The Idea of the Università Author(S): Francesco Zuddas Source: AA Files, No

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The Idea of the Università Author(s): Francesco Zuddas Source: AA Files, No. 75 (2017), pp. 119-131 Published by: Architectural Association School of Architecture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44427933 Accessed: 24-01-2018 19:41 UTC

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This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Idea of the Universita

Francesco Zuddas

Fischer von Erlach, Alexander on Mount Athos, 1725 © Historical Picture Archive / Corbis via Getty Images

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms When, in 1968, Joseph Rykwert proclaimed Naturally, the opportunity to reinvent on this crude a take on real urbanity, and too much universities to be 'the archetype or paradigm of scale was hugely attractive to architects, whose of a missed opportunity for the role universities our age', he was putting the accent on a decade more megalomaniacal design instincts had could play within a society rapidly heading that had seen the most sustained period of until that point only found an outlet in pre- and towards 'complete urbanisation' (to use the university building in history.1 As the recently postwar Utopian urban plans. It was no accident, popular phrase of the time, coined by Henri appointed professor of art at Essex University then, that the new British universities were Lefebvre in his La révolution urbaine). And while in Colchester, one of the self-same universities referred to by their designers as 'towns', and that many university architects did indeed feel he was talking about, Rykwert's ruminations the first seven plateglass campuses to be built the need to situate ideal academic communities about what he considered quintessential - for the universities of Sussex, York, Warwick, within replicas of familiar or historic urban should be read against the backdrop of his own Essex, Lancaster, East Anglia and Kent - were spaces, others were able to respond to the more immediate context. And yet his words did echo all located in brownfield sites on the outskirts of ambitious possibilities afforded by their a wider recognition of the renewed importance existing urban areas. In this vision of a new commissions by developing new, explicitly rural of this building type, or as an editorial in the knowledge-based society, the design of universi- solutions (notably Denys Lasdun's work at us journal Architectural Forum had put it more ties and towns was seen as strongly intertwined. UEA, heavily indebted to an eighteenth-century expectantly six years earlier, 'And now, the Or as architect Michael Brawne described it in English landscape tradition). education explosion...'.2 1964, 'the questions arising from the complexity In this sense, architectural invention went Indeed, during the 1960s the design of an of urban planning ... are present in university hand-in-hand with large-scale, even territorial entire university would prove to be the most design' - [and, conversely] 'university planning concerns, making the new universities part of sought-after commission for any ambitious and design may be applicable to town design a collective debate that absorbed both architects architect, and by the time Rykwert canonised with which, after all, it has a great deal of and planners (as well as the architectural press, their emergence - in a text that was actually similarity'.3 The same ambition was reiterated which dedicated numerous publications and " more of a critique than a celebration - by university administrators, with Essex's magazines to the theme).6 Nof was the idea numerous examples had been built all over vice chancellor, A E Sloman, emphasising, the Of tying new campuses to larger approaches to the world, but especially in Engiáhd, the importance of making 'the-university itself a urban and suburban planning unique to the uk.7 country that had initiated this building boom kind of small town, with its own modest range If the plateglass universities were heirs to the with its own 'plateglass' universities. of small shops, restaurants and coffee-bars',4 New Towns (which in turn followed the The construction of these new institutions, just as his opposite number at Lancaster, C F Garden Cities), then in France university design endorsed by the uk government's Robbins Carter, endorsed 'a fairly dense urban type of reinvigorated the national debate on the Report on Higher Education in 1963, really development which would encourage the mixing banlieues and grand ensembles , illustrated by did explode established models, rethinking of people as much as possible'.5 the Sorbonne's new campus in Nanterre, which not only the very idea of a university to fit the It was precisely this equivalence between city. . extracted an extension to France's mostprestig- prospect pia more open, i^ertipcraticispciety, and universitythať Řykwert was criticising in his ious university from Paris 'live gauche to its ; .but also tile spatial relationShip between^ 1968 article, in particular the habit of mimicking western suburbs. In the us, by contrast, the z' ritrai college campuses and aWipcreasingly : , urban arrangements in pastiche squares and tradition of the detached, self-sufficient campus / urbanised world. - ~"i_ piazzas, a tactic he saw as simultaneously too * / n WL:c::: - " 1 was already so^tfò^g that it could only be

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms confirmed, with the construction or expansion of territory.11 Interestingly, the same year marked designed in the form of cubes. These housed all more than 60 campuses for the State University Italy's first foray into this debate when, in an the university departments and were accessible of New York, under the patronage of Nelson A article in Casabella , a young Aldo Rossi advo- from the bridge on two levels - a lower Rockefeller,8 and the outgrowth of new branches cated the very same approach: 'Shopping pedestrian path and an upper vehicular road. of the University of California, promoted by its centres, universities, cultural centres and public Exceptional spaces that could not be accommo- president Clark Kerr. In his widely read book, buildings will all regain their formal impor- dated within the rigid structure of the cubes, The Uses of the University (1963), Kerr described tance: they will be the monuments of a wider for example the larger lecture halls, were the wider ambition behind this physical metropolitan territory that will be marked located as auxiliary bridges suspended between expansion as a radical reconceptualisation of by an impressive public transport network two departments. Student residences and the very idea of the university, or as Kerr termed capable of augmenting and multiplying dormitories were detached from the spine it, the 'multiversity', a gigantic amalgam of movement, contacts and the participation of altogether, placed on the northern slopes of the education and industry.9 The most unadulterated everyman in the spirit of the new city.'12 adjacent hills, while opposing south-facing architectural manifestation of this type, however, It was not until the early 1970s, however, slopes were preserved for agricultural use and was not in the us but in Germany, where that Italian architects were able to fully respond mainly planted with olive trees. there was a renewed drive to establish 'reform to this call, taking advantage of a cluster of open The Calabrian competition was actually one universities' that broke with the established architectural competitions for new universities of a series in the early 1970s, all of them model, both in terms of their out-of-town by submitting a series of unashamedly territo- organised by Italian universities seeking to location and their curricula', while looking rial designs. Perhaps the most dramatic of these expand their structures and, to a certain extent, to re fresh the Humboldtian ideal of aligning was a 1972-74 proposal by Vittorio Gregotti for also their remit.14 Other competitions included teaching with research. And the size of the the University of Calabria.13 Responding to those for the universities of Florence (1970-71), student population (25,000 at the Ruhr-Univer- a brief that called for the integration of the Cagliari (1971-73) and Salerno (1973-75). 15 Much sität Bochum for example, dwarfing the 3-6,000 wider landscape outside the small southern like the briefs for the plateglass universities, students in the plateglass universities), meant Italian town of Arcavacata, Gregotti designed all four of them rejected the possibility of the complexes really were industrial in scale.10 a university in the form of a slender 3km-long expanding inner-city sites, instead identifying Germany's inclination towards this more bridge which not only spanned a sequence a new rural location, typically around 10km expansive model was already evident in of hills and valleys, but connected two major from their host cities. The similarities, however, the architectural competition for the Ruhr infrastructural nodes - a motorway and did not extend much further than this, because Universität in 19^2, wher^|Ā!^pļqsaļš^ th§ļvr a1 main rail line. The linearity of the complex in contrast to the somewhat monastic and likes of Grojpips' Arçhite^$^ wąs reinforced by a cross-section which Gregotti contained English model, Italian competitions Jaeofersén¿ Bakema^ Van der Broek and Gandilisv ■ ' ^limited ¡ to a maximum width of 110m, and by had a much wider reach, asking participants

