DOCSLIB.ORG

Genome Size Variation: Consequences and Evolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genome Size Variation: Consequences and Evolution Genome Size Variation: Consequences and Evolution Ilia Leitch D N VALUE D N VALUE Genome size variation: consequences and evolution (i) How genome size varies across plants (ii) What are the consequence of this variation (iii) How did such variation evolve Early genome size studies in plants First genome size of a plant: Lilium longiflorum Ogur M et al. 1951. Exp. Cell Res. 2: 73-89. Concept of C-value: D N DNA amount in unreplicated VALUE gametic nucleus Swift H. 1950. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36: 643-654. Plant DNA C-values database www.kew.org/genomesize/homepage.html 5150 species Land plants Algae 4427 angiosperms 91 Chlorophyta 207 gymnosperms 44 Phaeophyta 87 pteridophytes 118 Rhodophyta 176 bryophytes C-values in angiosperms range nearly 2000-fold Genlisea UtriculariaTrillium Fritillaria margaretae rhombifoliumgibba assyriaca 1C = 0.065 pg 1C1C = 0.090 = 111.5 pg pg 1C = 127.4 pg Greilhuber et al. 2006. GreilhuberGrif etet alal.. 2006.1980. Bennett. 1972. Plant Biology PlantTsitologiya Biology Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 8: 770-777 8: 22:770-777 1331-1338 181: 109-135. Range of DNA amounts in land plants Angiosperms (1.4%) 0.065 – 127.4 Gymnosperms (25%) 2.3 – 36.0 Seed plants Seed Monilophytes (0.6%) 0.8 – 72.7 Vascular plants Lycophytes (0.4%) 0.16 – 12.0 Bryophytes (1%) 0.09 – 6.4 1C DNA amount (pg) DNA amount in algae DNA amount in algae Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta 44 species 118 species 153 species Kapraun DF. 2005. Kapraun DF. 2007. Annals of Botany 95: 7-44. Annals of Botany 99: 677-701 Range of DNA amounts in algae 0.065 – 127.4 Angiosperms Gymnosperms 2.3 – 36.0 Monilophytes 0.8 – 72.7 Lycophytes 0.16 – 12.0 Bryophytes 0.09 – 6.4 Phaeophyta (2.9%) 0.1 – 0.9 Rhodophyta (1.8%) 0.017 – 1.4 Chlorophyta (1.3%) 0.013 – 23.4 Ostreococcus tauri (Prasinophyta) Chloroplast & starch grain Mitochondrion Golgi body Nucleus 0.1 μm 1C = 0.013 pg (12.56 Mb) Derelle et al. 2006. Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 11647-11652. Genome size variation Fritillaria assyriaca Genlisea margaretae Ostreococcus tauri 1C = 127.4 pg 1C = 0.065 pg 1C = 0.01 pg C-value paradox Thomas CA. 1971. The genetic organization of chromosomes. Annual Review of Genetics 5: 237-256. ‘why the lowly liverwort has 18 times as much DNA as we have, and the slimy, dull salamander known as Amphiuma has 26 times our complement of DNA’. Comings DE. 1972. Advances in Human Genetics 3: 237-431. C-value enigma Gregory TR. 2001. Coincidence, co-evolution, or causation? DNA content, cell size, and the C-value enigma. Biological Reviews 76: 65-101. What types of non-coding DNA sequences predominate in genomes of different sizes? What are the mechanisms involved in generating genome size variation? What are the evolutionary forces driving genome size changes? What are the consequences of genome size variation? How has genome size evolved? Variation of genome size: Consequences at nuclear level ) 3 400 ) 3 m 8 m μ μ 300 6 200 4 100 2 0 Centromere ( volume Chromosome volume ( Chromosome volume 0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 2 1C DNA amount (pg) 1C DNA amount (pg) 0 1 Bennett et al. 1983. Bennett et al. 1981. J. Cell Sci. 63: 173-179. J. Cell Sci. 47: 91-115. ) 35 3 3.5 m m) x μ μ 30 25 3.0 2 20 15 m)x 10 2.5 μ ( 10 5 2.0 Mean total SC length length SC total Mean 0 ( volume nuclear Log Mean total SC length ( 0 10 20 30 40 1.0 1.5 2.0 1C DNA amount (pg) Log DNA per cell (pg) Anderson et al. 1985. Baetcke et al. 1967. Exp. Cell Res. 156: 367-378. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58: 533-540. Variation of genome size: Consequences of timing Mitosis Meiosis 30 300 20 200 10 100 Duration of meiosis (h) Duration of mitosis (h) 0 30 60 90 100 0 15 30 45 DNA amount per cell (pg) 1C1C DNA DNA amount amount (pg) (pg) Van't Hof & Sparrow AH. 1963. Bennett MD. 1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 49: 897-902. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 277: 201-277. Variation of genome size: Consequences at cell and tissue level 0.8 160 0.6 ) 3 120 x 10 0.4 3 80 m μ ( 40 0.2 Mass of 100 seeds (g) Pollen volume dehiscenceat 0 0 0 102030 0102030 1C DNA amount (pg) 1C DNA amount (pg) Relationship between pollen Relationship between seed volume and DNA amount weight and DNA amount in in 16 grass species. 