DOCSLIB.ORG

Water in Africa: the Paradoxes of a Highly- Coveted Resource

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water in Africa: the Paradoxes of a Highly- Coveted Resource Participatory Geographic Information Systems (P-GIS) for ict4d natural resource management and food security in Africa article www.leadinafrica.org/sigp1 January 2011 Water in Africa: the By Mbaye DIENG, PhD., Consultant, paradoxes of a highly- ICT4D programme, ENDA Lead Africa coveted resource Water is obviously a natural need: lakes, plus sizeable ground waters. everyone needs water and there are few Annual rainfall in Africa totals about economic activities that do not depend 20,360 cu km; or, across the continent on it, in one way or another. As noted, H an average 678 mm (AQUASTAT 2005). Dupriez and P De Leener (1990, p2) (1), However, this resource is unevenly "without it nothing grows, without it life distributed between North Africa with is not possible". This is the reason why potential shortages, Saharan Africa and man has always learned to readjust his sub-Saharan Africa which lacks water, behavior, depending on the availability and an equatorial zone with a surplus of of water resources. What is precisely water. A quick look reveals both water- the status of the resource in Africa? scarce areas, like northern Kenya, Niger The programme This paper presents some thoughts or Somalia, and others where water The overall objective on the status of fresh water in Africa; resources are abundant, like Gabon and of this pan-african this is to say water for drinking, irrigation Sierra Leone. programme of research is and to meet the need for increased According to a recent FAO study, to contribute to making resources in cereals in a context of with 3,931 cu km of renewable water available good quality, growth and densification of populations. resources, the Central Region is the best reliable and accessible It addresses some important issues endowed with 48% of the continent's information systems which concern: the water situation in resources for only 18% of its surface through the application relation to the issue of climate change; area. The Gulf of Guinea claims 24% of the P-GIS approach to the challenge of people's access to of the water potential of the continent. improve natural resource water in sufficient quantity and of good In contrast, the region of North Africa management (water, land quality; issues raised by the privatization is the most disadvantaged with less and forest in particular) of access to water (dilemma between than 1% of renewable resources while and promote food security. solvency and solidarity). it represents 19% of the surface area of The programme will also the region. Regarding various countries, support social change in Between scarcity and abundance, the Democratic Republic of Congo holds study countries (Benin, a paradoxical situation. 900 cu km of internal renewable water Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, While it is primarily seen as the resources, or 23% of African’s water Senegal, Tunisia) by continent of drought and shortages in potential, against only 0.01% in Libya. developing P-GIS as all its forms, Africa actually has a fairly In addition to this very uneven methodological tools for large hydro potential. Indeed, water is distribution, there are many cases participation and to inform abundant since the continent has got of discrepancy at local (floods and decision-making. seventeen major rivers, about a hundred droughts) and global levels (reduced 2 flow of rivers, changes to large water expanses inland, to the proliferation of diseases and is one of the major at Lake Chad, for instance) which are the main threat killers in Africa. to the future of fresh water from an economic and social According to the World Health Organization, 80% development perspective, regarding African countries. of diseases are waterborne. Every day, 650 people in Studies including those of AMMA in 2002 (4), show a Africa, mostly children under five years, die of diarrhea. growing scarcity of water resources. The reasons given The annual loss of human life associated with the are many. Climate change is one among others such as consumption of unsafe water is estimated at 30million increasing water requirements (irrigation, domestic use) people. It thus appears that, for lack of proper access to to cope with population growth and the challenges of the resource, water has become directly or indirectly the food security. A series of droughts caused a reduction of first cause of death in Africa. It is true that considerable wetlands in several African countries and a deficit of water efforts have been made to improve people's access to supply. There is also a high rate of evaporation of surface drinking water as part of the 'Water for Life (2005-2015)” waters, ground waters turning saline, the disruption of program. If access rates to drinking water have increased hydrological cycles, etc. Water shortages are legion, and substantially, however, the issue of sanitation is the soft according to IPCC experts, most African countries are underbelly of the political management of water in most located in areas where a little reduction in rainfall can Southern cities. cause significant reductions in the overall availability of water. These same experts argue that, by 2020, it is Water: a public good or an economic resource? expected that "between 75 and 250 million Africans will In view of the impacts of climate change, population be exposed to crises related to water availability of water." growth, diversification