I ^ Jósiç&iéods did npt limh thérnselves : to create regional masterplans within vyhich " jto the dispersal of college buildings around ifreant that the building freights" onły^ j-^tfreuniversttyj^ V alàndscaped ground, but rather submitted I response 1 to the rise and fall of the r"flŘe ground scale plane. of this* aì^ìtìoi>p^ organisational principles for the far more At its central point this bridge became to multi-Italian architects'^ föünd it ambitious colonisation of an entire rural tiered, and was flanked by two rows impossible of buildings to limit themselves to jtrśt one -r' i

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms proposal. Their popularity also spurred society was mirrored or institutional in an guidance, ostensibly but all were equally seamless a properly Italian debate among the likes of design and construction energised by theprocess. opportunity to developAs anin the uk, Vittorio Gregotti (winner in Florence and discussions about reforming almost independent discourse higher on higher education Calabria), Giuseppe Samonà (second prize in had been going on ineducation Italy from within since the disciplinary the bounda-early 1960s, Cagliari and participant in Calabria), Carlo and its own version ries ofof architecture the and Robbins urbanism.23 Their report was Aymonino & Costantino Dardi (honourable actually published aenthusiasm couple was reflected of in a seriesmonths of research before its mention in Florence, third in Cagliari, partici- English equivalent.18 projects, This as in the samecase of initiatives report led by then pants in Calabria, and Aymonino a member of became mired in endless debates without ever Giancarlo De Carlo in Venice, Guido Canella in the jury in Salerno), Ludovico Quaroni (third achieving a parliamentary consensus,19 but Milan and Paola Coppola Pignatelli in Rome, prize in Florence and a participant in Calabria), even if reform had been approved, there was nowhich coupled an analysis of the international Archizoom (participants in Florence), aspect of the Italian bill that allowed for the scene with a diagnosis of what they saw as a Superstudio (participants in Florence), Guido spatial reimagining of the modern university. peculiarly Italian condition.24 But the real goal Canella (participant in Calabria and a member Perhaps the main reason for this was that was a partisan one, as they seized the opportu- of the jury in Cagliari), bbpr (participants in historically universities in Italy have always nity to reaffirm the value of architecture in the Calabria), Ugo Polesello (participants in been rather dispersed presences within a city face of what many Italian practitioners saw Calabria) and Uberto Siola (second prize in fabric, growing in an ad-hoc basis and only as a technocratic challenge to their authority. Salerno and an honourable mention in Cagliari) when adjacent land is available.20 The only two This rivalry between architecture and - to mention just the more well-known names. exceptions to this model - of entire, planned scientific planning had gone public in the early In total, over 100 proposals were submitted universities built in the twentieth century - 1960s with the publication of two books, both to these competitions, but very few have been are Bocconi University in Milan and the Città elaborations on the same topic (which in Italy embalmed in the pages of architectural history Universitaria in Rome, both completed under had been assigned its own label as early as books.16 Most remained paper projects, and the Fascist regime in the 1930s.21 In every other 1959, 'Nuova Dimensione Urbana1). The first - those that were realised were heavily compro- instance, Italian universities survived inside La Città Regione in Italia (1962) - was the product mised during their construction (the case, converted buildings that by the early 1960s were of the Centro di Studi e Piani Economici, especially, of the winning projects for Florence manifestly toosmälltö accommodate the ä~nätfönal research "centre that approached

and Cagliari).17 The exception is Gregotti's . anticipated one million additional university large-scale development from a wide socio- design for Calabria, which was students both overbuilt the andcoming decades.22 Even when economic perspective, presenting a number of to a certain extent absorbed into a historical the government finally got around to allocating ambitious but spatially generic 'programmatic canon, and remains the embodiment of a level funds for university expansion in 1967, it washed hypotheses'. These stood in stark contrast of architectural ambition all the more striking its hands of the duty to define a vision for higher to the grandiose architectural propositions of given the almost total lack of political stability education, insisting instead that the universi- the second book - La Città Territorio (1964) in Italy at the turn of the 1970s, ties develop, thé coríipetitipn briefs themselves. t - which published the results of a recent design z ÍrfeÝe,ág^ín,isanotheróhvious coptf^stto:, /In 1967, then, architects were suddenly ! studio ^ at the lířrivéírsity of Rome led by Carlo the plateglasŽ tóiyersitiés, wher e>áñ apparently çalled into action^Nqne Öf them were Ąymonino ąrid Raoul Greco,26 Thè site Set by : > pëdfect pact between the Welfarę$£ate^ndciviH . /especiaUy^shy in lamenting the lack of state Aymonino ańf