12 Allium species. Bennett et al. 1972 Bennett et al. 1972 Consequences of variation in DNA amount Whole plant level a) Life cycle options b) Life strategy options c) Ecology options d) Coping with environmental change Consequences of variation in DNA amount Whole plant level a) Life cycle options Bennett MD. 1972. Nuclear DNA content and minimum generation time in herbaceous plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 181: 109-135. Consequences: life cycle options 400 300 Fritillaria meleagris 1C = 70.7 pg Arabidopsis 200 thaliana 1C = 0.16 pg 100 Duration of meiosis (h) meiosis of Duration 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 3C DNA amount (pg) Bennett MD. 1977. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 277: 201-277. Consequences: life cycle options No species in this triangle Obligate Max. limiting perennials DNA amount for annuals E U L A V - Annuals and C perennials A N D Max. limiting DNA amount for ephemerals Annuals and perennials Ephemerals 7 52 weeks weeks MINIMUM GENERATION TIME Bennett MD. 1972. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 181: 109-135. Consequences of variation in DNA amount Life cycle options: Conclusions • DNA amount can impose limits on the type of life cycle a species can display • Species with small genomes may be ephemerals, annuals or perennials • Species with large genomes are restricted to being obligate perennials Consequences of variation in DNA amount Whole plant level a) Life cycle options b) Life strategy options c) Ecology options d) Coping with environmental change Consequences of variation in DNA amount Whole plant level b) Life strategy options: Potential to become a weed Bennett, Leitch & Hanson. 1998. DNA amounts in two samples of angiosperm weeds. Annals of Botany 82: 121-134. Consequences: option to be a weed Method DNA amounts for 156 angiosperms recognised as weeds compared with 2685 non-weed species Consequences: option to be a weed Non-weed species Weeds (c. 0.1 – 127.4 pg) (0.16 – 25.1 pg) 25 250 200 Mean 1C 20 Mean 1C 150 7.0 pg 15 2.9 pg 100 10 Max = Max = 50 127.4 pg 5 25.1 pg No. of species No. of species 0 Number of species 0 Number of species 00 10025 20050 30075 100 400 125 500 00 10025 20050 75 300 100 400 125 500 1C1C DNA DNA amount amount (pg) (pg) 1C1C DNADNA amount (pg)(pg) Bennett, Leitch & Hanson. 1998. DNA amounts in two samples of angiosperm weeds. Annals of Botany 82: 121-134. Success of an invasive weed ● Rapid establishment or completion of reproductive development ● Short generation time ● Rapid production of many small seeds Consequences: option to be a weed 12 10 8 6 4 % of all species which are weeds 2 0 0123456 Group (increasing DNA amount) Consequences of variation in DNA amount Whole plant level a) Life cycle options b) Life style options c) Ecology options d) Coping with environmental change Genome size and latitude Pop. Several Picea sitchensis Miksche 1967, 1971 Sp. Tropical vs. temperate grasses Avdulov 1931 Sp. 329 tropical vs. 527 temperate plants Levin and Funderburg 1979 + correlation Sp. 17 Poaceae and 15 Fabaceae crops Bennett 1976 Pop. 24 Berberis in Patagonia Bottini et al. 2000 Sp. 20 Arachis duranensis in Argentina/ Temsch & Greilhuber 2001 Bolivia Pop. Several Festuca arundinacea Ceccarelli et al. 1992 Pop. North American cultivars of Zea mays Rayburn et al. 1985 Sp. 162 British plants Grime and Mowforth 1982 - correlation Sp. 23 Arctic plants Bennett et al. 1982 Pop. 22 N American Zea mays Rayburn et al. 1985 Pop. 11 N American Zea mays Laurie & Bennett 1985 Sp. 18 pines Joyner et al. 2001 Pop. 6 Allium cepa cultivars Bennett et al. 2000 Pop. Several Picea glauca Teoh & Rees 1976 Pop. 10 Dactylis glomerata Creber et al. 1994 no correlation Sp. 11 Tropical vs. Temperate Pines Hall et al. 2000 Sp. 19 Helianthus Sims & Price 1985 Consequences: ecology options 401 species in the state of California Knight & Ackerly. 2002. Variation in nuclear DNA content across environmental gradients: a quantile regression analysis. Ecology Letters 5: 66-76. Consequences: ecology options Species with large genomes excluded from extreme environments Species with small genomes can occupy all DNA amount DNA amount environments Ecological parameter e.g. temperature Knight & Ackerly. 2002. Ecology Letters 5: 66-76. Consequences: ecology options annual annual 25 perennial perennial 20 15 10 5 1C DNA amount (pg) 0 0.8 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 1.0 July maximum temperature (°C) 1.2 1.4 1.6 Knight & Ackerly. 2002. Variation in nuclear DNA content across environmental gradients: a quantile regression analysis. Ecology Letters 5: 66-76. Consequences: ecology options annual 25 perennial 0.05 0.00 20 -0.05 15 -0.10 10 -0.15 -0.20 5 1C DNA amount (pg) Quadratic coefficient -0.25 0 -0.30 0 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 015 2040608010030 45 60 75 90 July maximum temperature (°C) Conditional quantile Knight & Ackerly.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Macroevolution Macroevolution Macroevolution
