CENSUS OF INDIA 1991

REGIONAL DI/VISIONS OF INDIA A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

, OCCASIONAL PAPERS

SERIES -1 VOLUME-XIII TRIPURA

Planning &Supervision Dr. R. P. SINGH Assistant Registrar General (Map)

General Direction & Editing J. K. BANTHIA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General &Census Commissioner, India 2A Mansingh Road, New Delhi * Maps included in this volume are based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.

* The TelTitorial water ofIndia extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

* The inter-state boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but have yet to be verified. (For India Map only)

* Government ofIndia Copyright, 2001. FOREWORD

" Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis", of each State and Union Ten-itory Volume, 1991 is undertaken by the Map Divisions of this office. The project is in continuation of a similar 'Occasional Paper' published during the 1981 Census. In this study, regions are delineated at macro, messo, micro and sub-micro level in each state/union territory. While delineating such regions, the physio-geographic factors are taken into account. These Physio-geographic factors consist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological structure; (iii) Forest coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. The sub-micro regions are delineated within the district keeping in view the above physio-geographic factors. The regional boundaries delineated earlier at different levels are retained as such. However, the jurisdictional changes at the district level during 1981-91 were added in the respective regions. A few more tables and maps on educational level of primary and secondary schools and availability of medical facilities at the villages, have been appended in this volume.

This publicastion consists of three parts. Part I contains the brief introductory note on Regional Divisions of India alongn with a map of India showing the regional boundasries at micro level. This part is common for all the States and Union telTitories Volume. Part II deals with the description of Regional Divisions of each State and Union tenitory. In this section, there are nearly 21 maps related to different themes e.g. density, sex ratio, growth of population, workes, literacy and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. These maps are prepared at the sub-micro level. Part III is mainly devoted to presentation of data and maps of the districts. The districts are divided into sub-micro regions of the fourth order and briefanalysis of each ofthese sub-micro regions is writtren and supported by tables relating to the main demographic theme of the districts.

This project is executed under the technical supervision of Dr. R.P.Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and other officers and staff of the Map Division of this office and Directorates of Census Operations of StateslUnion tenitories. The officers and the staff associated with this project are acknowledged separately. An effort is made to publish this volume on Compact Discs also for the convenience of the users. I hope this publication will be useful for administrastors, geographers, demographers and others interested in different fields of population study.

New Delhi Dated: 30.l.2001 J.K.Banthia Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.

PREFACE

A number of attempts have been made by scholars from time to time to delineate the Natural Regions of India is this Century. The first in its kind was made by T. H. Holdich in 1904 on the basis of broad geological information. Later, during 1921-31 regionaldelineations were made mostly from the point of view ofgeological structure and stratigraphy. The traditional divisions of the country into natural divisions as envisaged by Stamp and' improved by Spate provided a base for the study of regional division. The 1951 Census data gave considerable momentum to the prograssive study of natuural of divisions as the data were interpreted in geographical context.In the subsequent Censuses, more precise maps were produced fo the study of natural divisions ofIndia with the idea provided by the Indian and Foreign geographers. De. B. K. Roy, a former Deputy Registrar General (Map) revided by the earlier frame work of natural divisions which did not have the intra district details. A map with three tiers (Macro, Meso and Micro) of regional divisions adjusted with district boundaries has been incorporated in the National volume of Census Atlas 1971 and it was welcomed· by scholars in India and aborad. Tomake the delineation more precise and get it done in a comprehensive manner, the Government ofIndia sanctioned a plan scheme on "Regional Divisions ofIndia-A cartographic Analysis". In this study, the Villages and Towns having sa'me physiogeog_raphical characteristics are grouped in order ti carve out viable regions and the lowest (Sub-micro) level within the districts. While delineating the sub-micro level regions the physiogeographical factors considered are Physiography, Geology, Soils, Forest and Climatic conditions. The sub-micro regions ofthe district will play an important role in the developmental activities within the framework of state planning. A separate volume for each State Union Territory has been brought out under this series to cater to the territorial needs. As the publication brought out during 1989 was welcomed by Scholars, Planners and Geographers in India and abroad, it was decided to modify the report by incorporating the data of 1991 Census on the existing frame of natural boundary. The preliminary work on this project was started in the carly part of 1994. Due to paucity of time and heavy work load on the map section of this Office and Registrar General's Office, priority has been given to the mapping work of 1991 Census. After completing the mapping work of 1991 Census, the attention of map section, through it is so small, was dive11ed to this project. I would like to put on record the unstinted and dedicated work done by Shri S. C. Rava, Sr.Geographar, Shri P. K. Ghosh, Sr. Drawing, Assistant, Smti S. Ckakraborty, Sr. Draftsman & Shri G. Ramchiary draftsman to complete this project. I am deeply indebted to Shri 1. K. Banthia, lAs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for this valuable guidance and help extended to me in finalising this report. I record my sincere gratitude to Smt. Minati Ghosh, DRG (Map), and Dr. R. P. Singh, ARG (Map) for all the technical guidance provided and scrutinizing the report in time. The contribution of the other officers and staff of Map division and Census Directorate who associated with this project is acknowledged separately.

