Arch 17 htc: philippine architecture

Post-Colonial Period to Contemporary Times

NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 1

Post-colonial Period to Contemporary Times Part 1

History • 1945- Battle for Liberation destroyed most of the colonial architecture in • March 7, 1945- President Osmeña reconstituted the Commonwealth government • Congress conceved to address rehabilitaion • July 4, 1946- Through the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the became independent • Senator Milard Tydings sponsored the Philippine Rehabilitaion Act • April 1945- • …

Louis Croft • Landscape architect and engineer • City Planning Office Head in Malacañang • Responsible for the physical rehabilitation of Manila • Metropolitan Thoroughfare Plan (1945)- laying of six circumferential and ten radial roads covering Metropolitan Manila • Downtown Manila Plan (1947)

1950’s • Saw a construction and building boom through the back pay and war damage claims • Building program of the new Republic grew beyond capacity of BPW

1952 • …

The New Capitol City • July 23, 1946- Administrative Order No. 5 formed a Capital Site Committee headed by Senator Melencio Arranz • 1947- President Roxas dispatched a mission of Filipino architects and engineers on a study junket of the US, South America and Latin America • July 17, 1948- Republic Act No. 333 created the new capital city and the Capital City Planning • October 22, 1949- City was inaugurated at the capital city • March 18, 1949- Juan Arellano, head of the CCPC submitted “The Master Plan for the New City Capital”

The Master Plan for the New Capital City • Four Major Districs: 1. Metropolitan Area- zoned into three main units a. Constitution Hill b. Executive Center- Executive Department, the Bureaus, housing projects for government employees c. Business Center 2. North Neighborhood District 3. West Neighborhood District 4. South Neighborhood District 2 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

1955- the government perfected the plan to move all National offices from Manila to

Housing the Filipino People • People’s Homesite Corporation (PHC) o Created by President Quezon on October 14, 1938 o First housing agency o Purchaed the Diliman estate (owned by the Tuason family) • National Housing Corporation (NHC) o Created in 1947 o Created residential units for officials of Philippine… (JUSMAG) • People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC) o Created on October 4, 1947 to merge the PHC and NHC o Headed by Director Anselmo T. Alquinto o Designed and mass-fabricated low-cost bungalow units o Designed and developed suburban communities: . Kamuning Housing Project . Projects 1-8 and 16 • PHHC’s housing projects were configured according to the “neighborhood unit” • Planning features include: o Site for schoolhouses o School playground o Church o Hospital o Marketplace o Commercial lots o Residential district o Asphalted roads • PHHC’s projects contain 3 types of residential units: o Three-storey row house-dwelling type o Single-detached-house o Twin or duplex house • PHHC model house characteristics: o Designed for a family of five o Build of reinforced CHB o Concrete floor slabs o Roofing was of cement-asbestos sheets on wood framework o No ceilings • Bungalow o One storey house o Large windows o May have a lanai o Could be compact or sprawling in plan o Slightly elevated from the ground of can be on ground level • Philam Homes o Developed in 1955 by Philippine American Life Insurance Company o Catered to moderate income families o Provided with 24 schemes of bungalows o Additional notes: . now has carport (zaguan in Spanish Colonial)

NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 3

. has partitions but living and dining are now combined . bedrooms close to each other with t&b nearby . kitchen has utility area inside the house • Gated villages for the rich o San Lorenzo Village o Bel-Air Village o Urdaneta Village o San Miguel Village o Magallanes Village o Dasmariñas Village • The 1950’s saw the rise of the so-called “third-generation architects” o Otilio Arellano o Carlos Arguelles o Cesar Concio o Cresenciano de Castro o Gabrial Formoso o o Alfredo Luz o Felipe Mendoza o Angel Nakpil o Jose Zaragoza o Francisco Fajardo o Augusto Fernando o Carlos Banag o Gines Rivera o … o Mañosa Brothers

FEDERICO ILUSTRE • BPW Consulting Architect 1954-1970 • … • Examples: o Quezon Memorial o Veterans Memorial o GSIS Building o Motor Vehicles Office o Dept. of Agriculture and National Resources Complex o People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation Building by PHHC Architecture Division (in International Style) . Brise soleil o Department of Education

JUAN NAKPIL • UP Library • Quezon Hall • Park • National Theater

National Library by Hexagon Architects (along Kalaw St.) Quezon City Assembly Hall by Ruperto Gaite UP Melchor Hall by Cesar Concio