    1 2 Macroevolution Macroevolution Introduction Introduction In this lecture we will examine the tempo and mode of evolution, in the words of George Gaylord TEMPO: Does morphological evolution occur Simpson. gradually or in fits and starts? Simpson studied whether macroevolutionary patterns arise from microevolutionary processes like those we’ve discussed through the term. MODE: Is there a tendency for organisms to evolve in a particular direction? Simpson showed that major evolutionary developments in the fossil record took place in the • Towards greater size? irregular and undirected manner expected under • Towards greater complexity? Darwinian evolution. 3 4 Macroevolution Macroevolution Punctuated Equilibria vs. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibria vs. Gradualism Following Darwin, the prevailing view of evolution by Simpson (1944) noted that higher taxa (e.g. orders of natural selection held that evolution is gradual. mammals) appear suddenly in the fossil record, describing • Macroevolutionary changes (large changes in morphology that define this pattern as "quantum evolution". higher taxonomic divisions) accumulate over long periods of time by gradual microevolutionary processes. Major morphological innovations sometimes appear Nevertheless, the fossil record does not always show suddenly in the fossil record, often preceded and continuous and gradual changes. followed by periods of relative stasis. 5 6 Macroevolution Macroevolution Punctuated Equilibria vs. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibria vs. Gradualism Eldredge and Gould (1972) argued otherwise: 1. The pattern was real This has historically been interpreted as inaccuracy in the 2. The pattern reflected a process whereby most fossil record. evolutionary change happens around speciation events. Punctuated equilibrium model of evolution 7 8 Macroevolution Macroevolution Punctuated Equilibria vs. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibria vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Morphology of Some Fritillaria L. Species (Liliaceae) from Iran
    Pak. J. Bot., 50(6): 2311-2315, 2018. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRITILLARIA L. SPECIES (LILIACEAE) FROM IRAN SHAHLA HOSSEINI Department of Biological Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Pollen grains of 5 taxa from the genus Fritillaria L. in Iran were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Detailed pollen morphological features are given for these taxa. Pollens were monosulcate and ellipsoidal. Sulcus extends from distal to proximal in all studied taxa. Results shows that the sculpturing of the exine, pollen membrane ornamentation and lumina shape provides valuable characters for separating species. Based on these characters, 3 main pollen types were determined with three different exine sculpturing: reticulate, reticulate-perforate and suprareticulate. Key words: Fritillaria, Liliaceae, Pollen morphology, SEM. Introduction Natural Resources. Information about localities of investigated specimens have been provided in table 1. Genus Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) comprises of For SEM after acetolysis, pollen grains were soaked in approximately 170 taxa (130-140 species) which are absolute ethanol, and were pipetted directly onto 12.5 distributed through the temperate regions of the northern mm diameter stubs, air-dried at room temperature, then hemisphere (Day et al., 2014; Metin et al., 2013). Most of coated in a sputter coater with approximately 25 nm of the species in this genus are belong to the main subgenus, Gold Palladium. The specimens were examined and Fritillaria (Rix et al., 2001). The Mediterranean region is photographed with a TESCAN MIRA 3 scanning the center of genetic diversity of Fritillaria species, with electron microscope.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyologická a Morfologická Variabilita Okruhu Gagea Bohemica Ve Východní Části Střední Evropy
    Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Karyologická a morfologická variabilita okruhu Gagea bohemica ve východní části střední Evropy Bakalářská práce David Horák Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Biologie a ekologie Forma studia: Prezenční Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Bohumil Trávníček, Ph.D. Konzultanti: Mgr. Michal Hroneš, Gergely Király, Ph.D. Olomouc duben 2015 Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a příjmení autora: David Horák Název práce: Karyologická a morfologická variabilita okruhu Gagea bohemica ve východní části střední Evropy Typ práce: Bakalářská práce Pracoviště: Katedra botaniky PřF UP, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Bohumil Trávníček, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce: 2015 Abstrakt: Z východní části střední Evropy jsou v okruhu Gagea bohemica uváděny v soudobé literatuře tři významnější taxony: G. bohemica subsp. bohemica, G. bohemica subsp. saxatilis a G. szovitsii. Tato práce se zaměřila na analýzu ploidie vzorků vybraných populací uvedeného okruhu pomocí průtokové cytometrie a současně jejich morfometrické studium. Pro všechny studované populace v literatuře uváděné jako G. bohemica subsp. bohemica byl zjištěn pentaploidní cytotyp (2n = 5x = 60), pro většinu populací G. szovitsii pak poprvé tetraploidní cytotyp (2n = 4x = 48). Avšak u jedné populace, přiřazované k tomuto taxonu, byly všechny analyzované rostliny pentaploidní, u dalšího jednoho vzorku populace sice převládli tetraploidi, s výjimkou jedné rostliny, která byla rovněž pentaploidní. Výsledky opakované analýzy rostlin, řazených ke G. bohemica subsp. saxatilis (Senička, Olomoucko, Česká republika), ukazují na tetraploidní cytotyp. Morfometrická analýza studovala i dříve používané znaky pro determinaci taxonů, nicméně jen některé z nich se ukázaly jako charakteristické pro udávaný taxon (počet květů a délka lodyhy, tvar okvětních lístků). Rozložení hodnot většiny znaků (a zejména těch na květech, např.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Size and DNA Base Composition of Geophytes: the Mirror of Phenology and Ecology?
    Genome Size and DNA base composition of Geophytes: the Mirror of Phenology and Ecology? BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: Evolution Pavel Vesely1*, Petr Bures1, Petr Smarda1, Tomas Pavlicek2 1 Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-61137, Brno, Czech Republic 2 Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel. * corresponding author: Pavel Vesely: [email protected] Abstract Genome size is known to affect various plant traits such as stomatal size, seed mass, and flower or shoot phenology. However, these associations are still not well understood for the species with giant genomes, mostly represented with geophytic plants. No detailed associations are known between DNA base composition and genome size or species ecology. Genome sizes and GC contents were measured in 219 geophytes together with tentative morpho-anatomical and ecological traits. Increase in genome size was associated with earliness of flowering, tendency to grow in humid conditions, and tightly positively correlated with increase in stomatal size, namely in extremely large genomes. Seed mass of geophytes was closely related to their ecology, but not to genomic parameters. Genomic GC content showed unimodal relationship with genome size but no relation with species ecology. Evolution of genome size in geophytes is closely related with their ecology and phenology and also associates with remarkable changes in DNA base composition. While geophytism together with producing larger cells seems advantageous strategy for fast development
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Size Variation: Consequences and Evolution
    Genome Size Variation: Consequences and Evolution Ilia Leitch and Martin Lysak Genome size variation: consequences and evolution (i) How genome size varies across plants (ii) What are the consequence of this variation (iii) How did such variation evolve C-value paradox • A. Boivin, R. & C. Vendrely (Boivin et al. 1948, Venderely & Vendrely 1948) - systematic comparisons of DNA contents in different cattle tissues (thymus, liver), liver from pig and guinea pig: – remarkable constancy DNA amount in different tissues – approx. double of DNA content in sperm – ‘constancy in DNA amount is PROBABLY proportional to the number of genes’ • Mirsky & Ris (1951) discovered totally unexpected finding: ’an aquatic salamander has 70x as much DNA as is found in a cell of the domestic fowl’ • more studies confirmed the phenomenon >> C-value paradox (C.A. Thomas, 1971) - simple organisms have more DNA than complex ones - organisms have more DNA than would be predicted from gene number - some morphologically similar groups have divergent DNA contents Non-coding DNA was not known in that time. Today C-value paradox is replaced by C-value enigma (T.R. Gregory, 2001) Sometimes terminology matters… Annals of Botany 95: 255-260, 2005. • Holoploid genome – the whole chromosome set with chromosome number n (irrespective of polyploidy, aneuploidy etc.) • Monoploid genome – one chromosome set of an organism and its DNA having the chromosome base number x • Genome size – covering term for the amount of DNA in both holoploid and monoploid genomes Sometimes terminology matters… • C-value – DNA content of a holoploid genome with chromosome number n • 1C-value – DNA content of one non-replicated holoploid genome with chromosome number n (= the half of a holoploid non-reduced genome with the chromosome number 2n); cf.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Flow Cytometry in the Biosystematics, Ecology and Population Biology of Homoploid Plants