Tripura (K. D. Nath) June, 2001 Director of Census Operations

CONTENTS

Foreword iii

~~e v

Technical staff of the RGI Headquarters and Directorate ,of Census Operations, Tripura. x

PART-I

Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis· General Note 3-4

Brief Characteristics of Regional Divisions 5-13

Physio-Geographic Regions of lndia-(Regional Divisions) 17-23

PART-II

Regional Divisions ofTripura 27-33

GENERAL MAPS

Position of Tripura in India 39

Administrative Divisions ofTripura, 1991 41

Relief and Drainage 43

Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 45

Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 47

Geology 49

Soils 51

Vll Distribution of Population, 1991 53

Growth of population, 1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 55

Density of population, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 57

Variation in Density of population, 1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 59

Rural Density of population, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 61

Variation in Rural Density ofpopulation,1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 63

Urban Density of population, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 65

Variation in Urban Density of population, 1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 67

Sex Ratio, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 69

Main workers, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 71

Literacy, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 73

Scheduled Castes, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 75

Scheduled Tribes, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 77

Primary School, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 79

High/Higher Secondary School (Sub-micro level) 81

Medical facilities, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 83

Medical facilities within Distance of 5 Kms, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 85

PART III

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS

1. District West Tripura Regional Divisions 89

(i) Data on Regional Divisions Table-l 93

(ii) Region-wise village codes, 1991 Table-2 94

Vlll (iii) Data. on Regional Divisions - Total (WorkersfNon-workcrs) Tablc-3 95.

(iv) Data on Regional Divisions - Rural (Workers/Non-workers) Table-4 95

(v) Data. on Regional Divisons - Urban (WorkerslNon-workers) Table-S 96

(vi) Data on Regional Divisions (Literates & SC/ST) Table-6 96

(vii) Statement on Region-wise Physio-Cultural details of West Tripura 97-99

2. District South Tripura Regional Divisions 100-102

(i) Data on Regional Divisions Table-1 106

(ii) Regi,on-wise village codes, 1991 Table-2 107

(iii) Data on Regional Divisions - Total (WorkerslNon-workers) Tab1e-3 108

(iv) Data on Regional Divisions - Rural (WorkersINon-workers) Table-4 109

(v) Data on Regional Divisions - Urban (WorkerslNon-workers) Table-5 109

(vi) Data on Regional Divisions .(Literates & SC/ST) Table-6 110

(vii) Statement on Region-wise Physio-Cultural details of South Tripura 111-114

3. District North Tripura Regional Divisions 115-116

(i) Data on Regional Divisions Table-1 119

(ii) Region-wise village codes, 1991 Table-2 120

(iii) Data on Regional Divisions - Total (WorkerslNon-workers) Table-3 120

(iv) Data on Regional Divisions - Rural (WorkerslNon-workers) Tab1e-4 121

(v) Data on Regional Divisions - Urban (WorkerslNon-workers) Table-5 121

(vi) Data on Regional Divisions (Literates & SC/ST) Tab1e-6 122

(vii) Statement on Region-wise Physio-Cultural details of North Tripura 123-125

IX TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE RGI HEADQUARTERS AND DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, TRIPURA ASSOCIATED ,\VITH THE PROJECT.

