Buffy the Vampire Slayer As a Female Hero: Questions of Violence, Beauty and “Otherness”

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Buffy the Vampire Slayer As a Female Hero: Questions of Violence, Beauty and “Otherness” Buffy the Vampire Slayer as a Female Hero: Questions of Violence, Beauty and “Otherness” The University of Tampere School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis Spring 2005 Marjut Huttunen Tampereen yliopisto, Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos, englantilainen filologia Huttunen Marjut: Buffy the Vampire Slayer as a Female Hero: Questions of Violence, Beauty and “Otherness” Pro gradu-tutkielma, s. 118 Kevät 2005 Pro graduni tavoite oli tarkastella millä tavoin Buffy, vampyyrintappaja rakentaa sukupuolta ja erityisesti tutkia tapaa jolla sarja representoi naisia ja naisten sankaruutta. Yhtenä teoreettisena lähtökohtanani käytin Judith Butlerin teoriaa sukupuolen rakentumisesta performanssina. Tämän lisäksi sovelsin Cloverin, Taskerin ja Brownin teorioita toimijanaisista kauhu- ja toimintagenreissä. Analyysiluvuissa nostin keskeisiksi kysymyksiksi väkivallan, kauneuden ja ”toiseuden”. Vahvat naiset eivät ole uusi ilmiö amerikkalaisessa populaarikulttuurissa, mutta heidän määränsä nousi dramaattisesti 1990-luvulla. Buffy, vampyyrintappaja on osa tätä ilmiötä, joka nosti toimija- naiset keskeisiin rooleihin videopeleistä elokuviin. Ilmeisesti feministien ajatukset loivat sen kulttuurisen ilmapiirin, joka teki tämän ilmiön mahdolliseksi. Toimijanaisten väkivaltaisuutta arvostellaan usein. Analyysini paljasti, että Buffyn väki- valtaisuutta rajoitetaan monin keinoin, jotta hän sopisi tyylilajinsa konventioihin ja sarjaa olisi helpompi markkinoida. Joskus Buffyn väkivalta kuitenkin ylittää rajat. Löysin Buffyn väkivallasta myös emansipoivia piirteitä, koska Buffyn väkivaltaisuus rikkoo sukupuolen performanssin sääntöjä. Mielestäni Buffy ei myöskään toista maskuliinista sankarimallia, vaikka onkin väkivaltainen, koska hänen sankarihahmossaan yhdistyvät niin maskuliiniset kuin feminiinisetkin piirteet. En näe Buffya väkivaltaisena roolimallina, vaan tulkitsen hänen fiktiivisen väkivaltansa ennemminkin fantasiana voimakkuudesta, mistä naiset voivat nauttia. Buffy representoi naisia tavalla joka vastustaa heidän luokittelemistaan avuttomiksi uhreiksi. Toinen analyysilukuni käsitteli kauneuden merkitystä sarjassa. Jotkut kriitikot ovat sitä mieltä, että Buffyn ideaaleja noudattava ulkonäkö tuhoaa Buffy, vampyyrintappajan feministiset mahdollisuudet. Buffyn ulkonäkö on epäilemättä markkinointikeino ja tapa pehmentää hänen maskuliinisia piirteitään, ja Buffyn pyrkiessä olemaan konventionaalisen feminiininen hän performoi sukupuoltaan oikein, mikä tukee sortavaa järjestelmää, joten tämä piirre lujittaa sarjan konservatiivista luentaa. Buffyn asema seksisymbolina on ongelmallinen, koska häntä objektifioidaan, mutta samalla representaatio yhtäaikaisesti seksikkäästä ja voimakkaasta naisesta voi emansipoida naiskatsojia. Buffy on aktiivinen hahmo, joten häntä on vaikea lukea pelkäksi objektiksi, mutta Buffyn imago sekoittuu Buffyn/Gellarin kuviin toisissa medioissa, kuten lehdissä, joissa Buffy/Gellar objektifioidaan melko voimakkaasti. En kuitenkaan usko, että toisten medioiden representaatiot onnistuvat tuhoamaan sarjan tarjoamaa representaatiota. ”Toiseus” esitetään sarjassa enimmäkseen negatiivisten stereotypioiden kautta. Mielestäni se, etteivät marginaaliset naiset pääse sankareiksi sarjassa rajoittaa sarjan feminististä visiota huomattavasti. Sarja onnistuu tekemään sankarin naisesta, mutta tämä sankari on keskiluokkainen, heteroseksuaali sekä valkea, ja siten hän edustaa vain etuoikeutettuja naisia, mikä osoittaa sarjan konservatiivisuuden ”toiseuden” esittämisessä. Analyysilukuni osoittavat, että Buffy sekä rikkoo että noudattaa sukupuolen performanssin sääntöjä, joten hahmo on ongelmallinen. Myös miehet performoivat sukupuoltaan sarjassa väärin, joten sarjan tapa rakentaa sukupuolta on monilta osin kuitenkin hegemonian vastainen. Buffy, vampyyrintappajassa Buffyn hahmoa sekä kontrolloidaan että valtautetaan. Mielestäni sarja kuitenkin onnistuu rakentamaan aktiivista naiseutta ja sankaruutta joka sisältää myös feminiinisiä piirteitä, ja siten tuo uusia merkityksiä sankaruuden käsitteeseen. Sarja valitsee lisäksi supersankariksi teini-ikäisen tytön, mikä on uraauurtavaa. Sarjassa on kuitenkin myös konservatiivisia piirteitä, jotka rajoittavat sen feminististä visiota. Asiasanat: Buffy, sankaruus, väkivalta, kauneus, toiseus Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Deconstructing Buffy: The Theoretical Background 9 2.1 Production of Gender: Gender as Performance 12 2.2 Feminist Popular Culture Study: From Horror to Action 17 3. Buffy Kicks Ass: The Meanings of Buffy’s Aggression and Violence 25 3.1 The Limits of Violence 27 3.2 The Vampire Slayer- A Male Hero in Drag or a Rewriting of Heroism? 