Lactococcus Garvieae Endocarditis: First Case Report in Latin America

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Lactococcus Garvieae Endocarditis: First Case Report in Latin America Relato de Caso Endocardite por Lactococcus garvieae: Primeiro Relato de Caso da América Latina Lactococcus Garvieae Endocarditis: First Case Report in Latin America Tatiana Franco Hirakawa1,2, Fernando Augusto Alves da Costa1,2, Marcos Cairo Vilela1,2, Micheli Rigon1,2, Henry Abensur2, Maria Rita Elmor de Araújo2 FGM - Clínica Paulista de Doenças Cardiovasculares1; Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo2, São Paulo, SP - Brasil Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, Lactococcus garvieae, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, is é responsável por mastite em ruminantes e septicemia em responsible for mastitis in rodents and sepsis in fish. Although peixes. Embora seja considerado oportunista e raramente deemed opportunistic and hardly ever causing infections causar infecções em humanos, sua incidência deve estar in humans, its incidence is probably underestimated due subestimada devido à dificuldade do diagnóstico. Há to the difficulty in diagnosis. There are very few reports of pouquíssimos relatos de osteomielite, abscesso hepático e osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and peritonitis, and only nine peritonite, e apenas nove casos descritos na literatura mundial cases of endocarditis described in worldwide literature. We de endocardite. Relatamos o primeiro caso de endocardite describe the first case of Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis por Lactococcus garvieae da América Latina em paciente in Latin America, in a female patient with metallic prosthetic portadora de prótese valvar metálica, com quadro de febre heart valve who presented with daily fever, chills, Osler nodes diária, calafrios, nodos de Osler e seis hemoculturas positivas and six positive blood cultures for Lactococcus garvieae, para Lactococcus garvieae, que preenchiam os critérios de which met Duke’s criteria for the diagnosis of “definitive Duke para o diagnóstico de “endocardite infecciosa definitiva”. infective endocarditis”. Introdução seis meses, devido a uma estenose mitral severa de etiologia Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, reumática. Com histórico de febre diária há seis dias (38,5° originalmente isolado em mastites de ruminantes e responsável C), calafrios, sudorese, nódulos eritematosos nas mãos e por septicemias em peixes, é considerado oportunista e nos membros inferiores, mialgia e fraqueza, deu entrada no de baixa virulência em humanos, com raríssimos casos hospital. Como hábito alimentar, consumia diversos tipos de descritos de endocardite (nove casos na literatura mundial)1-7, peixes com frequência e referia ter ingerido um queijo branco osteomielite8, abscesso hepático9, septicemia e peritonite5. recentemente. Apesar de negar tratamento odontológico nos Entretanto, a dificuldade do diagnóstico para diferenciá-lo últimos meses, é portadora de prótese dentária e perfurou do Enterococcus pode subestimar uma incidência maior e sua gengiva com uma “espinha de peixe” cinco dias antes desvalorizar sua real importância. Neste estudo, relatamos do início dos sintomas. o primeiro caso de endocardite por Lactococcus garvieae da Na admissão, apresentava-se febril (38,2° C), com nodos América Latina e décimo caso mundial. de Osler na mão esquerda, membros inferiores e dentição com estado de conservação precário, sem outras alterações no exame físico. Exames laboratoriais evidenciaram alterações Relato de caso de provas inflamatórias, PCR = 81,9 e VHS = 47,1, sem Paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, branca, previamente leucocitose. Nenhum foco de infecção foi identificado, apesar hipertensa, diabética tipo 2, dislipidêmica e ex-tabagista, foi de exaustiva investigação diagnóstica. submetida à troca de valva mitral por prótese metálica há Hemoculturas colhidas em três sítios diferentes isolaram cocos gram-positivos, identificados como Lactococcus garvieae por meio de exame bioquímico e confirmado com estudo Palavras-chave genético. Foi novamente isolado em outras três amostras de hemoculturas, colhidas com intervalo de cinco dias. O Endocardite bacteriana, diagnóstico, Lactococcus garvieae, antibiograma demonstrou resistência apenas à clindamicina, próteses valvares cardíacas. com sensibilidade à penicilina, gentamicina, vancomicina e demais antibióticos. Correspondência: Fernando Augusto Alves da Costa • Foram realizados dois ecocardiogramas transesofágicos, Praça Amadeu Amaral, 47 cj 12A - Bela Vista - 01327-010 - São Paulo, SP porém, não se visibilizou vegetação, e a prótese mitral - Brasil apresentava-se competente. No entanto, segundo os critérios E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Artigo recebido em 05/06/10; revisado recebido em 20/08/10; aceito em modificados de Duke, a