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Green Plants for Hawai'i's Tropical Landscapes

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Green Plants for Hawai'i's Tropical Landscapes Landscape Jan. 2009 L-21 Green Plants for Hawai‘i’s Tropical Landscapes Melvin Wong Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences n nature and in many gardens in subtropical and The following list of plants reflects the author’s prefer- tropical regions, all-green plants are common. Most ences. To make an effective all-green tropical landscape palms,I aroids, ferns, bamboos, plants in the Maranta- you do not need many plants, but the key is to choose cea family, and ti plants are predominantly green plants that go together well. when found in nature. While there has been a strong tendency for people to select for variegation and col- ors other than green for ornamental uses, green is the predominant color of plant foliage in the natural world. The form of certain plants suggests a tropical environ- ment, even if they are grown in subtropical locations, such as Hawai‘i, or mild-temperate locations, and most of these plants are green. This publication lists and il- lustrates some plants desirable for providing a “tropical” appearance to landscapes. The aroid family, for example, is a large family of plants that includes genera commonly used as ornamentals, such as Philodendron, Monstera, Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema, Alocasia, Colocasia (taro), Xanthosoma, Homalomena, Syngonium, Caladium, Spathiphyllum, Anthurium, and Zantedeschia, as well as some less commonly used gen- era such as Typhonodorum. Schizocasia, Cryptocoryne, Orontium, Cyrtosperma, Amorphophallus, Hydrosme, Acoros, Lagenandra, Gonatopus, Arisaema, Arisarum, and Pista. Many genera of the aroid family combine all-green color with shade tolerance. Examples are Philodendron, Monstera, Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema, Xanthosoma, Alocasia, Colocasia, Syngonium, and Epipremnum (pothos). Other genera of this family such as Anthurium, Caladium, Spathiphyllum, and Zantede- schia are famous for their colorful bracts or flowers. In Hawai‘i, taros are mostly green and are eaten as poi or “table taro,” like potato. In other South Pacific regions, Alocasia and Xanthosoma are also eaten. Anthurium and Spathiphyllum are also known for their green foliage. Lyon Arboretum, O‘ahu Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in coopera- tion with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, dis- ability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site <http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs>. UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Weed risk categories Areca triandra, p. 8 Concern has arisen in recent years about the invasive- Arenga pinnata (sugar palm), p. 8 ness of plants used in landscaping. Efforts are ongoing Arenga undulatifolia, p. 8 to conduct “weed risk assessments” for plants. Gener- LArtocarpus altilis ‘Tahitian’ (Tahitian breadfruit), p. 9 ally, invasive plant species pose environmental risks and Asterogyne martiana, p. 9 should be avoided. The Hawai‘i Noxious Weed List, the Attalea cohune (cohune palm), p. 8 Hawai‘i Alien Species Coordinator list, and the Hawai‘i- Bambusa wamin (wamin bamboo) Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (HP-WRA) websites Begonia nelumbiifolia (lily-pad), p. 10 are sources of information about species invasiveness. Calathea libbyana, p. 10 Details about HP-HWRA assessment can be found at Calathea pseudoveitchiana, p. 10 www.hear.org/wra. Calyptrogyne ghiesbrechtiana, p. 10 In the list that follows, the current weed risk designa- ECaryota mitis (fishtail palm) tion is indicated just before the plant scientific name. If Caryota urens (wine palm), p. 11 there is no such indication, the plant has yet to be evalu- Chamadorea amabilis ated. The categories used are Chamadorea cataractorum (cascade palm), p. 11 L = Not currently recognized as invasive in Hawai‘i, and Chamadorea elegans (parlour palm) not likely to have major ecological or economic im- Chamadorea ernesti-augustii pacts on other Pacific Islands based on the HP-WRA Chamadorea geonomiformis screening process. Chamadorea metallica H = High risk species that are either pests or likely to Chamadorea palmeriana become pests. Chamadorea pumila E = “Evaluate”; some species have gone through an initial Chamadorea rigida assessment, but not enough information is available Chamadorea seifrizii (bamboo palm) yet to confirm a designation. Chamadorea stenocarpa Chamadorea sullivaniorum According to the website www.botany.hawaii.edu/ Chamadorea tenella faculty/daehler/wra, an “H” designation does not neces- Chamadorea tuerckheimii sarily mean “do not