4 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

SPACE AGE DESIGN Thin Shell • WHO Auditorium • Philippine Atomic Research Center • Church of the Risen Lord in UP by Cesar Concio • UP Chapel by Leandro Locsin Folded Plate • Commercial Bank and Trust Building by Juan Nakpil • UP International Center by Victor Tiotuyco • Union Church by Jose Ma. Zaragoza Pateriform • Artemio Reyes Residence by Marcos de Guzman • Mutya ng • Ignacio Arroyo Residence by Mañosa Brothers • Araneta Colliseum

INTERNATIONAL STYLE • Cubist forms • Concrete, steel and plate glass • Simple and functional • Unornamented • Local version characterized by deep overhangs, pierced screens and brise soleils • Examples: o UST Engineering and Architecture Building by Julio Victor Rocha o US Embassy by Alfred Aydelott o World Health Organization Building by Alfredo Luz o Insular Life Building o National Press Club Building by Angel Nakpil Pierced Screen • Boy Scouts of the Philippines showing its Brise Soleils (sun breakers)

May 5, 1959- amendment of Manila Ordinance No. 4131 allowing buildings up to 45 meters (skyscrapers) • in the 1960s

Picache Building by Angel Nakpil • First high rise building • In Quiapo Insular Life Building by Cesar Concio • Increased height • Almost 12 storeys high Ramon Magsaysay Center by Alfredo Luz Manila Hilton Hotel by Welton Becket and Carlos Arguelles Asian Development Bank by Creseciano De Castro Commercial Credit Corpiration

BRUTALISM • Derived from beton brut- “rough concrete” • Massive and unrefined NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 5

• Exposed concrete • Simple forms • Brick and glass used for block-like effect

Search for Identity and Orientalism • Early attempt in the pre-war period by Jual Arellano on Cotabato Municipal Hall • Sulo Hotel by Mañosa Brothers • Polynesian Tiki Style influenced Max Restaurant by Mañosa Brothers • Valley Gold Club House by Gabriel Formoso • Philippine Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels Universal Exposition by Federico Ilustre • Philippine Pavilion of Handicrafts at the 1962 Seattles World Exposition by Luis Ma. Araneta (inventing tradition- spoon and fork) • Pavilion of the Republic of the Philippines in the 1964 New York’s World Fair by Otillo Arellano (salakot) • The Philippine Pavilion for the 1970 Osaka World Exposition by Leandro Locsin (vinta)

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Modernism Post Colonial Period to Contemporary Times Part 2: Vernacular Renaissance

History: • instilled the role of architecture in building the New Society (Bagong Lipunan) in her monographs o 1970- Architecture: The Social Art o 1975- Architecture for the Common Man • 1975- Imelda initiated unification of the three architectural organizations 1. Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) 2. League of Philippine Architects (LPA) 3. Association of Philippine Government Architects (AGPA) o All under United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) • November 1975- created Metropolitan Manila Commission (MMC -> MMDA) which she headed as governor • 1979- Imelda Marcos given the title of First Honorary Member of the UAP • Palingenesis / Palingenetic o “Great Malayan Culture” o Utopian idea of rebirth or spiritual regeneration o Recreation of national identity • Batasang Pambansa Complex by Felipe Mendoza • Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services o A model community of self-reliant and self-sufficient settlement designed for fifty to a hundred families • Kapitbahayan Housing Project in Tondo, Manila by Felipe Mendoza • Lungsod Silangan somewhere in Quezon • National Arts Center by Leandro Locsin • International Airport • Baguio Convention Center by Jorge Ramos • by Francisco Mañosa o Coconut Utilization Program 6 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

. Project funded by UNIDO • PHILTRADE by Planning Resources Operations System (PROS) • Bagong Lipunan Modernity and the Invention of National Architecture • Leandro Locsin o CCP o Folk Arts Theater o PHILCITE o Philippine International Convention Center • by Froilan L. Hong • Government Service (GSIS) • Philippine Heart Center for • Lung Center of the Philippines • Passively Cooled Urban House by Geronimo V. Manahan

LEANDRO LOCSIN • “poet of space” • Works: o 75 residences o 88 buildings o A Sultanate’s Palace • Major Works: 1. Theater of Performing Arts 2. Manila International Airport 3. 4. Istana Nurul Iman (palace of the king of ) 5. Stock Exchange 6. Benguet Corporation Building

