DOCSLIB.ORG

Sandy Island, an African American Diaspora Gullah Community

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sandy Island, an African American Diaspora Gullah Community SANDY ISLAND, AN AFRICAN AMERICAN DIASPORA GULLAH COMMUNITY By TRACEY GRAHAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Tracey Graham To my ancestors, who inspired my research: my mom, Ruthenia Graham; my grandmother, Ella Graham; and Zora Neale Hurston—all of whom in this life “Jump[ed] at the Sun.” I stand on their shoulders. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am forever indebted to my spiritual muse, the Creator of all things seen and unseen; receiving Your gifts keeps me humble. I give love, honor and respect to my grandparents Leo and Ella Graham and Elmo and Mary Blain Sherman—especially Grandma Ella. Your creative energy was contagious. I have nothing but love and gratitude for my parents, Fred Lee and Ruthenia Graham; growing up, both of you encouraged me to work hard and guided me to manifest my highest self—my authentic self. I am grateful to my sister, Vernessa; my niece, Serena; and my nephew, Vernon. I thank each one of you for your continued support and unconditional love. To my partner, Dewayne, our sacred love keeps me safe and able to endure all things. I truly thank you for all of your help during my dissertation process. This project would not be complete without the dedication of my dissertation committee. Dr. Irma McClaurin, my chair, you are a brilliant woman! Thank you for pushing me beyond my limits and believing in the importance of my research even when I wavered. Dr. Kenneth Sassaman, you have always been an extremely supportive colleague throughout my tenure at UF. Ken, with all sincerity, thank you! Dr. Willie L. Baber, I thank you for your hands-on approach. Dr. Michael “Mikell” Pinkney, our talks in your office are forever sketched in my collective memory. And, Dr. Zoharah Simmons, thank you for pitching in at the last minute. You all are inspiring! I appreciate the funding from the University of Florida Anthropology Department and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Also, I would like to thank the following individuals for their support throughout this dissertation process: Dr. Allan F. Burns, my interlocutor; Dr. Keisha Fikes, my mentor; Dr. Susan deFrance, my guider; Dr. Frank Jordan, my generous friend; Natalie Smith, my spiritual sister; Flossie Spain, my eldest aunt, the strongest woman on the planet; Jasper Sherman, my wise man; Nashid Fakhrid-Deen and Osunnike Robin Scott-Manna, 4 my spiritual warriors who keep me in the light; Amanda Marsico, my “eyes and ears”; Chris Farinella, my promoter of accuracy; Adewole Mongo Ifa, my intellectual communicator; and special thanks to Dr. Minda Chuska, Alicia Bolton, Sean J. Glassberg, Mike Williams, Chris Williams and Elena Rodriquez, my Horry Georgetown Technical College family. Finally, to the people of Sandy Island, thank you for all of your trust and wisdom in making this project complete. I am forever grateful, and I honor the people of Sandy Island. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: SANDY ISLAND, AN AFRICAN AMERICAN DIASPORA GULLAH COMMUNITY ......................................................................................................14 “Why Anthropology?” ............................................................................................................14 African Diaspora Ancestry: A Gullah Girl Traces Her DNA .................................................22 Through the Lens of Native Anthropology: Taking Anthropology Home .............................28 “Papa” Franz Boas and Cultural Relativism ...................................................................34 The Trials and Tribulations of Being a “Native” Anthropologist ...................................37 My Arrival Story: Permission Granted to Travel to Sandy Island .........................................41 Crafting a Gullah Ethnography ...............................................................................................45 2 THE AFRICAN DIASPORA PARADIGM IN THE SEA ISLANDS ..................................48 Bringing Simms-Hamilton’s African Diaspora Paradigm Center Stage ................................49 A Gullah Girl’s Journey to Cape Coast Castle .......................................................................54 Emergence of the African in the South Sea Islands ...............................................................57 I Celebrate My Gullah/Geechee People .................................................................................62 Traditions, Enslavement and Plantation Structures .........................................................62 Are You Hungry?: Fishing for Seafood ..........................................................................69 Completing the Journey to Sapelo Island ........................................................................75 Defining Gullah/Geechee .......................................................................................................77 Sandy Island: It Is a Piece of Heaven ..............................................................................81 Island Men-Folks Carry On African Traditions ..............................................................87 3 TRAVELING TO SANDY ISLAND AND INTERPRETING SYMBOLIC MEANINGS ...........................................................................................................................90 Paying Homage to Gullah People ...........................................................................................98 “Plat-Eye and Hags” Live on Sandy Island ..........................................................................112 Ecological Treasures on Sandy Island ..................................................................................115 4 METHODS: HOW WE ARE TRAINED AS ANTHROPOLOGISTS ...............................121 Method #1: “Kitchen Table Talks”; Betty’s Family House on Sandy Island .......................125 Method #2: Sketching Sandy Island; What Does the Island Look Like Through the Gaze of the