    Preslia 82: 3–21, 2010 3 The use of flow cytometry in the biosystematics, ecology and population biology of homoploid plants Využití průtokové cytometrie při studiu homoploidních skupin rostlin João Loureiro1, PavelTrávníček2,3, Jana R a u c h o v á2,3, Tomáš U r f u s3,2, Petr Vít3,2, Milan Š t e c h4, Sílvia C a s t r o1,2 & Jan S u d a3,2 1Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, P.O. Box 3046, PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; 2Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-254 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; 3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 4Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Loureiro J., Trávníček P., Rauchová J., Urfus T., Vít P., Štech M., Castro S. & Suda J. (2010): The use of flow cytometry in the biosystematics, ecology and population biology of homoploid plants. – Preslia 82: 3–21. Over the last decade there has been a tremendous increase in the use of flow cytometry (FCM) in studies on the biosystematics, ecology and population biology of vascular plants. Most studies, however, address questions related to differences in genome copy number, while the value of FCM for studying homoploid plant groups has long been underestimated.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored
    L ATIN for GARDENERS ACANTHUS bear’s breeches Lorraine Harrison is the author of several books, including Inspiring Sussex Gardeners, The Shaker Book of the Garden, How to Read Gardens, and A Potted History of Vegetables: A Kitchen Cornucopia. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 © 2012 Quid Publishing Conceived, designed and produced by Quid Publishing Level 4, Sheridan House 114 Western Road Hove BN3 1DD England Designed by Lindsey Johns All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in China 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-00919-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-00922-3 (e-book) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harrison, Lorraine. Latin for gardeners : over 3,000 plant names explained and explored / Lorraine Harrison. pages ; cm ISBN 978-0-226-00919-3 (cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN (invalid) 978-0-226-00922-3 (e-book) 1. Latin language—Etymology—Names—Dictionaries. 2. Latin language—Technical Latin—Dictionaries. 3. Plants—Nomenclature—Dictionaries—Latin. 4. Plants—History. I. Title. PA2387.H37 2012 580.1’4—dc23 2012020837 ∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). L ATIN for GARDENERS Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored LORRAINE HARRISON The University of Chicago Press Contents Preface 6 How to Use This Book 8 A Short History of Botanical Latin 9 Jasminum, Botanical Latin for Beginners 10 jasmine (p. 116) An Introduction to the A–Z Listings 13 THE A-Z LISTINGS OF LatIN PlaNT NAMES A from a- to azureus 14 B from babylonicus to byzantinus 37 C from cacaliifolius to cytisoides 45 D from dactyliferus to dyerianum 69 E from e- to eyriesii 79 F from fabaceus to futilis 85 G from gaditanus to gymnocarpus 94 H from haastii to hystrix 102 I from ibericus to ixocarpus 109 J from jacobaeus to juvenilis 115 K from kamtschaticus to kurdicus 117 L from labiatus to lysimachioides 118 Tropaeolum majus, M from macedonicus to myrtifolius 129 nasturtium (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Castilleja in the Garden, DAVE NELSON and DAVID JOYNER 279
    ROCK GARDEN Quarterly Volume 65 Number 3 Summer 2007 Front cover: Campanula tommasiniana. Painting by Paul Bowden. Back cover: Artist at the rock garden, Hay Estate, Newbury, New Hampshire. Photograph by Dianne Huling. All material copyright ©2007 North American Rock Garden Society Printed by Allen Press, 800 E. 10th St., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 ROCK GARDEN Quarterly BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY Volume 65 Number 3 Summer 2007 Contents Seed Sowing Basics, CARLO BALISTRIERI 235 Seedy Perspectives: Production, Collection, Cleaning, and Storage, KRISTL WALEK 242 Patience without Risk: Propagating Difficult Small Seeds, TONY REZNICEK 263 Ants and a New Look at Erythronium, ART GUPPY 265 Storage of Seeds, NORMAN DENO 275 