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This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms eastern periphery. Recently designated research groups, made up of both students and the university of the future could not be reduced a development axis, and designed to accommo- professors, and which were set up explicitly toto a settlement, but should branch out from date new concentrations of tertiary services address issues with far stronger ties to reality. the classrooms and laboratory buildings to offer and offices, this so-called centro direzionale , In this sense, the studio run by Aymonino and courses for professional development within alongside other similar developments, was at Greco on the centro direzionale can be seen as factories and production plants, as well as at the time much discussed and debated in the a kind of prototype, but the example that more the lower levels of the school educational pages of Casabella and other architectural directly connected to the crisis of the university system, with university students acting as magazines, as Italy looked to present its new was a course led by Guido Canella at the Milan teachers - a rethinking of university education future as an advanced service economy. The Polytechnic between 1967-69.28 Eerily prescient in many ways more coherent than the project students of Aymonino and Greco, just like the of the 1972 competition that propelled Gregotti more typically used to illustrate this radicalism, authors of many of the magazine articles, to victory, Canella's brief called for the design Cedric Price's Potteries Thinkbelt from 1966. both challenged and elaborated on this vision, of a higher education system in Calabria, a Of course, the exploded university as and used their projects to present a manifesto region that had long suffered from geographical imagined by Canella could not be more for the centrality of architectural form in the isolation and socio-economic decline. But at different from the massive physical structure shaping of cities, as opposed to the tendency the same time the site was also tacitly the Milandesigned by Gregotti for Calabria a few years to handle the built environment only through polytechnic, which had witnessed increasingly later. Despite this, Canella remained tight- governmental planning policy.26 vehement debates and demonstrations against lipped on the winning design, but was openly These attacks on the tertiary sector and on the university's rather decadent administration hostile to the competition brief, criticising the bureaucracy that subsumed it would gain and the reform proposals for education officials for wanting 'a bit of university momentum, culminating in the strikes, protests advocated by parliament.29 Canella himself no matter what'31 and their myopic faith in a and sit-ins of 1968, which proved especially would eventually pay the price for his involve- singular architectural silhouette. Nevertheless, incendiary in Italy, where disgruntled students ment in these debates when on 23 November the competition for Calabria was revolutionary, came together with disenfranchised factory 1971 - together with seven other faculty mem- not least because it looked to import a new workers, both of them radically opposed to bers, including Aldo Rossi and Paolo Portoghesi type of university far removed from anything a bureaucratised service economy, and commit- - he was suspended from his post for backing the country had seen before, something that ted to the idea that the construction of a new the students who had given shelter inside theimplicitly suggested the absence of a strong society depended on a revolution in higher polytechnic to a group of evicted Milanese socialItalian model to build upon. education.27 It was in the schools of architecture housing residents.30 To be sure, there is some sort of identity that the university's identity crisis really came to Canella's greater radicalism, however, was attached to higher education in Italy, but this a head, making them hotbeds of protest against his studio brief, because it suggested a set ofis essentially found not in the universities outdated pedagogies and sterile academic novel ideas for a university that were in obvious themselves but in the peculiar urban patterns exercises and examinations. An alternative was opposition to both the amorphous, incoherent that subsume them, and which in many ways

offered in the form of experimental design make u ni vd^it&s »extensi orïso f lower levels of n, r^VV^Jios. These looked to reinvent the teaching and the discrete, idylli^pew campuses schooling. Like that a secondary were or even ą primary architóé'tórè^èfeti^iishmg - then popping up around the rschopļ,pupiļl globe . anFor average CandllC^ Italian university

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Student wakes up every morning in his family being produced in architecture in Europe and As engaged as he was with this narrative, home, is fed by his mother, goes to classes or abroad, I think that a better choice could not since the early 1960s Gregotti had been develop- the library during the day, and then returns have been made.3* ing a theoretical line of speculation of his own, home at night. With the exception of certain With these words of praise for Gregotti's specifically aimed at challenging this notion of collegi (typically dismissed as a form of welfare, project, published in a review in Domus in 1974, a mythical hut. In its place, he focused on the offering facilities only for the poorest Joseph Rykwert returned to the subject of the relation between architecture and the geograph- students),32 housing consistently escaped the new university, six years after declaring the ical scale, which became the central topic of obligations of academic institutions, meaning type paradigmatic.35 His disclaimer about his 1966 book, Il Territorio dell'architettura.39 that in the 1960s there were no proper student 'partisan interests', however, can be seen as And just as Rykwert recovered a fragment of halls of residence in the country. somewhat disingenuous, because in reality he eighteenth-century neo-classicism to act as Likewise, pastoral care and tutorials did share with Gregotti a certain theoretical iconographie register of his argument, Gregotti, - keystones of the Anglo-Saxon tradition - have common ground. This was confirmed in a text too, offered up his own alternative emblem of always been strangers to an Italian idea of the written by the Italian architect more than ten this wider landscape scale: Fischer von Erlach's university. It was exactly this tradition that the years later when, reflecting back on the Calabria 1725 engraving of Alexander on Mount Athos, in competition for Calabria wanted to import. In project, he reconnected with Rykwert's, in some which the figure of man, or rather architecture, fact, the University of Calabria was established ways signature, historical project.36 is not placed atop or within the landscape, but as the country- s first 'residential university', The origin of architecture does not lie in the is itself the landscape. For Gregotti this union with students living on campus, having a direct küt, the cave or in the mythical Adam's house in encapsulated his notion of ambiente totale, in affiliation with a specific college and, again like paradise '. Before a support was transformed into ~ which both the natural and the artificial interact the Oxbridge model, being assigned a personal a column, a roof into a pediment, and stone heaped at the scale of an entire territory. The only academic mentor.33 All this was, in part, a upon stone, man put stone on the ground in order real task for the architect, he argued, lay in response to the isolated nature of the surround- to recognise place in the midst of the unknown balancing the need to both copy or assimilate ing terrain, which was consistently invoked as universe and thereby measure and modify it.37 this landscape and to internalise it - that is, evidence of the need for some sort of self-suffi- Rykwert's Adam's House in Paradise was an architect should be able to simultaneously cient model of the Anglo-American type. In this published in 1972, the same year that design reflect on reality while maintaining the context, a campus - even one configured as a work on the Calabria project started. In this construction of what he termed its 'double'.40 3km-long bridge across a mountainous land- study, he famously revealed the ways architec- The project for the University of Calabria scape - seemed like the most natural solution. tural discourse had repeatedly explained defined just such a double, and with it Gregotti The university's time and money has been well its origins through the existence of some sort discovered his own archetype or paradigm, for spent I should probably not be the one to say this, of primitive idea of dwelling - an idea he against the accommodating image provided as I was a member of the jury ; but I know that the illustrated with the re-use of the frontispiece by the faux urban environments of the English choice was based purely on merit , with no influence from Abbé Laugier's Essai sur l'architecture plateglass universities, Gregotti responded from partisan interests. After days of hard work (1753)» depicting the lineages of architecture with a strangely unsettling settlement, a during the two selection stages for the competition, as 'a pure distillation of nature through megastructure that turned its back on familiar and to the best of my knowledge of what was unadulterated reason'.38 ideas of huuiaą sęąle^mf 'townscape' and ......