Native? ...........................................................................................................136 Method #3: Pictures Are Worth A Thousand Words! Unique Customs of Island Life .....139 6 Method #4: Participant Observation ....................................................................................144 Method #5: Structured Interviews .......................................................................................147 Sandy Islanders, Group 1: How Do You Self-Identify? African American? Gullah? Both? ..........................................................................................................................148 Education ................................................................................................................149 Household/Family life ............................................................................................149 Employment/Occupation ........................................................................................149 A day in the life of an Islander. Tell me what you do from the time you rise until the time you go to bed. ...............................................................................149 Do you think that Sandy Island should have a bridge that connects to the mainland? Why or why not? ...............................................................................150 Would you like to see more people visit the island? ..............................................150 Sandy Island history, culture and traditions: Please describe your favorite place on Sandy Island. ..................................................................................................150 If you could imagine Sandy Island in the future (20 years from now), what would you like to see different, and what would you like to see stay the same? ..................................................................................................................151 Sandy Islanders, Group 2: How Do You Self-Identify? African American? Gullah? Both? ..........................................................................................................................152 Education ..............................................................................................................1533 Household/Family life ............................................................................................153 Employment/Occupation ........................................................................................153 A day in the life of an Islander. Tell me what you do from the time you rise until the time you go to bed. ...............................................................................153 Do you think that Sandy Island should have a bridge that connects to the mainland? Why or why not? ...............................................................................154 Would you like to see more people visit the island? ..............................................154 Sandy Island history, culture & traditions: Please describe your favorite place on Sandy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 2-10-2009 The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World Mark J. Fleszar Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Fleszar, Mark J., "The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2009. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/33 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ATLANTIC MIND: ZEPHANIAH KINGSLEY, SLAVERY, AND THE POLITICS OF RACE IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD by MARK J. FLESZAR Under the Direction of Dr. Jared Poley and Dr. H. Robert Baker ABSTRACT Enlightenment philosophers had long feared the effects of crisscrossing boundaries, both real and imagined. Such fears were based on what they considered a brutal ocean space frequented by protean shape-shifters with a dogma of ruthless exploitation and profit. This intellectual study outlines the formation and fragmentation of a fluctuating worldview as experienced through the circum-Atlantic life and travels of merchant, slaveowner, and slave trader Zephaniah Kingsley during the Era of Revolution. It argues that the process began from experiencing the costs of loyalty to the idea of the British Crown and was tempered by the pervasiveness of violence, mobility, anxiety, and adaptation found in the booming Atlantic markets of the Caribbean during the Haitian Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Mack Studies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 472 SO 024 893 AUTHOR Botsch, Carol Sears; And Others TITLE African-Americans and the Palmetto State. INSTITUTION South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 246p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Black Culture; *Black History; Blacks; *Mack Studies; Cultural Context; Ethnic Studies; Grade 8; Junior High Schools; Local History; Resource Materials; Social Environment' *Social History; Social Studies; State Curriculum Guides; State Government; *State History IDENTIFIERS *African Americans; South Carolina ABSTRACT This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in black history produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina history as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural, political, and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. Teachers and students studying the history of the state are provided information about a part of the citizenry that has been excluded historically. The book can also be used as a resource for Social Studies, English and Elementary Education. The volume's contents include:(1) "Passage";(2) "The Creation of Early South Carolina"; (3) "Resistance to Enslavement";(4) "Free African-Americans in Early South Carolina";(5) "Early African-American Arts";(6) "The Civil War";(7) "Reconstruction"; (8) "Life After Reconstruction";(9) "Religion"; (10) "Literature"; (11) "Music, Dance and the Performing Arts";(12) "Visual Arts and Crafts";(13) "Military Service";(14) "Civil Rights"; (15) "African-Americans and South Carolina Today"; and (16) "Conclusion: What is South Carolina?" Appendices contain lists of African-American state senators and congressmen.