STAFF OF RGI HEADQUARTERS

Planning & Supervision Dr. R.P. Singh ASt,tt. Registrar General (Map)

Progress & Monitoring R.K. Chourajit Singh Research Officer (Map)

Computer mapping and other Pooran Singh compnterised work Senior Geographer Dinesh, D/Mun (Photo)

Cover Design Mohd. Ishaque Sr. Drawing Asst1.

Secretariat AK. Jain P.A. P.K. Ajmani P.A.

DIRECTORATE OF CEi'SUS OPERATIOi\'S, TRJPURA.

Technical Supervision of Cartographic Suresh Ch. Rava Work & Map Analysis. Sr. Geographer

Repro§"Taphic Assistance P.K. Gl:osh Sr. Drawing Assistant Smt. Subra Chakraborty. Sr. Draftsman Gobinda Ramchiury Draftsman

Secretarial Assistance Sanjibrao Bhattacharjcc, U.D.Clerk Abhijit Sarkar, Computor.

x PART -I

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA - A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

General Note

Region is a complex phenomenon, which varies according to purposes but must have homogeneous characteristics. To delineate a region in a country like India with an area of 3287,263 Knl. Extending between latitudes of 8° 4' 28" and 37° 17' 53" North and longitudes of 11 11 68° 7' 53 and 97° 241 47 East and having a great range of geographic variations is a gigantic task .In the changed secnario of planning where emphasis is being laid on grassroot level planning, the delineation of sub-micro region having village as unit, is significant. For carving out such natural regions, the following considerations, inter-alia, are to be kept in view:

i) contiguous geographical area, ii) homogenous administrative machinery capale to formulating and implementing integrated area plans, iii) reliable statistical data base, iv) existence of nodal regions and, v) amenability of the natural boundaries to marginal adjustments so that the former, by and large, conformd to administrative boundaries at given points of time.

In India district is a defined administrative unit which is planning unit also. The district boundaries do coincide with regional boundaries and have reliable statistical data base. Hence, district has been taken as a basic unit of delineation.

A number of scholars have delineated the natural regions of the country which was mainly based on physical factors. Accordingly they divided the country into traditional regions of mountains, plateaus and plains. In Census of India, A. Mitra and late P.Sengupta attempted the regionalisation of the country taking into consideration district as basic unit of data presentation but they have' not taken into consideration the intra-district variations. Hence this study was undertaken during 1981 to delineate sub-micro region in each district based on physio­ geographical characteristics. While delineating the sub-micro region, village was taken as a basic unit of demarcation. Since each sub-micro region has been clearly delineated in rural and urban constituents, the demographic characteristics and other statistical data can be generated for the post-census period also to the extent to which village-wise/town-wise data are available. The scheme was the first of its kind in the history of the Census in India and would serve as a useful framework for administrators, planners, researchers and other data users for area specific planning.

The basic work of delineation of sub-micro region at district level was undertaken during 1981 Census as a plan project and separate volume for each StatelUT was published during 1981 Census. Present study is in continuation of the 1981 project in which sub-micro regions delineated during 1981 Census and published in the respective volume were adopted in the same pattern without any change. The code structures of the sub-micro regions are also the same used in 1981 Census.