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms sought instead a controlling power over prerogative, their was return not in appreciatedFrampton's sum- by the jury, who ridiculed a large territory - his own Alexander, imposing ming-up locates Gregotti'sa number project of thewithin projects the as merely eclectic on the Calabrian hills a marker of pure, rational broader imperative exercises to produce in a newdrawing. university One jury member, James architectural order. for a new society. Gowan, For Frampton even this went overrode so far as to resign, criticising Undeniably bombastic, then, the project any engrained architectural as he did rivalries so the (orvery premises on which the still managed to integrate all the elements 'polemical heresies') competition - between, say, was rationalism founded - namely, the attempt called for in the brief: a potentially infinite, and organicism, or to the detach residual the fall-out university from from the city and the expandable structure (an absolute must for any the Anglo-Italian promotionspat between Reynerof the Banham isolated campus ideal. This new university), flexible interior configurations and Ernesto Rogers, polemic with the would 'technological' be echoed a couple of years able to adapt to institutional or pedagogic versus the 'historical'. later Such in anan accord,article however, published in The Architectural reorganisation (also essential, given Italy's was to a certain extent Review. wishful Unambiguously thinking, titled 'A Florentine lack of clarity about the future of the university) because these antagonisms Fiasco', wereit declared still very thatmuch 'one of the lessons and a clear architectural silhouette (acting in evidence, not leastlearnt in an from earlier this 1970 country'scompeti- postwar university as a possible future monument to the tion for the University building of Florence programme (which is that a campus of politicians who enabled it). These successes Gregotti had also culture,won, with learninga bigger team and that athleticism, sitting in 200 would also help elicit critical praise, with included Edoardo acresDetti) of. playing fields and parkland two miles Kenneth Frampton, in particular, echoing More ambitious tharifrom the town, equivalent is tíót brief à fittali ideal solution ... [but ą ] Rykwert's comments in an essay for Domus for Calabria, the romanticFlorentine dream that research and academiccompetition asked in 1980. Here, Frampton contextualised his for the production study isof best undertaken a regional-scale in rural bliss'.43 master- appreciation of the scheme by arguing that plan that not only Ahad response byto Gregotti identify and Detti arrived a site for a new the traditional city and its immediate environ- university between a few months Florence later, published in theand letters the town of ment had been 'torn to shreds by the impera- Sesto Fiorentino, column but of the also same magazine. had to rethink what tives of distribution and speculation ... to the remained of the existing Our attempt to pull togetheruniversity a chain of in Florence's extent that the urbanised area now assumes historic centre. Accordingly, interventions (the university represents while one many an apparent size commensurate with the participants lamented of the central ones),the stretching requirement along a service axis to scale of nature herself... so that the megalopolis produce a vision ofwhich penetratessomething into Florence's historic yetcentre, to be defined, invariably asserts itself as the universal others saw this lack was a way ofof using guidancethe competition to regulate as a free pass reference to which architecture must be to experiment. The the situation outcome, as a whole and render it lesssomewhat chaotic... addressed'. This condition, he went on to argue, predictably, was Thea wholediverse project provides aset clearly complemen-of proposals that 'bestows a certain typological conviction fell into two main tary andcamps: geographically well-defined those system. who To affirmed a on the University of Calabria - one which is faith in architectural speak in these circumstancesform of (Gregotti,the university as Aymonino sufficient to dispel any partisan impulse to & Dardi, and Giuseppe either in or outside theRebecchini) city is completely meaning- and those dismiss it on the grounds of polemical heresy'.41 who mocked its less...redundancy The university is separated from (Archizoom, the halls of Italo If Rykwert's own mention of 'partisan Insolera & Pierluigi residence Cervellati, and was conceived as a place ofand work in some way _ .^>i:ntèrests' had suggested a theoretical also Ludovico Quaroni).42 amongst other workers rather The than as a resultingprivileged tension Zi- ^ •" ✓s ''Vx

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ghetto. The intention was to give meaning to the Gregotti and rigidity ofDetti its perimeter (something 's the vision also, paradoxically, university, to consider it principally as a place of reinforced architectsItaly's reinforced in two vastown plaster models, existing model, merely public exchange (a ' social condenser ' as the Soviet scaling up the whose size and topographytypical alone made them university student's daily avant-garde called the factory) that directly affects passage between appear as their own chunk home of urbanised (still kept within the the region. To do this, it was necessary to break the city's core) landscape).and It also dependeduniversity on repetition, for (now relocated to an ideology of the campus.44 academic shopping in their university there was to be no hierarchymall). Gregotti and Detti had titled their project Gregotti's (noown main library, no studenttrajectory union, etc); rather, along his urbanis- Amalassunta (presumably derived from ing corridor, everything fromwas resolved numerically, his with the proposals for Florence Amalasuntha, an Ostrogoth queen who upheld (in 1970-71) drawings to allocating Calabria 250m to medicine, 100m to (in 1972-74), would find Roman virtues and values), and based much of a pivotal point biology, 150m to inphilosophy, theetc. second of Italy's big it on Detti's 1962 masterplan for Florence, university competitions, For Samonà, the appeal of the generic also for the University of which had refused a clear distinction between Cagliari (1971-73), lay in its potential to break withironically the status quo of one of the few he city and country - something Gregotti reiterated did not enter.46 the paternalistic Italian university.The And in thisscheme, he authored by the in his 1966 book, claiming that 'the city is no architect and was far more, explicitplanner than Gregotti (whose own, Giuseppe Samonà, which longer something that can be clearly identified won second later, prize,scheme shared much of Saïnonà's proposed cold a single gigantic in isolation, as in the past'.45 Their proposai settlement rationality),occupying arguing in his competition text that the entire 400-hectare site . played to this idea with a totalising image that on the northern a 'new' university had toperiphery modify the learning of Cagliari. At 3km featured a series of large parking garages long it extended process in order to create to a similarly the'new' same length as Gregotti's around Florence's historic core and a capillary Calabrian bridge, category of worker, whose skillsbut would be less there the similarities infrastructural network delineating a new set ended, for specialisedwhereas and encompass more generic Gregotti tasks, spanned a sequence of contours for the surrounding landscape. of valleys, Samonàlike the organisation of workload. Ahad university his university sink into Within this supposedly emphatic representa- the ground student, as he went an on, was merelyinverted a worker in bas-relief: 'an emblem tion of territorial coherence, the new university (or monument?) the initial stages of a professional turned career, which upside down', was settlement stood as a clearly identifiable figure, how one collaborator in turn implied a fundamental shift in what on the project, the a perfect rectangle defined by five linear blocks anarchist sociologist a university should be, moving beyond its narrowand planner Carlo Doglio, for the various departments, each almost lkm described it.47 definition as a special place for teaching and long, and held together by a plinth filled not Both Samonà and Doglio were highly critical research. Samonà was emphatic on this point, just with lecture halls, auditoria and libraries, of the English university model and what they writing that 'it would be impossible but also but also with food halls, sports facilities, shops, saw as its delusion of perpetuating Ebenezer wrong to conceive the new university of Cagliari hotels and cinemas - ie, in no sense a piece Howard's dream of the friendly synthesis of as a zoo for teachers and students located within of romantic pastoralism, but a wholeheartedly urbanity and rurality in harmonious, self-con- an area of 400 hectares'.49 urban corridor whose artifice combined both tained communities.48 Their vision, in contrast, Not a campus, then, but not a dispersed education and leisure. And yet as much as it depicted a city fuelled by the confrontation of Italian university either. Like Gregotti in offered a radical rejoinder to the cosy template opposing elements, with the strongest of these Florence, what Samonà was presenting was the of the Anglo-Saxon garden-city-like campus, - between city and country - reflected in the jiniyersity as a large concentration of activities