FELIPE MENDOZA (1917-2000) • Advocate of Tropicalism • Major Works: 1. Ministry of Education and Culture 2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3. Development Academy of the Philipines 4. Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints 5. Bicol University 6. Central University 7. UP Los Baños 8. College of the Holy Spirit 9. International Rice Research Institute

GABRIEL FORMOSO (1915-1996) • Major Works: 1. Pacific Star Building 2. Central Bank of the Philippines 3. Valley Gold and Country Club 4. MWSS Headquarters 5. Asian Institute of Management 6. Club Filipino

NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 7

JOSE MARIA V. ZARAGOZA (1912-1994) • Studied at the Institute of Liturgical Art (ILA) in Rome • Major Works: 1. Santo Domingo Church 2. Our Lady of the Rosary 3. Don Bosco Church 4. Convent of the Pink Sisters 5. San Beda Convent 6. Pius XII Center 7. Union Church 8. Restoration 9. Commercial Bank and Trust Company Building 10. Virra Mall 11. Meralco Building

FRANCISCO MAÑOSA • Advocate of the Neo-Vernacular • Major Works: 1. Tahanang Filipino 2. Shrine of Our Lady of Queen of Peace 3. Pearl Farm Resort 4. Mary Immaculate Parish 5. Ateneo Professional Schools 6. Bamboo Mansion 7. Aquino Center 8. Lanao Provincial Capitol 9. San Miguel Headquarters Building

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Post Colonial Period to Contemporary Times Part 3: Post-Modern Era

History: • 1986- “People Power” Revolution in EDSA • Democracy Restored o Post-EDSA euphoria brought rise to a myriad of artistic expressions o Philippine Architecture also underwent change (mid 1980’s) • “Less is a bore” –Robert Venturi

Post-modernism as an Aesthetic Language • Heavily influenced by classical architecture • “Decorative packaging” to facades by juxtaposing symbolic elements and enveloping them with irony and metaphor • Garish application of color • Return to ornament and traditional design elements • Examples: o Asian Development Bank Building in Ortigas . By Skidmore, Owings, Merrill (SOM) o By Rogelio Villarosa . King’s Court Building II

8 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

. Tektite Towers . AIC Gold Tower . Renaissance Tower Pacific Star Building . By o Nueva Ecija Capitol Building . By Felino Palafox Jr. o Metrobank Branches . By Dewey Santos and Felix Ngo . Ornamental “cut and paste” serve as double coding to satisfy both architect and the common people o Classmate Digital KTV o Sanctuarium o West Burnham Place in Baguio

Post-modern Skyscrapers • “Tower on the Podium” formula of corporate and commercial towers • 3 vertical segments o Podium o o • Examples: • • Enterprise Center by William Tung • Sunview Palace • Shang Grand Tower Palmber & Turner and Recio + Casas • by William V. Consculluella

“Disney-fication” • Invention of fantasy environments • Microcities: • Microcities: Eastwood City • Gated Communities: Highlands • Gated Communities: Victorianne

“Philippines 2000” • Elevate the nation to a status of a “newly industrialized country” (NIC) Foreign Investments came in bulk • Resulted in high rise euphoria, as well as “intelligent” buildings • Started production of “global architecture” in the Philippines

Global Village

Architecture of Global Multinationalism • Typified in buildigs that serve as Corporate HQ • Examples o Essensa Towes by IM Pei o World Trade Exchange o Yuchengco Tower by SOM

Neo-vernacularism

NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 9

• Examples: o New Medical City o Aquino Center o Ateneo Science Education Complex

Green Architecture • Economical, energy-saving, environment-friendly and sustainable development

F-Shelters • Designed by Dr. Florence Soriano • Fast-to-build and foldaway emergency shelter • Uses wool-wool cement board (wool-wool)

Rio Dome • Use of “Earthbag Construction systems” developed by Nader Kahlili • Made of rice sacks packed with waterproof earth mixture and cement

High-Tech • Light and strong • Heavily • Examples: o Ayala One o GT Tower o One San Miguel

Deconstructivism • Examples o CSB School of Design and Arts by Eduardo Calma o Residence of Alexius Medalla o Amponan sa Kalinaw Ug Kinaadman

Retromoderism or Neomodernism • Sometimes called Minimalism • Lucid lines, transparent volumes, clean-cut massings, uncluttered presence • Examples: o Alabang Town Center o McDonald’s in Vigan

THINGS TO REMEMBER: Post-modernism- changes idea

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Post Colonial Period to Contemporary Times Part 4: Vernacular Architecture

