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Home , Central Africa Party, Duncan Sandys, First Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, Minister of Labour

Biographical Notes

Arden-Oarke, Charles N. (1898-1962). Kt 1946; GCMG 1952; entered Colonial Administrative Service 1920; Administrative Officer Northern Nigeria 1920-33; Acting Principal Assistant Secretary, Nigerian Secretariat 1934-6; Assistant Resident Com- missioner and Government Secretary, Bechuanaland Protect- orate 1936, and 1937-42; Resident Com- missioner Basutoland 1942-6; Governor and Commander in Chief, Sarawak 1946-9, Gold Coast 1949-57; First Governor- General and Commander in Chief Ghana March-July 1957; member Monckton Commission 1960. Baring, Evelyn (1903-73). 1st Baron Howick of Glendale 1960; KCVO 1947; GCMG 1955; KG 1972; entered Indian Civil Service 1926; Secretary to Agent of in South Africa 1929-34; Governor of Southern 1942-4; High Commis- sioner for the UK and High Commission Territories, Union of South Africa 1944-51; Governor of Kenya and Chairman East African High Commission 1952-9; Deputy-Chairman, then Chairman, Colonial Development Corporation 1960-3; Chair- man, Commonwealth Development Corporation 1963-72. Bates, William Stanley (b. 1920). Assistant Principal 1948; Principal 1951; on loan to Commonwealth Relations Office 1954, transferred 1956; Office of the UK High Commis- sioner Australia 1956-9; Assistant Secretary seconded to Central African Office 1962; Deputy High Commissioner Kaduna 1963-5; Head Communications Department Foreign and Common- wealth Office 1967-70; UK High Commissioner Guyana 1970-5. Baxter, George H. (1894-1962). Entered 1920; Financial Secretary 1933-43; Assistant Under- for India 1943-7, and for Commonwealth Relations 1947-55; Chairman Conference on Closer Association in Central Africa March 1951; visited Central Africa for Victoria Falls Conference September 1951. Brook, Norman C. (1902-67). 1st Baron Normanbrook 1963; KCB 1946; entered 1925; Assistant Secretary 1938; prin- cipal private secretary to Sir John Anderson when 1938-9, and 1939-40; Principal Assistant Secretary 1940; personal assistant to Anderson when Lord President 1940-2; Deputy Secretary (Civil) to 1942; Permanent Secretary Ministry of Reconstruction 1943-5; Addi-

575 576 Biographical Notes

tional Secretary to Cabinet 1945--6; Secretary to Cabinet 1947--62; Joint Secretary of the Treasury and Head of the Home Civil Service 1956-62. Butler, Richard Austen (1902-82). Baron () 1965; KG 1971; CH 1954; fellow, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 1925-9; MP (Con.) 1929--65; Under Secretary of State India Office 1932-7; member, Indian Franchise Committee 1932; 1937-8; Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1938-41; of Education 1941-5; Minister of Labour June-; Chancellor of Exchequer 1951-5; Lord Privy Seal 1955-9; Leader House of Commons 1955--61; Home Secretary 1957--62; , Deputy Prime M\nis- ter and Minister in charge Central African Office July 1962- October 1963; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1963-4; chairman, Conservative Research Department 1945--64, Con- servative Party's Advisory Committee on Policy 1950--64, Con- servative Party Organization 1959--6l. Castle, Barbara (Anne) (b. 1910). Member, St Pancras Borough Council 1937; Administrative Officer, Ministry of Food 1941-4; MP (Lab.) 1945-50, Blackburn East 1950-5, Blackburn 1955-79; Member, National Executive Council, Labour Party 1950-; Chairman, Labour Party 1958-9; Minister of Overseas Development 1964-5, of Transport 1965-8; Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity 1968-70, for Social Services 1974- 6; Member (Lab.) European Parliament since 1979. Cherwell, Lord. See Lindemann. Churchill, Winston L. S. (1874-1965). KG 1953; MP (Con.) 1900-4, (Lib.) 1904-18, (Coalition Lib.) 1918-22, (Constitutionalist) 1924- 31, (Con.) 1931--64; Under-Secretary of State Colonies 1906-8; President 1908-10; Home Secretary 1910-11; First Lord of Admiralty 1911-15; Chancellor Duchy of Lancaster 1915; Minister of Munitions 1917; Secretary of State for War and Air January 1919-February 1921, Air and Colonies February-April 1921, and for Colonies until October 1922; Chancellor of Exche- quer 1924-9; First Lord of Admiralty 1939-40; Prime Minister and Minister of Defence 1940-5; Leader of Opposition 1945-51; Prime Minister October 1951-Apri11955 (resigned) and Minister of Defence October 1951-January 1952. Clark, W. Arthur W. (1908-67). KCMG 1961; District Officer Kenya 1931; Assistant Secretary Kenya 1937; seconded to Dominions Office 1939; Private Secretary to Attlee and Cranborne 1942-5; Chief Secretary Central African Council 1945-8, and to High Commissioner for the High Commission Territories 1949-50; Commonwealth Relations Office, 1950, and Assistant Under- Secretary of State 1954--6, 1958--60; Deputy High Commissioner Biographical Notes 577

for UK in Delhi 1956-8; UK Representative in Cyprus 1960-1; British High Commissioner in the Cyprus Republic 1961-4. Cohen, Andrew B. (1909-68). KCMG 1952; transferred from Board of Inland Revenue to Colonial Office 1933; served in Malta 1940-3; Assistant Secretary 1943; Assistant Under-Secretary of State and head Africa division 1947; Governor of Uganda 1952-7; Permanent British Representative UN Trusteeship Council 1957- 61; Director-General Department of Technical Co-operation, 1961-4; Permanent Secretary Ministry of Overseas De- velopment 1964-8. Cumming-Bruce, Francis E. Hovell-Thurlow (b. 1912). KCMG 1961; 8th Baron Thurlow 1971; entered Department of Agricul- ture for 1935; transferred to Dominions Office 1937; principal private secretary to Secretary of State 1946; Assistant Secretary 1948; served in 1949-52; Adviser on Exter- nal Affairs to Governor of Gold Coast 1955; Deputy High Commissioner Ghana 1957; Assistant Under-Secretary Com- monwealth Relations Office 1958; Deputy High Commissioner Canada 1958; High Commissioner, New Zealand 1959-63, Niger- ia 1964-7; Deputy Under-Secretary Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968; Governor, Bahamas 1968-72; Chairman, Institute for Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences 1974-80. Drake, Antony Elliot (b. 1907). Indian Civil Service 1930-47; Treasury 1947; Assistant Secretary 1950; on loan to UK Atomic Energy Authority, as Principal Finance Officer 1957-60; transfer- red to Atomic Energy Authority 1960-9. Duncan-Sandys, Duncan E. (1908-87). Baron (life peer) 1974; 1930; MP (Con.) 1935-45, 1950-74; Parliamen- tary Secretary Ministry of Supply 1943-4; Minister of Works 1944-5; founded European Movement 1947, and active Europeanist thereafter; 1951-4; Minister of Housing and Local Government 1954-7; Minister of Defence January 1957-0ctober 1959; Minister of Aviation 1959-60; Secret- ary of State for Commonwealth Relations July 1960-0ctober 1964, and Secretary of State for Colonies July 1962-October 1964. Eden, R. Anthony (1897-1977). 1st Earl of Avon 1961; KG 1954; MP (Con.) 1923-57; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State Foreign Affairs 1926-9; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1931-3; Lord Privy Seal 1934-5; Minister without Portfolio for League of Nations Affairs 1935; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1935-8, for Dominion Affairs 1939-40, for War 1940, for Foreign Affairs 1940-5, and Leader of House of Commons 1942-5; Deputy Leader of Opposition 1945-51; Secret- ary of State for Foreign Affairs and 578 Biographical Notes

1951-April 1955; Chairman OEEC 1952-4; Prime Minister April 1955-January 1957. Field, Winston J. (1904-69). Born Worcestershire; went to South- ern Rhodesia 1921; farmer and President Rhodesian Tobacco Association 1938-40; Member Federal Parliament of Rhodesia and 1957-62 and Leader of the Opposition 1958-62; Prime Minister of and Minister of the Public Service 1962-4; MP and President Party 1962-5. Flett, Martin T. (b. 1911). KCB 1965; Dominions Office 1933; Treasury 1934; War , Ministry of Reconstruction, and Lord President's Office 1944-6; Under Secretary Treasury 1949-56; Alternate UK Director of International Bank and Finan- cial Counsellor, British Embassy Washington 1953-6; Deputy Secretary Ministry of Power 1956-61; Deputy Under-Secretary of State Air Ministry 1961-3; Permanent Under-Secretary of State at Air Ministry (1963-4), RAP (1964--8), Equipment (1968--71) Minis- try of Defence. Fowler, W. D. (b. 1914). Assistant Commissioner Burma Civil Service 1937; Defence Department Govt of Burma 1941-3; Civil Affairs Section Burma 1944; Senior Civil Affairs Officer and Deputy Commissioner 1945; Additional Secretary to Governor of Burma 1947; retired Burma 1948; Principal Commonwealth Rela- tions Office 1948; Assistant Secretary 1952; member UK Delega- tion to United Nations in New York 1951-3; Deputy High Commissioner Karachi 1956-8, 1960-2, Lagos 1962-4; High Commissioner United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzi- bar 1964. Gamer, Joseph J. Saville (1908--83). Baron (life peer) cr. 1969; KCMG 1954; entered Dominions Office 1930; private secretary to successive Secretaries of State; served in High Commission Canada 1943-8; Assistant Under-Secretary Commonwealth Rela- tions Office 1948--51; Deputy High Commissioner India 1951-3; Deputy Under-Secretary CRO 1952-6; High Commissioner Canada 1956-61; Permanent Under-Secretary Commonwealth Relations (later Commonwealth) Office 1962-8; Head of Diplomatic Service 1965-8. Gilchrist, Andrew G. (b. 1910). KCMG 1964; HM Diplomatic Service 1933-70 induding posts in Bangkok, Paris, Marseilles, Rabat, Stuttgart, Singapore. Chicago, Foreign Office, and at Reykjavik, , and Dublin; Major in Force 136, South-East Asia (Second World War). GorelI Bames, William L. (1909-87). CMG 1949; KCMG 1961; diplomatic service 1932-9; Offices of War Cabinet 1939-45; Personal Assistant to Lord President of the Council 1942-5; Assistant Secretary Treasury 1945-6; Personal Assistant to Prime Biographical Notes 579

