) Bradbury, Ray. "A Sound of Thunder." 1952. R Is for Rocket. Toronto: Bantam, 1962, 57- 68. Bradbury, Ray. The Halloween Tree. New York: Knopf, 1972. Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. New York: Doubleday, 1979. Finney, Jack. “I’m Scared.” 1951. The Best Time Travel Stories of the 20t Century. Eds. Harry Turtledove and Martin H. Greenberg. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005. 60-72. ---. Time and Again. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.

1 All required and additional texts can be found on the moodle platform.

Gabaldon, Diana. Drums of Autumn. Outlander. Vol. 4. New York: Delacorte Press, 1996.

Gibson, William. “The Gernsback Continuum.” 1981. The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 107-114. Haldeman, Joe. The Accidental Time Machine. New York :Ace, 2008. Harrison, Harry. A Rebel in Time. New York: Tor, 1983. Heinlein, Robert E. “By His Bootstraps.” 1941. Martin’s Homepage, Martin Pot, n.d. Web. 6 February 2013. ---. “All You Zombies-.” 1959. Masterpieces. The Best Science Fiction of the Twentieth Century. Ed. Orson Scott Card. New York: Ace Books, 2001. 36-46. ---. The Door into Summer. New York: Doubleday, 1957.

Heller, Jason. “Music for Time Travelers.” The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 668-676. Hopkinson, Nalo. “Message in a Bottle.” 2004. The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 813-825. King, Stephen. 11/22/63. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2011. ---. “The Langoliers.” Four Past Midnight. New York: Signet, 1991. 5-234. Le Guin, Ursula K. “Another Story or a Fisherman of the Inland Sea.” 1994. The Best Time Travel Stories of the 20t Century. Eds. Harry Turtledove and Martin H. Greenberg. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005. 390-425. Mitchell, Edward Page. “The Clock That Went Backward.” 1881. The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 451-459. Niffenegger, Audrey. The Time Traveler's Wife. London: Vintage, 2004. Niven, Larry. The Flight of the Horse. London: Orbit, 1999. Piercey, Marge. Woman on the Edge of Time. New York: Fawcett, 1976. Silverberg, Robert. Hawksbill Station. New York: Doubleday, 1968.

Simmons, Dan. Ilium. London: Gollancz, 2004. ---. Olympos. London: Orion, 2006. Turtledove, Harry. “Forty, Counting Down.” 1999. The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 222-256. ---. The Guns of the South. New York: Ballantine, 1992. Twain, Mark. “A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court.” 1889. Bring Classics to Life: Level 3. Ed. Laura Solimene. New York: Edcon Publishing, 2008. (Graded reader!) ---. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. 1889. Mineola: Dover Publications, 2001. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade. A Duty-Dance with Death. New York: Dell Publishing, 1969.

Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 1895. London: Penguin, 2005. (-> English author!) Yu, Charles. How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe. New York: Pantheon, 2010.

Comic Books and Graphic Novels Claremont, Chris. X-Men: Days of Future Past. 1963. Illustrated by John Byrne. New York: Marvel, 2011. Print. Fialkov, Joshua Hale. The Bunker #1. Illustrated by Joe Infurnari. Portland: Oni Press, 2014. Print. Fraction, Matt. Sex Criminals #1. Illustrated by Chip Zdarsky. Berkeley: Image Comics, 2013. Print. McGuire, Richard. Here. New York: Pantheon, 2014. Print. Pollack, Rachel. Time Breakers #1. Illustrated by Chris Weston. New York: Helix, 1997. Print.

