DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Durham E-Theses The making of the British early Palaeolithic, 1880-1960 O'Connor, Anne How to cite: O'Connor, Anne (2003) The making of the British early Palaeolithic, 1880-1960, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3709/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The making of the British Early Palaeolithic, 1880-1960 Anne O'Connor Department of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Durham 2003 Volume 1 ofl 'And there were giants in those days' Watercolour of Scottish scenery and giant hammer labelled 'Hutton'. The inscription reads: 'And there were giants in those days'. J ames Hutton was a pioneer of geological research. Reproduced courtesy of Imperial College, London (Pencil signature 'E.J': ICL: KGNRamsay/4/5/6). 2 8 APR 2004 Anne O'Connor The Making of the British Early Palaeolithic, 1880-1960 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Abstract This historical study explores the character of interpretations of the British Palaeolithic record between c. 1880 and c. 1960, focusing on attempts to classify and order the Early Palaeolithic industries. Interpretations were developed through complex interactions between individuals and groups, who were influenced by a range of aims, expectations and research opportunities. The impact of their contributions was partly dependent upon academic standing and the style of approach taken within the competitive arena of day-to-day research. General expectations of industrial patterning were founded upon the Early Palaeolithic industrial sequence from Western Europe, particularly the chronological succession from the Somme Valley, France, where the hand-axe was the most notable artefact. The assumption of progression and the use of prominent type-fossils such as the hand-axe in classifying and ordering industries coloured interpretations of the British Early Palaeolithic sequence. This is evident even in the approaches to the naturally-fractured stones known as 'eoliths'. The idea of a single, progressive line of industries also fuelled argument over the position and affinities of the flake-rich Clactonian industry in the 191 Os and 1920s. In the wake of rising uncertainties, the parallel culture scheme proposed by Henri Breuil achieved great popularity in the 1930s. The value of the Palaeolithic industrial sequence as a relative Quaternary chronology encouraged a complex interdependence between interpretations of the Palaeolithic and of the Quaternary sequence which helped to promote and to reinforce the new range of expectations that had been generated by Breuil' s scheme. However, by the mid-1940s, the rigid chronological order of industries proposed by Breuil had been weakened. By the late 1940s, researchers doubtful of the accuracy, scale and value of his scheme, expressed a desire to move away from the constraints of chronology and typology and towards more ecological and anthropological interpretations. Table of Contents List of Tables ............... l List of Illustrations ............... lll Declaration ............... Vll Statement of Copyright ............... Vll Acknowledgements ............... Vlll Terminological note ............... IX CHAPTER 1 ............... 1 Introduction 1.1: Scope of research ............... 3 1.2: Reasons for research ............... 4 1.3: The period under scrutiny ............... 6 1.3.1: The eolith debates ............... 7 1.3.2: The Clactonian, and other Early Palaeolithicjlake industries ............... 8 1.4: Methodology: a critical review of the sources used ............... 9 1.5: Chapter outline ............... 12 CHAPTER2 ............... 14 Introducing the late nineteenth century Palaeolithic research community, their assumptions and their expectations 2.1: Introducing the varied interests of the Palaeolithic researchers 16 2.1.2: Four brief vignettes ............... 17 John Evans (1823-1908) ............... 17 John Lubbock (1834-1913) ............... 18 William Boyd Dawkins (1837-1929) ............... 19 Augustus Pitt-Rivers (1827-1900) ............... 20 2.2: Subdividing the Early Palaeolithic industries: assumptions, expectations, and the development of a chronology 22 2.2.1: Lartet and Christy in the caves of France ............... 22 2.2.2: The cave I river-drift distinction ............... 25 2.2.3: The river-drift industries of Britain ............... 26 2.2.4: The Palaeolithic sequence of Gabriel de Mortillet 29 2.2.5: In summary ............... 32 2.2.6: Aside ... the use of ethnographic analogy in interpretations ofthe British Early Palaeolithic ............... 33 2.3: The development of a Quaternary framework for the British Palaeolithic ............... 36 2.3.1: The glacial chronology ............... 40 2.3.2: Geikie versus Dawkins ............... 43 2.3.3: Pre-glacial or post-glacial Palaeolithic, multiple glacial phases, and the problem of regional variation 46 2.3.4: Locating the Palaeolithic within the glacial period 4 7 2.4: The social and institutional context of British Palaeolithic research ............... 51 2.4.1: Employment for the Palaeolithic researcher in the nineteenth century .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 2.4.2: Non-professional researchers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 2.4.3: Societies, dissemination and debate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 2.5: Conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 CHAPTER3 ............... 60 The British eolith debates: expectations and arguments 3.1: Background to the eolith debates 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 3.2: The Kent eolith debates: an introduction to the lbroade1r context of Palaeolithic research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 3.2.1: The eolith debates in context: broader expectations of human antiquity in Britain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 3.2.2: Prestwich, Harrison, and the presentation of their case 69 3.2.3: In summary: eoliths as archaeology and eoliths as fractured flints .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 3.3: The pre-palaeoliths of East Anglia: a case study of the complexities behind interpretations of the §tone Age 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 3.3.1: Flint-fracture arguments and the pre-palaeoliths of East Anglia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 Background to flint-fracture research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 Moir, Lankester, Warren and Haward: diverse approaches to flint-fracture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 In summary: tracing the sources of disagreement over flint-fracture research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 3.3.2: Industrial patterning of the pre-palaeoliths: expectations and approaches 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 Concepts ofprogression and Moir 's evolving pre-palaeolithic industries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 Lankester and the rostra-carinate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 The evolution ofthe rostra-carinate, and links to the Palaeolithic sequence 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 00 In summary: visions ofarchaeology and arguments over natural fracture 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 3.3.3: Social manipulation behind scientific debate: presenting the Sub-Crag .flints to the palaeolithic research community 105 Getting ahead in Society: society meetings and journals 105 Strategies ofterminology: the word 'eolith' 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 Strategies in print and in person: approaching the opposition 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 112 Strategies ofdirect confrontation with the evidence: exhibitions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 113 'Those tricky Frenchmen': 'intelligent men & experts' 116 'Those tricky Frenchmen': 'two hasty foreigners' 119 The second visit: Breuil 's conversion at Foxhall Hall in 1920 oooooooooooooooo 122 3.4: Conclusions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 126 CJHJ:AJPTER 4 ................ 128 EarDy Palaeolithic research in the earHy twentieth century: institutionaD collaborations and complex industrial sequences 4.1: Institutions, individuals, and impediments: the social and institutional context of palaeolithic research in the early twentieth century ................ 131 4.1.1: The Geological Survey of Great Britain ................ 134 4.1.2: The British Museum ................ 135 4.1.3: Collaboration in action: the British Museum and the Geological Survey at Swanscombe ................ 136 4.1.4: Warren at Clacton-on-Sea, and the research constraints facing non-professionals ................ 143 4.1.5: The impact of the Great War (1914-1918) ...............
Recommended publications
  • Formal and Informal Networks of Knowledge and Etheldred Benett's