    [Show full text]
  • Works Like a Charm: the Occult Resistance of Nineteenth-Century American Literature
    WORKS LIKE A CHARM: THE OCCULT RESISTANCE OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE by Noelle Victoria Dubay A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland August 2020 Abstract Works like a Charm: The Occult Resistance of Nineteenth-Century American Literature finds that the question of whether power could work by occult means—whether magic was real, in other words—was intimately tied, in post-Revolutionary America, to the looming specter of slave revolt. Through an examination of a variety of materials—trial narratives, slave codes, novels and short stories, pamphlets, popular occult ephemera—I argue that U.S. planters and abolitionists alike were animated by reports that spiritual leaders boasting supernatural power headed major rebellions across the Caribbean, most notably in British-ruled Jamaica and French-ruled Saint-Domingue. If, in William Wells Brown’s words, the conjurer or root-doctor of the southern plantation had the power to live as though he was “his own master,” might the same power be capable of toppling slavery’s regimes altogether? This question crossed political lines, as proslavery lawmakers and magistrates as well as antislavery activists sought to describe, manage, and appropriate the threat posed by black conjuration without affirming its claims to supernatural power. Works like a Charm thus situates the U.S. alongside other Atlantic sites of what I call “occult resistance”—a deliberately ambivalent phrase meant to register both the documented use of occult practices to resist slavery and the plantocracy’s resistance to the viability of countervailing powers occulted (i.e., hidden) from their regimes of knowledge—at the same time as it argues that anxiety over African-derived insurrectionary practices was a key factor in the supposed secularization of the West.
    [Show full text]
  • The Denmark Vesey Conspiracy Conceptualizing Crime and Religion in Slaveholding Societies Paul Schneider-Krumpus
    The Denmark Vesey Conspiracy Conceptualizing Crime and Religion in Slaveholding Societies Paul Schneider-Krumpus This project was supported by the University of Minnesota Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program Premise of Research Through the UROP program, I have conducted an historical documentary analysis of the Denmark Vesey conspiracy, an alleged plot of slave rebellion that was exposed in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. This research is meant to be part of Professor Katherine Gerbner’s wider research on the construction of religion and crime in relation to New World slavery. Little documentation of the alleged plot exists outside of court documents from the trials of the accused, and so these were especially important source materials. New strides are being made in the understanding of the Denmark Vesey conspiracy, as professional historians continue to accumulate sources and construct new and fuller interpretations of the events. Objective of Research The objective of this research was to use primary sources relevant to the Denmark Vesey conspiracy to learn about the relationships between law, religion, and the institution of slavery in the antebellum American South, particularly in relation to slave revolts. Considering the religious nature of the plot, its conspirators, its suppressors, and the very society it took place in, the Denmark Vesey conspiracy is especially suited to an analysis of this sort. Compared to other slave revolts, this plot is only lightly studied. It could be essential to understanding other North American slave revolts though; the number of people involved is alleged to be well over 6,000, which would make it one of the largest uprisings ever conceived of in this part of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Vegetation of the Carolinas: Classification and Description of Plant Communities of the Lumber (Little Pee Dee) and Waccamaw Rivers