of economic activities and the The consequences arising from the scarcity of water current deterioration of the environment, the control and resources provide certain groups with the opportunity to exploitation of water resources in both rural and urban develop strategies for capturing external funding. These areas have become strategic issues. In most cases, actors take advantage of the international environment the lack of appropriate institutional arrangements, that which has become more favorable, with the mobilization is to say governance structures that ensure a sound of the North around the issue of climate change. and sustainable management of water resources, has led, under pressure from financial institutions, to the Beyond the availability of the resource, there is implementation of privatization policies concerning the challenge of access water. As a result, it is the major European multinational The other major challenge of the continent is linked companies such as Vivendi, Suez, Bouygues, BiWater and to people's access to drinking water. Indeed, it is now Saur that control virtually all of the water market. accepted that, across Africa, access to water of sufficient It can be noted that the option for the privatization quality and of good quantity is a major constraint to of access to water has limitations related to the fact that development. Therefore, efficient use of water resources is multinational companies have concentrated on the logic critical to advancing economic progress and environmental of a quest for maximum profit. In the view of Brunel quality. Access to water is essential since it allows for the (2003), "they have concentrated their efforts on profitable achievement of several goals: (i) to improve hygiene and markets and thus ousted the poorer ones ... The result: a human health, (ii) to promote agricultural production “two-speed” Africa; the bigger companies have gone for through the expansion of irrigated lands, (iii) to promote the "jackpot " (urban consumers who buy) at the expense industrial production etc. of the "empty pot" (those who cannot afford it)." The law Regarding the supply of drinking water for the of profit is clearly inconsistent with the requirement of populations, many African countries are faced with respect for human rights that guarantees everyone access difficulties whose magnitude is related to physical, to safe drinking water. Currently, the cost of connection to demographic, economic and political variables. Even in the mains supply is the greatest obstacle to access to areas where water is plentiful, as is the case in Guinea water. In the absence of “social” (subsidized) connections, called “the water tower of West Africa” (6), much of the families with low income can not get access to water. population in the capital (Conakry) has no access to clean Third-world activists have rallied to make sure water water. is considered a public good. Building on the momentum Concerning the whole of sub-Saharan Africa, more than generated by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), half the population (about 300 million people or nearly they are trying to convince African governments and their 51% of the population) lacked access to drinking water development partners of the need to counterbalance in the early 2000s. Even in countries with a large water the effects of structural adjustment programs. The potential, access to water, especially for those living in big implementation of these programs has resulted in an cities, is limited. Therefore, rivers, lakes and temporary exacerbation of inequalities in both rural and urban areas. ponds are used as sources for drinking. This contributes 3 Conclusion Bibliography We can say that, all in all, the African continent does AQUASTAT (edited by Karen Franken) "Irrigation in Africa in figures, not really lack water resources, but rather presents FAO Investigations 2005, Multidisciplinary Analysis of the African contrasting situations. With the exception of arid and monsoon. "The African monsoon and its components " Little semi arid regions, Africa is very rich in water. Optimal White Paper 69 pages, 2002 use of this resource must be based on two key levers: (i) the development of much needed infrastructure C. Baron, Maillefert M., 2010, "The management of drinking water in (including water infrastructure to supply water for people Francophone Africa: Elements for an institutionalist of collective and livestock and irrigation schemes to help fight against action", Communication at the International Symposium "Environment, Regions and strategic resources", "Models food insecurity); (ii) the establishment of appropriate Governance for Rights", Lille, 5-7 July 2010.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Implementing the Sdgs: Lessons from Africa