    Formal and Informal Networks of Knowledge and Etheldred Benett's

    Journal of Literature and Science Volume 8, No. 1 (2015) ISSN 1754-646X Susan Pickford, “Social Authorship, Networks of Knowledge”: 69-85 “I have no pleasure in collecting for myself alone”:1 Social Authorship, Networks of Knowledge and Etheldred Benett’s Catalogue of the Organic Remains of the County of Wiltshire (1831) Susan Pickford As with many other fields of scientific endeavour, the relationship between literature and geology has proved a fruitful arena for research in recent years. Much of this research has focused on the founding decades of the earth sciences in the early- to mid-nineteenth century, with recent articles by Gowan Dawson and Laurence Talairach-Vielmas joining works such as Noah Heringman’s Romantic Rocks, Aesthetic Geology (2003), Ralph O’Connor’s The Earth on Show: Fossils and the Poetics of Popular Science, 1802-1856 (2007), Virginia Zimmerman’s Excavating Victorians (2008) and Adelene Buckland’s Novel Science: Fiction and the Invention of Nineteenth-Century Geology (2013), to explore the rhetorical and narrative strategies of writings in the early earth sciences. It has long been noted that the most institutionally influential early geologists formed a cohort of eager young men who, having no tangible interests in the economic and practical applications of their chosen field, were in a position to develop a passionately Romantic engagement with nature, espousing an apocalyptic rhetoric of catastrophes past and borrowing epic imagery from Milton and Dante (Buckland 9, 14-15). However, as Buckland further notes, this argument – though persuasive as far as it goes – fails to take into account the broad social range of participants in the construction of early geological knowledge.
  • The Wyley History of the Geologists' Association in the 50 Years 1958

