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A New Species of Freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters

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A New Species of Freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.354 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Kolicka M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51C2BE54-B99B-4464-8FC1-28A5CC6B9586 A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters Małgorzata KOLICKA 1,*, Piotr GADAWSKI 2 & Miroslawa DABERT 3 1 Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. 2 Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90–237 Łódź, Poland. 3 Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:550BCAA1-FB2B-47CC-A657-0340113C2D83 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:BCA3F37A-28BD-484C-A3B3-C2169D695A82 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:8F04FE81-3BC7-44C5-AFAB-6236607130F9 Abstract. Gastrotricha is a cosmopolitan phylum of aquatic and semi-aquatic invertebrates that comprises about 820 described species. Current knowledge regarding freshwater gastrotrichs inhabiting caves is extremely poor and there are no extant data regarding Gastrotricha from Montenegro. We describe a new species from Obodska Cave, which is also the first record of a gastrotrich from this region. Due to its unusual habitat and morphological characteristics, this species may be important when considering the evolution and dispersion routes of Chaetonotidae Gosse, 1864 (sensu Leasi & Todaro 2008). We provide morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic data for the new species, together with photomicrographs and drawings. Keywords. Balkan Peninsula, cave fauna, Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) antrumus sp. nov., DNA barcode, Gastrotricha. Kolicka M., Gadawski P. & Dabert M. 2017. A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters. European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.354 Introduction The eumetazoan meiofauna is considered a significant component of both rocky and soft bottoms of various natural aquatic ecosystems (Giere 2009). The meiofauna is an important source of food for macrofauna, small fish, juveniles of large fish and other epibenthic predators (Danovaro et al. 2007). 1 European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30 (2017) While trophic connections within meiofaunal assemblages are not particularly well studied, there is evidence to suggest that changes in community structure may affect higher and lower trophic levels (McCall & Fleeger 1995; Danovaro et al. 2007; Giere 2009). Moreover, meiofauna feeds on detritus, prokaryotes and microscopic eukaryotes and, therefore, plays essential roles in modulation of nutrient cycling processes, secondary production, sediment transport and detritus remineralization (Nozais et al. 2005; Danovaro et al. 2008). Due to their life cycle characteristics (small size, high turnover and lack of pelagic larval dispersal), these organisms are highly sensitive to environmental disturbance and respond rapidly to changes in food availability (Danovaro 1996; Fraschetti et al. 2006). Within the meiofauna, gastrotrichs are microscopic free-living acoelomate eumetazoans with a total body length from 50 to 3500 μm (e.g., Kisielewski 1997; Balsamo et al. 2014; Kieneke & Schmidt-Rhaesa 2015). They inhabit all types of aquatic (fresh, brackish and marine waters) and semi-terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., peat bogs, sedge swamps and alder forests) throughout the world (Kisielewski 1981, 1997; Balsamo et al. 2008, 2014; Kieneke & Schmidt-Rhaesa 2015). Currently, there are about 820 known species of Gastrotricha belonging to two orders: Chaetonotida Remane, 1925 [Rao & Clausen, 1970] and Macrodasyida Remane, 1925 [Rao & Clausen, 1970] (Balsamo et al. 2009; Hummon & Todaro 2010; Kieneke & Schmidt-Rhaesa 2015; Todaro 2016). Gastrotrichs are known from across the globe, but not all regions have been studied equally. Europe is the most thoroughly studied continent with respect to the gastrotrich fauna, with ca 225 freshwater and ca 150 marine species described (Balsamo et al. 2015; Todaro 2016). However, some countries have been studied relatively well, while others are still blank areas on a map of gastrotrich research; for example, Poland is a country with one of the longest histories of detailed studies on gastrotrichs with 100 freshwater (Kisielewski 1997; Kolicka et al. 2013; Kolicka 2016) and 31 marine species currently known (Kisielewski 1997; Kolicka et al. 2014, 2015). At the same time there are no data available on the freshwater gastrotrich fauna of countries like Portugal, The Netherlands, Albania, Serbia and Montenegro (Balsamo et al. 2008, 2014, 2015). The number of species recorded on other continents, including the tropical regions, is even lower, especially when compared with the potential species richness of those areas: there are ca 75 freshwater species of Gastrotricha known from