    •-i' .''.-"fi JECA > ... I ^ Implementing the SDGs: Lessons from Africa Vera Songwe, ExecutiveSecretary UN Economic Commission for Africa July 2018 •1" New York Introduction: Welcome everybody to the presentation. Introduce speakers, panelists, etc. I - A. Regional Perspectives on the HLPF theme Inequality levels ofex^eHiiSj. Inherent vulnerabilityto poverty Climate change KEY ISSUES mmm degradation and Management of3 I depletion of lahd, rapidlygrowing opulation and the fast water, forests arid of urbanization 201S High Level Political Forum Significance of the theme to Africa: The theme offers opportunity to call and focus attention on critical factors, which if not addressed or well managed can undermine the creation of sustainable and resilient societies in the region. First, continued high ievels ofextreme poverty in Africa: Despite progress in tackling poverty in the region, Africa remains the most poverty-stricken region in world. Africa is currently host to approximately two-thirds of the world's extreme poor. Disheartening projections show that by the end of 2018 there could be about 3.2 million more people living in extreme poverty than there are today. This trajectory is not consistent with the ambition of eliminating of all forms of poverty by 2030. An urgent step change in efforts is needed to correct the path and ensure that SDG 1 is achieved within the set timeframe. Secondly, inequality: The good grow/th rates registered by countries in region over the past two decades have not contributed to the reduction of inequality, which contributes to poor people being left behind. Based on data from ECA's Databank, the median Gini coefficient of 43 for 2013 among the 47 African countries for which data is available is significantly higher than the median of 35 for 72 countries for which data was available from the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Reclamation for Industrial Use in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Critical Review Noor J
    Drink. Water Eng. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2018-18 Drinking Water Manuscript under review for journal Drink. Water Eng. Sci. Engineering and Science Discussion started: 4 September 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Access Open Discussions Water Reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa, a Critical Review Noor J. Gulamussen1,2, André M. Arsénio1, Nelson P. Matsinhe2, and Louis C. Rietveld1 1Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the 5 Netherlands 2Faculty of Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Correspondence to: Noor Jehan Gulamussen ([email protected]) Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represent serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. 10 Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g. industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience 15 exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help to introduce water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Water in Africa
    Living Waters The Facts On Water in Africa Conserving the source of life Africa appears blessed with abundant water resources: large rivers include the Congo, Nile, Zambezi and Niger and Lake Victoria is the world’s second largest. But Africa is the second driest continent in the world, after Australia, and millions of Africans still suffer from water shortages throughout the year. Shortages are often due to problems of uneven distribution - sometimes there is much water where there are fewer people - and also to management of existing supplies that could be improved. One example of the disparity in water availability lies in the Congo basin where 30 per cent of the continent’s water drains land inhabited by only 10 per cent of Africa’s population. Water scarcity Water and health Fourteen countries in Africa are already experiencing water stress; Almost half of the population (778 million in 1997) suffers from one of another 11 countries are expected to join them by 2025 at which time the six major water-related diseases. Lack of risk preparedness and nearly 50 per cent of Africa’s predicted population of 1.45 billion people mitigation is also a factor: in Mozambique over 1 million people were will face water stress or scarcity. Nearly 51 per cent (300 million people) displaced by the floods of 1999/2000 and an unknown number killed. in sub-Saharan countries lack access to a supply of safe water and 41 Every day, 650 people die from diarrhoea in Africa, mainly children per cent lack adequate sanitation. under five years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature & Faune: Managing Africa's Water Resources
    FAO REGIONALFAO RegionalOFFICE OfficeFOR for AFRICAAfrica Nature & Faune Enhancing natural resources management for food security in Africa Volume 27, Issue 1 Managing Africa’s water resources: integrating sustainable use of land, forests and fisheries Editor: Foday Bojang Deputy Editor: Ada Ndeso-Atanga FAO Regional Office for Africa [email protected] http://www.fao.org/africa/publications/nature-and-faune-magazine/ FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Accra, Ghana 2012 Nature & Faune, Volume 27, Issue 1 FAO REGIONALFAO RegionalOFFICE OfficeFOR for AFRICAAfrica BOARD OF REVIEWERS Christel Palmberg-Lerche Forest geneticist Rome, Italy Douglas Williamson Wildlife specialist England, United Kingdom Fred Kafeero Natural Resources specialist Rome, Italy Jeffrey Sayer Ecologist/expert in political and economic context of natural resources conservation Cairns, N. Queensland, Australia August Temu Agroforestry adviser and leader in management of partnerships Nairobi, Kenya Mafa Chipeta Food Security adviser Limbe, Malawi Kay Muir-Leresche Policy economist/specialist in agricultural and natural resource economics Rooiels Cape, South Africa El Hadji M. Sène, Forest Resources Management & Dry Zone Forestry specialist Dakar, Senegal Jean Prosper Koyo Renewable Natural Resources adviser Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo Sébastien Le Bel Wildlife specialist and scientist Montpellier, France Advisers: Atse Yapi, Christopher Nugent, Fernando Salinas, René Czudek The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Watershed Moment