33 3.3 Violence as “Incorrect” Gender Performance 37 3.4 Breaking the Limits and Defying Male Power 40 3.5 Can a Feminist Hero Be Violent? 48 4. Beauty as a Hero 54 4.1 Why Did They Choose a Cheerleader? 57 4.2 Failed Performances of Femininity 61 4.3 The Limits of Performing Femininity and Masculinity 68 4.4 Buffy as a Sex Symbol 74 5. Who Can Become a Hero? 83 5.1 Kendra Has to Die 85 5.2 A White Trash Heroine and a Villain 91 5.3 Middle-aged Women Stay Banished 93 5.4 When Will We See a Lesbian Heroine? 97 5.5 There Can Be Only One 100 6. Conclusion 106 Bibliography 113 Appendices 1 1. Introduction Joss Whedon describes how he invented the idea for Buffy the Vampire Slayer:1 I saw so many horror movies where there was that blonde girl who would always get herself killed, and I started feeling bad for her. I thought, you know, it’s time she had a chance to take back the night. The idea of Buffy came from just the very simple thought of a beautiful blonde girl walks into an alley, a monster attacks her, and she’s not only ready for him, she trounces him.2 Indeed, Buffy is not a traditional heroine, who needs men to rescue her: Buffy: What are you doing here? Angel: Not saving a damsel in distress, that’s for sure. Buffy: You know me, not much for the damseling. (“Chosen” 7.213) In this study, I will examine the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.4 I will concentrate mainly on seasons two and three, although I will refer to other seasons as well. My study is located in the feminist television study and in the feminist popular culture study, and therefore I will use feminist theories of the construction of gender and of popular culture to deconstruct Buffy. As the quote above suggests, BtVS’s starting point was a feminist one; the creator of BtVS, Joss Whedon, tells that he came up with the idea to write BtVS after seeing too many horror films in which a beautiful blonde girl is killed, and he wanted to produce a show in which the main character is a girl who can fight back.5 The series has clear feminist aspirations, and I want to analyse whether Whedon succeeds in creating feminist horror. My focus is on investigating the significance of female heroism and in what way the series represents women. Heroism has traditionally been constructed of masculine qualities and 1 USA, Fox/Warner Bros, 1997-2003, creator Joss Whedon. 2 Joss Whedon, the creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as cited in Holly Chandler, “Slaying the Patriarchy: Transfusions of the Vampire Metaphor in Buffy the Vampire Slayer” in Slayage: The Online International Journal of Buffy Studies 9 (August 2003) 1. Available on the Internet: www.slayage.tv (Retrieved 25 November 2003). 3 The first number is reference to the season and the second to the number of the episode in that season. 4 Hereafter cited as BtVS. 5 Interestingly, in the year that BtVS started, Sarah Michelle Gellar, who is the star of BtVS, acted in two horror movies: I Know What You Did Last Summer (USA, 1997) and Scream 2 (USA, 1997). In both of the films, Gellar played a beautiful blonde who is murdered. This fact tells quite a bit of the role of women in the genre of horror; most women in horror films and series are victims. However, in the role of Buffy, Gellar was able to escape the usual misogynist role of women in horror by becoming the hero of the show. 2 therefore it is interesting to study whether BtVS succeeds in creating a female hero who does not simply follow the traditional masculine model of heroes. I think that the questions of violence, beauty and “otherness” are central to the feminist potential of the show, thus I will focus on these issues in my analysis. Many critics have found violence and Buffy’s appearance as issues that are detrimental to the creation of a feminist hero, so I want to investigate whether Buffy’s violence and beauty delete her chance of becoming a feminist hero. I suspect that the solely negative readings of violence and beauty in the show are too simplistic. The critics have found violence and beauty central in their analyses of BtVS, but their interpretations are very conflicting, which convinces me that these questions need further study. I also want to examine whether the series is conservative in its representation of “otherness”. The question of “otherness” in BtVS has not been investigated widely, because it is mostly briefly mentioned in studies on BtVS, but I find this question very important to BtVS’s feminist vision, and for this reason I will use one chapter in analysing the issue. The few readings of the “otherness” in the series suggest that the show is conservative in its representation of “otherness”, and I want to find out whether this is an accurate analysis. I think that studying the representations of women important because representations affect the way in which we see gender. Women have been widely represented through negative
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