    The Wyley History of the Geologists' Association in the 50 Years 1958

    THE WYLEY HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION 1958–2008 Leake, Bishop & Howarth ASSOCIATION THE GEOLOGISTS’ OF HISTORY WYLEY THE The Wyley History of the Geologists’ Association in the 50 years 1958–2008 by Bernard Elgey Leake, Arthur Clive Bishop ISBN 978-0900717-71-0 and Richard John Howarth 9 780900 717710 GAHistory_cover_A5red.indd 1 19/08/2013 16:12 The Geologists’ Association, founded in 1858, exists to foster the progress and Bernard Elgey Leake was Professor of Geology (now Emeritus) in the diffusion of the science of Geology. It holds lecture meetings in London and, via University of Glasgow and Honorary Keeper of the Geological Collections in the Local Groups, throughout England and Wales. It conducts field meetings and Hunterian Museum (1974–97) and is now an Honorary Research Fellow in the School publishes Proceedings, the GA Magazine, Field Guides and Circulars regularly. For of Earth and Ocean Sciences in Cardiff University. He joined the GA in 1970, was further information apply to: Treasurer from 1997–2009 and is now an Honorary Life Member. He was the last The Executive Secretary, sole editor of the Journal of the Geological Society (1972–4); Treasurer (1981–5; Geologists’ Association, 1989–1996) and President (1986–8) of the Geological Society and President of the Burlington House, Mineralogical Society (1998–2000). He is a petrologist, geochemist, mineralogist, Piccadilly, a life-long mapper of the geology of Connemara, Ireland and a Fellow of the London W1J 0DU Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has held research Fellowships in the Universities of phone: 020 74349298 Liverpool (1955–7), Western Australia (1985) and Canterbury, NZ (1999) and a e-mail: [email protected] lectureship and Readership at the University of Bristol (1957–74).
  • Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19Th Century Pioneer in British Palaeontology

    Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19Th Century Pioneer in British Palaeontology

    Headwaters Volume 26 Article 14 2009 Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19th Century Pioneer in British Palaeontology Larry E. Davis College of St. Benedict / St. John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters Part of the Geology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Davis, Larry E. (2009) "Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19th Century Pioneer in British Palaeontology," Headwaters: Vol. 26, 96-126. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters/vol26/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Headwaters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LARRY E. DAVIS Mary Anning of Lyme Regis 19th Century Pioneer in British Palaeontology Ludwig Leichhardt, a 19th century German explorer noted in a letter, “… we had the pleasure of making the acquaintance of the Princess of Palaeontology, Miss Anning. She is a strong, energetic spinster of about 28 years of age, tanned and masculine in expression …” (Aurousseau, 1968). Gideon Mantell, a 19th century British palaeontologist, made a less flattering remark when he wrote in his journal, “… sallied out in quest of Mary An- ning, the geological lioness … we found her in a little dirt shop with hundreds of specimens piled around her in the greatest disorder. She, the presiding Deity, a prim, pedantic vinegar looking female; shred, and rather satirical in her conversation” (Curwin, 1940). Who was Mary Anning, this Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness (Fig.
  • Archibald Geikie (1835–1924): a Pioneer Scottish Geologist, Teacher, and Writer