Minister 194(r.8; Assistant Under-Secretary of State Colonial Office 1948-59; Deputy Under-Secretary of State 1959-63. Home, Alexander Frederick Douglas- (b. 1903). 14th Earl of Home, 1951-63; Baron (life peer) cr. 1974; MP (Un.) South Lanark 1931-45, and (Con.) Lanark division of Lanarkshire 1950-1; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister 1937-40; Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Foreign Office 1945; , 1951-5; Secretary of State for Common- wealth Relations 1955-60; Leader , and Lord President of the Council 1957-60; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1960-3; MP (Un.) Kinross and West Perthshire 1963-74; Prime Minister 1963-4; Leader of the Opposition 1964-5; Secret- ary of State for Commonwealth Affairs 1970-4. Hopkinson, Henry L.d'A. (b. 1903). 1st Baron Colyton cr. 1956; entered Diplomatic Service 1924; Counsellor and Political Advis- er to Minister of State in the Middle East 1941; HM Minister at Lisbon 1943; Deputy High Commissioner Italy 1944-6; Head of Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat and Joint Director Con- servative Party Research Department 1946-50; MP (Con.) 1950- 6; Secretary for Overseas Trade 1951-2; Minister of State for Colonial Affairs 1952-5. Jeffries, Charles J. (1896-1972). OBE 1928; KCMG 1943; 2nd class clerk Colonial Office 1917; Principal 1920; Assistant Secretary and Establishment Officer 1930-9; Assistant Under-Secretary of State 1939-47; Joint Deputy Under-Secretary of State 1947-56. Laithwaite, J. Gilbert (1894-1986). KCIE 1941; entered India Office 1919; Secretary India Franchise Commission 1932; and Delimita- tion Commission 1935-6; Private Secretary to Viceroy Linlithgow 1936-43; Under-Secretary (Civil) to War Cabinet 1944-5; Deputy Under-Secretary of State for Burma 1945-7; India 1947, Com- monwealth Relations 1948-9; UK Representative/Ambassador in Dublin, 1949-51; High Commissioner Pakistan 1951-4; Perma- nent Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1955-9. Lennox-Boyd, Alan T. (1904-83). 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton 1960; MP (Con.) 1931-60; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Labour 1938-9; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Home Secur- ity 1939; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Food 1939-40; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Aircraft Production 1943-5; Minister of State Colonies 1951-2; Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation 1952-4; Secretary of State for Colonies 1954-9. Liesching, Percivale (1895-1973). KCMG 1944; entered Colonial Office 1920; transferred to Dominions Office 1925; served in UK High Commissions Canada 1928-32; South Africa 1933-5; Aust- ralia 193(r.8; Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Dominions 580 Biographical Notes

Office 1939-42; Second Secretary Board of Trade 1942-6; Perma- nent Secretary Ministry of Food 1946-8; Permanent Under- Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1949-55; UK High Commissioner in South Africa, and for Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland 1955--8. Lindemann, Frederick A. (1886-1957). 1st Baron Cherwelll941; 1st Viscount, of Oxford 1956; Director, Physical Laboratory of the RAF, Farnborough 1916; Professor of Experimental Philosophy (i.e., physics), Oxford University 1919-56; Personal Assistant to Prime Minister 1940; 1942-5, 1951-3. Lloyd, Thomas I. K. (1896-1968). KCMG 1947; Assistant Principal Ministry of Health 1920; transferred to Colonial Office 1921; secretary Palestine Commission 1929-30; secretary West India Royal Commission 1938-9; Assistant Secretary 1939; Assistant Under-Secretary of State 1943; Permanent Under-Secretary of State Colonial Office 1947-56. Lyttelton, Oliver (1893-1972). 1st Viscount Chandos 1954; KG 1970; managing director British Metal Corporation Ltd; Control- ler of Non-Ferrous Metals 1939-40; MP (Un.) 1940-54; President Board of Trade 1940-1; Minister of State, member of War Cabinet 1941-2; Minister of Production, member of War Cabinet 1942-5; President Board of Trade and Minister of Production May-July 1945; chairman, Associated Electrical Industries Ltd 1945--51; Secretary of State for Colonies 1951-4; chairman, AEI Ltd 1954- 63. MacDonald, Malcolm J. (1901-81). MP (Lab.) 1929-31, (Nat. Lab.) 1931-5; (Nat. Govt) 1936-45; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 1935-8, 1938-9; Secretary of State for Colonies 1935, 1938-40; Minister of Health 1940-1; UK High Commissioner Canada 1941-6; Governor-General British terri- tories in South-East Asia 1946-8; Commissioner-General in South-East Asia 1948-55; UK representative on South-East Asia Defence Treaty Council 1955; UK High Commissioner India 1955-60; leader British Delegation and Co-Chairman Internation- al Conference on Laos 1961-2; Governor 1963, Governor-General 1963-4, and High Commissioner 1964-5, Kenya; British Special Representative in East and Central Africa 1966-7; Special Repre- sentative of HMG in Africa 1967-9. Maclennan, Ian Morrison Ross (1909-87). KCMG 1957; Assistant Principal Colonial Office 1933; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Dominions Office 1937; Office of UK High Commissioner Canada 1938-43; Private Secretary to the Secretary of State 1943-4; Office of UK High Commissioner Union of South Africa 1945-8; UK High Commissioner Southern Rhodesia 1951, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1953, and Assistant Biographical Notes 581

Under-Secretary of State in absentia 1954; UK High Commission- er Ghana 1957-9, Ambassador in Dublin 1960-3, and High Commissioner New Zealand 1964-9. Macleod, lain N. (1913-70). Joined Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat 1946; Head, Home Affairs Research Department of Conservative Party 1948-50; MP (Con.) 1950-70; Minister of Health 1952-5; Minister of Labour and National Service Decem- ber 1955-0ctober 1959; Secretary of State for Colonies 1959-61; Chancellor Duchy of Lancaster and Leader House of Commons 1961-3; chairman, Conservative Party Organization 1961-3; edi- tor, The Spectator, 1963-5; Chancellor of Exchequer June 1970. Macmillan, M. Harold (1894-1986). 1st Earl of Stockton 1984; MP (Un.) 1924-9, 1931-45, (Con.) 1945-64; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Supply 1940-2; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 1942; Minister Resident at Allied HQ in North-west Africa 1942-5; Secretary for Air 1945; Minister of Housing and Local Government 1951-4; Minister of Defence October 1954-April 1955; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs April-December 1955; Chancellor of Exchequer December 1955- January 1957; Prime Minister January 1957-0ctober 1963. Macpherson, John S. (1898-1971). KCMG 1945; Malayan Civil Service 1921-37; seconded to Colonial Office 1933-5; Nigeria 1937-9; Chief Secretary Palestine 1939-43; head British Colonies Supply Mission in Washington and member Anglo-American Caribbean Commission 1943-5; succeeded Stockdale as Comp- troller for Development and Welfare in West Indies, and British Co-Chairman Caribbean Commission 1945-8; Governor Nigeria 1948-54; Governor-General Federation of Nigeria 1954-5; Chair- man UN Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in Pacific; Perma- nent Under-Secretary of State Colonial Office 1956-9. Maudling, Reginald (1917-79). MP (Con.) 1950-79; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Civil Aviation 1952; Economic Secretary to Treasury November 1952-April 1955; Minister of Supply April 1955-January 1957; Paymaster General 1957-9; President Board of Trade 1959-61; Secretary of State for Colonies October 1961- July 1962; Chancellor of Exchequer 1962-4; Home Secretary 1970-2. Melville, Eugene (b. 1911). KCMG 1965; entered Colonial Office 1936; Colonies Supply Mission Washington 1941-5; Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Colonies 1945-6; Financial Adviser to Control Commission Germany 1949-52; Assistant Under-Secretary of State Colonial Office 1952; Secretary General to Malta Round Table Conference 1955; Assistant Under- Secretary of State Foreign Office 1961; Minister (Economic) at Bonn 1962-5; Permanent UK Representative to EFTA and GATT 582 Biographical Notes

1965; Ambassador and permanent UK Representative to the United Nations and other International Organizations at Geneva 1966--7l. Millard, Guy E. (b. 1917). KCMG 1972; entered Foreign Office 1939; Assistant Secretary to 1941-5; British Embassy Paris 1945-9; Ankara 1949-52; Imperial Defence College 1953; Foreign Office 1954; Private Secretary to Prime Minister 1955-6; British Embassy Teheran 1959-62; Minister UK Delegation to NATO 1964-7; Minister Washington 1970-1; Ambassador to Hungary 1967-9, Sweden 1971-4, Italy 1974-6. Monckton, Walter T. (1891-1965). 1st Viscount, of Brenchley (1957); called to the Bar 1919; Director General Press and Censorship Bureau 1939-40; Deputy Director General, Director General, Ministry of Information 1940-1; Solicitor General 1945; MP (Con.) February 1951-January 1957; Minister of Labour and National Service 1951-55; Minister of Defence December 1955- January 1957; chairman, AdviSOry Commission on Central Africa 1960. Paskin, J. John (1892-1972). KCMG 1954; transferred from Ministry of Transport to Colonial Office 1921; Assistant Secretary 1939; Principal Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Colonies (MacDonald and Lord Lloyd) 1939-40; Assistant Under- Secretary of State Colonial Office 1948-54. Powell, J. Enoch (b. 1912). Fellow, Trinity College Cambridge 1934-8; Professor of Greek, University of Sydney 1937-9; army service 1939-45; MP (Con.) Wolverhampton SW, 1950-74; Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Govern- ment 1955-7; Financial Secretary, Treasury 1957-8; Minister of Health 1960-3; MP (Ulster Un.) South Down 1974-87. Rawlinson, Anthony K. (b. 1926). KCB 1978; Assistant Principal Ministry of Labour and National Service 1951, Treasury 1953; Principal 1955; seconded to the Atomic Energy Authority 1958- 60; rose within the Treasury 1960-72; Economic Minister and Head UK Treasury and Supply Delegation Washington, UK Executive Director International Monetary Fund and Interna- tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1972-5; Depu- ty Secretary and 2nd Permanent Secretary Department of Indus- try 1975-7; 2nd Permanent Secretary Treasury 1977-83; Joint Permanent Secretary Department of Trade and Industry 1983. Rumbold, H. Algernon F. (b. 1906). KCMG 1960; Assistant Princi- pal India Office 1929; Private Secretary to Under-Secretary of State 1930-3; Assistant Secretary 1943; Deputy High Commis- sioner Union of South Africa 1949-53; Assistant Under-Secretary of State Commonwealth Relations Office 1955; Deputy Under- Secretary of State 1958-66; Chairman Commission on Territorial Biographical Notes 583

