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Everyday Life in a Philippine Sex Tourism Town

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Everyday Life in a Philippine Sex Tourism Town Everyday Life in a Philippine Sex Tourism Town ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology no 57 Mari-Elina Ekoluoma Everyday Life in a Philippine Sex Tourism Town Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Thunbergsvägen 3H, 751 20, Uppsala, Friday, 3 March 2017 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Helle Rydström (Lunds universitet, genusvetenskapliga institutionen). Abstract Ekoluoma, M.-E. 2017. Everyday Life in a Philippine Sex Tourism Town. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 57. 274 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9793-4. Sabang used to be a small, marginalized Philippine fishing village that in the span of three decades became a well-known international sex tourism site. This thesis deals with the implications of tourism (including sex tourism) and how it has become embedded in the daily life in today’s Sabang. The thesis highlights the local populations’ diverse reactions to the various changes associated with tourism growth, in particular how various symbolic, moral, and spatial boundaries are constructed and maintained. The ethnographic material examined in this thesis builds on several periods of fieldwork, in total 18 months, that were carried out between 2003 and 2015. Analytical tools found in tourism anthropology and in particular the branch of postcolonial tourism studies has guided the discussion and analysis of the socio-cultural effects of becoming a tourism town. This thesis argues that complex networks of boundaries are significant in maintaining a sense of order and social cohesion in times of change. Notions of cultural differences are expressed through the narratives and behaviors of the various inhabitants, and contribute to the maintaining of boundaries within and between groups. From the beginning of tourism growth commercial sex has been central and has become a significant factor in the tourism economy. While residents acknowledge their dependency on the go-go bars, the business of the night is framed so as not to defeat the inhabitants’ struggles to maintain local community’s sense of morality, or at least to set up boundaries between the outsiders’ immorality and insiders’ morality. Tourism has also offered opportunities to challenge conventional social hierarchies and local seats of power, and there are also recurrent discussions about who has the right to control resources and who can claim entitlement to a place now shared by people from all over the world. Keywords: Tourism anthropology, Philippines, Sabang, sex tourism, everyday life, gender, community response, social hierarchies, maintaining boundaries, cross-cultural encounters Mari-Elina Ekoluoma, Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Box 631, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Mari-Elina Ekoluoma 2017 ISSN 0348-5099 ISBN 978-91-554-9793-4 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-312183 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-312183) For Caren Ceniza Lopez Contents Acknowledgements...........................................................................................11 1. Introduction...................................................................................................13 An Ethnographic Study of Tourism.......................................................15 Main Research Interest and Questions...................................................16 Sabang..........................................................................................................19 The People of Sabang...............................................................................22 Tourism.......................................................................................................26 Philippine Tourism Development...........................................................27 Philippine Sex Tourism Development....................................................30 Anthropological Theories of Tourism...................................................33 Sex Tourism Theories................................................................................38 Thoughts on Methodology.......................................................................42 Interviewing Techniques...........................................................................46 Outline of Chapters...................................................................................50 2. Becoming a Tourism Town...........................................................................53 Introduction................................................................................................53 The Nipa Hut.............................................................................................54 Mindoro.......................................................................................................56 A Prosperous Barangay.............................................................................60 Memories of the Past................................................................................63 Phase 1 (1980-1990): It All Started With the Papaya...........................66 Phase 2 (1990-2000): Dive at Daytime, Sex at Nighttime....................69 Phase 3 (2000-forward): Intensified Expansion....................................72 Uncontrolled Development......................................................................76 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................82 3. Local Representations of Cultures............................................................85 Introduction............................................................................................... 85 The Housekeeping Seminar.....................................................................86 Tourism and Constructions of Differences..........................................90 An Inauthentic Culture for Sale?.............................................................95 Dealing with the Other: Resolving Conflicts.........................................96 Insiders, Outsiders and Ambiguities.....................................................104 Concluding Remarks................................................................................108 4. Bar Girls and Bar Work.............................................................................111 Introduction..............................................................................................111 Rose............................................................................................................112 The Business of the Night: Ladies’ Drinks and Bar Fines................113 Pink Slips: Making the Illegal Almost Legal........................................119 Negotiating Identities..............................................................................121 Life of Women in Sabang’s Sexscape....................................................125 Hunting Girls............................................................................................130 Tourists and Stereotypes of Them........................................................135 Concluding Remarks................................................................................139 5. Living in a Sex Tourism Town..................................................................141 Introduction..............................................................................................141 Sabang as “Little Ermita”.......................................................................142 Ambiguous Places, Ambivalent Ownership.........................................143 Denial and Euphemisms.........................................................................148 Tourists Demand Sex..............................................................................150 From the Outside.....................................................................................152 The Lewd Shows Ordinance..................................................................155 The Proponents: Protecting the Morality of the People...................156 The Opponents: Protecting the Tourism Industry.............................158 Result: Political Turbulence....................................................................160 The Local Political Economy of Sex Tourism....................................162 Recent Changes: Re-imaging Sabang?...................................................165 Concluding Remarks................................................................................166 6. Conflicting Claims to Ownership and Resources..................................169 Introduction..............................................................................................169 The Haves and the Have Nots................................................................170 Changing Patterns of Control of Land................................................173 “Maybe the Time Will Come When They Live Here and Not Us”......177 Two Cases of Entitlement Disputes.....................................................180 Tourism and the Value of the Environment.......................................185 New Sources of Influence......................................................................189 Sabang’s Newfound Position of Power: Two Ordinances................192 Concluding Remarks................................................................................196 7. Transnational Relationships......................................................................199
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