Children’s and Young Adult Literature Bergren, Lisa Tawn. Waterfall. River of Time. Vol. 1. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2011. Cross, Julie. Tempest. Tempest Trilogy. Vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012. Deutsch, Stacia and Rhody Cohon. Lincoln’s Legacy. Blast to the Past. Vol. 1. New York: Aladdin, 2005. Earl, Cheri Pray. The Rescue Begins in Delaware. Just In Time. Vol. 1. Sanger: Familius, 2013. Haddix, Margaret Peterson. Found. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Harris, Rachel. My Super Sweet Sixteenth Century. Fort Collins: Entangled Publishing, 2012. Houck, Colleen. Reawakened. New York: Random House, 2015. L’Engle. Madeline. A Wrinkle in Time. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1962. Mancusi, Mari. Scorched. Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2014. McDonald, George. At the Back of the North Wind. New York: Routledge, 1870. (-> Scottish author!) Monir, Alexandra. Timeless. New York: Random House, 2012. Owen, James A. The First Dragon. New York et al.: Simeon & Schuster, 2014. Pilkey, Dav. Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2013. Ransom, Candice. Secret in the Tower. Time Spies. Vol. 1. Renton, 2006. Robbins, Trina and Anne Timmons. Go Girl! The Time Team. Vol. 1. Milwaukie: Dark Horse Books, 2004.

Stone, Tamara Ireland. Time Between Us. New York: Hyperion Books, 2013.

Films 12 Monkeys. Dir. Terry Gilliam. Universal Pictures, 1995. DVD. Back to the Future. Dir. Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1985. DVD. Back to the Future Part II. Dir. Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1989. DVD. Back to the Future Part III. Dir. Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1990. DVD. Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure. Dir. Stephen Herek. Orion Pictures and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, 1989. DVD. The Butterfly Effect. Dir. Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber. New Line Cinema, 2004. DVD. Déjà Vu. Dir. Tony Scott. Buena Vista Pictures, 2006. DVD. Donnie Darko. Dir. Richard Kelly. Pandora Cinema, 2001. DVD. Edge of Tomorrow. Dir. Doug Liman. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. DVD. Frequency. Dir. Gregory Hoblit. New Line Cinema, 2000. DVD. Groundhog Day. Dir. Harold Ramis. Columbia Pictures, 1993. DVD. Hot Tub Time Machine. Dir. Steve Pink. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists, 2010. DVD. Interstellar. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. DVD. Jumper. Dir. Doug Liman. 20th Century Fox, 2008. DVD. The Lake House. Dir. Alejandro Agresti. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2006. DVD Looper. Dir. Rian Johnson. TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict, 2012. DVD. Midnight in Paris. Dir. Woody Allen. Sony Pictures Classics, 2011. DVD. Predestination. Dir. Michael Spierig and Peter Spierig. Pinnacle Films, 2014. DVD. Project Almanac. Dir. Dean Israelite. Paramount Pictures, 2015. DVD.

Source Code. Dir. Duncan Jones. Summit Entertainment, 2011. DVD. Southland Tales. Dir. Richard Kelly. Samuel Goldwyn Films et al., 2006. DVD. Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. Dir. Leonard Nimoy. Paramount Pictures, 1986. DVD. Star Trek. Dir. J. J. Abrams. Paramount Pictures, 2009. DVD.

The Terminator. Dir. James Cameron. Orion Pictures, 1984. DVD. Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Dir. James Cameron. TriStar Pictures, 1991. DVD.

Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. Dir. Jonathan Mostow. Warner Bros. Pictures and Columbia Pictures, 2003. DVD. Terminator Genisys. Dir. Alan Taylor. Paramount Pictures, 2015. Film. DVD. Timecop. Dir. Peter Hyams. Universal Pictures, 1994. DVD. The Time Machine. Dir. Simon Wells. DreamWorks Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures, 2002. DVD. The Time Traveler's Wife. Dir. Robert Schwentke. New Line Cinema, 2009. DVD. X-Men: Days of the Future Past. Dir. Bryan Singer. 20th Century Fox, 2014. DVD.

Children’s and YA Films Ben 10: Race Against Time. Dir. Alex Winter. Warner Bros. and Cartoon Network Studios, 2007. DVD. A Kid in King Arthur’s Court. Dir. Michael Gottlieb. Buena Vista Pictures, 1995. DVD. Meet the Robinsons. Dir. Steve Anderson. Buena Vista Pictures, 2007. DVD. Mr. Peabody & Sherman. Dir. Rob Minkoff. 20th Century Fox, 2014. DVD. Unidentified Flying Oddball. Dir. Russ Mayberry. Walt Disney Productions, 1979. DVD. A Wrinkle in Time. Dir. John Kent Harrison. Walt Disney Television, 2003. DVD.