Questions (Dissolution of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa- land) 1963. Salisbury, 5th Marquess of (1893-1972), born Robert A. J. Gas- coyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne 1942, 5th Marquess 1947, MP (Un.) 1929-41; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Foreign Affairs 1935-8; Paymaster General 1940; Secretary of State Dominion Affairs 1940-2, for Colonies 1942; Lord Privy Seal 1942-3; Secretary of State Dominion Affairs 1943-5; Leader of House of Lords 1942-5, 1951-7; Secretary of State for Common- wealth Relations 1952; Lord President of the Council 1952-7, resigned over colonial affairs. Selwyn-Lloyd, John Selwyn Brooke (1904-78). Baron (life peer) cr. 1976; barrister, 1930; Recorder of Wigan 1948-51; MP (Con.) Wirral Division of Cheshire 1945-70; MP and Speaker, House of Commons 1971-6; Minister of State, Foreign Office 1951-4; Minister of Supply 1954-5; Minister of Defence 1955; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1955-60; Chancellor of Exchequer 1960- 2; Lord Privy Seal, Leader of House of Commons 1963-4. Smith, Ian D. (b. 1919). Served in RAF and Southern Rhodesian Air Force 1939-45; Member Legislative Assembly Southern Rhodesia 1948; Member () Federal Parliament 1953; Chief Government Whip 1958; resigned from UFP 1961; founda- tion member Rhodesian Front Party, and President 1965- ; Minister of the Treasury, Southern Rhodesia December 1962, of Defence April 1964-May 1965, and External Affairs April-August 1964; Prime Minister 1964-79; Minister without Portfolio Zim- babwe-Rhodesia 1979-80; MP . Smith, Maurice G. (b. 1915). Examiner, Estate Duty Office 1939; Assistant Principal Ministry of Civil Aviation 1947; Principal 1948; transferred to Colonial Office 1950; seconded to Common- wealth Office 1954-5; Assistant Secretary Colonial Office 1959; transferred to Department of Technical Cooperation 1961; Minis- try of Overseas Development 1964; Under-Secretary and Prin- cipal Finance Officer Ministry of Overseas Development 1968- 76. Swinton, Viscount, (1884-1972) born Philip Cunliffe-Lister. 1st Earl 1955, 1st Viscount 1935, KBE 1920; MP (Un.) 1918-35; President Board of Trade 1922-3, 1924-9, 1931; Secretary of State for Colonies 1931-5, for Air 1935-8; Chairman UK Commercial Corporation 1940-2; Cabinet Minister-Resident in West Africa 1942-4; Minister for Civil Aviation 1944-5; Chancellor Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Materials 1951-2; Deputy Leader House of Lords 1951-5; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1952-5. Templer, Gerald W. R. (1898-1979). KCB 1951; Field-Marshal 1956; 584 Biographical Notes

active military service in First World War, Middle East in interwar years, and Second World War; Director Military Gov- ernment 21 Army Group (Germany) 1945-6; Director Military Intelligence, 1946-8; Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1948-50; GOC in C Eastern Command 1950-2; High Commissioner and Director of Operations Federation of Malaya 1952-4; Chief of Imperial General Staff 1955--8. Wedgwood Benn, Anthony (b. 1925). MP (Lab.) Bristol South-East 1950-60, 1963-83, and Chesterfield, since 1983; Member, Labour Party National Executive Council 1959-60, 1962- ; Chairman, Labour Party 1971-2; Post Master General 1964-6; Minister of Technology 1966-70; Opposition Spokesman on Trade and In- dustry 1970-4; Secretary of State for Industry 1974-5, for Energy 1975-9. White, Eirene Lloyd (b. 1909). Baroness (life peer) 1970; officer, Ministry of Labour 1933--7, 1941-5; MP (Lab.) East Flint 1950-70; Member, National Executive Committee, Labour Party 1947-53, 1958-72; Chairman of the Labour Party 1968-9; Parliamentary Secretary, Colonial Office 1964-6; Minister of State, for Foreign Affairs 1966-7, Welsh Office 1967-70; Chairman, Select Commit- tee on European Communities, Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees, House of Lords 1979-82. Select Bibliography

No bibliography can embrace the wealth of literature touching the issues raised here. This selection of works, in addition to others already cited in the footnotes, bears particularly on metropolitan policy-making during the period 1951~, and also includes some recently-published items relevant to the years covered in Volume 1. For the voluminous material on individual colonies and for further reading on British policy, readers should begin with the excellent bibliographies in the general surveys listed in Volume 1, by Goldsworthy, Gupta, and Holland.

BAYLIS, JOHN, AnglcrAmerican Defence Relations 1939-1980: The (London: 1981). CAIRNCROSS, ALEC, Years of Recovery. British Economic Policy 1945-51 (London: 1985). CAMPS, MIRIAM, Britain and the European 1955-1963 (Oxford: 1964). CARLTON, DAVID, . A Biography (London: 1982). DARWIN, JOHN, 'British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?' in R. F. Holland and G. Rizvi (eds), Perspectives on Imperialism and Decolonization. Essays in Honour of A. F. Madden (London: 1984). DARWIN, JOHN, Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (London: 1988). FIELDHOUSE, D. K., Black Africa 1945-1980: Economic Decoloniza- tion and Arrested Development (London: 1986). GARNER, J., The Commonwealth Office (London: 1978). GOLDSWORTHY, D., 'Conservatives and Decolonization', African Affairs, 69 Ouly 1970) pp. 278-81. HARGREAVES, J. D., The End of Colonial Rule in West Africa (London: 1979). HARGREAVES, J. D. Decolonization in Africa (London: 1988). HINDS, ALLISTER E., 'Sterling and Imperial Policy 1945-51', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History XV, 2 Oanuary 1987) pp.148--69. HOROWITZ, D., 'Attitudes of British Conservatives towards de- colonization in Africa', African Affairs 69 Oanuary 1970) pp. 9-26. HYAM, RONALD, 'The Political Consequences of Seretse Khama: Britain, the Bangwato and South Africa, 1948-1952', Historical Journal 29, 4 (1986) pp. 921-47.

585 586 Select Bibliography

HYAM, RONALD, 'The Geopolitical Origins of the Central African Federation: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1948-1953', Historical Journal 30, 1 (1987) pp. 145-72. HYAM, RONALD, 'Africa and the Labour Government, 1945- 1951', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History XVI, 3 (May 1988) pp. 148-72. INGHAM, BARBARA, and SIMMONS, COLIN (eds), Development Studies and Colonial Policy (London: 1987). JONES, CATHERINE, Immigration and Social Policy in Britain (Lon- don: 1977). KAHLER, MILES, Decolonization in Britain and France. The Domestic Consequences of International Relations (Princeton: 1984). LAPPING, BRIAN, End of Empire (London: 1985). LOUIS, WILLIAM R., 'American anti-colonialism and the dissolu- tion of the British Empire', International Affairs 61, 3 (Summer 1985) pp. 395--420. LOW, D. A., Lion Rampant. Essays in the Study of British Imperialism (London: 1973). MACMILLAN, HAROLD, Tides of Fortune 1945-1955, vol. 3 (Lon- don: 1969). MACMILLAN, HAROLD, Riding the Storm 1956-1959, vol. 4 (Lon- don: 1971). MACMILLAN, HAROLD, Pointing the Way 1959-1961, vol. 5. (London: 1972). MACMILLAN, HAROLD, At the End of the Day 1961-1963, vol. 6 (London: 1973). MILLER, J. D. B., Suroey of Commonwealth Affairs. Problems of Expansion and Attrition 1953-1969 (Oxford: 1974). MORGAN, D. J., The Official History of Colonial Development, 5 vols (London: 1980). MOMMSEN, WOLFGANG J., and OSTERHAMMEL, JURGEN (eds), Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities (Lon- don: 1986). PIERRE, ANDREW J., Nuclear Politics. The British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force 1939-1970 (Oxford: 1972). POLLARD, SIDNEY, The Development of the British Economy 1914- 1980 (London: 3rd edn, 1983). RENDEL, W., The History of the Commonwealth Development Corpora- tion 1948-1972 (London: 1976). RICH, PAUL B., Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge: 1986). SELDON, ANTHONY, Churchill's Indian Summer: The Conseroative Government, 1951-55 (London: 1981). SMITH, R. B. and STOCKWELL, A. J., (eds), British Policy and the Transfer of Power in Asia: Documentary Perspectives (London: 1988). Select Bibliography 587

STRANGE, SUSAN, Sterling and British Policy. A Political Study of an International Currency in Decline (Oxford: 1971). WATT, D. CAMERON, Succeeding John Bull. America in Britain's Place 1900-1975 (Cambridge: 1984). YOUNG, ]. W., 'Churchill's "No" to Europe: the Rejection of European Union by Churchill's Post-War Government 1951-52', Historical Journal 28, 4 (1984) pp. 923-37. YOUNG, ]. W., (ed), The Foreign Policy of Churchill's Peacetime Administration 1951-1955 (Leicester U. P.: 1988). Index