    AFRICA’S WATERSHED MOMENT HOW BETTER WATER MANAGEMENT CAN UNDERPIN AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT © WWF ROA / MARTINA LIPPUNER 1 2 3 CONTENTS About this report 2 ABOUT THIS REPORT Foreword 4-7 Both AB InBev and WWF have a keen interest in building water-related resilience in Africa, for business, people and nature. This common interest Summary 8-13 led these global organisations into this collaboration, to understand and advocate for the importance of investment in the water sector to catalyse economic and social development and mitigate the impacts of climate Introduction: 14-19 change and water hazards. This initiative was supported by Pegasys A water-dependent continent Institute, an African think-tank, to develop a longer case-based technical report from which this document was derived (the technical report can 1: Sustained growth requires 20-25 be downloaded from the link below). These cases were largely focused water investment on priority countries for AB InBev and WWF in Southern, East and West Africa, and therefore the report has a strongly Sub-Saharan Africa focus. The facts and statistics cited in this report are drawn from a variety of 2: Feeding a billion more people 26-31 published academic and grey literature sources. A full list of references is included in the longer technical report: 3: Rural water vulnerability, 32-37 poverty and migration www.wwf.org.uk/technical-report-Africas-watershed-moment 4: Cities as the engine of 38-43 water-resilient development Conclusion: 44-51 How to catalyse water-resilient development Published August 2017 4 5 on water resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The ministerial Conference on Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change was an opportunity to discuss water development projects within the framework of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and to mobilize the required financial resources. It specifically focused on concrete programmes and the assess- ment of their financing costs, both in terms of feasibility studies and implementation of works. The Conference preparation included the production of National Investment Briefs for all the African countries, in which estimated investment needs for agriculture and energy were given. The preparatory work for this Conference allowed the production of new estimates for investment needs at national, regional and continental levels. Concrete projects and programmes for water for agriculture and energy at different stages of implementation (recently implemented, ongoing 3 and pipeline) have been compiled for each African State and aggregated at continent level. The Regional views compiled project portfolios have been reviewed and validated by government representatives on the occasion of the five Regional Workshops held prior to the Conference, in which national and regional representatives from the water, agriculture and energy sectors participated. The objective of these workshops was primarily to help the compilation and validation of project portfolios and their review, as well as the estimation of investment envelopes for water in the agricultural and energy sectors at country and regional levels. More specifically, the workshops aimed to: define the investment needs with regard to water for agriculture and energy at country level; define priorities of investment in water control; share knowledge on national strategies for water, energy and agriculture and investment plans; and promote regional integration, particularly concerning large hydropower projects and inte- grated water resources management in transboundary river basins, and to harmonize actions on a regional scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply & Sanitation in Africa
    Independent Development Evaluation African Development Bank From experience to knowledge... From knowledge to action... From action to impact Knowledge Product An IDEV Water Supply & Sanitation in Africa: Findings, Lessons and Good Practices to Improve Delivery June 2015 IDEV shares knowledge through different types of publications Evaluation Reports Evaluation Briefs Evaluation Highlights Working Papers eVALUatiOn Matters Magazine Knowledge Products Lessons Learned Annual Reports Ad-hoc Publications Independent Development Evaluation African Development Bank From experience to knowledge... From knowledge to action... From action to impact Knowledge Product An IDEV Water Supply & Sanitation in Africa: Findings, Lessons and Good Practices to Improve Delivery June 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the collective effort of a team of staff members and consultants working on water supply and sanitation issues from the Independent Development Evaluation (IDEV) of the African Development Bank Group and the Group Operations Evaluation Department Group (GOE) of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB). Led by Joseph Mouanda (Senior Evaluation Officer, AfDB/IDEV) the core team included William Tsimwa Muhairwe (Lead Consultant, 2ML Consulting Ltd), Mahmood Lutaaya (Consultant and Lead Editor) and Deborah Glassman, for the final editing. The team would like to express appreciation for the guidance and support received from five colleagues from AfDB: Jochen Rudolph, who coordinated the contributions from the Water Supply and Sanitation Department; Detlev Puetz and Maria Anna Tessellar for their helpful advice, and Clément Tonssour Bansé and Felicia Avwontom, whose support made the production of this book possible. In addition, the team appreciates the guidance and very insightful comments of Ahmed Ag Aboubacrine (Division Manager, IsDB/GOE).