plant.” Some judgement is required Chamaerops humilis (European fan palm), p. 10 based on knowledge of the plant’s invasivity threat. For Clinostigma ponapensis example, planting a Macarthur palm on the grounds of Clinostigma samoense, p. 12 a hotel in Waikīkī may not represent the same threat as LCocos nucifera (coconut palm), 12 planting one on the grounds of a residence or resort that HCoffea arabica (coffee), p. 12 is near an area to which the plant could be an environ- Cordyline bausei (bausei ti), p. 13 mental menace. Cordyline braziliansis (Braziliansis ti), p. 13 Cordyline fruticosa ‘Floppy’, p. 13 Cordyline fruticosa ‘Green Flat’, p. 13 All-green tropical plants Cordyline fruticosa ‘Green Spoon’, p. 14 Acanthus mollis (Bear’s breech), p. 4 Cordyline fruticosa ‘Kamehameha’, p. 14 EAcoelorraphe wrightii, p. 5 Cordyline fruticosa ‘Tutu Elena’, p. 14 Acrocomia herensis, p. 4 Corypha lecomtei, p. 14 Adiantum spp. (maiden hair fern), p. 5 Corypha umbraculifera ‘Talipot’, p. 15 Aglaonema ‘Mariae’, p. 5 Costus speciosus, p. 15 Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro), p. 5 Costus vinosus, p. 15 Alocasia macrorrhiza (ape), p. 6 Curcuma australaisica, p. 15 Alocasia spp. (alocasia), p. 6 Cycas circinalis (queen sago), p. 16 Anthurium hookeri, p. 7 LCycas revoluta (Japanese sago palm), p. 16 HArchontophoenix alexandrae (alexandrae palm), p. 7 Dictyosperma album (princess palm), p. 16 LAreca catechu (betel nut palm) LDypsis lutescens (areca palm) 2 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Philodendron bipinnatifidum, (selloum philodendron), p. 21 Philodendron cannifolium Philodendron giganteum (giant philodendron) Philodendron speciosum (imperial philodendron) Philodendron ‘Zanadu’, p. 20 Piper magnificum(lacquerd pepper tree), p. 22 Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm), p. 24 Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), p. 23 Phoenix reclinata (Senegal date palm) LPhoenix roebelenii (dwarf date palm), p. 23 Phoenix rupicola (cliff date palm), 20 Pigafetta filaris(pigafetta palm) Pinanga coronata, p. 22 Prestoea tobagonis, p. 22 LPritchardia pacifica(Fiji fan palm), p. 22 LPritchardia thurstonii (Masai palm), p. 25 EPtychosperma elegans (solitaire palm), p. 25 HPtychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm), p. 26 LRavenala madagascariensis (traveler’s palm) LRhapis excelsa (lady palm), p. 24 Rhopalostylis baueri (Norfolk palm) Rhopalostylis sapida (Nikau palm), p. 25 LRoystonea oleracea (Carribean royal palm), p. 25 LRoystonea regia (Cuban royal palm), p. 26 Sabal palmetto (palmetto palm), p. 27 Mandai Orchid Garden, Singapore Sabal parviflora(Cuban palmetto palm) LSchizostachyum glaucifolium (‘ohe kahiko bamboo) Spathiphyllum ‘Sensation’, p. 27 HElaeis guineensis (African oil palm) LStrelitzia nicolai (bird of paradise tree) Elaeis oleafera, p. 16 Syagrus romanzoffiana(queen palm), p. 28 Ensete ventricosae, (ensete banana), p. 17 Synechanthus fibrosus, p. 27 Heliconia episcopalis Tacca chantrieri (bat flower plant), p. 27 Heliconia nickerensis, p. 17 Tillandsia grandis Howea fosteriana (kentia palm) LVeitchia joannis (Niusawa palm), p. 29 LHyophorbe lagenicaulis (bottle palm), p. 17 LVeitchia merrillii (Manila palm), p. 29 Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (litter-collecting palm), p. 18 LVeitchia montgomeryana Laccospadix australasicus (Atherton palm), p. 18 Vriesea hieroglyphia (king of the bromeliads) Licuala grandis, p. 18 Wallichia disticha (Wallich palm) Licuala ramsayi HWashingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm), p. 28 Licuala spinosa LWodyetia bifurcata (foxtail palm), p. 30 ELivistonia chinensis (Chinese fan palm), p. 18 Xanthosoma brasiliense (Tahitian taro), p. 29 LLivistonia rotundifolia (footstool palm), p. 19 LZamia furfuracea (cardboard palm), p. 30 Lodoicea maldivica (coco-de-mer), p. 19 Ludovia lancifolia, p. 19 Monstera spp., p. 19 Neomarica gracilis (walking iris), p. 21 Osmuxlon lineare (Miyagos bush), p. 21 Pelagodoxa henryana (vahane), p. 21 3 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Acanthus mollis (Bear’s breech) Acrocomia herensis 4 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Acoelorraphe wrightii Aglaonema ‘Mariae’ Adiantum spp. (maiden hair fern) Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) 5 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Alocasia macrorrhiza (ape) Alocasia spp. (alocasia) Alocasia spp. (alocasia) 6 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Anthurium hookeri Archontophoenix alexandrae (alexandrae palm) 7 UH–CTAHR Green Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes L-21 — Jan. 2009 Areca triandra Arenga pinnata (sugar palm) Arenga undulatifolia Attalea
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