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This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms for an advanced tertiary economy, mixing infantilising, large numbers of new students. which were all conceived before revolution. offices, laboratories and classrooms. Inside In this way, the ghosts of centralised authority The fact that this Italian erasure of stability such a settlement, students would be workers and paternalism still haunted both Gregotti manifested itself through the most heroic among workers, their constant contact with and Samonà's ideas of the university, despite architectural gestures imaginable only adds each other designed to cultivate a more their willingness to rethink the scale of these further to the difficulty of interpreting this professional mentality that favoured general academic settlements and generally provide moment - and may also explain their exclusion over specialised knowledge. The social and a greater access to higher education. Canella, from architecture's more recent historiogra- pedagogic dynamic of the new University of in contrast, remained more closely aligned to phies. Of course, one could also adopt a Cagliari would therefore be distinctly bottom- the students, but ultimately paid for his loyalty defiantly politicised position on this, too, and up, and yet the decision to concentrate the - thrown out of his own university, victim of suggest that the easiest way to neuter a destabi- whole settlement within a single, geometric his own top-down purge. lising idea is to historicise it, and with such structure only seemed to reinforce something Of course, ambiguity might also define the rhetoric we remain, as ever, ambivalent. fundamentally top-down. As a result, the university as a whole, which in all its various Towards the end of his 1968 essay Joseph political associations of Samonà and Doglio's incarnations - from the medieval cloister to the Rykwert suggested that 'the most pressing proposal were somewhat ambiguous, which territorial bas-relief - has always depended on argument for finding the paradigm for the city suggests an interesting indictment pf 1968 - just the continual interplay of its integration with in the university [is the existence of] a society three years after this global wave of student and detachment from reality. The plateglass organised around differentiation and disagree- protest, there remained fundamental doubts as universities, in particular, sought to mask this ment, [whose] freedom is the token of the open to whether the university of the future should ambivalence, presenting only a stable typology society'51 - an argument that in many ways be dispersed or concentrated, urban or rural, through a set of stable images. As a result, the seems to anticipate the Italian projects that and its students cast as an enlightened elite or, English universities that were built in the 1960s were still to come, rather than the English as Samonà would have it, 'an a-political class, rarely questioned the innermost status quo of projects that had just been unveiled. Indeed, limited by false dignity and the preconceptions the institution, choosing instead to disguise it in looking back at the images produced in Italy, of a petit bourgeoisie'.50 behind demagogic claims for the university- we are left with a series of drawings that reveal This might explain the double-edged as-city. In reality, most new campuses played doubts as to the scale in which higher education character of the university projects by Samonà it safe by clearly circumscribing the brief inside should be conceived, with their rej ection and Gregotti, and the way their leftist sympa- a spatially defined compound that in no sense of the model of buildings clustered around thies did not extend to the new left of the radically challenged the idea of the university. some central urban square within some ersatz students, who had declared war on the old The Italian projects, in contrast, all campus-city. From this drawn portfolio, the society and its professors - a class that of course advertised themselves through their volatility, 3km university-bridge that spans the Calabrian included people like Samonà and Gregotti. challenging established models, but also, hills stands alone as the only built witness Their universities were thus from the outset unwittingly, producing equally unstable of an alternative narrative. Contemplating riven by paradox: while providing opportunities solutions. But perhaps more than anything else it now we feel our confusion grow, along for more open, mature self-formation they this is merely a consequence of their design with our curiosity as to what this thing we call were at the same time domesticating, even after 1968, unlike their English counterparts a university should ultimately be.