    Natural vegetation of the Carolinas: Classification and Description of Plant Communities of the Lumber (Little Pee Dee) and Waccamaw Rivers A report prepared for the Ecosystem Enhancement Program, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources in partial fulfillments of contract D07042. By M. Forbes Boyle, Robert K. Peet, Thomas R. Wentworth, Michael P. Schafale, and Michael Lee Carolina Vegetation Survey Curriculum in Ecology, CB#3275 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599‐3275 Version 1. May 19, 2009 1 INTRODUCTION The riverine and associated vegetation of the Waccamaw, Lumber, and Little Pee Rivers of North and South Carolina are ecologically significant and floristically unique components of the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Stretching from northern Scotland County, NC to western Brunswick County, NC, the Lumber and northern Waccamaw Rivers influence a vast amount of landscape in the southeastern corner of NC. Not far south across the interstate border, the Lumber River meets the Little Pee Dee River, influencing a large portion of western Horry County and southern Marion County, SC before flowing into the Great Pee Dee River. The Waccamaw River, an oddity among Atlantic Coastal Plain rivers in that its significant flow direction is southwest rather that southeast, influences a significant portion of the eastern Horry and eastern Georgetown Counties, SC before draining into Winyah Bay along with the Great Pee Dee and several other SC blackwater rivers. The Waccamaw River originates from Lake Waccamaw in Columbus County, NC and flows ~225 km parallel to the ocean before abrubtly turning southeast in Georgetown County, SC and dumping into Winyah Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2 Horry County Historical Society
    Coastal Carolina University CCU Digital Commons The ndeI pendent Republic Quarterly Horry County Archives Center 2010 Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2 Horry County Historical Society Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/irq Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Horry County Historical Society, "Independent Republic Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 44, No. 1-2" (2010). The Independent Republic Quarterly. 151. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/irq/151 This Journal is brought to you for free and open access by the Horry County Archives Center at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The ndeI pendent Republic Quarterly by an authorized administrator of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Independent Republic Quarterly A Publication of the Horry County Historical Society Volume 44, No. 1-2 ISSN 0046-8843 Publication Date 2010 (Printed 2012) Calendar Events: A Timeline for Civil War-Related Quarterly Meeting on Sunday, July 8, 2012 at Events from Georgetown to 3:00 p.m. Adam Emrick reports on Little River cemetery census pro- ject using ground pen- etrating radar. By Rick Simmons Quarterly Meeting on Used with permission: taken from Defending South Carolina’s Sunday, October 14, 2012 at 3:00 p.m. Au- Coast: The Civil War from Georgetown to Little River (Charleston, thors William P. Bald- SC: The History Press 2009) 155-175. win and Selden B. Hill [Additional information is added in brackets.] review their book The Unpainted South: Car- olina’s Vanishing World.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form
    Form No. 10-300 ^0-' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOWTO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS __________TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS______ I NAME HISTORIC ^^^ Battery White___________________________________ AND/OR COMMON LOCATION STREET & NUMBER Belle Isle Road, Belle Isle Gardens _NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Georgetown _X_ VICINITY OF #6 STATE CODE COUNTY CODE Snut.h Carolina 045 Georgetown Q43 CLASSIFICATION (part of condomfntutn complex] CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENTUSE _DISTRICT —PUBLIC X-OCCUPIED —AGRICULTURE —MUSEUM _BUILDING(S) X-PRIVATE —UNOCCUPIED —COMMERCIAL _JfeTRUCTURE —BOTH WORK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL —PRIVATE RESIDENCE ^.SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS —OBJECT —IN PROCESS —YES: RESTRICTED —GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC —BEING CONSIDERED — YES: UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION —MILITARY —OTHER: OWNER OF PROPERTY NAME Belle Isle Gardens Company STREET & NUMBER P. 0. Box 796 CITY. TOWN STATE Georgetown VICINITY OF South CaroJina (LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS,ETC Georgetown County Courthouse STREET& NUMBER Screven Street CITY. TOWN STATE Georgetown South Caroltna REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE Inventory of Historic Places In South Carolina DATE J9Z1 —FEDERAL X.STATE —COUNTY —LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS S. C. Department of Archives and History CITY. TOWN STATE Columbia South Carolina Q DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE —EXCELLENT _DETERIORATED JklNALTERED ^ORIGINAL SITE X.GOOD —RUINS —ALTERED —MOVED DATE_______ —FAIR _JUNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Battery White is an earthwork artillery emplacement built and manned by Confederate troops during the Civil War. It was positioned on Mayrant's Bluff, upper Winyah Bay, where its guns could command the seaward access to the nearby port of Georgetown.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Survey of a Portion of Murphy and Cedar Islands, Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina
    CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF A PORTION OF MURPHY AND CEDAR ISLANDS, CHARLESTON AND GEORGETOWN COUNTIES, SOUTH CAROLINA CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 455 CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF A PORTION OF MURPHY AND CEDAR ISLANDS, CHARLESTON AND GEORGETOWN COUNTIES, SOUTH CAROLINA Prepared By: Michael Trinkley, Ph.D., RPA and Nicole Southerland Prepared For: Mr. Jim Westerhold S.C. Department of Natural Resources 420 Dirleton Road Georgetown, SC 29440 CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 455 Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 Columbia, SC 29202-8664 803/787-6910 www.chicora.org August 28, 2006 This report is printed on permanent paper ∞ ©2006 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of Chicora Foundation, Inc. except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project sponsor. ABSTRACT This study reports on an intensive cultural 38GE86, and 38GE88) were found around Cedar resources survey of a small portion of Murphy Island. 38GE83 and 86 were recorded during the Island in Charleston County and an equally same underwater survey as 38CH233. Site 38GE83 limited area of Cedar Island in Georgetown is described as three separate brick or ballast piles, County, both on the Santee River. The work was but has since been classified as nonlocatable. Site conducted to assist Jim Westerhold and the S.C. 38GE86 had both prehistoric and historic pottery Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) fragments represented. We were unable to find comply with Section 106 of the National Historic any information about 38GE88 because the site Preservation Act and the regulations codified in form was missing from the SCIAA site files.
    [Show full text]
  • Waccamaw River Blue Trail
    ABOUT THE WACCAMAW RIVER BLUE TRAIL The Waccamaw River Blue Trail extends the entire length of the river in North and South Carolina. Beginning near Lake Waccamaw, a permanently inundated Carolina Bay, the river meanders through the Waccamaw River Heritage Preserve, City of Conway, and Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge before merging with the Intracoastal Waterway where it passes historic rice fields, Brookgreen Gardens, Sandy Island, and ends at Winyah Bay near Georgetown. Over 140 miles of river invite the paddler to explore its unique natural, historical and cultural features. Its black waters, cypress swamps and tidal marshes are home to many rare species of plants and animals. The river is also steeped in history with Native American settlements, Civil War sites, rice and indigo plantations, which highlight the Gullah-Geechee culture, as well as many historic homes, churches, shops, and remnants of industries that were once served by steamships. To protect this important natural resource, American Rivers, Waccamaw RIVERKEEPER®, and many local partners worked together to establish the Waccamaw River Blue Trail, providing greater access to the river and its recreation opportunities. A Blue Trail is a river adopted by a local community that is dedicated to improving family-friendly recreation such as fishing, boating, and wildlife watching and to conserving riverside land and water resources. Just as hiking trails are designed to help people explore the land, Blue Trails help people discover their rivers. They help communities improve recreation and tourism, benefit local businesses and the economy, and protect river health for the benefit of people, wildlife, and future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery White Historic Registry Application
    cçêã =k çK=NMJPMM íÑyÉ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM pbb=fk pqor ` qfl k p=fk =HOWTO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS | | | | | | | | | | | qvmb=^ i i =bk qofbp=J=` l j mi bqb=^ mmi f` ^ _ i b=pb` qfl k p| | | | | | INAME e fpql of` = { { { Battery White___________________________________ ^ k a Ll o=` l j j l k LOCATION pqo bbq=C=k r j _bo Belle Isle Road, Belle Isle Gardens | k l q=cl o=mr _ i f` ^ qfl k ` fqvI=ql t k ` l k d o bppfl k ^ i =a fpqo f` q Georgetown | u| =s f` fk fqv =l c pq^ qb ` l a b ` l r k qv CODE påì íKÜ= ` ~êçäáå~ MQR Georgetown n QP CLASSIFICATION ` ^ qbd l ov l t k bope fm pq^ qr p mobpbk q=r pb | a fpqof` q= ! mr _ i f` = uJl ` ` r mfba ! ^ d of` r i qr