3 A detailed description of code structure is given in the Macro and Meso regional divisions of India. However, the new administrative changes during 1981-91 were added in the resp~ctive sub­ micro regions as per list given herewith :- MICRO REGION I NEWLY CREATED DISTRICTS (1981·91) 1.4.3 Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya i) Tawang 1.4.4 Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya i) Changlang 1.5.2 Manipur Hills i) UkhruI, ii) Senapati, iii) Tamenglong, iv) Churachandpur, v) Pocket of Imphal, vi) Chan del 1.5.3 Imphal Valley i) Imphal, ii) Bishnupur, iii) Thoubal, 1.5.7 Cachar Plain i) Hailakandi, ii) Karimganj 2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain i) Yamunanagar, ii) Kaithal, iii) Panipat ')_._.J ') .., Southern Haryana Plain i) Rewari 2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain i) Hardwar 2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain i) Firozabad 2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain-West i) Kanpur Dehat, ii) Kanpur Nagar 2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain-East i) Mau,ii)Siddharthanagar,iii) Maharajganj 2.6.1 North Bihar Plain i) Madhepura, ii) Araria, iii) Kishanganj 2.6.2 South Bihar Plain i) Khagaria, ii) Jehanabad 2.6.5 Proper Delta i) North 24 Parganas, ii) South 24 Parganas 2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Valley i) Kokrajhar, ii) Bongaigaon, iii) Barpeta iv) Nalbari, v) Dhubri 2.7.2. Central Brahmaputra Valley i) Sonitpur, ii) Marigaon 2.7.3 Eastern Brahmaputra Valley i) Dhemaji, ii) Tinsukia, iii) Jorhat, iv) Golaghat 3.1.3 Banas Chambal Basin i) Dhaulpur 3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands i) Sonbhadra 3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau i) Gumla, ii) Lohardaga 3.3.2 Hazaribag Plateau i) Dumka, ii) Deoghar, iii) Godda, iv) Sahibganj 3.3.4 Singbhum Plateau i) Pashchimi Singbhum, ii) Purbi Singbhum 3.7.2 Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain i) Gadchiroli 3.8.1 Eastern Plateau i) Jalna, ii) Latur 3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Plateau i) Bangalorc Rural, ii) Bangalore Urban 3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri i) Dindigul Quaid-e-Milleth. 3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands i) North Arcot-Ambedkar ii) Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 4.2.1 Maharasthra Littoral i) Sindhl}durg 4.2.2. Goa Coast i) North Goa, ii) South Goa 4.2.4 North Kerala Coast i) Kasargod, ii) Kannur 4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast i) Palakkad, ii) Thrissur 4.2.6 South Kerala Coast i) Alappuzha, ii) Pathanmthitta, iii) Kollam, iv), Thiruvananthapuram 4.3.2 Sandy Littoral i) PasuIllpon Thevar Thirmagan, ii)Kamarajar, iii) Chidambaranar 4.3.3. Coromandel Coast Chengai-Anna

4 BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS

1. THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS The Northem Mountains corresponding with the Himalayan zone facing the northern frontier of the sub-continent comprise Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, MeghaJaya and part of Assam. The Northern Mountains have been divided primarily according to the geology and forest cover. The relief and drainage however, have also played a dominant role in establishing various sub-divisions within the Himalayan zone. This macro region has been divided into 5 sub-regions (meso) and 24 divisions(micro) on the basis of above mentioned factors. These sub-regions are:

1. 1 Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. This sub-region covers the entir Jammu and Kashmir and is further divided into following three divisions (micro regions) :

1.1.1. Ladakh l.1.2. Kashmir Valley l.1.3. Jammu

In these divisions the relief presents remarkable variations. The grouping of the districts has been madc in conformity with the geological structure, elevation and forest cover. Other factors do not play significant role in delineating these divisions. However, sub-montane soil (podsolic) is dominant in the Kashmir Valley and brown hill soil is seen in the southern part of Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region is fully predominated by mountain meadow soils as well as glaciers and eternal snow. Forest is mostly alpine type in the northern regions and sub-alpine in the southern regions.

1. 2 Himachal Pl·adesh Himalaya

Himachal Pradesh State entirely falls under this sub-region. It has been further divided into the following 4 divisions:

1.2.1 Northern Himachal Pradesh 1.2.2 Trans-Himalayan Zone 1.2.3 Central Himachal Pradesh 1.2.4 Southcm Himachal Pradesh

Geologically, it is almost similar to that of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. However, this sub­ region is characterised by marked variations in the relief features, mainly on the consideration of micro-relief and little variations in soils.