TV Shows The 4400. Creat. René Echevarria and Scott Peters. Viacom Productions, Paramount Television, and CBS Paramount Televsion, 2007. Continuum. Creat. Simon Barry. Endemol Shine, 2012. (-> Canadian show!) Doctor Who. Creat. Sydney Newman, C. E. Webber, and Donald Wilson. BBC Worldwide, 1963. (-> British show!) FlashForward. Creat. Brannon Braga and David S. Goyer. Disney–ABC Domestic Televsion, 2009. Fringe. Creat. J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. Warner Bros. Television Distribution, 2008.

Futurama. Creat. Matt Groening. 20th Television, 1999. Heroes. Creat. Tim Kring. NBCUniversal Television Distribution, 2006. Lost. Creat. Jeffrey Lieber, J. J. Abrams, and Damon Lindelof. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment and Disney–ABC Domestic Television, 2004. Quantum Leap. Creat. Donald P. Bellisario. NBCUniversal Television Distributionm 1989.

Terra Nova. Creat. Kelly Marcel and Craig Silverstein. 20th Television, 2011.

Time Tunnel. Creat. Irwin Allen. n.d., 1966. Twilight Zone. Creat. Rod Sterling. CBS Films et al., 1959.

TV Show Episodes “1969.” Stargate SG-1: The Complete Second Season. Writ. Brad Wright. Dir. Charles Correll. MGM Television, 2002. DVD. “All Halliwell’s Eve.” Charmed: The Complete Third Season. Writ. Sheryl J. Anderson. Dir. Anson Williams. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. DVD. “Children of Time.” Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Season 5. Writ. René Echevarria. Dir. Allan Kroeker. CBS Television Distribution, 2003. DVD. “The City on the Edge of Forever.” Star Trek: The Original Series – The Complete Series Remastered. Writ. Harlan Ellison. Dir. Joseph Pevney. CBS Television Distribution, 2015. DVD. “Coda.” Star Trek: Voyager – Season Three. Writ. Jeri Taylor. Dir. Nancy Malone. CBS Television Distribution, 2004. DVD. “The End.” Supernatural: The Complete Fifth Season. Writ. Ben Edlund. Dir. Steve Boyum. Warner Bros. Television Distribution, 2010. DVD. “Forever Charmed.” Charmed: The Final Season. Writ. Brad Kern. Dir. James L. Conway. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2007. DVD. “In the Beginning.” Supernatural: The Complete Fourth Season. Writ. Jeremy Carver. Dir. Steve Boyum. Warner Bros. Television Distribution, 2009. DVD. “Life Serial.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Sixth Season. Writ. David Fury and Jane Espenson. Dir. Nick Marck. 20th Television, 2004. DVD. “A Matter of Time.” Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season 5. Writ. Rick Berman. Dir. Paul Lynch. CBS Television Distribution, 2002. DVD. “Monday.” The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season. Writ. Vince Gilligan and John Shiban. Dir. Kim Manners. 20th Television, 2002. DVD. “Mystery Spot.” Supernatural: The Complete Third Season. Writ. Jeremy Carver. Dir. Kim Manners. Warner Bros. Television Distribution, 2008. DVD. “Past Tense Part I.” Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Season 3. Writ. Robert Hewitt Wolfe. Dir. Reza Badiyi. CBS Television Distribution, 2003. DVD. “Past Tense Part II.” Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Season 3. Writ. Ira Steven Behr and René Echevarria. Dir. Jonathan Frakes. CBS Television Distribution, 2003. DVD. “Redrum.” The X-Files: The Complete Eight Season. Writ. Steven Maeda. Dir. Peter Markle. 20th Television, 2003. DVD.