    Archibald Geikie (1835–1924): a Pioneer Scottish Geologist, Teacher, and Writer

    ROCK STARS Archibald Geikie (1835–1924): A Pioneer Scottish Geologist, Teacher, and Writer Rasoul Sorkhabi, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA; [email protected] years later, but there he learned how to write reports. Meanwhile, he read every geology book he could find, including John Playfair’s Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory, Henry de la Beche’s Geological Manual, Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology, and Hugh Miller’s The Old Red Sandstone. BECOMING A GEOLOGIST In the summer of 1851, while the Great Exhibition in London was attracting so many people, Geikie decided instead to visit the Island of Arran in the Clyde estuary and study its geology, aided by a brief report by Andrew Ramsay of the British Geological Survey. Geikie came back with a report titled “Three weeks in Arran by a young geologist,” published that year in the Edinburgh News. This report impressed Hugh Miller so much that the renowned geologist invited its young author to discuss geology over a cup of tea. Miller became Geikie’s first mentor. In this period, Geikie became acquainted with local scientists and pri- vately studied chemistry, mineralogy, and geology under Scottish naturalists, such as George Wilson, Robert Chambers, John Fleming, James Forbes, and Andrew Ramsay—to whom he con- fessed his desire to join the Geological Survey. In 1853, Geikie visited the islands of Skye and Pabba off the coast Figure 1. Archibald Geikie as a young geolo- of Scotland and reported his observations of rich geology, including gist in Edinburgh. (Photo courtesy of the British Geological Survey, probably taken in finds of Liassic fossils.
  • Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Leicestershire and Rutland: Progress and Potential by Anne Graf

    Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Leicestershire and Rutland: Progress and Potential by Anne Graf

    Leic.Arch. Sept 2002 11/10/02 7:54 AM Page 1 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Leicestershire and Rutland: progress and potential by Anne Graf Drawing on archaeological and geological research, recent finds, museum collections and borehole evidence, this paper describes the changing local landscape and environment round the Cromerian-period Bytham river valley, possibly the major early entry route to Britain from Europe; the succeeding pro-glacial Lake Harrison and present-day post-glacial rivers; and highlights deposits with Palaeolithic archaeological potential. Palaeolithic tools of quartzite, comparable with other Midlands raw materials, and of andesitic and Charnian tuff may suggest occupation from around 600,000 BC, while flint tools suggest at least intermittent post-Anglian occupation, followed by probable abandonment from after 160,000 BC until possible Devensian re-occupation by Neanderthalers post- 60,000 BC. Introduction The last twenty years have seen very exciting results for the Palaeolithic period in Leicestershire and Rutland. This paper discusses these results, which are placed in the contexts both of the local landscape changes, and of the growing national understanding of key Palaeolithic issues. The paper aims to provide a summary of current knowledge of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupants and their environments and landscapes in these two counties, and to highlight potential for further investigation. The local, and many national, sites, to which references can be found in the bibliography, are presented in the timechart in illus. 1, with their relative positions within current archaeological and geological divisions and phases. Throughout the timechart and the rest of this paper ‘thousand [years] ago’ will be abbreviated to ‘ka’, while the oxygen isotope stages now used for international date correlations (see below) will also be abbreviated, so that, for example, OIS-16 indicates oxygen isotope stage 16.
  • Mary Anning: Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness

    Mary Anning: Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness

    The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon Volume 84 Issue 1 Article 8 1-6-2012 Mary Anning: Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness Larry E. Davis College of St. Benedict / St. John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/compass Part of the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Davis, Larry E. (2012) "Mary Anning: Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness," The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon: Vol. 84: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/compass/vol84/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Figure. 1. Portrait of Mary Anning, in oils, probably painted by William Gray in February, 1842, for exhibition at the Royal Academy, but rejected. The portrait includes the fossil cliffs of Lyme Bay in the background. Mary is pointing at an ammonite, with her companion Tray dutifully curled beside the ammonite protecting the find. The portrait eventually became the property of Joseph, Mary‟s brother, and in 1935, was presented to the Geology Department, British Museum, by Mary‟s great-great niece Annette Anning (1876-1938). The portrait is now in the Earth Sciences Library, British Museum of Natural History. A similar portrait in pastels by B.J.M. Donne, hangs in the entry hall of the Geological Society of London.
  • Matériel Pédagogique.Pdf