Techniques for Growing Castilleja in the Garden, DAVE NELSON and DAVID JOYNER 279 Small Fritillaries in Eastern Turkey, DICK BARTLETT 284 Raising a Bulb Collection from Seed, JANE MCGARY 287 The Chinese Dilemma: Follow-up, DAVID RANKIN 295 BOOKS Good, Alpine Ecology for Gardeners, rev. by BRENT HINE 297 Larson, Matthes & Kelly, Cliff Ecology, rev. by MICHELLE JONES HAM 298 Enter the 2007 Photo Contest 300 NARGS Coming Events 310 From the Editor If there is one thing that our Society does better than any other garden group in North America, surely it is the annual Seed Exchange, the product of efforts by many people in several chapters each year. Instructions for participating are being mailed with this issue. If we are to maintain NARGS as a vital organization, we need to encourage members and potential members to recognize the benefits of growing plants from seed. And that is the goal of this issue of our magazine.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverse Retrotransposon Families and an AT-Rich Satellite DNA Revealed in Giant Genomes of Fritillaria Lilies
    Annals of Botany 107: 255–268, 2011 doi:10.1093/aob/mcq235, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Diverse retrotransposon families and an AT-rich satellite DNA revealed in giant genomes of Fritillaria lilies Katerˇina Ambrozˇova´ 1, Terezie Manda´kova´ 1, Petr Buresˇ2, Pavel Neumann3, Ilia J. Leitch4, Andrea Koblı´zˇkova´ 3, Jirˇ´ı Macas3 and Martin A. Lysak1,* 1Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic, 2Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, 3Biology Centre ASCR, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic and 4Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Downloaded from Received: 9 September 2010 Returned for revision: 11 October 2010 Accepted: 4 November 2010 Published electronically: 14 December 2010 † Background and Aims The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) comprises species with extremely large genomes (1C ¼ 30 000–127 000 Mb) and a bicontinental distribution. Most North American species (subgenus Liliorhiza) differ from Eurasian Fritillaria species by their distinct phylogenetic position and increased amounts of heterochroma- tin. This study examined the contribution of major repetitive elements to the genome obesity found in Fritillaria aob.oxfordjournals.org and identified repeats contributing to the heterochromatin arrays in Liliorhiza species. † Methods Two Fritillaria species of similar genome size were selected for detailed analysis, one from each phy- logeographical clade: F. affinis (1C ¼ 45.6 pg, North America) and F. imperialis (1C ¼ 43.0 pg, Eurasia). Fosmid libraries were constructed from their genomic DNAs and used for identification, sequence characteriz- ation, quantification and chromosome localization of clones containing highly repeated sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Action and Purification Of
    IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT DNA FROM LILIUM PARDALINUM __________________ A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Biological Sciences By, Aruna Arcot June, 2015 Abstract Previous studies indicate that genome size is not an indicator of organismal complexity. Moreover, non-coding portions of the genome, including transposable element (TE) repeats contribute to genome obesity. It is not clear, however, if TE content and therefore genome obesity is advantageous in evolution. The family Liliaceae is ideally suited for this investigation, since its family members show a range of genome sizes as well as significantly obese genomes. Sequencing the genomes is the first step in addressing this question in Liliaceae. Typically shotgun sequencing is the method of choice for whole genome sequencing. However, this approach is not suitable for complex genomes with sequence redundancy, such as those in Liliaceae plants. In these cases, BAC library based sequencing rather than shotgun sequencing is the preferred. In order to obtain high molecular weight DNA required for BAC library preparation, whole nuclei extraction for DNA purification was used in previous attempts at creating BAC library for Fritillaria species, a plant with one of the largest known genomes, by researchers Gangavarapu, Jayakar, Mishra and Patel. Their efforts yielded mixed results at best and it was seen that the DNA purified from the procedure was insufficient in quality and quantity. ii This thesis research outlines two specific aims: (1) To develop an alternate protocol to extract and purify high molecular weight (HMW) DNA suited for ligation with BAC vector, from the leaf tissue of Lilium pardalinum, a species representative of the Liliaceae family.
