Potlatch, Idaho: a Case Study of a Single-Industry Town and the Factors Which Affect Its Development
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
POTLATCH, IDAHO: A CASE STUDY OF A SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWN AND THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT ITS DEVELOPMENT By EMILY A. LOEB Bachelor of Arts in Geography, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, 1998. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Geography) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UN VERS IT Y OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2003 © Emily A. Loeb, 2003 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Geography The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date £•% Aurws\- ) Abstract Potlatch is a town reminiscent of many single-industry towns. Created by the Weyerhaeuser syndicate in 1905, the town experienced significant changes throughout the twentieth century. In 1952, Potlatch transformed from being a company town into an incorporated town in Idaho. In 1983, the town's main employer, the Potlatch Corporation, closed its mill and since that time the town has changed from a mill town to a bedroom community. For the last twenty years, Potlatchites have been adjusting to this new economy and community identity. Using ethnographic and qualitative research, this thesis shows that Potlatch has been able to survive as a community, not a timber community. By analyzing the community's history, placing the town and its development in a larger social context, and identifying the factors which influence the community's response to mill closure, we can understand why this community has been able to survive, yet not thrive, post mill closure. Five factors were determined to affect Potlatch's response to mill closure. The factors are external and internal perceptions of the town, the citizen's social roles, regional politics and behavior, the community's history, and the town's geographical context. In this analysis ethnographic research and economic, geographical, and sociological theories are synthesized to show how one town represents theories of economic and social development. This thesis is not a blue print which can be applied to other communities to better comprehend how a particular place has or will respond to social and economic change. Rather, this thesis shows that a micro lens is required to understand the effects industrial closure has on a particular town. Potlatch is used as a case study to explain why one community has been able to survive despite the fact that it appears it should fail. Using this case study, in combination with other case studies, can help theorists understand why some communities succeed and others fail after industry abandonment. In so doing, the many towns currently facing industry closure can be more prepared and understand what they need to do in order to respond in a proactive and productive way to industry restructuring and closure. ii Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Statement of Research Goals and Methodologies 8 Findings and Conclusions 14 Chapter 2: Potlatch Past, Potlatch Present 15 The Move West: Logging in the United States in the early twentieth century 16 The evolution of a community: Potlatch, Idaho a mill town 19 A community adjusting: Potlatch, Idaho after the mill closed 36 Summary 48 Chapter 3: Portraits of Potlatch at the Millennium 50 Purified identities 51 Perspectives of the past 52 The past is better understood than the present 61 Potlatch's future challenges 70 Summary 72 Chapter 4: Single-Industry Towns and Community Development 73 The parameters of single-industry towns 74 Economic geography perspectives 77 Geographical perspectives 82 Sociological perspectives 85 Putting the theories in practice 91 Summary 93 Chapter 5: Surviving, but not thriving 95 Potlatch Interpreted 96 External and internal perceptions 98 Social roles and economic development in Potlatch 102 Regional politics and behavior 106 History's influence on current actions 109 Geographical Context: a community nestled between many, ever closer, towns 114 Summary 117 iii Chapter 6: Conclusion (Conclusions Broader implications The small town versus the global economy Bibliography Appendices . Appendix 1: Consent Form Appendix 2: Interview Questions iv List of Tables Table 1: Potlatch, Idaho—a history 3 Table 2: Perceptions and Influences: factors shaping Potlatch's response to change 97 Table 3: Potlatch City and Census County Subdivision (CCD) 2000 Census Statistics 99 v List of Figures Figure 1: The Palpuse landscape 20 Figure 2: Perception versus reality 21 Figure 3: Vegetation of the Palouse 23 Figure 4: Map of the inland northwest 24 Figure 5: Potlatch mill workers 27 Figure 6: Dismantling of the Potlatch Lumber Mill 39 Figure 7: Scenic Six Historical Park 42 vi Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the willing support of the community of Potlatch, Idaho. Strangers opened their homes and their hearts to me, sharing stories and memories about living in this rural community in northern Idaho. I cannot fully express the gratitude I have for the people and their willingness to not only share their own histories, but also recommend others with whom they thought I should speak. This is a special community and this thesis would not have been possible if people had not been so willing to share it with me. I especially want to thank John Hartman who not only recommended several people with whom I later spoke, but also shared his GIS skills, made a large percentage of the maps in this thesis, and contributed several of the photographs. I greatly appreciate his time and willingness to help and take time out his busy schedule to contribute to this project. My work would not have been possible without the University Graduate Fellowship I received from the University of British Columbia. I greatly appreciate the opportunity the fellowship gave me and the freedom that came with it: the ability to conduct research in a small town in Idaho. I would also like to thank my advisor, Graeme Wynn, and my second reader, Trevor Barnes. I am grateful that Graeme was willing to take time out of his sabbatical travels in Africa, New Zealand, and England to read and comment on countless drafts of this thesis. I appreciate all that Graeme has taught me, especially how to be a better scholar. I also want to thank Trevor for his thoughtful insight and suggestions that he gave. Thank you both very much. I have learned a tremendous amount throughout this thesis process (and graduate school in general) and much of that is attributed to the attention and suggestions you have given me. I also need to extend special thanks to my friends and family for their support, encouragement, and suggestions throughout this last year. I want to especially thank my mom, sister and step- . father, all of whom helped keep me sane, were willing to talk with me at all hours of the day, and even coolly handled minor stressful breakdowns when out for dinner. Words inadequately express how much I appreciate their love, help, and support. Finally, I need to thank Lee, my sounding board, best friend, and husband. Lee, you have moved with me to Canada so I could go to graduate school, moved back with me to Idaho so I could conduct research, and have had to deal with constant discussions about Potlatch for well over two years. You have experienced every step of the way with me, have probably heard every idea I have ever thought of regarding Potlatch, and have even come up with a few of the ideas on your own. I know I could not have made it through this experience without you. I love you and thank you with all my heart. vii Chapter 1: Introduction Photograph Source: Potlatch Corporation. 1999. Images of the Past: Potlatch Corporation Historical Photographs, Year 2000 Edition. Lewiston, Idaho: Potlatch Corporation. 1 Introduction Potlatch, Idaho was an early 1900's experiment by investors in a western hinterland region. With those investors came hopes of achieving economic success through resource extraction and a desire to develop a community that offered working class people educational and social opportunities. Potlatch's current social issues are similar to those faced by many other single-industry towns: the town's history and economy have been greatly influenced by a single, dominant industry; the local economy is linked to a larger world economy and fluctuates with the successes and failures of a particular industry; the community was at the mercy of a company that had few emotional ties to the town; and, the current population contains a new transient community which intermingles with the more stable population that has been there for generations. The culmination of the investors' goals was the creation of the Potlatch Lumber Company and their company town experiment, Potlatch, Idaho, two entities which remained closely linked through most of the twentieth century. Table 1 is a brief outline of the history of the town, the Corporation, and some of the major changes that occurred within the community. It exibits that both the community and the Company experienced significant changes during the twentieth century. The relationship was dynamic; it varied in accordance to national social and economic changes that were taking place beyond this northern Idaho community.