    [Show full text]
  • African Water Vision 2025
    Water and Sustainable Development Opportunities and Challenges in Africa Region SDGs for Water & The African Water Vision 2025 Stephen Max Donkor, PhD Holland Africa Research & Development Inc. [email protected] Quotable Quotes No Peace without Development- Jan Eliasson, Dep UNSG’. No Water No Future – Crown Prince Willem Alexander No Development without Water No Sustainable Development without protecting our water source to ensure their quantity and Quality. UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development Presentation Outline Overview of African Water Situation Status of Achievement of MDG on Water Relevance of Emerging SDG Water Goal and Targets to Africa’s Water Vision Challenges of Implementation and capacity development,. Opportunities- Hydropower at Inga. Concluding Messages UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development Overview of African Water Resources Natural Threats: Multiplicity of Transboundary water basins; Extreme of spatial and temporal variability of climate and rainfall, coupled with Climate Change; Growing water scarcity, shrinking of water bodies and desertification UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development Africa River Basins UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development Africa Water Availability UNDESA Workshop on Capacity Development in Advancing Water and Sustainable Development Overview of African Water Resources Human Threats: Inappropriate Governance and Institutional arrangements in managing national and trans boundary water basins; Depletion of water resources through pollution, environmental degradation and deforestation; Failure to invest adequately in resource assessment, protection and development Unsustainable financing investments in water systems including sanitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Water for Sustainable Development in Africa
    Water for Sustainable Development in Africa - Key Issues -.-- ill • icu• - UNEP Urd Nub PrUmn.-t Water for Sustainable Development in Africa Key Issues kl,401) wMPIT- UNEP Ltd Ngjci E romirn Contents Introduction Part 1 Implementing Agenda 21 3 Water for Sustainable Development in Africa A. Integrated Water Resources Development and Management 4 Water Resources Assessment 8 Protection of Water Resources 10 Dnnking Water Supply and Sanitation 13 Water and Sustarnable Urban Development 17 E Water for Sustainable Food Production and Rural Development 19 G. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources 21 Part 2 Moving Beyond Agenda 21 A Fair Share Strategy for Water Management in AFrica 23 Moving Beyond Agenda 21 in Africa 23 Equity-Led Growth lot Sustainable Development in Alrica 24 A Fair Share Strategy for Water Management in Africa 26 Tables Population, Land and Water in Africa 6 Water and Sanitation in Africa 15 Equity and Development in Africa 25 ISBN 92-807-1685-9 2 OrA Water for Sustainable Development in Africa 'it's no accident that the two longest chapters in Agenda 21 deal with rivers and seas. The Earth Summit might well have been called a 'Wafer Summit' as our planet is 70% water and it is wa/er, or the lack of it, which will cause many problems in the 21sf Century. In dry areas like the Middle East, nations threaten to go to war about it. "Rescue Mission Planet Earth by Children of the World, p. I ntrod u ci on chronic water shortages in many areas the majority of African countries and people pay an I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development
    UN WATER/AFRICA The Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development PME ELO NT B EV AN D K N A G C R I O R U F P A G R T O N U E P M E E D P E P O L L A E B V A E N D Q E UE D AFRICAINE Economic Commission African Union African Development for Africa Bank Translation into Arabic, French and Portuguese made possible with the assistance of the African Development Bank (AfDB), Tunisia. Translation services provided by Lingualink (E.O. Johnson, Managing Translator). Editorial coordination: Yinka Adeyemi, Focal Point for Communication, UN-Water/Africa. To obtain free copies of this publication, please send a mail to: Publications Economic Commission for Africa P.O. Box 3001 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia or e-mail: [email protected] Please specify the quantity desired. Contents Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................v 1. Vision Summary ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 3. The African Crisis ................................................................................................... 4 4. Responding to the Crisis: The Role of Water ........................................................... 6 5. Salient Features of Water Resources in Africa .......................................................... 7 6. Key Water Resources
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Urban Land Use Change on Sources of Drinking Water in Kumasi, Ghana
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2014 IMPACTS OF URBAN LAND USE CHANGE ON SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER IN KUMASI, GHANA Michael Kofi dufulE The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Eduful, Michael Kofi, "IMPACTS OF URBAN LAND USE CHANGE ON SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER IN KUMASI, GHANA" (2014). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4219. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4219 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACTS OF URBAN LAND USE CHANGE ON SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER IN KUMASI, GHANA By MICHAEL KOFI EDUFUL Master of Science in Urban Governance for Development, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2005 Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Sociology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, 2001 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography, Community and Environmental Planning The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2014 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. David Shively, Chair Department of Geography Dr. Thomas Sullivan Department of Geography Dr. Michelle Bryan Mudd School of Law i ABSTRACT Eduful, Michael, M.S., Spring 2014 Geography Impacts of Urban Land Use Change on Sources of Drinking Water in Kumasi, Ghana Committee Chair: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure
    DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Access, Affordability, and Alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Access, Affordability, and Alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Series Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]