    Matériel Pédagogique.Pdf

    SOMMAIRE Les Valises pédagogiques p. 3 Liste de moulages pour Valises pédagogiques « sur mesure » p. 10 Les outils pédagogiques p. 22 Les ateliers pédagogiques p. 26 Affiches, posters et livres p. 28 Les expositions itinérantes p. 30 Comment commander p. 32 2 Les valises pédagogiques 3 Valise pédagogique « Néolithique, chalcolithique & âge du bronze » 1 000 € + frais de port Présentation dans une boîte plastique avec couvercle, de dimension : 80 x 40 x 34 cm Contenu de la valise : Néolithique -Gobelet en céramique, Grotte d’En Gorner, Villefranche-de-Conflent,Pyrénées Orientales, France -Assiette à marli, La Chance, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Louche en céramique, Les Gouleyrous, Tautavel, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Vase cylindro-ovoïde, Cova de les Bruixes, Tautavel, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Armatures de flèches en silex, Grotte de Can Pey, Montferrer, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Pointe de flèche en silex, Grotte de Can Pey, Montferrer, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Grande lame en silex, Grotte de Can Pey, Montferrer, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Fusaïole en terre cuite, Grotte de Can Pey, Montferrer, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Lame de silex retouchée (faucille), Coma Francesa, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Petite hache polie en serpentine, Site inconnu -Hache polie en basalte, Grotte de Can Pey, Montferrer, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Hache emmanchée, Site inconnu -Poinçon en os, Les Gouleyrous, Tautavel, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Ciseau en os, Les Gouleyrous, Tautavel, Pyrénées Orientales, France -Perles (7), Coma Francesa,
  • Evaluación De Las Capacidades Cognitivas De Homo Neanderthalensis E Implicaciones En La Transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior En Eurasia

    Evaluación De Las Capacidades Cognitivas De Homo Neanderthalensis E Implicaciones En La Transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior En Eurasia

    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE PREHISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de Homo Neanderthalensis e implicaciones en la transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior en Eurasia MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto DIRECTOR José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto Bajo la dirección del doctor José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros MADRID, 2018 ©Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Carlos Burguete Prieto Dirigida Por Dr. José Yravedra Sainz De Terreros MADRID, 2018 A Álvaro, mi hermano. AGRADECIMIENTOS (en orden alfabético): A Abel Amón por facilitarme documentación gráfica de difícil acceso referente a varios sitios arqueológicos de Rusia y Cáucaso. A Eva Barriocanal (Servicio de depósito del Museo Arqueológico de Bilbao) por su amable atención y disposición a permitirme analizar piezas procedentes del abrigo de Axlor. A Francesco d’Errico (Université de Bordeaux) por compartir sus opiniones y facilitarme información sobre piezas procedentes de la Grotte de Peyrere, Francia. A Luis de Miguel (Director del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia) por facilitarme amablemente el acceso a los restos humanos hallados en la Sima de las Palomas, Murcia.
  • Humphry Davy, Mining and the Sublime Landscapes of Cornwall

    Humphry Davy, Mining and the Sublime Landscapes of Cornwall

    Journal of Literature and Science Volume 7, No. 1 (2014) ISSN 1754-646XJournal of Literature and Science 7 (2014) Trower, “Primitive Rocks”: 20-40 Shelley Trower, “Primitive Rocks”: 20-40 Primitive Rocks: Humphry Davy, Mining and the Sublime Landscapes of Cornwall Shelley Trower The newly established Geological Society of London, formed in 1807, set out as a primary purpose its ambition to produce a geological map of Britain. The editors of the first issue of the Society’s journal, Transactions of the Geological Society (1811), stated their hope that its members will continue to donate mineral specimens which will lay the foundations of such a map (“Preface” viii). A few years later, in 1814, a similar society was formed in Cornwall which then produced its own journal, Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall (1818), the first issue of which echoed the London version of Transactions, though on a smaller scale: “In the construction of a geological map of Cornwall, the Society has made considerable progress, and the Council trust that from the zealous and united exertion of its members, its completion may be confidently anticipated” (“Preface” viii). At this point the president of the London Society, George Bellas Greenough, was about to publish his Geological Map of England and Wales (1819), the result of a cooperative collaboration between the society’s members who sent in rock specimens from various localities throughout much of Britain. What such maps clearly highlighted were regional differences in geology, differences which formed a basis for understanding how particular regions were not only comprised of certain kinds of rocks but also exhibited other properties.
  • Sir William Edmond Logan, Father of Canadian Geology: His Passion Was Precision

