DOCSLIB.ORG

Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Access, Affordability, and Alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Access, Affordability, and Alternatives Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Elvira Morella Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Series Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8457-2 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8618-7 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8457-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Africa’s water and sanitation infrastructure: access, affordability, and alternatives / editors, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Elvira Morella. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8213-8457-2 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8618-7 (electronic) 1. Water utilities—Africa. 2. Water-supply—Economic aspects—Africa. 3. Sanitation— Economic aspects—Africa. 4. Sewage disposal—Economic aspects—Africa. I. Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, 1973- II. Morella, Elvira, 1976- III. World Bank. HD4465.A35.A47 2011 363.6'1096—dc22 2010047886 Cover photograph: Arne Hoel / The World Bank Cover design: Naylor Design Contents About the AICD xvii Series Foreword xix Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxvii Chapter 1 The Elusiveness of the Millennium Development Goals for Water and Sanitation 1 A Timely Synthesis 3 Data Sources and Methodologies 4 Key Finding 1: Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Water 10 Key Finding 2: Equally Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Sanitation 13 Key Finding 3: High Costs, High Tariffs, and Regressive Subsidies 16 Key Finding 4: The Stark Challenge of Financing the MDG 18 Key Finding 5: Institutional Reform for Better Water Sector Performance 24 A Multidimensional Snapshot of WSS in Africa 27 v vi Contents Annex 1.1 Surveys in the AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database 28 Annex 1.2 Surveys in the AICD Expenditure Survey Database 29 Annex 1.3 Introducing a Country Typology 30 Notes 31 Bibliography 31 Chapter 2 Access to Safe Water: The Millennium Challenge 33 The Importance of Wells and Boreholes in Water Supply 33 Low Access to Piped Water. for Various Reasons 37 Multiple Players in the Urban Water Market 42 The Role of Wells, Boreholes, and Surface Water in the Rural Water Market 49 Steep Growth of Wells and Boreholes as Sources of Water 52 Notes 59 References 59 Chapter 3 Access to Safe Sanitation: The Millennium Challenge 63 The Predominance of On-Site and Traditional Pit Latrines 63 The Sanitation Challenge across Countries 66 Steep Increases in the Use of Traditional Pit Latrines 69 Good Progress in a Handful of Countries 71 References 81 Chapter 4 Improving the Organization of the Water and Sanitation Sectors 83 The Heterogeneity of the Urban Water Market 84 Varied Institutional Models for Nonpiped Services in the Urban Water Market 102 Many Levels of Government Players in the Rural Water Market 110 Many Players with No Clear Accountability in the Sanitation Market 115 Notes 120 References 120 Contents vii Chapter 5 Urban Water Provision: The Story of African Utilities 123 Access to Utility Water 124 The Pace of Expansion of Utility Water Coverage 126 Water Production Capacity Varies from Country to Country 128 Two-Part Tariff Structures for Piped Water 128 Sewerage Charges Linked to Water Bills 131 Modest Water Consumption by End Users 132 Substantial Water Losses in Distribution System 136 Difference in Quality of Service among Country Groups 138 Technical Efficiency and Effective Management of Operations 139 Financial Efficiency and the Alignment of Operations and Finances 142 The High Cost of Inefficiencies in Operations and Pricing 146 The Role of Institutions in Improving Performance 153 Annex 5.1 Utilities in the AICD WSS Database 158 Notes 159 References 159 Chapter 6 Cost Recovery, Affordability, and Subsidies 161 Average Monthly Spending on Water 161 Wide Price Variations among Service Providers in the Urban Water Market 162 Two-Part Tariffs and the Small Consumer 168 Paying for Water: How Common? 171 Recovering Operating Costs: Affordable 173 The High Cost of Connecting to Water and Sanitation Services 176 The Cost of Subsidizing Capital and Operating Expenses 179 Poor Targeting of Utility Subsidies 180 Connection Subsidies as a Viable Alternative 184 Annex 6.1 Methodology for Estimating the Annual Gross Profit and the Annual Cross-Subsidy between Household Consumers and Standpipes Captured by Standpipe Operators in a City 187 viii Contents Notes 188 References 189 Chapter 7 Spending Needed to Meet Goals in Water and Sanitation 191 The Challenge of Expanding Coverage 191 The Unit Cost of Service Provision across Countries 197 To Close the MDG Coverage Gap 202 Annex 7.1 Unit Cost Matrix Model: A Methodology for Estimating Nonstandardized Unit Costs of Network Assets 209 Annex 7.2 Methodology for Quantifying Rehabilitation and O&M Needs 213 Notes 214 References 214 Chapter 8 Bridging the Funding Gap 215 Current Spending on Water and Sanitation 215 Poor Budget Execution by the WSS Sector 220 Even after Efficiency Savings, a Persistent Funding Gap 224 Limited Scope for Raising Additional Finance 231 Promising Ways to Increase Funds 239 Other Ways to Reach the MDG 240 Notes 248 References 248 Chapter 9 Policy Options for the Water and Sanitation Sectors 251 Policy Options for the Water Sector 251 Policy Options for the Sanitation Sector 260 Reference 267 Appendix 1 Access to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities 269 Appendix 2 Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector 293 