Abadan, 146, 155, 163 atomic Accra, 53, 73, 207, 515 energy, 386,475-7 Adams, G. H., 415, 418, 419 vveapons,9, 16, 17,32, 184,305,438- Aden, 61, 177,285, 389,45~494,495-6 450,452-5 Adenauer, Dr K., 440, 442, 444 Attlee, Clement R., 3, 71, 571 Africa, xvi, 36-8, 43, 50, 52, 68, 69, 70, Australia, 14, 27, 69, 73, 95, 117, 120, 72,95,111-13, 138-41,236-7,257, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 171, 286, 275, 288-9, 296-7, 309, 332-3, 393, 296, 298, 299, 301, 356, 357, 359-60, 440,449,480-90,493,502,513, 371, 380, 407, 458, 462, 476, 496, 515-31,559-60,570-3 (see also 565 separate territories) Austria, 169, 174,438 African Administration Conference Avvolovvo, 0., 46, 250, 252 (biog.) (1958), 480-90 Azikivve, B. N., 46, 50, 250, 252 (biog.) 'African Charter', 237 Afrikaners, 96, 98, 100, 528 Baghdad Pact, 307, 454, 457, 464, 495 agriculture, 19-24, 147, 152-3, 156-8, Bahamas, 285,326 232-3,241-4,255,259,261,275, Bahrain, 105 319,327,341,421-37,536-7,543, Balfour, A. J., 40, 67, 72, 434 548-52 Banda, Dr H. K., 62-64, 518-19, 521 AJanbrooke, Lord,496 (biog.) AJgeria, 50, 520,559, 571 Bandung Conference (1955), 331 AJexander, Lord, 8, 10, 149, 180f£, 305, Bank of , 22, 127 306 (biog.) Barbados, 220,222-31,286,415,496 AJien, W. D., 371, 379, 381 (biog.) Baring, Sir E., 57, 246, 259-63, 396-7, AJport, C. J. M., 277, 280, 323 506,536,575 (biog.) American loan (1945), 132-3 Barotseland, see Anglo-American Colonial Declaration, Basutoland, see South Africa, High 163 Commission Territories Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 163 Bates, W. S., 337-41, 575 (biog.) Angola, 559 Baxter, G. H., 337-41, 575 (biog.) , 419 Bechuanaland, see South Africa, High Antarctica, 496 Commission Territories Antigua, 74, 414, 416 Beira,98 ~~,370-1,379,457 Belgian Congo, 37, 50, 64, 275, 559 ~ZUS (Pacific Pact), 14 Belgium, 37, 50, 161, 236, 307, 421f£, apartheid, 74, 521, 546 438--44, 572 Arden-Clarke, Sir Charles, 44, 46, 47, Bellenger, F. J., 432 48, 49, 51, 69, 190-3, 197, 198, 203- Benson, Sir Arthur, 338, 341 (biog.), 373 217, 214, 239, 575 (biog.) Beresford-Stooke, Sir George, 193, 194 Argentine, 129 (biog.) Armitage, Sir Robert, 312, 314, 317 , 285, 326, 495 (biog.) Bevan, Aneurin (inc. 'Bevanites'), 15, Armstrong, W., 364-5, 366 (biog.) 323-4 Asia, 10, 11, 15, 52, 66, 69, 72, 76, 115- Bevin, Ernest, 15, 16, 82 126, 236-7, 288-9, 328-31, 449, 513, Bird, V. c., 414, 416, 419 524, 527 (see also separate regions and Blundell, M., 262, 263 (biog.), 397 territories) Boadicea, Queen, 516 'Associated State', 74 Borneo, 44, 188 (see also North Borneo) 588 Index 589

Bradshaw, R. L., 414, 418, 419, 420 Caribbean, xvii, 52, 77, 167, 386, 496, Braine, B., 517, 519 (see also West Indies) Bramble, W. H., 417, 419, 420 Castle, Barbara, 498-508, 511, 576 Bridges, Sir Edward, 401, 402 (biog.) (biog.) British Broadcasting Corporation, 390 Central Africa, 35, 196, 236, 393--7, 401, British Council, 390 491,516-20,526 British Guiana, 17,23, 56-7, 59, 177, Bledisloe Commission, 553-4 220, 222-6, 263, 277, 285, 323, 346, Central African Council, 555 367,419,471,496-7 Central African Federation, 36, 251, 326, British Honduras, 177, 220, 222-6, 285, 373 (see also separate territories) 419,496 Advisory (Monckton) Commission British Nationality Act (1948), 76 (1960), 36, 62, 64, 519-20, 521, 539- Brockway, A Fenner, 52, 273-4, 277 557 Brook, Sir Norman, 48, 252, 283--97, African Affairs Board, 62, 544 361-2,575 (biog.) African opinion in, 99-100, 340-1, Brunei, 41, 44, 281, 284, 285 393-4,539-46,553--7 Bryan, V., 415-16, 419 closer association in, 96-101, 554-5 Bulgaria, 95 Commonwealth and, 70, 72-5, 284, Burma, 95, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 134, 291-2, 295, 357 135,207,330-1 constitution (1958), 61 Bums, Robert, 561 constitutional conference: (1952), 56, Busia, Dr K. A, 190-1, 193 (biog.), 197 97,100-1; (1953), 56; (1960), 62-4 Bustamente, A, 50 constitutional development in, 36, 41, Butler, R. A, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 20, 24, 25, 47,54-65,96-101,284,286,302-3, 26,65,77,78,115-26,127-33,144- 337-41 153,154-5,178-9,181-2,184,241- Copperbelt, 547, 548, 549, 551, 555 245,343,347,348-54,562,564,576 defence, 183 (biog.) dissolution, 65, 75, 557 economy, 111,332-6,343,474,548-52 elections, 302, 516-17 Cairo, 182 emergency in, 55,62 Callaghan, James, 91 federal capital, 544, 557 Cambodia, 118, 119, 122 franchise, 58, 373, 393--7, 516ff Cameroons, 217 Indians in, 303, 337, 491, 493, 547 Canada, 27, 69, 73, 74, 75, 117, 120, 146, Minister for African Affairs, 97 162-3, 286, 289, 296, 298, 301, 356, 'Moffatt resolution', 339, 342 357,359-60,387,433,440,443,444, muitiracialism and plural society, 64, 446, 447, 465ft, 475-6, 478, 565 81,491,493 Canterbury, Archbishop of, 256-7 population, 286 capital Secretary of State's visit (1954), 303 financial policy, 3--5, 18-32, 33--38, 47, settlers, 41, 491, 515, 527 82,102-13,121, 144-53, 154-63, University College of Rhodesia and 241-5, 308, 326, 343--54, 388-91, Nyasaland, 256-8 411,431,452-64,465-79,487 Victoria Falls Conference (1951), 96, UK overseas expenditure, 4, 6, 7, 16, 97,99,100-1,541 102-13, 145-6, 149, 155, 164-75, Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), 201,212-13,219-20,228-31,308, 464 320, 343--54, 363-6, 385-92, 411, Ceylon, 72, 74, 76, 116ft, 129-30, 146, 438-50,451, 465ft, 474-5, 537 286,291,294,296,299,330-1,355- UK overseas investment, 4, 19-24, 356,383,526 142-3,146,176-9,320,334-6,385- Chamberlain, Joseph, 40, 434 92, 465ff, 491, 523 Chanak crisis (1922), 76 foreign overseas investment, 11, 19- Channel Islands, 51, 285 24, 33, 115-26, 176-7, 346, 348, 363, Cherwell, Lord, 7, 8, 95, 306, 580 387,389,466,475,507,535 (Lindemann, biog.) 590 Index

China, 14, 134, 136, 167, 180, 183, 237, 192-3,205-7,209-14,223,233, 293,306,328-31,494,525 374-8,401,411-12,480-90,499- Chin Peng, 408, 412-13 513,536,558 Chou En-Lai, 330, 331 (biog.) Colville, Sir John, 7 , 526, 528 Commission for Technical Co- Churchill, Winston, 3-17, 25, 40, 46,52, Operation in Africa South of the 69, 71, 79, 84, 95, 252, 30~, 308-9, Sahara, 524 322-3,359,362,492,524,576 Commonwealth, 5, 8, 14, 15, 30, 36--7, (biog.) 42,45, 58, 134, 149, 277, 278, 312, 'City states', 41 (see also smaller 321, 350, 369, 399, 447-9, 491ft, territories) 524-31,532,559,560-1,562ff Clark, W. A. W., 302-3, 337-9, 341, 576 AdviSOry Committee for Defence (biog.) Science, 462 Cohen, Sir Andrew, 44, 56--7, 264-9, Colombo Plan, q.v. 271, 274, 275, 577 (biog.) consultation, 562, 564-6 Colby, Sir Geoffrey, 337-8, 341 (biog.), defence, 11, 72, 74, 165ft, 170, 183, 373 200,235,287,290-1,357,407,457, Cold War, 6, 9, 14, 16, 34, 37, 38, 40, 462 164, 180, 367 development agencies, 477-8 'collaboration', 363 Development Finance Company, 470 Colombo Plan (1950), 11, 14, 15, 115-26, Economic Committee, 478 129-30, 133, 136 Economic Conference (1952), 66, 179, 'Colombo Powers', 14-15,328-31 467-8 colonial defence and internal security, economic development, 18, 33, 54, 14, 16--17,42,57,170, 190ff, 198, 176--7,363,465-79 204ft, 251-2, 254, 264ff, 367-8, 369- Finance Ministers' Meetings, 123, 371, 374ff, 407-10, 460, 488, 495, 478; (1952), 19, 102, 114, 132; 537 (1954),468; (1956), 424 colonial development, 6, 18-24, 25, 26, Foreign Ministers' Conference (1950), 30-1,33,39,42,54,58-9,108,142- 115ff. 3,176--9,280,319-20,326--7,332-6, immigration, 76-83, 299, 301, 383-4 343-54,363,433-4,465-79,535-7, membership, 27, 28, 36, 37, 43, 50-1, 552 66--75, 206--7, 210ft, 216, 222, 234-7, Colonial Development Corporation, 18, 239,254-5,283-98,320-1,350, 19, 469, 471-3 355-62,369,376--7,399,401-2,403, Colonial Development and Welfare 451, 547, 563-9 Acts, 18, 23-4, 35, 67, 229, 320, 326, Parliamentary Association, 189 343-7, 469-71 preferences, see Imperial preference Colonial Development and Welfare Prime Ministers' Meetings, 50, 72, 73, Vote, 18, 26--7, 33, 35, 38, 105, 120, 76, 294-5, 299; (1949), 70; (1955), 219-20, 228-31, 320, 326--7, 335, 356ft, 362; (1957),478-9; (1961), 343-54 75 colonialism, 217 sterling, 27, 107, 128, 132, 162, 172 Colonial Office, passim trade, 18, 27, 159,421-37 Colonial Development Advisory Commonwealth and Colonial Law, 45 Committee, 18 Commonwealth Relations Office, Colonial Development and Welfare passim Working Party, 326--7, 349-54 communism, 6, 12, 14, 15, 21, 29, 37, 49, Economic General Department, 19 55, 69, 95, 115-26, 134, 164, 165, Educational Adviser, 46 171, 183, 186, 232-3, 304-5, 313, Legal Adviser, 45 314, 317, 321, 323, 328-31, 367, Mediterranean Department, 196 369-71,388,404-12,452,457,492, merger, proposed with CRO, 358-9, 494,496,525,529,572 361-2 Congo, see Belgian Congo colonial service, 52, 53, 58-9, 138-41, Congo River, 275 Index 591