    [Show full text]
  • Transposable Elements and Genome Size Variations in Plants
    eISSN 2234-0742 Genomics Inform 2014;12(3):87-97 G&I Genomics & Informatics http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/GI.2014.12.3.87 REVIEW ARTICLE Transposable Elements and Genome Size Variations in Plants Sung-Il Lee, Nam-Soo Kim* Department of Molecular Bioscience, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea Although the number of protein-coding genes is not highly variable between plant taxa, the DNA content in their genomes is highly variable, by as much as 2,056-fold from a 1C amount of 0.0648 pg to 132.5 pg. The mean 1C-value in plants is 2.4 pg, and genome size expansion/contraction is lineage-specific in plant taxonomy. Transposable element fractions in plant genomes are also variable, as low as ~3% in small genomes and as high as ~85% in large genomes, indicating that genome size is a linear function of transposable element content. Of the 2 classes of transposable elements, the dynamics of class 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons is a major contributor to the 1C value differences among plants. The activity of LTR retrotransposons is under the control of epigenetic suppressing mechanisms. Also, genome-purging mechanisms have been adopted to counter-balance the genome size amplification. With a wealth of information on whole-genome sequences in plant genomes, it was revealed that several genome-purging mechanisms have been employed, depending on plant taxa. Two genera, Lilium and Fritillaria, are known to have large genomes in angiosperms. There were twice times of concerted genome size evolutions in the family Liliaceae during the divergence of the current genera in Liliaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • September 2015
    NEWSLETTER SEPTEMBER 2015 SOUTHERN TASMANIA BRANCH INC. PO Box 80 BATTERY POINT TAS 7004 COMING EVENTS September 13th Garden gathering A special vireya treat at Kaye and Gordon Hagan’s Time: 2pm 38 Kunama Drive, Kingston Beach Raffle only Please bring something for afternoon tea Directions: From lights at Kingston take Beach Road towards Kingston Beach. At lights keep right into Roslyn Avenue (C623) - 950m Turn right into Tanina St. - 110m Turn right onto Kunama Drive - 50m No. 38 on left - the one with the gorgeous garden September 24th Committee meeting Venue: Lesley and Ken Gillander’s 7:30pm Dinner: 6pm Kingston Hotel Cnr. Channel H’way and Beach Road October 11th General meeting Dorothy and Robin Lane’s 86 Betts Road, Neika More details later October 29th Committee meeting November 1st Additional garden visit Alexi and Rick’s garden 73 Chambers Road,Franklin An interesting garden in the hills at Franklin featuring rhododendron Directions - next newsletter November 8th General meeting Kerry and Harry van den Berg 2040 Huon Road, Longley More details later December ? Christmas function 1 August meeting Blooms competition Pat Mavromatis won Blooms other Sally Duncan won Peoples Choice than Rhododendrons Pat Mavromatis won the raffle which Dorothy Lane won Rhododendrons was R. Ruth Motley IN MY GARDEN by Lesley Gillanders On this bright sunny day in late August I was able, with the help of a stick, to walk around the garden looking for inspiration to write on any plants in flower at this time. Above the creek is a garden which tries to compete with an enormous Eucalyptus .
    [Show full text]