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A Review of Mineral Systems and Associated Tectonic Settings of Northern Xinjiang, NW China

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A Review of Mineral Systems and Associated Tectonic Settings of Northern Xinjiang, NW China GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 2(2) (2011) 157e185 available at www.sciencedirect.com China University of Geosciences (Beijing) GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf ORIGINAL ARTICLE A review of mineral systems and associated tectonic settings of northern Xinjiang, NW China Franco Pirajno a,b,*, Reimar Seltmann a, Yongqiang Yang c a CERCAMS (Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies), Dept. Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom b Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth WA 6004, Australia c State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China Received 5 January 2011; accepted 10 February 2011 Available online 29 April 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper we present a review of mineral systems in northern Xinjiang, NW China, focus- Mineral system; sing on the Tianshan, West and East Junggar and Altay orogenic belts, all of which are part of the greater Porphyry and epithermal Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The CAOB is a complex collage of ancient microcontinents, island deposits; arcs, oceanic plateaux and oceanic plates, which were amalgamated and accreted in Early Palaeozoic to Volcanogenic massive Early Permian times. The establishment of the CAOB collage was followed by strike-slip movements and sulphides and skarn affected by intraplate magmatism, linked to mantle plume activity, best exemplified by the 250 Ma Siber- systems; ian Traps and the 280 Ma Tarim event. In northern Xinjiang, there are numerous and economically impor- Northern Xinjiang of NW tant mineral systems. In this contribution we describe a selection of representative mineral deposits, China including subduction-related porphyry and epithermal deposits, volcanogenic massive sulphides and skarn systems. Shear zone-hosted Au lodes may have first formed as intrusion-related and subsequently re-worked during strike-slip deformation. Intraplate magmatism led to the emplacement of concentrically zoned (Alaskan-style) maficeultramafic intrusions, many of which host orthomagmatic sulphide deposits. A huge belt of pegmatites in the Altay orogen, locally hosts world-class rare metal deposits. Roll-front, * Corresponding author. Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth WA 6004, Australia. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Pirajno). 1674-9871 ª 2011, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.03.006 Production and hosting by Elsevier 158 F. Pirajno et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 2(2) (2011) 157e185 sandstone-hosted U mineralisation completes the rich mineral endowment of the northern Xinjiang terranes. ª 2011, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Autonomous Province (BGMRX, 1993). Zhou and Dean (1996) described the Phanerozoic geology of NW China and provided Xinjiang Province (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), is a series of palaeogeographic maps. Comprehensive overviews can € located in Northwest China, with its capital city in Urumqi. Xinjiang be found in Sengor and Natal’in (1996), Rui et al. (2002), Mao Province, hereinafter referred to as Xinjiang, covers over et al. (2003) and Charvet et al. (2011), whereas Xiao and Kusky 1,660,000 km2, one-sixth of China’s total territory, bordering (2009) and Xiao et al. (2009a) edited special issues devoted to Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and the geodymanic evolution and associated metallogenesis of Pakistan. The physiography of Xinjiang is dominated by three Central Asia. Other works focus on specific tectonic units (e.g. economically important basins, the Tarim, Turpan and Junggar, rich Tianshan, West Junggar, etc), referenced in the sections ahead, as in coal and hydrocarbon resources. These basins are framed by appropriate. mountain chains, with breathtaking scenery; the Altay in the north, Xinjiang comprises the following main tectonic units and e the Tianshan in the centre and the KunluneKarakorum in the south. provinces (Fig. 1): Mesozoic Cenozoic Tarim, Junggar and Tur- The Tianshan (Tian Z heaven, Shan Z mountains; with peaks pan Basins, surrounded by the Palaeozoic Tianshan, Kunlun, reaching in excess of 5000 m a.s.l., Bogdashan, and up to 7439 m Altay, West and East Junggar fold belts. These fold belts were a.s.l. in the Pobedy Peak), extends across the centre, geographically affected by tectonic deformation relating to events resulting from separating the Province into two regions, southern and northern the closure of the Palaeo- and