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms i. Joseph Rykwert, 'Universities as 'Universités', April-May 1968; prescient forecast of the dramatic 13. For a comprehensive presentation Institutional Archetypes of our Age', L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui, no 183, growth of administration as a major of the project see Italo Rota (ed), Il Zodiac 18 (1968), pp 61-63. 'Université, Ville et Territoire', component of the twenty-first-century Progetto per l'Università Delle Calabrie E 2. Editorial, Architectural Forum , vol 116, January-February 1976; Casabella, university, over and above their focus Altre Architetture Di Vittorio Gregotti. The no 2, 1962, p 51. no 357, 'Studenti Senza Casa', on the traditional goals of teaching Project far Calabria University and Other 3. Michael Brawne (ed), 'University April-October 1971; Casabella, no 423, and scholarship. Architectural Works by Vittorio Gregotti Planning and Design: A Symposium', 'Università: Progettare il Mutamento', 10. Bill Readings has articulated a brilliant (Milan: Electa International, 1979). Architectural Association Papers 3 March 1977. analysis of the changing condition 14. The competition brief for the first stage (London: Lund Humphries for the 7. See Stefan Muthesius, The Postwar of the university and its multiple ideas was published in Gazzetta Ufficiale Architectural Association, 1967), p 8. University: Utopianist Campus and from Humboldt to the early 1990s della Repubblica Italiana , no 188 (20 July Jointly organised by the riba and College (New Haven, ct: Yale University in his book, The University in Ruins 1972), pp 5229-31. The final results the Architectural Association, the Press, 2000). (Cambridge, ma: Harvard University were announced in June 1974 as follows symposium was held at the University 8. For the expansion plans of the State Press, 1996). He argues that with (listing only team leaders): first prize of Sussex, one of the new plateglass University of New York see w/aa, the collapse of national states and Vittorio Gregotti; second prize Tarquini universities, in July 1964. Bringing Campus Plans for State University the rise of transnational agreements, Martensson; third prize Jerzy together vice-chancellors, professors New York (nd, c 1965). institutions and corporations, the Yozefowicz; fourth prize Robert Mart; and architects of the new academic 9. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University university has lost the goal assigned fifth prize Riccardo Dalisi; sixth prize institutions, speakers included (Cambridge, ma: Harvard University to it by German reformers in the Piero Sartogo, with Arup. All 67 entries Shadrach Woods, presenting the Berlin Press, 1963). Kerr's idea of an American early nineteenth century to build the were published and discussed in Free University, and Richard P Dober, 'multiversity' depicted a gigantic and cultural identity of a country. For Luciana De Rosa and Massimo Pica author, pf Campus Planning (1963) , who incoherent administrative machine Readings, this has predicated a switch Ciamarra, 'Concorso per l'Università Di discussed new American universities. populated by an 'affluent' faculty from a university based on an idea of Calabria: Prima Lettura Dei Progetti', 4. Ibid, p 48. with interests located outside of the culture to one pursuing an idea of L'Architettura Cronache E Storia, no 5 5. Ibid, p68. university itself, as. the institution excellence, which is much less clearly (September 1974), pp 296-324. 6. Among the various monographic was 'called to merge its activities with definable. Published in 1996, Readings' 15. With the sole exception of Calabria, issues of architectural magazines on industry in an unprecedented way' book is strikingly prophetic if read with founded in 1968, the other three were university planning and design in (p 106). An unplanned result of the the eyes of the 2010s, when corporate expansions of existing institutions. the 1960s and 1970s see: Architectural historical evolution of the university, language and identity have completely The competition briefs for Florence, Design, no 12, 'Living in Universities', the multiversity was no longer a tight invaded the academic realm. Cagliari and Salerno were published December 1966; Architectural Design, community, 'but multiple communi- 11. The results of the Ruhr Universität in Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica no 5, 'What About Learning?', ties' based on conflict; it was not an Bochum competition were published Italiana respectively in issues 110 May 1968 (guest editor Cedric Price); 'organism' because 'parts could be in L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui, no 107, (4 May 1970), pp 2747-49; 180 (17 July The Architectural Review, vol 134, added and subtracted without harming April-May 1963, and in Bauwelt, 1971), pp 4453-555 and 157 (20 June 1973), no 800, 'Universities', October 1963; the system' (pp 30-31). Ultimately, nos 19/20, 20 May 1963. See also PP 4358-60. Coverage in architectural The Architectural Review, vol 147, it was a 'mechanism kept together by Stefan Muthesius, op cit, pp 252-57. publications decreased from the first no 878, 'The New Universities', April administration and activated by 12. Aldo Rossi, 'Nuovi Problemi', competition to the last, with Florence 1970 (guest editor Michael Brawne); money' (p 32). In Kerr's book we also Casabella, no 264 (1962), pp 2-7 being widely published and discussed L Architecture d'aujourd'hui, no 137, find what would prove to be a highly (author's translation). and Salerno being totally neglected.

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms For Florence see Casabella , no 361 a central lawn. In Cagliari, the winning the limitation of professional Annali Di Storia Delle Università (January 1972), pp 19-29; Controspazio , team headed by Luisa Anversa Ferretti opportunities for full-time professors Italiane 2 (1998). nos 1-2 (January-February 1972), was eventually substituted in 1985, outside of the university, and the 22. This figure was indicated in the PP 5-31; Domus , no 509 (April 1972), when the university commissioned creation of university departments to 'Second National Economie Plan for pp 1-12; Urbanistica , no 62 (April 1974), a new project by another architectural complement the existing organisation the period 1970-80', which advised pp 45-63. For Cagliari see Controspazio, office (B&C Associati). More generally, by faculties and institutes. on the need to build '20 new centres no 3 (November 1973), pp 10-49. what was not implemented in both 20. For a history of the Italian university for the university population' by 16. Besides the magazine coverage of the cases were the large-scale indications see Gian Paolo Brizzi, Piero Del 1980. Also known as 'Progetto 80' Florence and Cagliari competitions, for the wider regional territory Negro and Andrea Romano (eds), and produced by the Centro di studi the most comprehensive but scarcely proposed by the winning projects, Storia dell'Università in Italia (Messina: e piani economici, the research centre circulated book on the Italian resulting in the realisation of SICANIA, 2OO7). that in 1962 had published the book experience of university planning fragments (often commonly referred to 21. Of the project for the Città Universi- La Città Regione in Italia, the plan is Marcello Rebecchini, Progettare as university 'citadels' or 'poles') that taria, Marcello Piacentini, author was a holistic analysis of the whole L'università (Roma: Edizioni Kappa, lost the rationale behind the proposals. of the masterplan, said that only national territory, proposing a massive 1981). Another author who analysed On the fate of the Italian universities fascist ideology could have made physical rearrangement of the the projects around the time of their built after the competitions see realised the idea of concentrating country according to a pattern of linear design is Paola Coppola Pignatelli, Sabrina Puddu, 'Campus o Cittadella? in one single modern location all urbanisation and a new system of L'Università in Espansione: Orientamenti Il Progetto di un'Eredità', in Sabrina university institutes. See Marcello national parks. Progetto 80 acknowl- Dell'edilizia Universitaria (Milan: Puddu, Martino Tattara and Francesco Piacentini, 'Metodi E Caratteristiche', edged the strategic role that the Etas Kompass, 1969); Paola Coppola Zuddas, Territori della Conoscenza Architettura , no xiv (1935), p 2. university could play in a process of Pignatelli, 'Gap Tïa Ricerca E (Macerata: Quodlibet, 2017), pp 134-51. See also Renato Pacini, 'La Città territorial transformation to achieve Attuazione Nell'edilizia Universitaria: 18. 'Relazione sullo Stato della Pubblica Universitaria Di Roma', Architettura, what it called a 'new urban civilisation*. Note Su 4 Concorsi', Parametro , no 44 Istruzione in Italia', presented to Luigi no 8 (August 1933) and w/aa, 1935/1985 The plan was published by Ministero