• Vernacular- related to the environmental contexts and available resources in a particular place, customarily owner- or community-built

10 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

• Indigenous- native or homegrown, originating naturally in a particular place • Ethnic- characteristic of or belonging to a non-Western cultural tradition

5 Features of Vernacular Buildings 1. Builders are non-professionals 2. They are adaptive to the environment 3. Planning is intuitive and open to later modification 4. Balance between social/economic functionality and aesthetic features 5. Patterns and styles are subject to evolution of traditional styles specific to an ethnic domain

House Types 1. Upland a. Sealed with planks b. Few or no windows (because of cold climate) 2. Lowland a. Open b. Airy interior

UPLAND HOUSES 1. Ivatan Houses (Rakuh) a. Found in Batan Islands b. Were originally characterized by low houses made of wood, bamboo, and thatch c. 4m x 8m single space as living and sleeping area d. Oriented north-south e. Windowless wall fronts strongest winds f. Roofed with 1-1.2m thick vuchid (cogon thatch) g. Panpet (roof net) used as further protection 2. Cordillera Houses a. 2 Strains of Houses (by William Henry Scott) i. Northern Strain 1. High gable roof 2. Roof framing independent from floor framing 3. Rectangular ii. Southern Strain 1. Box supported by posts 2. Pyramidal or conical roof 3. Isneg (Binuron) a. Found in Apayao at Northern Cordillera b. Houses built in close proximity i. To create shading for the street c. Boat-like form attributed to their skill as boat builders d. Largest Cordillera house (4.6m x 7.9m) e. Roof made of bamboo arranged like shingles f. Tarakip (extension structure) can be found in one or both ends g. Roll-up floor made of reeds 4. Kalinga Houses a. Found along the Chico river in the north central region of northern b. Built strategically on steep mountain slopes c. 2 types

NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 11

i. Binayon/Finaryon 1. Octagonal house for the wealthy families ii. Foruy 1. Square shaped Kalinga house 2. Aka foruy (Bangad), buloy (Mabaca), fuloy (Bugnay) 5. Bontoc House a. Ili (village) has 3 types of houses: i. Ato/Pabafunan- council house and male dormitory ii. Ulog/Olog- female dormitory iii. Afong- family residence 1. Fayu- for the rich family; has a huge sloping roof that assumes a pyramidal form at the front and rear, but a trapezoidal one at the side 2. Katyufong- for the poor family, widows, unmarried women; mud-walled 6. Other structures a. Al-lang- reposityory of food supplies, jewelry and wine jars b. Akhamang- rice granaries c. Falinto-og- pig pen 7. Ifugao a. 3 kinds of Traditional Ifugao house: i. Fale/Bale- for the affluent; ii. Abong- for the poor iii. Communal Segregated Dormitory- for unmarried boys, girls or elderly b. 3 levels of an Ifugao house: i. stone pavement ii. house cage- room frame, walls and floor iii. roof • A fale showing the halipan or rat guard fitted on the post (picture) • Tree trunks on top of stones because of earthquakes 8. Kankanay House (Binangiyan) a. originally found on a bulge of the hill b. Nowadays, it is found near streams or rivers c. 3 types of dwellings: i. Binangiyan- family abode similar to the fale; has an attic (baeg) that functions as a granary ii. Apa/Inapa- poor family dwelling; built lower to the ground; temporary abode iii. Allao- more temporary; gable; no attic

LOWLAND HOUSES 1. a. Derived from the words “balai” and “cubo” b. Constructed with various materials: wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, anahaw, nipa, bark or cogon c. Wall sidings are made of nipa or sawali d. Bi-level houses i. Ground floor- kitchen, living and dining areas ii. Second floor- sleeping area iii. Interior:

12 NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil

1. Dulang- Pre-Hispanic low table used for sitting and dining 2. Papag- built in long bench of split bamboo e. Parts of the house: i. Silong- functions as storage of domestic animals and household implements, or even as a burial ground ii. Upper floor- single space or 2-3 compartment space 1. Balcon- front open gallery 2. Batalan- rear open gallery 3. Banggera- hanging slatted rack

“URBAN VERNACULAR” 1. Balai Iskwater a. Speedy construction b. “barong-barong” or one room dwelling c. lean-to roofing made out of a variety of material d. no ventilation e. 3 categories i. Temporary- salvaged or recycled materials ii. Semi-permanent- secondhand materials iii. Permanent- RC, CHB, GI; “professional” preference

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NOTES BY: Nina Camille D. Pilapil 13