Neo-Tethys Oceans and culminating Xinjiang, whereas the Aiden Lake depression in the Turpan Basin at in the huge accretionary orogen of the Central Asian Orogenic 154 m below sea level is the second lowest land on Earth. Belt (CAOB). The northward India-Asia collision resulted in their Apart from coal and hydrocarbons, important mineral rejuvenation and uplift, which continues today. Between the resources include deposits of chromium, gold, iron, vanadium, Tianshan and the Junggar is the Yili Block, considered a remnant copper, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, lead and zinc. Resources of a microcontinent. An alternative interpretation by Wang et al. of industrial minerals are also abundant in Xinjiang. These include (2008) suggests that the Yili block was formed by north-directed deposits of magnesite, fluorite, sulphur, kyanite, salt, kaolin, and south-directed subduction. asbestos, vermiculite, gypsum, graphite, perlite and zeolite. The NW China region encompasses terranes and tectonic units Numerous thermal springs, locally exploited for mineral waters, that are part of the CAOB (Jahn, 2004) or Altaid orogenic collage, occur in zones or belts associated with major fault structures along or Central Asian Orogenic Supercollage (Yakubchuk et al., 2005). the Altay, South Tianshan and the Kunlunshan. The presence of The CAOB, described in some detail by Windley et al. (2007), these hot springs testifies to ongoing hydrothermal activity asso- extends from the Uralides in the west to the Pacific Ocean margin ciated with the tectonic reactivation and uplift of the terranes of eastern Asia and is bounded to the north by the Siberian Craton accreted around the Tarim and the Junggar stable and rigid blocks. and to the south by the Tarim-North China cratonic blocks This tectonic reactivation is related to the collision of India with (Fig. 1). The CAOB is a complex collage of fragments of ancient Eurasia, during the past 30 million years or so. microcontinents and arc terranes, fragments of oceanic volcanic In this contribution, we describe selected mineral systems1, islands (e.g. seamounts), perhaps also volcanic plateaux, oceanic from hydrothermal to magmatic, of northern Xinjiang, using crust (ophiolites), and passive margin sequences. Windley et al. published literature and our own field observations. The label of (2007) considered that the best modern-day analogue of the northern Xinjiang, means that in this review we focus on the fold CAOB would be the Circum-Pacific island arcs and terranes. In € belts or orogens that border the northern part of Tarim Block other models, such as that proposed by Sengor and Natal’in (Tianshan) and surround the Junggar Block (Altay, west and east (1996), the CAOB would represent a 7000-km long Kip- e Junggar). We discuss models that attempt to explain the links of chak Tuva-Mongol island arc. However, the CAOB view of these systems with aspects of the geodynamic evolution of the Windley and co-workers is more consistent with the evidence and Altay and Tianshan orogenic belts, in which these mineral systems also accounts well for the mineral systems of this huge orogenic are located. collage. The amalgamation of the terranes that make up the CAOB occurred at various times in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic and was accompanied by episodes of magmatism, ranging in age from 2. General geology and tectonic settings Ordovician (ca. 450 Ma) to TriassiceCretaceous (ca. 220e120 Ma) that resulted in the emplacement of large volumes The geology of Xinjiang is described in Chinese literature by of granitoid intrusions (Jahn, 2004) and mafic volcanic rocks (e.g., Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xingjiang Uygur Zhu et al., 2005), accompanied by lesser volumes of maficeultramafic intrusions. A-type granitic and peralkaline 1 intrusions in the CAOB are common and are associated with post- A mineral system is analogous to that of a petroleum system, but owing e to the nature of ore deposits and host rocks, a mineral system is far more collisional tectonism. Nd Sr isotope studies indicate that these A- diverse and complex. A mineral system includes all geological and geo- type and peralkaline granites are juvenile and of mantle origin dynamic factors, at all scales, that control the inception, evolution and (Jahn, 2004). It is more likely that the granites of the region preservation of ore deposits, sensu lato. include arc-related syn- to post-orogenic, as well as anorogenic F. Pirajno et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 2(2) (2011) 157e185 159 Figure 1 Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region in NW China and its principal tectonic units (after Rui et al. (2002)). types, as shown in the published geological maps of Xinjiang epithermal gold
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