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La Beccaccia in Italia: Approfondimenti Sul Ruolo

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La Beccaccia in Italia: Approfondimenti Sul Ruolo Dottorato di Ricerca in "Biologia Ambientale e Biodiversità" STEBICEF AGR/11 “LA BECCACCIA IN ITALIA: APPROFONDIMENTI SUL RUOLO DELL’ITALIA NELLA STRATEGIA MIGRATORIA E DI SVERNAMENTO PER LA SPECIE” IL DOTTORE IL COORDINATORE Arianna Aradis Prof. Marco Arculeo IL TUTOR Prof. Bruno Massa CICLO XXV ANNO CONSEGUIMENTO TITOLO 2015 0 “The aim of science is not to open the door to infinite wisdom, but to set a limit to infinite error” “Scopo della scienza non è quello di aprire le porte all’infinito sapere, ma quello di ergere muri alla dilagante ignoranza” ― Bertolt Brecht, Life of Galileo Dedico questo lavoro: ai miei genitori che hanno appoggiato sempre le mie scelte e i percorsi, a volti tortuosi, intrapresi nei progetti di ricerca e di vita; a mia sorella per essere sempre presente in ogni circostanza e per cercare costantemente di farmi capire che la vita è piena di sfumature colorate; a mio nipote Pavel a cui spero di aver trasmesso la curiosità scientifica, l’amore e il rispetto per la natura; a Jack, il mio amico peloso la cui presenza è stata indispensabile per farmi allontanare dal computer e fare lunghe passeggiate nel verde. 1 SOMMARIO Prefazione ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduzione generale ......................................................................................................... 5 La beccaccia ........................................................................................................................ 7 La beccaccia in Italia ...........................................................................................................13 Status e minacce ................................................................................................................15 Metodologia generale ........................................................................................................18 Cattura e inanellamento.....................................................................................................19 Marcaggio con radio satellitari ...........................................................................................20 Analisi genetica per il riconoscimento del sesso .................................................................22 Capitolo 1 Fenologia dello svernamento ............................................................................25 Introduzione ......................................................................................................26 Metodi ..............................................................................................................27 Risultati .............................................................................................................28 Discussione.........................................................................................................35 Capitolo 2 Origine della popolazione .................................................................................37 Introduzione ........................................................................................................38 Metodi ................................................................................................................39 Risultati ...............................................................................................................39 Discussione .........................................................................................................60 Capitolo 3 Movimenti e Migrazione: Indagine Satellitare ...................................................61 Introduzione ........................................................................................................62 Metodi .................................................................................................................65 Risultati ................................................................................................................67 Discussioni ...........................................................................................................74 Capitolo 4 Biometria e sessaggio ........................................................................................76 Introduzione ........................................................................................................77 Metodi ................................................................................................................80 Risultati ...............................................................................................................81 Sex Determination of Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) a molecular and morphological approach 84 Capitolo 5 L'alimentazione nel periodo invernale ............................................................100 Introduzione ......................................................................................................100 Risultati e Discussioni ........................................................................................103 Capitolo 6 La beccaccia e il saturnismo ...........................................................................105 2 Introduzione ....................................................................................................106 Meat of game birds hunted with lead ammunition: a major risk for consumers 108 Capitolo 7 Il ruolo ecologico della beccaccia nel trasporto dei Lieviti ...............................127 Introduzione ..................................................................................................128 Materiali e metodi ..........................................................................................129 Risultati ..........................................................................................................132 Discussione .....................................................................................................135 Capitolo 8 Conclusioni .....................................................................................................146 Ringraziamenti .................................................................................................................153 Bibliografia .......................................................................................................................155 3 PREFAZIONE Questa ricerca nasce dal desiderio di apportare nuove informazioni sulla beccaccia, un limicolo di elevato interesse gestionale e conservazionistico. Nell’ottica che tutte le specie devono essere tutelate e monitorate, è importante che significative azioni siano realizzate per preservare e monitorare le popolazioni di uccelli che apparentemente sembrano godere di uno status “stabile” nel tempo. Un monitoraggio a livello europeo con protocolli standardizzati di raccolta dati dovrebbe essere sviluppato, soprattutto, per quelle specie, come la beccaccia, che risentono di un elevato impatto venatorio e per cui gli effetti della caccia sommati al degrado e alla distruzione degli habitat potrebbero portare a un cambiamento improvviso e negativo del loro stato di conservazione. L'Europa, attraverso un protocollo comune, dovrebbe monitorare le popolazioni di beccaccia sul territorio e raccogliere informazioni fondamentali per identificare le aree di riproduzione e le rotte di migrazione utilizzate per gli spostamenti tra i diversi paesi. In attesa che venga definito un protocollo europeo, confido che questa ricerca possa apportare un piccolo contributo alla conoscenza della popolazione di beccaccia in Italia, delle aree di riproduzione degli svernanti sul nostro territorio e delle rotte di migrazioni da e verso l’Italia. 4 INTRODUZIONE GENERALE La beccaccia, Scolopax rusticola, è una specie molto apprezzata come selvaggina e ha un notevole interesse in ambito venatorio. Nei Paesi europei, con l'esclusione di Olanda, Belgio (Fiandra), Slovenia e nei cantoni svizzeri tedeschi, la beccaccia viene cacciata durante la migrazione autunnale, nei quartieri di svernamento e in molti Paesi dell’est e dell'ex Urss anche in primavera (Lutz & Jensen 2006). Di conseguenza, la specie è sottoposta a prelievo venatorio 9 mesi su 12. L'inverno è la stagione in cui la caccia è svolta con maggiore intensità e per un lungo periodo quando le popolazioni sono concentrate nelle aree di svernamento. Nel periodo invernale, l'attività venatoria si somma ai fattori ambientali che agiscono sulla popolazione e che possono incidere in maniera negativa sul tasso di sopravvivenza. Condizioni climatiche avverse, ad esempio, possono rappresentare una minaccia importante per questa specie. Tavecchia et al. (2002) hanno evidenziato una correlazione tra le precipitazioni, le temperature e la sopravvivenza di questa specie. Intensi e prolungati periodi di gelo sembrano essere la causa di un aumento della mortalità per la difficoltà a reperire risorse alimentari a causa del suolo gelato (Gossmann & Ferrand 2000). Inoltre, le rigide condizioni climatiche rendono le beccacce più sensibili alla predazione e alla pressione venatoria (Tavecchia et al. 2002). In Francia e in Spagna durante inverni molto freddi è prevista l'interruzione o la sospensione temporanea dell'attività venatoria. Le popolazioni di beccaccia che svernano in Europa sono sottoposte, dunque, a molti fattori limitanti e i meccanismi con cui questi agiscono sulla specie sono per lo più sconosciuti. Il trend delle popolazioni, attualmente considerato stabile, subisce a livello locale delle fluttuazioni che in alcune aree tendono al negativo, le cui cause sono
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