Conservative Party, 4, 5, 12, 13, 16, 29, Commonwealth, defence; Suez; 31, 35, 38, 52-3, 69, 70, 75, 78,448, separate territories) 492, 497, 558-61 Commonwealth Strategic Reserve, Conference (1958), 491-7; (1961), 38, 407,457-8 558-61 Cyprus,312,316-17,319-25 constitutional advance, 283--98, 491-7, Egypt 199-202,364 570-1, 572-3 (see also elections; 'fortress colonies', 494-6 franchise; independence; local ~alaya, 369-71 government; ministerial ~iddle East, 95 government; regionalism; self- national service, 459-61 government; and under separate Review of Defence Policy and Global terri tories) Strategy (1952), 9-11, 180-4 Central African Federation, 54-65, South-East Asia, 379-82 96-101,302-3,319-25,337-42,539- VVhite Paper (1957), 17, 31, 452-64 557 De Gaulle, President Charles, 34, 82, Commonwealth membership, q.v. 571 Cyprus,54-65,310-18,319-25 De Valera, E., 70 Gold Coast, 190-4, 254-5 Devlin, Sir Patrick, 62 Kenya, 54-65,246-8, 259-63, 532-8 Devlin Commission, see Nyasaland ~alaya, 186-7, 188-9,404-13 diarchy, 197 Nigeria, 215-18, 249-53 Diefenbaker, John, 75 South-East Asia, 39-53 Dien Bien Phu, 14 VVestAfrica,39-53,195-8,203-8 Disraeli, Benjamin, 7 VVest Indies, 39-53, 219-31, 401-3 dollar area, 104, 108, 133, 157 Cooke, S. V., 260, 262 (biog.) dominions, 22, 67, 80, 104, 109, 176, Coussey Committee, 191, 194 235-6,288-97,299,383,491,497 Coutts, VV. F., 395-7 dominion status, 70, 72, 206-7, 320, 321, Cox, Christopher, 46 541,555 Crete, 95 Donne, John, 529 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 18, 22, 155 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, see Home, Crown Agents for the Colonies, 128 14th Earl of Cumming-Bruce, F. E., 53, 73, 374-8, Drake, A. E., 219-21, 228-31, 577 (biog.) 577 (biog.) Dugdale, J., 427 Cummings, P. A., 418, 419 Dulles, John Foster, 14, 15, 16, 308-9 Cyprus, xvii, 12, 13, 23, 33, 34, 47, 51, (biog.) 54, 55, 59-61, 95, 171, 177, 285, Duncan-Sandys, D. E., 31, 562, 563, 310-25,346,388,457,494,496,571 564-6, 568, 570, 577 (biog.) enosis (union with Greece), 59, 310ff EOKA,59 East Africa, 25, 32, 41, 46, 58, 61, 81, 111,133, 196,236,278,347,393--7, 457, 476-7, 491, 493, 526-7, 537, Daily Mirror, 250 571 (see also separate territories) Daily Telegraph, 510 East Africa High Commission, 555, Danquah, Dr J. B., 191, 193 (biog.) 556 Davies, c., 322 East African Land Forces, 537 defence, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12-13, 14, 16, 17, federation of, 272-3, 278-9, 282, 286 25,26,29,31-2,34-5,42,44,47, Indians in, 237, 246-8, 259-63, 279, 59-60, 72, 82, 103, 105, 121, 145-6, 493 147-8, 152, 154, 155-6, 164-75, East Anglia, 14, 305 180-4, 199-201, 232, 235, 236, 241, Economic Commission for Asia and the 287-8,290-1,304-9,312,315,316- Far East, 124, 125 317, 323-4, 363--6, 369-71, 378, Edelman, ~., 431 380-1,389,404-12,438-50,491, Eden, R. Anthony, 6, 8, 11-13, 14, 15, 494-6, 537 (see also colonial 16, 25, 28-31, 52, 59-60, 73, 79, 95, defence and internal security; 115-26, 12~ 149, 162, 164-75, 182- 592 Index

Eden, R. Anthony - cont. and Dependencies, 184, 199-201, 306, 308-9, 323, 324, 167, 171, 285, 496 363-4,400,449-50,464,577-8 Far East, 13, 134-7, 171-2, 183, 379, 494 (biog.) (see also separate territories) education, 138, 212, 256-8, 341, 390, Farouk, King, 12 396, 517, 525, 537, 543, 560, 567 (see Fawkes, Guy, 520 also universities) Field, Winston, 562-4, 556-7, 578 (biog.) Edwards, J., 425 Fiji, 177, 285, 493 Egypt, 6, 8, 12-13, 29-32, 59, 84-5, 127- Flett, M. T., 176-7, 578 (biog.) 133, 146, 155, 167, 170-1, 172, 174, Foot, Sir Hugh, 44 182,199-202,305,308-9,323-5, Footman, C. W. F., 337, 341 (biog.) 363-6,385,388-9,495,542 (see also Foreign Legion, 304 Middle East; Suez) foreign policy, 3-17, 30-2, 149, 164-75 Anglo-Egyptian treaty (1936), 12, (see also separate territories and 201; (1954), 13,29, 59, 324, 363 passim) Sterling Release Agreement (1951), Anglo-American relations, 304-7, 127,365 308-9 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 8, disarmament, 454 13,14,304 Egypt 199-202,363-4 elections Middle East, 304-7, 308-9 colonial, 49-50, 56, 73-4, 98, 186-7, South-East Asia, 232-3, 304-7, 328- 203-4,247,269,302,338,490,516- 331,379-82 517,533 Western Europe, 438-44, 445-50 UK, 3, 25, 34-{i, 53, 62, 77, 79, 97, 155, Formosa, 120, 328 517 'fortress colonies', 41, 60, 361, 494-6 (see Empires also smaller territories) Belgian, 37, 50, 236, 542 Foster, J., 45 Dutch,494 Fowler, R. W. D., 337-41, 373, 578 French,6,8, 15,38,236, 304,542 (biog.) Italian, 95 France, 6, 8, 14, 29, 38, 122, 134, 136, Portuguese, 38, 236, 549 (see also 169, 173, 199, 200, 236, 304, 306, separate territories) 307, 309, 371, 405, 421ft, 438-44, Entebbe, 266, 270 462,520 Erskine, General, 57 , 183 Ethiopia, 542 franchise, 58, 61-2, 187, 204, 247-8, 259- Europe, 4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 26-8, 32, 263,337ff, 372-3, 393-7,490, 517- 33, 37, 75, 82, 108, 149, 160-2, 166, 18,533,543-4,556,564 168-9, 173,200, 304-7, 324, 367, Fraser, Hugh, 46 387,421-50,456,522 Fressanges, Sir Francis, 379-80, 381 British policy towards, 28-30, 33-4, (biog.) 37-8, 75,82,421-3~438-44,445- 450,456 Gairy, E. M., 414-15, 419 , 311, 442-3 Gaitskell, Hugh T. N., 75, 77, 120, 126 Euratom, 440, 442 (biog.), 155 European Defence Community Galsworthy, A. N., 193, 194 (biog.), 207 (EDe), 169, 306-7 Gambia, 50, 83, 285 European Economic Community Gann, A. S., 186-7 (biog.) (EEe), 28, 34, 37, 75 Garner, Sir Saville, 361-2, 578 (biog.) European Free Trade Association Gbedemah, K. A., 190, 193 (biog.) (EFTA), 28, 30, 34, 37, 424-5, 432- General Agreement on Tariffs and 435,442,444,445-50 Trade (GATT), 156, 159, 167,435 European Payments Union (EPU), (1954), 14, 15, 304, 146, 148, 167,431 306,328,328-31 (WEU), Germany, 4, 145, 156, 161, 168, 169, 307,439-440,442-4,445,449,456, 173-4, 201, 304, 305, 306, 307, 460,462 421ft, 432, 438-44, 447, 456, 463 Index 593

