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Henry Kennedy David C. Van Essen Yves Christen Editors Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences Henry Kennedy David C. Van Essen Yves Christen Editors Micro-, Meso- and Macro- Connectomics of the Brain Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/2357 Henry Kennedy • David C. Van Essen • Yves Christen Editors Micro-, Meso- and Macro- Connectomics of the Brain Editors Henry Kennedy David C. Van Essen Stem-Cell & Brain Res. Institute Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept. Inserm U846 Washington Univ. School of Medicine Bron, France St. Louis, Missouri USA Yves Christen Fondation Ipsen Boulogne Billancourt, France ISSN 0945-6082 ISSN 2196-3096 (electronic) Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences ISBN 978-3-319-27776-9 ISBN 978-3-319-27777-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27777-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932376 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016. This book is published open access. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 2.5 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Acknowledgments The editors wish to express their gratitude to Mrs. Mary Lynn Gage for her editorial assistance and Mrs. Astrid de Ge´rard for the organization of the meeting. v ThiS is a FM Blank Page Contents Nanoconnectomics ......................................... 1 Terrence J. Sejnowski Inhibitory Cell Types, Circuits and Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex .................................................. 11 Edward M. Callaway Form Meets Function in the Brain: Observing the Activity and Structure of Specific Neural Connections ........................ 19 Karl Deisseroth The Network for Intracortical Communication in Mouse Visual Cortex .................................................. 31 Andreas Burkhalter The Brain in Space ......................................... 45 Kenneth Knoblauch, Ma´ria Ercsey-Ravasz, Henry Kennedy, and Zolta´n Toroczkai In-Vivo Connectivity in Monkeys .............................. 75 Wim Vanduffel Parcellations and Connectivity Patterns in Human and Macaque Cerebral Cortex ........................................... 89 David C. Van Essen, Chad Donahue, Donna L. Dierker, and Matthew F. Glasser Connectome Networks: From Cells to Systems ................... 107 Olaf Sporns vii viii Contents Intra- and Inter-hemispheric Connectivity Supporting Hemispheric Specialization ............................................. 129 Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer Genetics of the Connectome and the ENIGMA Project ............. 147 Paul M. Thompson, Derrek P. Hibar, Jason L. Stein, Gautam Prasad, and Neda Jahanshad Index ................................................... 165 List of Contributors Andreas Burkhalter Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Edward M. Callaway The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA Karl Deisseroth Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Donna L. Dierker Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Chad Donahue Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Ma´ria Ercsey-Ravasz Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Matthew F. Glasser Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Derrek P. Hibar Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Neda Jahanshad Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Henry Kennedy Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France Universite´ de Lyon, Lyon, France Kenneth Knoblauch Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France Universite´ de Lyon, Lyon, France ix x List of Contributors Gautam Prasad Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Terrence J. Sejnowski Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Olaf Sporns Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Jason L. Stein Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Paul M. Thompson Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Zolta´n Toroczkai Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer Institut des Maladies Neurode´ge´ne´ratives (IMN), CEA CNRS Universite´ de Bordeaux, UMR 5293, GIN Team 5, Bordeaux, France Wim Vanduffel Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA David C. Van Essen Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Nanoconnectomics Terrence J. Sejnowski Abstract The neuropil is a complicated 3D tangle of neural and glial processes. Recent advances in microconnectomics has made it possible to reconstruct neural circuits from serial-section electron microscopy at the micron scale. Electron microscopy allows even higher resolution reconstructions on the nanometer scale. Nanoconnectomic reconstructions approaching molecular resolution allow us to explore the topology of extracellular space and the precision with which synapses are modified by patterns of neural activity. The reconstruction of a neural circuit is an essential step in understanding how signals are processed in the circuit; without this ‘wiring diagram,’ it is difficult to interpret the signals recorded from elements in the circuit. Connectomics attempts to reconstruct complete circuits, which can be accomplished at many spatial scales, as illustrated in Fig. 1. At the microconnectomic level, recent studies have focused on the retina (Kim et al., Nature 509:331–336, 2014) and the visual cortex (Bock et al., Nature 471:177–182, 2011). At the macroconnectomic level, the long-range cortical connections can be trace with diffusion tensor imaging (Van Essen, Neuron 80:775–790, 2013). This chapter will focus on nanoconnectomics, whose goal is to produce an accurate reconstruction of the neuropil at the nanometer scale. Nanoconnectomics At the level of nanometers, the neuropil is a tangled mass of synapses, dendrites, axons and glial cells surrounded by extracellular space. Each of these compartments contains specialized molecular structures for specialized functions and, in particu- lar, those related to the processing of neural signals over a wide range of time T.J. Sejnowski (*) Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2016 1 H. Kennedy et al. (eds.), Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Connectomics of the Brain, Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27777-6_1 2 T.J. Sejnowski Fig. 1 Levels of investigation in the brain span 10 orders of spatial scale, from the molecular level to the entire central nervous system (CNS). Important structures and functions are found at each of these levels. Macroconnectomics provides the long-range connections between neurons in maps and systems, microconnectomics focuses on the network level, and nanoconnectomics extends down to synapses and molecules [adapted from Churchland and
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