paciente recebeu o diagnóstico de 09/09/10. endocardite e foi medicada com vancomicina 1 g de 12 108 Hirakawa e cols. Endocardite por Lactococcus garvieae Relato de Caso em 12 horas durante 28 dias, devido à alergia confirmada à Tabela 1 - Critérios diagnósticos de endocardite infecciosa penicilina. Evoluiu com remissão completa dos sinais e dos sintomas, normalização dos exames laboratoriais e negativação Critérios maiores Critérios menores das hemoculturas. hemocultura positiva à Na tentativa de identificar a origem da infecção, o queijo microorganismo típico para Predisposição: condição cardíaca branco consumido pela paciente foi enviado para exame endocardite infecciosa de duas predisponente ou uso intravenoso de droga. microbiológico. Na busca por uma “porta de entrada”, hemoculturas separadas (S. viridans, S. bovis, grupo HACEK, devido à história familiar de polipose intestinal, a paciente S. aureus, Enterococcus) na foi submetida a um enema opaco. Todavia, ambos os exames ausência de um foco primário. Febre > ou = 38°C pareciam dentro da normalidade. Hemoculturas (= 2) coletadas com Fenômenos vasculares: êmbolos A paciente recebeu alta assintomática após 30 dias de intervalo maior do que 12 h, todas arteriais importantes, infartos internação, e foi encaminhada para acompanhamento as três ou a maioria de quatro ou pulmonares sépticos, aneurisma ambulatorial com cardiologista. mais hemoculturas separadas, com a micótico, hemorragia intracraniana, primeira e a última coleta com, pelo hemorragias conjuntivais, lesões menos, uma hora de intervalo. de Janeway. Discussão Uma única hemocultura positiva Fenômenos imunológicos: Lactococcus garvieae é uma das oito espécies pertencentes para Coxiella burnetii ou titulação glomerulonefrite, nodos de Osler, ao gênero Lactococcus, originalmente conhecido como o de anticorpo IgG antifase I>1:800. manchas de Roth, fator reumatóide. grupo lático do gênero Streptococcus, sendo separado deste Evidências microbiológicas: 10 em 1985, após análise genética . hemocultura positiva, mas não preenchendo os critérios maiores Formado por cocos gram-positivos, catalase negativa Evidência de envolvimento como observado previamente, ou e de crescimento anaeróbio facultativo, são bactérias endocárdico. evidência sorológica de infecção produtoras de ácido lático, que lhes atribui capacidade de ativa com organismo compatível fermentação e propriedade bactericida, sendo utilizadas com endocardite infecciosa pela indústria alimentícia para fermentação e como Ecocardiograma positivo 10 conservantes de alimentos . (ETT indicativo de EVP ou EI Hemocultura persistentemente positiva, No entanto, sabe-se que algumas espécies podem complicada). Massa cardíaca definida como recuperação de um ser patogênicas a animais e humanos, principalmente o oscilante, na valva, nas estruturas microorganismo compatível com de suporte, no caminho de jatos endocardite infecciosa de: cirurgia 10 Lactococcus garvieae e o Lactococcus Lactis . de regurgitação ou em material valvar prévia, uso de antibiótico, Considerado um patógeno zoonótico emergente, implantado; abscesso, deiscência dependência de drogas injetáveis, o Lactococcus garvieae é responsável por mastites de parcial nova da valva protética cateteres intravasculares, outras ou nova regurgitação valvar cirurgias que não cardíacas e estado ruminantes e septicemia em peixes. Peixes infectados que não (aumento ou mudança em sopro imunocomprometido 5 desenvolvem a doença podem contribuir com a disseminação . preexistente não é suficiente) É considerado patógeno raro em humanos, oportunista e de baixa virulência. Há pouquíssimos casos descritos na literatura, nos quais o Lactococcus garvieae é o agente de entrada seja o ferimento perfurante causado pela “espinha causal de endocardite1-7, osteomielite8, abscesso hepático9, de peixe”, bem como sua dentição precária. Porém, não há septicemia e peritonite5. Existem nove casos de endocardite dados que confirmem essa hipótese. relatados na literatura mundial, dos quais quatro acometem Há dificuldade na distinção com os Enterococcus, pois 1,3 2,4,5,7 próteses valvares e cinco valvas nativas . seus fenótipos são semelhantes. Outro desafio está em isolar Este é o primeiro relato de caso de endocardite causada o Lactococcus garvieae do lactis. Alguns estudos sugerem a por Lactococcus garvieae na América Latina em paciente utilização do antibiograma, caracterizando o garvieae como portadora de prótese valvar metálica em posição mitral que resistente à clindamicina, enquanto o lactis é sempre sensível; preencheu os critérios modificados de Duke para o diagnóstico hipótese sustentada nesse caso. de “endocardite definitiva” (Tabela 1). Em relação ao ecocardiograma, encontramos na literatura A patogenicidade e infectividade do Lactococcus garvieae escassos relatos de pacientes que apresentavam vegetações ainda permanecem inconclusivas. Sabe-se que os
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