North America, ca 95 from South America, ca 65 from Asia and 10 species from Africa and Australia (Balsamo et al. 2008, 2014). Moreover, there are no data on the occurrence of Antarctic freshwater Gastrotricha (Balsamo et al. 2008, 2014; Todaro 2016). Until now, there has been research on neither the freshwater nor the marine gastrotrich fauna in Montenegro or even in all of the Balkan Peninsula region (except Romania), despite the fact that both the high average annual temperature and the diversity of aquatic habitats in this area are favourable to the presence of diverse and abundant gastrotrich communities. During the past five decades, the biota inhabiting dark caves has attracted the attention of many biologists. Cave waters host a great variety of species associated only with this type of habitat, and are often characterized by very restricted geographic distributions (Jones et al. 2003). However, studies of the meiofauna of these peculiar biotopes are still very scarce. So far, Gastrotricha associated with inland caves has only been reported once (Vandel 1964), but not identified to the species level. The only comprehensive study on the gastrotrich fauna in a cave habitat was carried out in a sea cave, ‘Grotta Piccola del Ciolo’, by Todaro et al. (2006), who revealed that cave ecosystems can be hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for marine Gastrotricha. It is possible that further research of inland caves might result in similar conclusions regarding freshwater gastrotrichs. The new species described in this study will turn out to be crucial in considering representatives of Chaetonotida as typical cavernicolous organisms (Vandel 1964). Such recognition is highly important for further studies of the adaptation, evolution and dispersal routes of freshwater Gastrotricha. 2 KOLICKA M. et al., New species of Chaetonotus from cave Material and methods Study area This study was performed in the Obodska Cave (42°21.118′ N, 19°0.304′ E), which is located west of the Rijeka Crnojevica, in the cadastral municipality of Ljubotinj II, Montenegro (Fig. 1). The area is not cultivated and most of the natural vegetation is still intact. The landscape is mostly covered with deciduous forest. The climate is classified as humid subtropical (no dry season, hot summer), with a temperate warm and wet forest biozone (Bonada et al. 2008). The area is high in leptosol (lp), a weakly developed shallow soil. Cetinje field and its surroundings are inclined to the southeast toward Skadar Lake, which causes gravity flows of groundwater in that direction Bonada( et al. 2008). There are numerous caves and cavities in this region, indicating the degree and depth of karstification. Cavities are vertical or horizontal with an opening on the surface. In most cases they are located in areas of vertical cracks or fracture systems, where extended karst processes occur on the tectonic lines and on the contact zone between limestone and dolomite (Martinović 1964; Lješević 1968; Doderović et al. 2013). Obodska Cave is a deep cave with the spring-fed Crnojevica River flowing through it (Figs 2–3). The major part of the cave is formed beneath Pecki Hill. The Crnojevica River flows into the cave through Fig. 1. Map of Montenegro with the location of Obodska Cave. 3 European Journal of Taxonomy 354: 1–30 (2017) a trench that plunges beneath the surface at the foot of Pecki Hill. Obodska Cave was created from stratified limestone, where edges of layers create horns visible on the vault. The sides and bottom of the upper channels are polished, in places, with narrow shelves on the horns of the layers. The cave is situated on three to five morphological levels (Palmer 1991). The total length of the cave is more than 350 meters and comprises three compartments connected by two siphons. The cave was formed through erosion by an underground river flowing along the initial chasm. The river flowed fast through stones and gravel in the whole cave and left holes in the solid rock (Martel 1893). Water in the cave leads to a humid microclimate (Obodska Cave has a precipitation/potential evapotranspiration index higher than 0.65) (Martel 1893; Lješević 1968; Mihavc 1983). Obod spring is characterized by a very variable flow that ranges from a minimum of 0.24 m3/s to a maximum of 46 m3/s. Typically, the minimum water level occurs in November or December, and the maximum occurs in March or April, or rarely in February. The first post-summer minimum peak in flow is caused by minimal autumn rainfall and high temperatures, while the maximum peak in flow is due to rain with snow and low temperatures. The low precipitation in Cetinje field and its adjacent surroundings results from a lack of water streams on land surface (Martinović 1964; Lješević 1969; Radulović & Radulović 2004). The entrance to the cave is situated at 375 m above sea level, and the lowest point of the cave reaches an elevation of 244 m (192 m below the cave entrance).
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