(1976), pp 13-19. See also Casabella , Gui, Minister of Public Education, La 'Sapienza' Nella Città Universitaria, del Bilanciò e della Programmazione

on 24 July 1963 by a commission headed Catalogo Della Mostra (Rome; Economica, with the title Progetto 80: Mutamento', March 1977, by Giuseppe Ermini (referred to as Rapporto Preliminare Al Programma 17. The most striking transformation'Commissione Ermini'). from regime also produced the backbone Economico Nazionale 1971-75 (Milan: competition to building 19. Luigi happened Gui presented in a reformof legislation proposal on education and Feltrinelli, higher 1969). For an account of its Florence, where delays to parliamentled to changes in May 1965 education which in Italy with the reform genesis see Cristina Renzoni, Il Progetto in the architectural team,incorporated marked some of the produced recommen- by the Minister of '80:Public Un'idea Di Paese nell'Italia Degli most significantly by dations Detti's of death the Commissione in Education, Ermini, Giovanni Gentile, Anniin 1923. Sessanta (Florence: Alinea, 2012). 1984 and Gregotti's resignation including further from liberalisation The Gentile Reform of still determined 23. The sense of liberation that architects the project in 1985. From access a to formal the university theregardless Italian education of system well into experienced in designing without viewpoint, the project the was type literally of secondary school the 1970s, title, adding ideological reasoning any guidance from the state was often inverted from the megastructural the differentiation of three academic to the causes of protest from students hidden behind complaints about the character of the winning titles of growingentry academic and during the 1960s. See Andrea Romano, inadequacy of competitions as a means to a more conventional scheme of professional validity (the university 'A Trent'anni Dal 68. Questione to solve such an urgent issue as higher standalone buildings surrounding diploma, the laurea and the doctorate), Universitaria E Riforma Universitaria', education reform. Examples of such

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms complaints can be found in the words Centro Direzionale Di Centocelle in Roma student movement around 1968 were available at http://www.gizmoweb.org/ of both participants and members (Bari: Leonardo da Vinci editrice, 1964). initially collected by Giancarlo portfolio/la-rivoluzione-culturale. of the jury. An earlier critique can be 26. For a discussion of the Italian postwar De Carlo in his pamphlet La Piramide 30. The eight members suspended from found in Vittorio Gregotti and Emilio architectural and urbanistic debate Rovesciata (Bari: De Donato, 1968) their academic roles with a decree of Battisti, 'Due Concorsi', Edilizia see Cina Conforto et al, Il Dibattito and in w/aa, Università: L'ipotesi the Minister of Public Education were: Moderna , nos 82-82 (1964). Other Architettonico in Italia, 1945-1975 Rivoluzionaria. Documenti Delle Lotte Paolo Portoghesi, Franco Albini, criticisms of the university competi- (Rome: Bulzoni, 1977); Manfredo Studentesche , op cit. These have recently Lodovico Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Piero tions are Oriol Bohigas, 'Considerazioni Tafuri, Storia Dell'architettura Italiana, been republished and expanded Bottoni, Guido Canella, Carlo De Carli, Di Un Membro Della Giuria', Casabella , 1944-1985 (Turin: Einaudi, 1986); in w/aa, Contro l'Università. I Principali Aldo Rossi and Vittoriano Viganò. See no 361 (January 1972); Giovanni Maria Mario Ferrari, Il Progetto Urbano in Italia: Documenti Della Critica Radicale Alle Marco Biraghi, op cit. A series of issues Campus and Paolo Casella, 'Università 1940-1990 (Florence: Alinea, 2005). Istituzioni Accademiche Del Sessantotto of Controspazio chronicled the events Senza Pianificazione E Senza Riforme', 27. For a detailed reconstruction of the (Milan: Mimesis, 2008). and the opinions of those involved. Casabella , no 367 (July 1972); Carlo student protests in Italy and their 28. The course was later documented in See Controspazio , nos 10-11 (October- Aymonino et al, 'La Nuova Università relation to the revolts of the factory book form. See Guido Canella and November 1971); Controspazio , Di Cagliari', Controspazio , no 3 workers see Guido Viale, Il Sessantotto. Lucio S D'Angiolini (eds), Università: nos 5-6 (May-June 1972); Controspazio , (September 1973). Tra Rivoluzione E Restaurazione Ragione, Contesto, Tipo (Bari: Dedalo no 1 (June 1973). 24. Giancarlo De Carlo (ed), Pianificazione (Milan: Gabriele Mazzotta Editore, libri, 1975). 31. Franco Catalano, Ermanno Rea, E Disegno Delle Università (Rome: 1978). Soon after 1968, Viale was among 29. The protests were discussed by Canella 'Le università del sud', no 26, 1 July 1973, Edizioni universitarie italiane, 1968); the founders of the far-left extra- in the introduction to Università. quoted in Guido Canella, Università , Coppola Pignatelli, L'Università in parliamentary organisation Lotta A previous analysis of the student op cit , p 12. Espansione: Orientamenti Dell'edilizia Continua, which was born in 1969 protests in the Italian universities, 32. On the Italian collegi see Gian Paolo Universitaria ; Guido Canella and from a secession within the workers- and in particular in the schools of Brizzi, 'Università E Collegi', in Storia Lucio S D'Angiolini (eds), Università: students movement in Turin that also architecture, had been written by Delle Università in Italia , edited by Ragione, Contesto, Tipo (Bari: Dedalo gave birth to the parallel group Potere Giancarlo De Carlo. See Giancarlo Gian Paolo Brizzi, Piero Del Negro libri, 1975). In addition, Piero Sąrtogo Operaio, later renamed Autonomia De Carlo, La Piramide Rovesciata (Bari: and Andrea Romano, voi 2 (Messina: researched the tradition of the Operaia. For a less partisan reading De Donato, 1968). For a more recent SICANIA, 2OO7), pp 347-87. American campus during his stay as Of the eyçnts, see the historical account account, specifically focused on the 33. Università degli Studi di Calabria, a visiting professor at the University of by Paul Ginsborg in Storia d'Italia events in Milán, see Marco Biraghi, 'Concorso Internazionale per II Virginia in the late 1960s. Derived from Dal Dopoguerra a Oggi (Turin: Einaudi, 'Università: La Facoltà Di Architettura Progetto Deila Sede dell'Università this experience, Sartogo published 1989), pp 230-63. The relation between Del Politecnico Di Milano (1963-74)', Degli Studi Di Calabria. Relazione a series of articles on 'Campus Design' Autonomia and the politicai and in Italia 60/70. Una Stagione dell' Illustrativa' (Università degli Studi in Casabella between 1968 and 1969 architectural scene in Italy at the turn Architettura , edited by Marco Biraghi et di Calabria, 1972). (some written in collaboration with of the 1970s has been discussed al (Padova: Il poligrafo, 2010), pp 87-97. 34. Joseph Rykwert, 'Vittorio Gregotti Carlo Pelliccia). by Pier Vittorio Aureli in The Project For a broader discussion of the school E Associati: La Nuova Università 25. Franco Archibugi (ed), La Città Regione of Autonomy: Politics and Architecture of architecture at Milan's polytechnic Della Calabria, Il Progetto Vincente in Italia (Turin: Boringhieri, 1966), within and against Capitalism (New see the catalogue of the exhibition Al Concorso Internazionale', Domus , and Carlo Aymonino et al (eds), La Città York, ný: Princeton Architectural Press, 'La Rivoluzione Culturale' (Milan, no 540 (November 1974), p 15 (author's Territorio: Un Esperimento Didattico Sul 2008). The main written critiques of the 23 November 2009 - 8 January 2010) translation).