Appendix 3 Performance Indicators of Selected Water Utilities 323 Contents ix Appendix 4 Tariffs 349 Appendix 5 Affordability of Water and Sanitation 365 Appendix 6 Funding Gap for Water Supply and Sanitation 371 Index 387 Boxes 2.1 The Problem of Shrinking Households 38 2.2 Coverage, Access, and Hookup Rates: Relationships and Definitions 40 2.3 Legalizing Household Resellers in Côte d’Ivoire 48 2.4 The Opportunity Cost of a Distant Water Supply 50 3.1 Ethiopia’s Success with a Community-Led Program 77 4.1 Senegal’s Successful Experience with Private Sector Participation 88 4.2 Regulation in Water Reseller Market in Abidjan 109 4.3 Issues Constraining Rural Water Supply in Cross River State, Nigeria 111 5.1 Burkina Faso’s Sanitation Tax 134 5.2 Methodology for Estimation of Hidden Cost 147 5.3 Uganda’s Successful Case of State-Owned Enterprise Reform 156 6.1 Piped Water Delivered through Public Standposts in Kigali, Rwanda 165 7.1 The Construction Index Factor 201 7.1A Unit Costs of Infrastructure Projects Study 211 Figures 1.1 JMP and AICD Estimates of the Prevalence of “Improved” Water Supply and Sanitation 6 1.2 The Sanitation Ladder 7 1.3 Dependence on Surface Water in Urban and Rural Areas, 1990s versus Early 2000s 14 1.4 Coverage of Water Services, by Income Quintile 15 1.5 Coverage of Sanitation Services, by Income Quintile 16 1.6 Annual Growth in the Use of Sanitation Types, 1990–2005 17 x Contents 1.7 Affordability of Full-Cost-Recovery Tariffs in Low-Income Countries 19 1.8 Hidden Costs and Institutions 25 2.1 African Households’ Access to Various Forms of Water Supply 35 2.2 Extent of Access to Piped Water through Household Connection, by GDP and Urbanization Rate 37 2.3 Country Scatter Plot of Current Access Rates for Piped Water and Demand-Side Factors in Coverage Deficit 42 2.4 Working Status of Rural Water Points 52 2.5 Annualized Change in Coverage of Various Water Sources, 1995–2005 55 2.6 Annualized Change in Coverage of Various Water Sources, 1995–2005 56 2.7 Four Solid Performers in Expanding Access to Safe Water, 1995–2005 58 3.1 Population That Has Wastewater Connection in the Utility Service Area 64 3.2 Population Sharing Water and Toilet Facilities 65 3.3 Access Patterns across Income Quintiles 66 3.4 Annualized Growth in Coverage in Urban and Rural Areas, 1995–2005 70 3.5 Growth in Access
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Development Report 2015 Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus
    African Development Report 2015 African Despite earlier periods of limited growth, African economies Sustaining recent growth successes while making future growth have grown substantially over the past decade. However, poverty more inclusive requires smart policies to diversify the sources African Development and inequality reduction has remained less responsive to growth of growth and to ensure broad-based participation across successes across the continent. How does growth affect poverty segments of society. Africa needs to adopt a new development and inequality? How can Africa overcome contemporary and trajectory that focuses on effective structural transformation. Report 2015 future sustainable development challenges? This 2015 edition Workers need to move from low productivity sectors to those of the African Development Report (ADR) offers analysis, where both productivity and earnings are higher. Key poverty- Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: synthesis and recommendations that are relevant to these reducing sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, should Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development questions. The objective of this Report is to guide policy be targeted and accorded high priority for public and private Growth, Poverty Growth, Development and Inequality Sustainable to Nexus: Overcoming Barriers processes by contributing to the debate analysing what has investment. Adding value to many of Africa’s primary exports happened during recent years, what has worked well, what may earn the continent a competitive margin in international hasn’t worked well, and what needs to be done to address markets, while also meeting domestic market needs, especially further barriers to sustainable development in Africa? Africa’s with regard to food security. Apart from the need to prioritise recent economic growth has not been accompanied by a real certain sectors, other policy recommendations emanating from structural transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing the Sdgs: Lessons from Africa
    •-i' .''.-"fi JECA > ... I ^ Implementing the SDGs: Lessons from Africa Vera Songwe, ExecutiveSecretary UN Economic Commission for Africa July 2018 •1" New York Introduction: Welcome everybody to the presentation. Introduce speakers, panelists, etc. I - A. Regional Perspectives on the HLPF theme Inequality levels ofex^eHiiSj. Inherent vulnerabilityto poverty Climate change KEY ISSUES mmm degradation and Management of3 I depletion of lahd, rapidlygrowing opulation and the fast water, forests arid of urbanization 201S High Level Political Forum Significance of the theme to Africa: The theme offers opportunity to call and focus attention on critical factors, which if not addressed or well managed can undermine the creation of sustainable and resilient societies in the region. First, continued high ievels ofextreme poverty in Africa: Despite progress in tackling poverty in the region, Africa remains the most poverty-stricken region in world. Africa is currently host to approximately two-thirds of the world's extreme poor. Disheartening projections show that by the end of 2018 there could be about 3.2 million more people living in extreme poverty than there are today. This trajectory is not consistent with the ambition of eliminating of all forms of poverty by 2030. An urgent step change in efforts is needed to correct the path and ensure that SDG 1 is achieved within the set timeframe. Secondly, inequality: The good grow/th rates registered by countries in region over the past two decades have not contributed to the reduction of inequality, which contributes to poor people being left behind. Based on data from ECA's Databank, the median Gini coefficient of 43 for 2013 among the 47 African countries for which data is available is significantly higher than the median of 35 for 72 countries for which data was available from the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa
    THE GLOBAL URBAN ECONOMIC DIALOGUE SERIES Despite the perceived role of efficient infrastructure as a critical element for economic growth,poverty reduction and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), there is abundant evidence that Africa’s infrastructure is much below international standards in terms of quantity and quality. This paper is an appraisal of the role of infrastructure in economic development and poverty eradication in Africa. The relevance of infrastructure to growth and poverty alleviation in Africa is empirically robust. In addition to overt neglect of the sector by African governments since attaining independence, there has been a “policy mistake” founded on the dogma of the 1980s/90s that infrastructure would be financed by the private sector. This has not materialized and INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND REDUCTION IN AFRICA POVERTY the results have been rather disappointing, especially in water and transport, two extremely important sectors. Poverty was not carefully addressed as part of the regulatory and other reform packages implemented during the 1990s. Not surprisingly, the infrastructure needs of the poor, the majority of who reside in rural and peri-urban areas have not been met. They continue to rely on unsafe, unreliable and often overpriced alternatives to compensate for the policy failures. Access, affordability and quality of service continue to be key INFRASTRUCTURE issues in all infrastructure sectors. There is now a significant base of experience during much of the last 25 years from which useful FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT lessons can be learned.The choice is no longer simply a dichotomy between public and private provision but mutual collaboration AND POVERTY REDUCTION and pragmatism between the two sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: What Should Be Done to Win the Next Decade?
    AFRICAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: What should be done to win the next decade? Mahmoud Arbouch & Oumayma Bourhriba 1 INTRODUCTION Africa is experiencing economic growth deceleration that reached 2.9% on average between 2010 and 2018, against 5.4% between 2000 and 2010. The sectoral performance of African economies depends critically on the stock and quality of infrastructure, directly as an essential input (for example, energy and transport) and indirectly by increasing total factor productivity. African economic integration, and the hoped-for emergence, can never be fully achieved with poor infrastructure, both in terms of quantity, quality, and access. Africa’s changing demogra- phics will eventually strain the existing infrastructure, particularly the health and education infrastructure, and thus have a detrimental effect on the human capital that forms the backbone of economic growth and development. The current COVID-19 health and economic crisis comes as a reminder of the necessity of protecting and inves- ting in the individual first of all, as human labour and demand are cornerstones of economic growth. One key message is that a two-fold approach, aiming to address Africa’s infrastructure funding and efficiency gaps, is necessary to develop the continent’s total infrastructure to spur productivity and output, and allow signi- ficant economic and social development for the continent. CURRENT STATE, MAJOR FAILINGS AND CONSEQUENCES: AFRICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE LAGS BEHIND THAT OF THE REST OF THE WORLD: In Africa, underdeveloped infrastructure continues to be a binding constraint to economic growth. Unreliable and costly infrastructure is stalling growth by 2 percentage points each year (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Financing Public Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns, Issues, and Options
    SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND PAPER 15 AFRICA INFRASTRUCTURE COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Financing Public Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns, Issues, and Options Cecilia Briceño-G., Karlis Smits, and Vivien Foster June 2008 This report was produced by the World Bank with funding and other support from (in alphabetical order): the African Union, the Agence Française de Développement, the European Union, the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development, the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility, and the U.K. Department for International Development. About AICD This study is part of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world’s knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. AICD will provide a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It should also provide a more solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in the infrastructure sectors in Africa. AICD will produce a series of reports (such as this one) that provide an overview of the status of public expenditure, investment needs, and sector performance in each of the main infrastructure sectors, including energy, information and communication technologies, irrigation, transport, and water and sanitation. The World Bank will publish a summary of AICD’s findings in spring 2008. The underlying data will be made available to the public through an interactive Web site allowing users to download customized data reports and perform simple simulation exercises. The first phase of AICD focuses on 24 countries that together account for 85 percent of the gross domestic product, population, and infrastructure aid flows of Sub-Saharan Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Power Infrastructure
    DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure Africa’s Power Infrastructure Investment, Integration, Efficiency Anton Eberhard Orvika Rosnes Maria Shkaratan Haakon Vennemo Africa’s Power Infrastructure Africa’s Power Infrastructure Investment, Integration, Efficiency Anton Eberhard Orvika Rosnes Maria Shkaratan Haakon Vennemo Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Series Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Reclamation for Industrial Use in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Critical Review Noor J
    Drink. Water Eng. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2018-18 Drinking Water Manuscript under review for journal Drink. Water Eng. Sci. Engineering and Science Discussion started: 4 September 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Access Open Discussions Water Reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa, a Critical Review Noor J. Gulamussen1,2, André M. Arsénio1, Nelson P. Matsinhe2, and Louis C. Rietveld1 1Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the 5 Netherlands 2Faculty of Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Correspondence to: Noor Jehan Gulamussen ([email protected]) Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represent serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. 10 Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g. industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience 15 exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help to introduce water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanning Africa's Infrastructure
    SPANNING AFRICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE GAP How development capital is transforming Africa’s project build-out Sponsored by Spanning Africa’s infrastructure gap How development capital is transforming Africa’s project build-out by Preface Spanning Africa’s infrastructure gap: How development capital is transforming Africa’s project build-out is a report from The Economist Corporate Network (ECN). It is based on interviews with leaders in private-sector, multilateral and bilateral institutions that fund and support Africa-based infrastructure projects. Baker & McKenzie sponsored the report. ECN performed the research and wrote the report independently. The findings and views expressed in this report are those of the ECN alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. Herman Warren was the author of the report. Pamela Qiu contributed to the research. Wai Lam was responsible for the cover design. The cover is by Thinkstock. Special thanks are extended to all interviewees who shared their time, and provided data and perspective on this important topic. November 2015 Interviewees, in alphabetical order: Orli Arav, chief investment officer,Impala Energy Guang Zhe Chen, country director for Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe Africa Region, World Bank Zhao Changhui, chief country risk analyst, Export-Import Bank of China David Ludlow, head of International Business Development, UKEF Richard Malinga, senior transport engineer, African Development Bank Michael Fischer, director, Regional Office Southern
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge
    NEPAD-OECD AFRICA INVESTMENT INITIATIVE 2008 High-Level Meeting /Expert Roundtable Kampala, Uganda, 10-11 December 2008 Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge An African perspective1 Anne Miroux Head, Investment Analysis Branch United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1 This paper draws on the World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge (Geneva and New York), United Nations publication. 1 Contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………2 2. TNCs in infrastructure in Africa and other developing countries.......……….. 3 3. Impact of TNC participation on host developing countries..…………..…… 10 4. Policy challenges and options ....…………………………………………….14 5. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………….16 6. References……………………………………………………………………16 1. Introduction The provision of good quality infrastructure is a prerequisite for economic and social development. It is considered one of the main preconditions for enabling developing countries to accelerate or sustain the pace of their development and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by the United Nations. Infrastructure – especially electricity, telecommunications, transport and water – is important for all economies as they provide goods and services that are crucial for the efficiency, competitiveness and growth of production activity. Furthermore, access to affordable electricity and drinking water is an important determinant of the living standards of a country’s population. Manylow-income countries face huge infrastructure investment needs but lack the necessary capacity domestically to meet them. Mobilizing financial and other resources to respond to these needs are among the main challenges which beset governments and the international community. The gap between these needs and the availability of necessary resources has been one of the drivers behind the fundamental change in the role of the State in the provision of infrastructure in the past decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Water in Africa