Geyer, Dr A L., 234, 235, 237 groundnuts scheme, 7 Ghana, see Gold Coast Guggisberg, Sir Gordon, 209, 214 , 50, 167, 171, 177, 285, 494 (biog.) Gilchrist, A G., 379-81, 578 (biog.) Gurkhas, 171, 457 Gold Coast, xvii, 33, 44, 53, 177, 326, 493, 524, 542 Haifa, 155 Africanization, 209ff, 411 Hailsham, Lord, 495 Ashanti,41, 190, 197,286 Hale, Leslie, 271-3 Chamber of Commerce, 255 Halifax, Lord, 256-7 Chamber of Mines, 255 Hancock, W. K., 45 commonwealth membership, 28, 50- Hannays, L. c., 415, 419 51, 6~71, 73, 235-6, 239, 283, 284, Harris, P. W., 193, 194,207 (biog.) 286,290-1,293,296-7,356,357, Havenga, N. c., 234, 238 (biog.) 359,403 Higham, J. D., 186-7 (biog.) constitutional advance, 41ff, 58, 190- Hiroshima, 452 194,195--8,203-7,215--18,254--5, Hogan, M. J. P., 187, 188 (biog.) 283ff Hola Camp, see Kenya Convention People's Party (CPP), 49, Holland, see , The 73,190-4,197,376-7 Home, 14th Earl of, 74, 80, 383-4, 394-5, economic development, 343 447, 558, 567-9, 570, 579 (biog.) elections, 49 Hong Kong, 14, 110-11, 133, 167, 171, external relations, 361, 374-8 174, 177, 183, 233, 285, 304, 457, franchise, 394 494-5 Ghana Congress Party (GCP), 190-1, Hopkinson, Henry, 47, 59, 319-24, 579 197 (biog.) Gold Coast Colony, 190 Huggins, Sir Godfrey, 74, 291, 302, 338, independence, 30, 35, 60, 212, 356, 373,394-5 526,570,572 Hynd, J., 279 local government, 139, 141 ministers, 192-3, 196-8,203-7,374 National Liberation Movement immigration, xvii, 76-82, 91, 299-301, (NLM), 49, 73 332,383-4,39~00,491,496-7, Northern Territories, 41, 190-1,206, 545,547,549 286 Imperial Conferences, 295; (1921), 76; security,190-4,205,407-8 (1926),72 Togoland, 41, 357 Imperial Preference, 27, 287, 432-3 Volta River Project, 176-7, 343, 375, independence, 28, 34, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 377 48,50-3,60-1,66,212,239,254--5, Gomes, A, 417-18, 419 267-8,277,283-97,320-4,350,352, Gordon Walker, P. c., 68, 77, 97, 101, 356ft, 374-8, 379, 404ft, 433, 451, 235 457,469,492-3,526,532,542,55~ Gorell Barnes, W. L., 138, 190, 195--8, 561,563-9,571,572-3 203,239,337,372-3,393-7,578 India, 8, 12, 14,49,50,52,54,69,70-1, (biog.) 81, 95, 116ft, 12~33, 146, 206, 235, governors, powers and role of, 44-5, 286, 287, 292, 296, 299, 301, 304, 4~9, 52, 192, 196ff, 204ff, 223, 22~ 330,331,355-6,358,362,366,383- 229,239,246,251,393-7,534 384, 39~9, 473, 474, 476, 496, 497, Greece, 5~1, 158, 173, 305, 307, 310- 526,571 317, 320, 388, 496 and Africa, 70,237,302,377 Grenada, 414, 417 Indian Ocean, 459, 522 Griffiths, D., 517 indirect rule, 41 Griffiths, James, 18,57, 67, 97, 100,215, Indo-, 6, ~9, 14-15, 116ft, 122, 275,320-2,324 123, 134-5, 169, 171,232-3, 304, Griffiths, Peter, 77 306, 308 (see also separate territories) Grimond, J., 276-8 Indonesia, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 134, Grogan, E. S., 260, 263 (biog.) 186, 293, 330-1 594 Index industry, 4, 5, 7, 10,27,33,102-13, defence, 494, 496 147-8,149-50,156-7,241-4,255, economic development, 23, 346, 471, 275-6,280, 421-37,465f£, 523,548- 536-7 552 elections, (1957, 1958) 62; (1963) 50 'informal empire', 18 emergency in, 17, 23, 55, 57, 59, 367, intelligence, see colonial defence and 499, 515, 570 internal security franchise, 393--7 International Bank for Reconstruction Hola Camp, 36, 53, 62, 498-514 and Development (IBRD), 20, 119, independence, 65 121, 122, 125, 179, 345-6, 347, 353, Kenya African Democratic Union 474,475,478,537,552 (KADU),63 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 37, Kenya African National Union 347, 431, 435, 478 (KANU),64 Iran, see Persia Kenya , 63 Iraq, 29, 60, 167, 183, 305, 308, 389, 390, King's African Rifles, 267 391,464 'Lennox-Boyd' Constitution (1958), Ireland, Republic of, 70, 80, 81, 133, 58 398-400,560 'Lyttelton' Constitution (1954), 57, Ireland Act (1949), 76 246-8,393 Iron Curtain, 161 Mau Mau, 49, 57, 62, 260, 261, 499ff, , 285 516 Ismay, Lord, 96-7, 115-26 New Kenya Group, 63 ,29 Swynnerton Plan, 57 Italy, 421f£, 438-44 , 537 Kenyatta, J., 49 Jamaica, 49-50, 177, 220, 222-31, 414, Kilmuir, Lord, 79-80, 91, 300, 301 417,496-7 (biog.) Japan, 4, 14, 108, 134, 136, 156, 172, 174, Korea, 14, 135, 167, 171-2, 174, 175, 183, 309, 428, 438, 496 304,306,327,344,458,524 Jeffries, Sir Charles, 67, 138-41, 195, Korean War, 3, 452 198,579 (biog.) Kotelawala, Sir John, 331 Jennings, Sir Ivor, 45 Kuwait, 389, 390 Jinja, 276 Kyle, Keith, 571 Johnston, A, 219, 221 (biog.) Johore, 186 labour, 20, 336, 398-9, 549-51 Sultan of, 404, 412 Labour Governments: (1945-51), 5, 6, Jones, Arthur Creech, 222, 227 18, 22, 69, 249, 571; (1964-70), 3, Jordan, 167, 172, 219, 385, 389, 457, 464 44,77,82-3 Arab Legion, 389 Labour Party, 3, 5, 16, 28, 33-4, 40, 52, 55, 69, 70, 75, 78, 344, 359, 498-508, Kampala, 275, 276 515-21 Karachi, 124 La Corbiniere, C. G. D., 414ft, 419 Kariba Dam, 474, 548 Lagos, 249, 251-2 Kashmir, 76 Laithwaite, Sir Gilbert, 43, 72, 374, 402, Kaunda, Kenneth, 62 403, 579, (biog.) Kennedy, President John F., 37 Lamptey, K., 191, 194 Kenya, 23, 36, 46, 70, 177, 183,241,251, Lancaster House Conferences, see 267, 279, 515 Constitutional Conferences under constitutionaladvance,41,54-65, separate territories 246-8,259-63,285,395-7,532-8 Laos, 118, 122 Constitutional Conferences: (1960) Lebanon, 388, 391 36, 50, 62, 532-8; (1962) 64 Leeward, Is., 222-31, 286, 418, 496 Coutts Report, 59, 395-7 Lennox-Boyd, A, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, Cowan Plan, 499, 502-5, 508, 509-11, 42-3, 47-53, 55, 58, 60, 62-3, 73, 79, 514 80,84, 115-26,203,220,343--~348, Index 595

361, 369-71, 372, 393-7, 398-9, Makarios, Archbishop, 52, 55, 59-61, 401-2,404-12,414,.416,419,491-7, 313,318 (biog.), 518 498ff, 518, 579-80 (biog.) Malan, Dr D. F., 68, 234-7, 238 (biog.), Liberia, 207, 293, 542 297, 357, 360, 524 Libya, 175, 457, 464, 542 Malawi, see Nyasaland Liesching, Sir Percivale, 48, 78, 297, 361, Malaya, Federation of, 28, 40, 46, 50-1, 579 (biog.) 54,96,241,251,299,330,526-7 Lindemann, F. A., see Cherwell, Lord Ailiance,49,370,404-13 Lloyd, J. Selwyn, see Selwyn-Lloyd, Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement J. S. B. (1957), 371, 412 Lloyd, Sir Thomas, 43, 67, 188, 196, AN~,370,371, 379, 457 203-7,215,239,247,361-2,372, Communities Liaison Committee, 189 401-2,580 (biog.) constitutional advance, 31, 33, 41££, Lloyd George, Gwilym, 79, 80, 91 186-7, 188-9, 284ff, 404-13 local government, 39-40, 138-41,480- Constitutional Conference (1956), 49, 490 404-13 Locke, John, 45 defence, 135-6, 167, 171, 174, 183, Loewen, Sir Charles, 380, 381 (biog.) 304,369-71,379-81,407,457,495 Louw, E. H., 73 economic development, 116ff, 471 Loveridge, A. J., 190, 193 (biog.) elections, 49, 186-7, 404-5 Luke, S. E. V., 219, 221 (biog.) Emergency (1948-60), 9, 14-15, 17, Lumumba, P., 37 55, 59, 232-3, 367, 369-71, 405, Lusaka, 303, 551 407-11 Luxembourg, 161,307, 421ff, 438-44 independence, 44, 49, 53, 74, 186, Lyttelton, Oliver, 19-24, 36, 40, 46--8, 379-81 53,56-7,70,96-100,102-14,136, Internal Security Council, 495 137, 142-3, 178-9, 188, 195, 198, Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 203,215,236,241,246-53,259,264, 370,412 271-82,301,302-3,310-18,337, Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 373, 393, 395, 580 (biog.) 49,412-13 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 412 Malayan Union, 188-9 Macdonald, Lord, 117 'Malayanization', 411-12 Macdonald, A. R, 207, 208 (biog.) plural society, 526-7 and q.v. MacDonald, Malcolm, 15, 137, 328-31, population, 286 580 (biog.) sterling balances, 110-13, 133 MacGillivray, Sir Donald, 51 trade unions, 232 McGrigor, Sir Rhoderick, 180-4, 185 United Malayan National (biog.) Organization (UMNO), 186, 370, MacIntyre, D., 334, 336 (biog.) 412 Mackenzie, W. J. M., 45, 395, 396 University of, 46 (biog.), 534 Malaysia, 41, 53 MacKintosh, A., 379-81, 381 (biog.) Malta, 50-1, 61, 167, 171, 174, 196, 285, Maclennan, I. M. R, 332--4, 580-1 494-5,570 (biog.) Malvern, Lord, see Huggins, Sir Macleod, lain, 35-6, 38, 50, 52-3, 62-3, Godfrey 81-2,515-21,532-8,558-61,570-3, Manila Conference (1954), 15 581 (biog.) Manley, N. W., 416-17, 419-20 Macmillan, Harold, 4-9, 25-32, 33-8, 52, Mao Tse Tung, 237 60, 62-3, 74-5, 154-63, 241££, 367-8, Marnham, J. E., 302, 303 (biog.) 385-92,421-37,451,520,522-31, Marshall, D. S., 410, 413 (biog.) 560, 570, 581 (biog.) Marshall, Dr Thurgood, 535, 538 (biog.) 'Wind of Change' speech, 522-31 Maudling, R, 38, 558, 581 (biog.) Macpherson, Sir John, 44, 193, 197, Mauritius, 177,285,471, 493 203ff, 214, 215-18, 581 (biog.) Mawanda, G., 267-8 596 Index