This content downloaded from 83.244.229.90 on Wed, 24 Jan 2018 19:41:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 35. Besides Rykwert and the university 39. Following parallel paths in the editorial the first formulation of No-Stop Giancarlo De Carlo in 1943, when they rector Beniamino Andreatta, the jury team of Casabella , Gregotti and Rossi City, which Archizoom published both shared an activist anti-fascist role, for the Calabria competition included published their books - the former's in 1971 [Domus, no 496). Among contributed to his growing interest in as international members Georges Il Territorio dell'Architettura and the the other radical Florentine groups urbanism and his later work in regional Candilis and Michael Brawne. latter's L'Architettura della Città - in that took part in the competition planning. In 1952 Doglio published 36. An early manifestation of the mutual the same year, 1966. While Rossi's book were Superstudio and Gruppo 9999. the widely-read essay L'equivoco Della respect between Rykwert and Gregotti has been widely circulated among 43. 'A Florentine Fiasco', The Architectural Città Giardino (Naples: rl, 1953), in is found in the publication of an Italian an international audience, Gregotti's Review , no 900 (February 1972), which he criticised the technocratic translation of the former's The Idea has never had a full English edition, pp 79-82. nature of Ebenezer Howard's idea of a Town (originally published in despite being translated into many 44. Vittorio Gregotti et al, 'Florentine of the garden city, a criticism that Forum , no 3, 1963) in one of the issues other languages. Fiasco: To the Editors', The Architectural Samonà would take forward in his of Edilizia Moderna edited by Gregotti 40. Vittorio Gregotti, Il Territorio Review , no 905 (July 1972), p 63. book L'urbanistica E L'avvenire [Edilizia Moderna , nos 82-83, 1964, dell'Architettura , op cit , p 342. 45. Vittorio Gregotti, Il Territorio Della Città Negli Stati Europei (Bari: pp 207-14). Subsequently, Gregotti 41. Kenneth Frampton, 'City without dell'Architettura , op cit , p 71 (author's Laterza, 1959). In 1965-67, Doglio and acknowledged Rykwerťs contribution Flags', Domus , no 609 (September translation). Samonà collaborated on the urban to the conceptualisation of the relation 1980), p 18. 46. The results of the competition for plan for Cefali» in Samonà's native between built form and cosmology in a 42. The final results of the Florence the University of Cagliari were: Sicily, with Samonà appointing him to footnote of II Territorio dell'Architettura competition were: Vittorio Gregotti Luisa Anversa Ferretti, first prize; teach urbanism at iuav in 1969, where (p 94). In response, Rykwert wrote and Edoardo Detti, Amalassunta, Giuseppe Samonà, second prize; he stayed until 1972 before taking on a monograph on Gregotti's work: first prize; Pierluigi Cervellati and Carlo Aymonino and Costantino the chair of planning at Bologna. For Joseph Rykwert, Gregotti Associati Italo Insolera, Aquarius, second prize; Dardi, third prize; Uberto Siola, the University of Cagliari competition, (Milan: Rizzoli, 1995), and, most Ludovico Quaroni, Sistemi Congiunti honourable mention. which happened during his teaching recently, returned to their friendship Tre , third prize; Carlo Aymonino 47. Carlo Doglio, 'L'essenza sarda e period at iuav, Doglio wrote a short in his autobiography: Joseph Rykwert, and Costantino Dardi, Ariella, l'università come fenomeno', iņ 'socio-anthropological' text that was Remembering Places: A Memoir (London: commendation; Roberto Berardi, Giuseppe Samonà et al, 'Concorso appended to the general description Routledge, 2017). Beltegeuse , commendation; Italo Nazionale per II Piano Urbanistico Di of the project written by Samonà. 37. Vittorio Ģjegotti, 'Territory and ' Gamberirii, Continuum , commenda- Sistemazione Della Sede dell'Univer- For an introduction to Doglio and a Architecture', Architectural Design tion; Massimo Pica Ciamarra, Il Rasoio sità Di Cagliari: Relazione Illustrativa collection of some of his main writings Profile 59, nos 5-6 (1985), pp 28-34. di Occam , commendation; Giuseppe Dei Concetti Informatori Della see Chiara Mazzoleni (ed), Carlo Doglio: Republished in Kate Nesbitt (ed), Rebecchini, Stoà, commendation. Proposta, Con Le Fasi E I Metodi Selezione Di Scritti 1950-1984 (Bologna: Theorising a New Agenda for Architecture: Archizoom presented a project titled Di Realizzazione E II Piano Finanziario Istituto universitario di architettura, An Anthology of Architectural Theory I Progetti si Firmano (projects had to Di Massima' 1972, Samonà 1 pro/1/069, Istituto di urbanistica, 1992). 1965-1995 (New York, ny: Princeton be titled and signed) that polemically Università iuav - Archivio Progetti, 49. Giuseppe Samonà et al, 'Concorso Architectural Press, 1996), p 342. ignored the request for anonymity, Fondo Giuseppe e Alberto Samonà. Nazionale', op cit. 38. Joseph Rykwert, On Adam's House in as did their decision to put the 48. Carlo Doglio (1914-1995) had 50. Ibid. Paradise: The Idea of the Primitive Hut office's name on all panels, resulting a background in law, having received 51. Joseph Rykwert, 'Universities as in Architectural History (New York, ny: in their automatic exclusion from the his degree from the University of Institutional Archetypes of our Age', Museum of Modern Art, 1972), p 48. competition. This proposal became Bologna in 1936. His meeting with op cit.

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