    Living Waters The Facts On Water in Africa Conserving the source of life Africa appears blessed with abundant water resources: large rivers include the Congo, Nile, Zambezi and Niger and Lake Victoria is the world’s second largest. But Africa is the second driest continent in the world, after Australia, and millions of Africans still suffer from water shortages throughout the year. Shortages are often due to problems of uneven distribution - sometimes there is much water where there are fewer people - and also to management of existing supplies that could be improved. One example of the disparity in water availability lies in the Congo basin where 30 per cent of the continent’s water drains land inhabited by only 10 per cent of Africa’s population. Water scarcity Water and health Fourteen countries in Africa are already experiencing water stress; Almost half of the population (778 million in 1997) suffers from one of another 11 countries are expected to join them by 2025 at which time the six major water-related diseases. Lack of risk preparedness and nearly 50 per cent of Africa’s predicted population of 1.45 billion people mitigation is also a factor: in Mozambique over 1 million people were will face water stress or scarcity. Nearly 51 per cent (300 million people) displaced by the floods of 1999/2000 and an unknown number killed. in sub-Saharan countries lack access to a supply of safe water and 41 Every day, 650 people die from diarrhoea in Africa, mainly children per cent lack adequate sanitation. under five years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature & Faune: Managing Africa's Water Resources
    FAO REGIONALFAO RegionalOFFICE OfficeFOR for AFRICAAfrica Nature & Faune Enhancing natural resources management for food security in Africa Volume 27, Issue 1 Managing Africa’s water resources: integrating sustainable use of land, forests and fisheries Editor: Foday Bojang Deputy Editor: Ada Ndeso-Atanga FAO Regional Office for Africa [email protected] http://www.fao.org/africa/publications/nature-and-faune-magazine/ FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Accra, Ghana 2012 Nature & Faune, Volume 27, Issue 1 FAO REGIONALFAO RegionalOFFICE OfficeFOR for AFRICAAfrica BOARD OF REVIEWERS Christel Palmberg-Lerche Forest geneticist Rome, Italy Douglas Williamson Wildlife specialist England, United Kingdom Fred Kafeero Natural Resources specialist Rome, Italy Jeffrey Sayer Ecologist/expert in political and economic context of natural resources conservation Cairns, N. Queensland, Australia August Temu Agroforestry adviser and leader in management of partnerships Nairobi, Kenya Mafa Chipeta Food Security adviser Limbe, Malawi Kay Muir-Leresche Policy economist/specialist in agricultural and natural resource economics Rooiels Cape, South Africa El Hadji M. Sène, Forest Resources Management & Dry Zone Forestry specialist Dakar, Senegal Jean Prosper Koyo Renewable Natural Resources adviser Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo Sébastien Le Bel Wildlife specialist and scientist Montpellier, France Advisers: Atse Yapi, Christopher Nugent, Fernando Salinas, René Czudek The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa – Harnessing Land Values, Housing and Transport
    URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUb-SAHARAN AFRICA – HARNESSING LAND VALUES, HOUSING AND TRANSPORT Final report on land-based financing for urban infrastructure in sub-Saharan African cities Chris Kirchhoff, MediaClubSouthAfrica.com URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUb-SAHARAN AFRICA – HARNESSING LAND VALUES, HOUSING AND TRANSPORT Final report on land-based financing for urban infrastructure in sub-Saharan African cities 31 July 2015 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government. However the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. The project team wish to thank the Department for International Development and the officials concerned for their support and guidance throughout the project. Research managers (Department for International Development) Lily Ryan-Collins, Rubbina Karruna and Phil Outram Lead authors Adjunct Prof. Ian Palmer African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Adjunct Prof. Stephen Berrisford African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Research Project leader Prof. Gordon Pirie African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Contributing Authors Brendon Van Niekerk PDG, South Africa Brandon Finn African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Liza Rose Cirolia African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Nick Graham PDG, South Africa Assoc. Prof. Francois Viruly Department of Construction Economics & Management, University of Cape Town Dr. Sylvia Croese Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch Rob McGaffin African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town Tsigereda Tafesse Independent Consultant, Ethiopia Prof. Peter Ngau Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nairobi Dr. Innocent Chirisa Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe Sean Walsh Webfresh, South Africa Akin Olawore Akin Olawore & Co, Nigeria Bernard Tayoh Independent researcher, Cameroon Specialist advisors Prof.
    [Show full text]