“Remedial Chaos Theory.” Community: The Complete Third Season. Writ. Chris McKenna. Dir. Jeff Melman. Sony Pictures Television, 2012. DVD. “Rendezvous with Yesterday.” Time Tunnel. Writ. Harold Jack Bloom and Shimon Wincelberg. Dir. Irwin Allen. N.d., 1966. DVD. “Shattered.” Star Trek: Voyager – Season Seven. Writ. Michael Taylor. Dir. Terry Windell. CBS Television Distribution, 2004. DVD. “That ‘70s Episode.” Charmed: The Complete First Season. Writ. Sheryl J. Anderson. Dir. Richard Denault. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. DVD. “Time Squared.” Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season Two. Writ. Kurt Michael Brensmiller. Dir. Joseph L. Scanlan. CBS Television Distribution, 2002. DVD. “Tomorrow is Yesterday.” Star Trek: The Original Series – The Complete Series Remastered. Writ. D. C. Fontana. Dir. Michael O’Herlihy. CBS Television Distribution, 2015. DVD. “Triangle.” The X-Files: The Complete Sixth Season. Writ. Chris Carter. Dir. Chris Carter. 20th Television, 2002. DVD. “Where and When.” Warehouse 13: Season Two. Writ. Drew Z. Greenberg and Andrew Kreisberg. Dir. Stephen Cragg. NBCUniversal Television Distribution, 2011. DVD.

Music The 13th Floor Elevators. “She Lives (In a Time of Her Own).” Easter Everywhere. International Artists, 1967. CD. The Apples in Stereo. Travellers in Space and Time. Simian Records, Elephant 3, and Yep Roc Records, 2010. CD. Arsonists. “Rhyme Time Travel.” As the World Burns. Matador Records, 1999. CD. Blouse. “Time Travel.” Blouse. Captured Tracks, 2011. CD. Dead Prez. “Time Travel.” Information Age. Krian Music Group, Boss Up Inc., and Sound Weapon, 2013. CD. Fates Warning. “Traveler in Time.” The Spectre Within. Metal Blade, 1985. CD. The Flaming Lips. “Time Travel…YES!!” At War with the Mystics. Warner Bros., 2006. iTunes. Grand Funk Railroad. “Time Machine.” On Time. Capitol 307, 1969. CD. High on Fire. De Vermis Mysteriis. E1 Music, 2012. CD. Huey Lewis & the News. “Back in Time.” Live at 25. Rhino, 2005. CD. Janelle Monáe. Metropolis: Suite I (The Chase). Bad Boy, 2007. CD. MC Lars. “If I Had a Time Machine that Would Be Fresh.” The Graduate. Horris records and Nettwerk, 2006. CD.

Never Shout Never. “Time Travel.” Time Travel. Loveway Records et al., 2011. CD. Steely Dan. “Pretzel Logic.” Pretzel Logic. ABC, 1974. CD. T-Pain. “Time Machine.” Epiphany. Nappy Boy, Konvict, and Jive, 2007. CD. Zager, Denny and Rick Evans. “In the Year 2525.” 2525 (Exordium & Terminus). RCA, 1969. CD.

SECONDARY SOURCES (Selection)

Currie, Mark. About Time: Narrative, Fiction and the Philosophy of Time. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.