    Sir William Edmond Logan, Father of Canadian Geology: His Passion Was Precision

    Sir William Edmond Logan, Father of Canadian Geology: His Passion Was Precision Charles H. Smith, Geological Survey of Canada (retired), Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 5P5, [email protected] illiam Edmond Logan (1798–1875) was a self-taught geologist who entered the geo- Wlogical profession following more than 20 years in accounting and copper-smelter management. His practice of geology arose from a desire to understand the sources of coal and ores. Because eminent British geologists recognized his abilities, he was selected (1842) to establish the Geological Survey of Canada. Logan directed the Survey for over a quarter of a century, and his achievements as a geologist, administrator, and force in Canada’s eco- nomic development gained him national and international renown. Early Years Logan at age 58. From a painting, Logan was born in 1798 in Montreal, the son of a prosperous baker and property by G.T. Berthon, commissioned by owner. Education was a priority for the family; at age 16, Logan was sent to high school in the Canadian Institute. Published Edinburgh, Scotland, where he excelled. At age 18, he enrolled in Edinburgh University, in Zaslow (1975). attending classes in logic, chemistry, and mathematics. Although his academic achieve- ment was high, he left after one year to follow commercial pursuits in London, in the counting house of his uncle, Hart Logan. First Job meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Liverpool; the maps came to the attention of Henry De la Beche, From 1817 to 1831, Logan worked diligently in London, devel- director of the Ordinance Geological Survey of Great Britain.
  • Portraits from Our Past

    Portraits from Our Past

    M1634 History & Heritage 2016.indd 1 15/07/2016 10:32 Medics, Mechanics and Manchester Charting the history of the University Joseph Jordan’s Pine Street Marsden Street Manchester Mechanics’ School of Anatomy Medical School Medical School Institution (1814) (1824) (1829) (1824) Royal School of Chatham Street Owens Medicine and Surgery Medical School College (1836) (1850) (1851) Victoria University (1880) Victoria University of Manchester Technical School Manchester (1883) (1903) Manchester Municipal College of Technology (1918) Manchester College of Science and Technology (1956) University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (1966) e University of Manchester (2004) M1634 History & Heritage 2016.indd 2 15/07/2016 10:32 Contents Roots of the University 2 The University of Manchester coat of arms 8 Historic buildings of the University 10 Manchester pioneers 24 Nobel laureates 30 About University History and Heritage 34 History and heritage map 36 The city of Manchester helped shape the modern world. For over two centuries, industry, business and science have been central to its development. The University of Manchester, from its origins in workers’ education, medical schools and Owens College, has been a major part of that history. he University was the first and most Original plans for eminent of the civic universities, the Christie Library T furthering the frontiers of knowledge but included a bridge also contributing to the well-being of its region. linking it to the The many Nobel Prize winners in the sciences and John Owens Building. economics who have worked or studied here are complemented by outstanding achievements in the arts, social sciences, medicine, engineering, computing and radio astronomy.
  • Catalogue of the Papers of Professor Sir William Boyd Dawkins in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester

    Catalogue of the Papers of Professor Sir William Boyd Dawkins in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester

    CATALOGUE OF THE PAPERS OF PROFESSOR SIR WILLIAM BOYD DAWKINS IN THE JOHN RYLANDS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF MANCHESTER GEOFFREY TWEEDALE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD AND TIMOTHY PROCTER HISTORY GRADUAND, CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD INTRODUCTION* According to a recent study, 'the history of the rise of geology over the past 200 years can, through British eyes at least, be seen to comprise two different but closely interconnected strands'. 1 The first relates more to Natural History and looks toward the scientific or 'pure' front. The second connects with mining and the search for raw materials and is slanted towards the industrial or 'applied' horizon. In contemplating these two strands of geological history it is interesting to note that it is the scientific branch of geology that has traditionally brought fame and fortune. In the nineteenth century it was the Victorian 'gentleman' geologist who enjoyed the greatest respect and power. Some became national figures, as their work on rock strata, geological surveys and minerals was found useful in the drive for 'imperial' expansion. These were the men who filled museums with their geological specimens, engaged in the most prominent controversies of the day, wrote books and articles and left papers - and naturally won prestige, influence and honours. 2 These protagonists of scientific geology have also been the chief interest of historians. This is despite the fact that the growth of * \\'e are grateful to Jack Morrell (Bradford University > and Hugh Torrens (Keele University) for providing references for this paper. 1 U.S. Torrens, 'Hawking history: a vital future for geology's past', Modem Geology, 13 (1988), 83-93.