ob= ! j r pbr j | =_ r fi a fk d EpF= uJmofs^ qb ! r k l ` ` r mfba ! ` l j j bo` f^ i JgÑÉqor ` qr ob ! _ l qe ! t l oh=fk =mol d obpp ! ba r ` ^ qfl k ^ i ! mofs^ qb=obpfa bk ` b mr _ i f` =^ ` n r fpfqfl k ^ ` ` bppf_ i b ! bk qbo q^ fk j bk q= ! o bi fd fl r p ! l _ gb` q | fk =mol ` bpp ! vbpW=obpqof` qba ! d l sbok j bk q= ! p` fbk qfcf` ! _ bfk d =` l k pfa boba ! =vbpW=r k obpqof` qba ! fk a r pqof^ i ! qo^ k pml oq^ qfl k *- N private park ! j fi fq^ ov ! l qe boW OWNER OF PROPERTY k ^ j b Belle Isle Gardens Company pqobbq=Uí=k r j _ bo mK= MK= _çñ= TVS ` fqv K=ql t k pq^ qb Georgetown sf` fk fqv=l c South CaroJina [LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION ` l r oqe l r pbK o bd fpqo v =l c=a bba pIbq` = d ÉçêÖÉíçï å=` çì åíó=` çì êíÜçì ëÉ pqo bbq=C=k r j _bo Screven
    [Show full text]
  • Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge Climate Change Impacts
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge Climate Change Impacts Located in portions of Horry, Georgetown, and Marion County, South Carolina, Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is South Carolina’s newest Wildlife Refuge. Waccamaw NWR was established Photo by USFWSby Photo on December 1, 1997 after completing a two-year environmental impact statement. The refuge acquisition boundary spans over 55,000 acres and includes large sections of freshwater tidal wetlands associated with the Waccamaw and Great Pee Dee Rivers and a smaller section along the Little Pee Dee River. The Refuge currently manages approximately 23,000 acres which translates to 34 square miles of floodplain wetlands. In addition to refuge lands, there are an additional 13,500 acres of land permanently owned and protected by either the state or through private easements within the Refuge Waccamaw River Acquisition Boundary. The wetland diversity within the Refuge is significant and includes some of the most diverse freshwater wetland systems in the world. Because of the proximity of these wetlands to the Winyah Bay Estuary, these systems are heavily influenced by daily tides and they Photo by USFWSby Photo serve an important role in providing essential ecological functions that sustain this estuary. Signature wildlife species throughout the refuge include wood storks, osprey, black bear, and swallow-tailed kites. Kites have made Waccamaw NWR their northernmost nesting area within their range. Recently Waccamaw NWR developed a Strategic Habitat Plan for swallow-tailed kites that is focused on understanding the relationship between conservation lands in and Swallow-tailed kite around the Refuge as well as adjoining unprotected private lands which are also important to kite nest productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction of the African Slave Identity: Defying Hegemony Through Syncretic Religious Practices
    Denison Journal of Religion Volume 16 Article 7 2017 The onsC truction of the African Slave Identity: Defying Hegemony through Syncretic Religious Practices Caleigh Dwyer Denison University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/religion Part of the Ethics in Religion Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Dwyer, Caleigh (2017) "The onC struction of the African Slave Identity: Defying Hegemony through Syncretic Religious Practices," Denison Journal of Religion: Vol. 16 , Article 7. Available at: https://digitalcommons.denison.edu/religion/vol16/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion at Denison Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denison Journal of Religion by an authorized editor of Denison Digital Commons. Dwyer: The Construction of the African Slave Identity: Defying Hegemony THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE IDENTITY The Construction of the African Slave Identity: Defying Hegemony through Syncretic Religious Practices Caleigh Dwyer In the study of African-American religion and culture, there has existed a long-standing debate over the connection between traditional African cultural and religious practices and the practices of African-American slaves. The debate originated between cultural anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits and sociologist E. Franklin Frazier. Herskovits identified certain “survivals” of African culture that remained in the practices of African-American slaves, thereby proving the contin- ued significance of native practices on the cultural production of the slaves. How- ever, Frazier argued that the severe social conditions of slavery made it impossible for African culture to survive in America, and the practices that did survive were decontextualized and lost all cultural meaning.
    [Show full text]