Maxwell-Fyfe, Sir David, see Kilmuir, National Economic Development Lord Council (NEDC), 37-8 May, Erskine, 520 National Service, 32, 35, 459-61 Mboya, T., 62 nationalism, 6, 12, 29, 33, 41, 44, 47-50, Mediterranean, xvi, 60, 95, 183, 196, 324 52,55,58,60,61,64,66,98,199- Melville, E., 176-7,581-2 (biog.) 201,209-14,284,286,292,310-14, membership system, see ministerial 320, 388, 391, 486, 515-21, 524ff, government 539ff, 546-7, 559 Mendes-France, P., 304, 306 native administration, 57 Mengo, 266,270 native authorities, 482ff, 541 Menzies, S~Robert, 74,148,153 (biog.), Nazimuddin, Sir Al-Haj Kwaja, 234, 238 154,563 Neguib, General, 12, 182,309 Messina Conference (1955), 28, 421ff Nehru, Jawaharlal, 41, 67, 70, 237, 238, Middle East, 10, 11-13, 15-16, 29-32, 297,330,331 (biog.) 59-60,84,95,146,167,170-4,182- Netherlands, The, 122, 307, 421ff, 438- 183,199-202,304-5,308-9,312, 444 317,323-4,385-92,440,448,457, Nevis, 419 495-6 Newfoundland, 74 Middle East Defence Organization New Zealand, 14,27, 69, 73, 117ff, 128, (MEDO), 12-13, 170, 183,200,305 136, 171, 286, 298, 299, 301, 356, Middle East Development Division, 371,380,407,458,565 390 Nicholson, Sir Godfrey, 498 Middle East Land Forces HQ, 312, Nigeria, 41, 50, 107, 177,215-16,249-53, 323 276,489,.526,535,560 Mill, J. S., 45 'Africanization', 209ff, 411 Millard, G. E., 363, 364--6, 582 (biog.) civil war, 53 mining, 142-3, 176-7, 547-8 Commonwealth, 235--6 ministerial government, 43, 140-1, 186, constitutional advance, 41, 195-8, 19Off, 196ff, 204ff, 214, 243, 246, 203-8,215-18,249-53,284 254,261,374-8,406,410,534 constitutional conferences: (1953-54), Mintoff, Dom, 51 40, 43, 46, 249-53; (1957-58), 46-7, Mitchell, Sir Phillip, 57 252-3,493,497 Moffatt, J., see Central African economic development, 351, 471 Federation, 'Moffat resolution franchise, 394 Mohammed Ali, 234-5, 238 (biog.) independence, 46,53,577 Mombasa, 247,262,275 internal security, 251-2 Monckton, Walter, 32, 447, 449, 582 National Independence Party, 250 (biog.) (see also Central African Native Authorities, 482-5 Federation, Advisory (Monckton) population, 286 Commission) Nkomo, Joshua, 62 Monserrat, 417ff, 419 Nkrumah, Kwame, 41, 46-7, 48-50, 68, Morgan, J. c., 338-9, 341 (biog.) 73, 190ff, 193 (biog.), 195, 197, 203, Mountbatten, Lord, 51 206,236,377,570,571 multiracialism, 33, 36, 43, SO, 57-64, 76, North Atlantic Council, 456 81,256-7,339,372-3,393-7,499, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 527, 533ff, 542ff, 552-3, 569 (see also (NATO), 9-10, 60, 156, 166, 168-9, plural society) 171, 181, 183-4, 304-6, 380, 439-44, Murray, Andrew, 528 445-50, 452ff, 495 Musazi, I., 264-5, 270 (biog.) North Borneo (Sabah), 41, 44, 116ff, Mussadiq, Dr, 163 284,285,471 , 51 Northern Rhodesia, 58, 64, 75, 82, 96- Nairobi,57 101, 177, 259, 302, 338f£, 372-3, Nasser, President Gamal, 12, 13, 29, 395,482,484,488,519,539-57, 308, 309 (biog.) 563ff Index 597

independence, 75, 82 215-18,232-3,246-8,277,279, see also Central African Federation 369-70,393-7,404,493--4,526-7, Notting Hill, 77 539-57 nuclear energy, see atomic energy , see colonial defence and internal nuclear weapons, see atomic weapons security Nyasaland, 53, 58, 62--4, 75, 82, 96-101, population growth, 98, 116, 344 177, 280, 302-3, 337ft, 372-3, 395, Portugal, 38, 236 518-19,539-57,563ff Powell, J. Enoch, 91, 508-13, 582 (biog.) constitutional conference (1960), 63 Poynton, Sir Hilton, 195, 198 (biog.) Devlin Commission, 62, 519, 521 public service, see colonial service emergency, 518-19 Raffles, Stamford, 494 independence, 75, 82 see also Central African Federation Rance, Sir Hubert, 223, 227 (biog.) Nyerere, J., 563 Rangoon, 124,330--1 Rawlinson, A. K., 401-2, 582 (biog.) oil, 12,28,146,155, 163, 170--1, 175,309, raw materials, 20--1, 106-l3, 121-2, l35, 385-92,448,468,495 142-3,147,149,156-9,327,332-6, Oliver, Borg, 50 385-92,421-37,523,550 Omdurman, Battle of, 8 regionalism, 188-9, 216ff, 249-52, 284ff Organization of European Economic Reid, Lord,412 Cooperation (OEEC), 26, 119, 133, Reith, Lord, 18 148,162,167,174,424-6,437,442- Rhodes, C. J., 257 443 Rhodes, H., 432 Osborne, Sir Cyril, 77 Richardson, 1. I. A, 418, 419 Overseas Food Corporation, 18, 19 Robertson, Sir James, 44 -Wray, Sir Kenneth, 45, 187, Overseas Resources Development Acts 239,240 (biog.), 535 (1948-59), 471 Owen Falls, 178, 276 Royal Titles Act (1953), 69 Rumbold, H. A F., 43, 88, 332, 334-6, Pacific, 304, 527 582-3 (biog.) Western Pacific High Commission Sabah, see North Borneo Territories, 285 St Helena, 285 Pakistan, 70, 116ft, 128-33, 146, 234-5, St Kitts, 414ft, 419 286-7, 292, 299, 305, 307, 330, 331, St Lucia, 414ft, 419 355-6,366,371,383--4,398-9,464, St Paul, 529 473--4,476,497,526 St Vincent, 414£{, 419 Palestine, 54, 172, 175, 385, 389 Salisbury (S. Rhodesia), 303, 544-5 Pan-Africanism, 515, 516, 521 Salisbury, 5th Marquess of, 16, 52, 69, Papagos, Field-Marshal, 310--11 78,80,297,299,300-1,446-7,451, partnership, 53, 61, 76, 523, 539£{, 552- 570--3, 583 (biog.) 553,556,560--1 Saloway, R. H., 207, 208 (biog.) Paskin, J. J., l36, 186, 188-9,582 (biog.) Sandys, D. E. Duncan, see Duncan- Patel, A B., 261-2, 263 (biog.) Sandys, D. E. Paver, B. G., 539 San Francisco, 237 Pearl Harbor, 380 Sarawak, 41, 44, 116£{, 188, 284, 285 Pearson, Lester, 563 Saudi Arabia, 385, 387, 389 Perham, Margery, 46 Scarborough Commission, 46, 88 Persia, 13, 19, 95, 163, 199, 387, 390, 464 Schuman Plan, 161 Persian Gulf, 167, 308, 388£{, 457 Scott, R. H., 134-6, 136-7 (biog.) Phibul Songgram, Marshal, 134, 137 self-government, 28, 31, 40, 41-2, 46, SO, (biog.) 53, 66-75, 88, 136, 140, 186--7, 189, Philippines, The, 116, 119, 122, 125, 371 190--3,203-7, 209ff, 215££, 222, 233, Pilgrim Fathers, 528 235, 239, 254-5, 259£{, 319£{, 356£{, Pirbhai, Eboo, 261, 263 (biog.) 369-70,404£{,493--4,517-18,533, plural SOciety, 33, 41, 43, 53, 54£{, 186-7, 542,558 598 Index