Dannenberg, Hilary P. Coincidence and Counterfactuality: Plotting Time and Space in Narrative Fiction. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. Flainn, Sorcha Ni. ”Introduction: It’s About Time.“ The Worlds of Back to the Future. Critical Essays on the Films. Ed. Sorcha Ni Fhlainn. Jefferson et al: McFarland & Company, 2010. 1- 28. Foote, Bud. The Connecticut Yankee in the Twentieth Century: Travel to the Past in Science Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. Gordon, Andrew. “Back to the Future: Œdipus as Time Traveler.” The Worlds of Back to the Future. Critical Essays on the Films. Ed. Sorcha Ni Fhlainn. Jefferson et al: McFarland & Company, 2010. 39-48. Hägele, Margrita. Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Zeitreise in Literatur und Film. München: Grin Verlag, 2009. Hanley, Richard. “Miracles and Wonders: Science Fiction as Epistemology.” Science Fiction and Philosophy. From Time Travel to Superintelligence. Ed. Susan Schneider. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 335-342. Hellekson, Karen. The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2001. Hillegas, Mark. 1971. “Science Fiction as a Cultural Phenomenon: A Re-Evaluation.” In: SF: The Other Side of Realism. Essays on Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction. Ed. Thomas D. Clareson. Bowling Green: Bowling Green U Popular Press, p. 272-81. Kaku, Michio. Parallel Worlds: A Journey through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos. New York: Doubleday, 2005. Kern, Stephen. The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Leiby, David. “The Jaws of the Intellect Grip the Flesh of Occurrence: Order in Time Travel.” Worlds Enough and Time: Explorations of Time in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Eds. Gary Westfahl et al. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. 37-48 Lehnert-Rodick, Gertrud. Zeitreisen. Untersuchungen zu einem Motiv der Erzählenden Literatur des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Rheinbach-Merzbach: CMZ-Verlag, 1987. Le Poidevin, Robin. The Images of Time: An Essay on Temporal Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Lewis, David. On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. ---. ‘‘The Paradoxes of Time Travel.’’ Philosophical Papers 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 67-80. ---. “Truth in Fiction.” American Philosophical Quarterly 15, 1978. 37- 46. ---. Counterfactuals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Liessmann, Konrad Paul. "‘Zum Raum wird hier die Zeit.‘ Kleine Geschichte der Zeitreisen." Science & Fiction. Über Gedankenexperimente in Wissenschaft, Philosophie und Literatur. Eds. Thomas Macho and Annette Wunschel. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2004. 209-29. Stan Love. “Time Travel in Theory and Practice.” The Time Traveler’s Almanac. Eds. Ann VanderMeer and Jeff VanderMeer. New York: Tor, 2013. 166-172. Martínez, Manolo. “Travelling in Branching Time.” Home Page, n.d. Web. 7 June 2013. Mendlesohn, Farah. The Inter-Galactic Playground: A Critical Study of Children's and Teens' Science Fiction. Jefferson: McFarland, 2005. ---. “Is There Any Such Thing as Children's Science Fiction? A Position Piece.” The Lion and the Unicorn 28.2 (2004): 284-314. Print. ---. “Introduction: Reading Science Fiction.” The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 1- 12. Nahin, Paul J. Time Machines. Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993. Richardson, Brian. Narrative Dynamics: Essays on Plot, Time, Closure, and Frames. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001. Richmond, Alasdair. “Time-travel Fictions and Philosophy.” American Philosophical Quarterly 38.4 (2001): 305–318. Print. Ryan, Marie-Laure. “Fiction, Cognition and Non-Verbal Media.” Intermediality and Storytelling. Eds. Marie-Laure Ryan and Marina Grishakova. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2010. 8-26. ---.“From Parallel Universes to Possible Worlds: Ontological Pluralism in Physics, Narratology, and Narrative.” Poetics Today 27.4 (2006): 633-74. Print.

---. Avatars of Story. Minneapolis et al: University of Minnesota Press, 2006. ---. “Possible-Worlds Theory." Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. Ed. David Herman. London: Routledge, 2005. 446-50. ---. “Beyond myth and metaphor: the case of narrative in digital media.” Game Studies 1.1 (2001). Online. ---. Narrative as Virtual Reality: Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. ---. Cyberspace Textuality. Computer Technology and Literary Theory. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1999. ---. Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Theory. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991. Seeber, Hans Ulrich and Julika Griem. Raum- und Zeitreisen: Studien zur Literatur und Kultur des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2003. Stableford, Brian. "Science Fiction before the Genre." The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Eds. Edward James and Farah Mendelsohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 15-31. Stockwell, Peter. The Poetics of Science Fiction. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Tolkien, J.R.R. Baum und Blatt. Frankfurt et al.: Ullstein, 1982. Visser, Matt. Lorentzian Wormholes. From Einstein to Hawking. New York: AIP Press, 1996. Westfahl, Gary, George Edgar Slusser, and David Leiby. Worlds Enough and Time: Explorations of Time in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. Wittenberg, David. “Time Travel and the Mechanics of Narrative.” Time Travel. The Popular Philosophy of Narrative. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013. 1-32.