Selwyn-Lloyd, J. S. B. 30,310-17,438- South East Asia Treaty Organization 444,445-50,527,570,583 (biog.) (SEATO), 15, 171,304-5,331,370- Serbia, 438 371, 407, 454, 457, 495 Seretse Khama, 59 Southern Rhodesia, 20, 50, 51, 58-9, 61, Serpell, D. R, 364, 366 (biog.) 65, 73, 75, 82, 96-101, 236, 259ff, Seychelle~60,269,285 279, 291, 332, 334-6, 357, 539-57, Shanahan, F., 380, 382 (biog.) 562-9 (see also Central African Sharpeville, 37, 74 Federation) Shire, River, 98 Central Africa Party, 568 Siam, see Thailand Constitutional Conference (1961), Sierra Leone, 41, 177, 285, 286 568-9 Simonstown naval base, 69 Dominion Party, 568 Singapore, 14-15,41,44,49,52-3, 88, elections, 61 116ft, 134, 136, 167, 171, 174, 177, National Democratic Party, 568 187, 188-9, 233, 284, 379-81, 410, Rhodesian Front, 65 457,471,494-5,496 Unilateral Declaration of Sithole, Rev N., 568 Independence (UDI), 65, 75 Slessor, Sir John, 180-4, 185 (biog.) United Federal Party, 568 Slim, Sir William, 180-4, 185 (biog.) United Rhodesia Party, 61 smaller colonial territories, 41, 44, 50, Spaak, P.-H., 422-3, 437 (biog.), 443 67,71,74,284-5,322,361,494-6 Spaak Report, 422 , 77 Spectator, The, 570-1, 572-3 Smith, Ian D., 567-9, 583 (biog.) Stanley, Oliver F. G., 66, 222, 226 Smith, M. G., 196, 198,209-14,583 'statehood', 74 (biog.) Statute of (1931), 321, 324 Smuts, J. c., 524 sterling, 3, 5, 22, 29, 83, 120-2, 146, 148, social welfare 155-62, 172, 175, 320, 345, 363-6, colonial, 6, 19, 39, 232, 275-6, 319-20, 387, 435-6, 465ff 332-6,388,497,543,560 Sterling Area, 4, 7-8, 19-22, 27, 33, 66, UK, 7, 10, 11, 145, 151, 154-5, 160, 102-14,129,131,133,148,157-8, 241-5,300,398-400,491,497 160-2, 167ff, 176-7,255, 287, 334, Somaliland, 285 465ff,524 South Africa, Union of, 36-7, 58, 61, Working Party on Dollar Investment 69-70,73-5,98,117,234-7,256, in,20,176 259, 286, 289, 296-7, 299, 357, 446, sterling balances, 4, 27, 82, 102-14, 121, 474,476,518, 521, 522-31, 542, 546, 127-33, 167ff, 345, 363ff 551,559 sterling, devaluation of, 3, 83 Dutch Reformed Church, 528 Sterndale, Bennett, Sir John, 134-7, 137 High Commission Territories, 59, 69, (biog.) 83,235,238 Strachan, A. H., 334-5, 336 (biog.) National Party, 98 Strijdom, J. G., 73, 357, 360 (biog.) South America, 128, 277, 293 Sudan, 8, 28, 44, 71, 84-5, 133, 254, 277, South Arabia, Federation of, 82 279,394 South Asia, xvii, 12, 77, 115-26, 129, 384 Suez, xvii, 12, 28, 51, 61, 82, 84, 95, 155, (see also separate territories) 170-1,200-2,305,308,324,363-6, South-east Asia, 11-16, 39-53, 115-26, 459, 495 (see also Egypt, Anglo- 129, 134-7, 171, 173-4, 188, 232-3, Egyptian Treaty (1954)) 328-31, 379-81, 457 (see also Canal Company, 29 separate territories) crisis (1956-7), 3, 29-32, 33, 60, 74-5, British Defence Co-Ordinating 76,446-8,464 Committee, 379-81 Sweden, 443 Commissioner-General, 134-7, 189, Swinton, Lord, 45, 69-73, 78, 79,80,90, 328-31,379 133,234-7,256-7,297,299-301, South East Asia Collective Defence 302,347,348,356-60,361-2,368, Treaty(SEACDT),370,371,379-80 583 (biog.) Index 599

Switzerland, 443 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Sydney, Colombo meeting (1950),117 (USSR), 7,9, 14, 15, 35, 37, 54, 69, Syria, 388, 495 165ft, 180, 292-3, 306-7, 385, 388ft, 422, 428, 438ff, 445ff, 492, 496, 525, Tafawa Balewa, Alhaji Abubaker, 250, 529,558 252 (biog.) (UK) Tanganyika, 41, 177, 259, 285, 395, 533, Atomic Energy Authority, 476 571 Board of Inland Revenue, 19 Templer, Sir Gerald, 14,40,44,47, 186- Board of Trade, 28, 244, 365, 387, 391, 189, 232, 368, 583 (biog.) 424, 426, 431 Thailand, 14, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, Cabinet, passim but see also separate 134-5,232,305,328,371 committees 'Third World', 40, 76 Cabinet Capital Issues Committee, Thorneycroft, P., 28, 150, 155, 159 152 Times, The, 265, 281 Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, Tito, President Josip Broz, 305, 307 30, 45, 67, 74, 397, 451 Todd, R. S. Garfield, 61, 332, 333 (biog.) Cabinet Commonwealth Affairs Togoland, UN Trusteeship Agreement, Committee, 71 357 Cabinet Defence Committee, 9, 16, Tonga, Queen Salote of, 264 36, 180-5 trade, 3-5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18, 26-7, 34, 38, Cabinet Economic Policy Committee, 40, 102-13, 145, 147, 149-50, 156- 28,243 163, 165, 183, 236, 287, 350, 363-6, Cabinet Overseas Negotiations 377-8,383,385-92,421-37,453, Committee, 387 465ff,494, 523,529-30,548-52 Cabinet Overseas Policy Committee, trade unions, 232, 399, 436, 486 36 Trades Union Congress, 399 Central African Office, 64-5, 67 Treaty of (1957), 30 Chiefs of Staff, 9-11, 12, 16, 180-5, Trevelyan, H., 330, 331 (biog.) 188, 232, 312, 316-17, 379, 462 Trieste, 169-70 Colonial Office, see separate entry Trinidad, SO, 177, 220, 222-31, 286, 401, Commonwealth Relations Office, see 414ft, 419, 496 separate entry independence, SO Export Credits Guarantee Trinidad Oil Company, 28 Department, 470, 473 , 558 Foreign Office, xvii, 11, 12, 20, 25, 39, Truman Doctrine, 95 273,277,279,391,570 trusteeship, 53, 103 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Tunis, 516, 521 83 Tunku Abdul Rahman, SO, 412-13 Home Office, 51, 383 Turkey, 12,59-61, 158, 183,200,305, Judicial Committee of the Privy 307,310-17,320ff,438,464,496 Council, 358 Ministry of Defence, 10-11, 13, 25, 32, Uganda, 41, 44, 56-7, 107, 177, 178, 259, 241ff,46O 264-82, 285, 286, 393, 395, 482, 493, MiniStry of Fuel and Power, 391 558 MiniStry of Housing and Local Agreement (1900),268,270,271 Government, 7, 25, 241ff Bishop of, 268 Ministry of Supply, 181, 460 Buganda,57-9,264-82,393,395,482, Post Office, 78 493 Treasury, xvii, 5, 9-11,13,18,19-24, Kabaka of Buganda, 57, 58, 59, 264- 25, 31, 35, 39, 43, 53, 104, 109, 160, 282 176-7,178-9,219-21,228-31,241- Makerere College, 276 245, 348-54, 364-6, 391, 402-3, Mulago Training Hospital, 276 465ff Uganda National Congress, 264-5, Working Party on Dollar Investment 280 in the Sterling Area, 20 600 Index

United Nations Organizations (UNO), West African Marketing Board, 111- 20, 37, 69, 74, 135, 167, 183, 201, 112 237,285,292-3,296,310-12,314- West Indies, 27, 28, 41, 46, 53, 68, 81, 315, 442, 449, 458, 521, 527, 558, 110-13, 395 (see also separate 563,566 territories) UN Economic Commission for British Caribbean Federation Africa, 524 Conference: (1953) 42, 47, 219-21, UN Trusteeship Council, 357 222-27, 228-31, 402, 403, 414ff; UN Works and Relief Agency (1956) 42-4, 47, 401-3, 414-20 (UNWRA), 385, 389 Commonwealth Membership, 68, United States of America (USA), 10, 14, 235, 284ff, 293, 295, 335, 402 27,76--7,123, 163,293,300-1,347, constitutional advance, 39-53,219- 387,415--16,433, 438ff, 454-64, 525, 231,401-3 528 customs union, 223, 226 American Oil Company (Aramco), economic development, 219-21, 228- 387 231,402 Anglo-American relations, 6--8, 12-16, Federation, capital of, 44, 414-20 20-1,29-30,32,35,37,54,66,81, Federation, dissolution of, 49-50, 53 95, 147, 156£f, 165--75,202, 304-307, finances, 219-21, 228-31 308-9,328-31,441,445--50,461 immigration to UK, 76ff, 299, 398-9, economy, 4, 7, 9, 27, 28, 113, 145--7, 496--7 (see also under immigration) 149, 151, 156£f, 422, 428, 431, 435 Montego Bay Conference (1947), 43, Europe and NATO, 37, 183-4, 438ff, 222 445ff Standing Closer-Association investment in colonies, 11, 20, 132-3, Committee, 43, 222-7, 228-31, 176--7,348 414ff Mediterranean and Middle East, 12- West India Royal Commission (1938- 13, 29, 95, 200, 305--6, 308-9, 315, 1939),222 317, 363, 389, 435 (and also q.v.) West Indies Act (1967), 74 military information, exchange of, Western European Union, see under 441, 461, 464 Europe South East Asia and Far East, 13--16, 'Westminster model', 138-9, 532 115ff, 135--6, 304-5, 328-31, 371, Wheare, K. c., 45, 188, 189 380 (and also q.v.) White, Eirene, 278-81, 584 (biog.) universities, 45--6, 212, 256--8, 276, 517, Whitehead, Sir Edgar, 568 (see also education) white settlers, 40, 41, 46, 54, 57, 73, 96, U Nu, 330, 331 246--8,259-63,279,303,332-6, 393-6, 491, 493-4, 527, 539ff Vasey, E., 247, 248 (biog.), 262 Williams, Eric, 50 Vietminh, 14, 134, 232 Williams, J. R, 339, 341 (biog.) Vietnam, 9, 14, 15, 118, 119, 122, 123, Williamson, T. B., 138, 141 (biog.), 196, 134 198 Volta River Project, see Gold Coast Wilson, Charles E., 441, 444 Wilson, G. M., 118, 126 (biog.) Wilson, J. Harold, 77, 427 Washington Post, The, 309 Windward Islands, 222-31, 286, 418, Watt, A. S., 380, 381 (biog.) 496 Watt, I. B., 196, 198 (biog.), 339 Woodruff, H. W., 332-3 Wedgwood Benn, A., 515--21, 584 Woods, Oliver F. J. B., 265, 270 (biog.) (biog.) Woomera, 462 Welensky, Sir Roy, 74, 516--17, 563, 564 Wyn-Harris, Sir Percy, see Harris, P. W. West Africa, 19, 22, 39-53, 59, 61, 107, 111-13,129,133,195--8,203--18, Yalu River, 14 236, 254-5, 263, 526, 542 (see also Yemen, 496 separate territories) Young, A. E., 205, 207 Index 601

Yugoslavia, 146, 167, 169, 172, 175, 307, Zambia, see Northern Rhodesia 438 Zanzibar, 285, 393, 570 Zomba, 337, 373 Zambezi River, 98, 540