1.3 Uttar Pradesh Himalaya This sub-region has been divided into three divisions, viz 1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya - North 1.3.2 Westem Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Ooons. 1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya - East

In these areas, the elevation has been taken as the main basis for classfication. Geology and forest have 5 also been taken into account. The soils are mosly of brown hill type in the sub region with marked differences in the southern Siwalik zone, locally known as "Tarai' and "Bhur" soils. The Kumaon Himalaya -North has important peaks like Nanda Devi, Kamet and Badrinath.The Ganga' and the Yamuna have their sources in this region. The westem Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons cover Dchradun, Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal disriets and have an elevation 0[900 to 1000111. The Kumaon Himalaya-East which comprises Almora and Nainital districts is marked with some nan-ow valleys on high altitudes.

1. 4 North Eastern Himalaya

This region includes 4 sub-regions extending over Sikkim, Dmjililng and 'Duar' areas of West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The Darjiling section ofthe Himalayan zone rises abruptly frOlll 'Duar' plains of West Bengal. Three high peaks namely, Siwalik Phu(3630 l11.),Sabargam(3546 m) and Phalut(3596 m) are located in this section of Himalayan zone. Similarly, the loftly range of about 5000 m with intermittent summits are the cbief characteristics of Arunachal Pradesh. Weather is damp and cold and the forests are dense. Annaul rainfall ranges between 250 and 350 cm. The drainage is in evolutionary stage and immature. This region has been divided into 4 divisions as below

1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya J .4.2. Darjiling Himalaya including 'Duars' 1.4.3. Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya 1.4.4. Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya

1.5 Eastern Hill Zone This region represents the eastern section of Himalayan zone extending over NagaI and, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, part of Assam and Meghalaya. This region is interspersed with plains especially in Silchar, North Cachar Hills and adjoining areas. Topographically it is rugged. The slopes are quite steep. Over the Tripura regions the topography has interspersed ranges and valleys. Consequently communication is difficult.

The Khasi and JaintiaHills region in Megbulaya is like a table land. Geologically, it is an eastward extension ofthe massive block of the peninsular region broken by the alluvium of Bengal basin. In its long geological history this region is said to have submerged during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times due to marine trangression which was further uplifted at the time of Himalayan orogenesis.

The region has been divided into 10 divisions as below:

1.5.1 Nagaland Hills 1.5.2 Manipur Hills 1.5.3 lmphal Valley 1.5.4 Mizo Hill Zone 1.5.5 Tripura Plain 1.5.6 Tripura Hills 1.5.7 Cachar Plain 1.5.8 Karbi Anglong & NOlih Cachar Hills 1.5.9 Eastern Meghalaya 1.5.10 Westem Meghalaya

6 2. THE GREAT PLAINS This is the most important zone in view of human concentration and is stretches from Rajasthan via Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal to the eastern section of Brahmaputra Valley. It is an enclosed vast basin of various small and large rivers separated by 'alluvial divides'. The western section comprising arid Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh is slightly higher in elevation over 150 m. than the eastern section of the plain. However, according to elevation, this plain shows three levels of relief configuration, between 0 to 75 m in the eastern section, 75 to 150 m in the Central Uttar Pradesh and 150 to 300 m in the western zone with the exception of small zone in eastern Jaisalmer district where the elevation is below 75 rn. Geologically the whole region is made of aluvium brought by rivers from the Himalayas and this is a gradational plain fonned during Pleistocene and Recent geological times. On the basis of drainage, soils and rainfall, the region has been divided into 7 sub-regions and 24 divisions:

2.1 Punjab Plain In this plain 4 divisions as listed below have been delineated ·on the basis of soils and rainfall. Soils are alluvial with variations of 'banger and 'khadar' Agriculturally, this is the most important regIOn. 2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain 2.1.2 Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh sub-montane Plain 2.1.3 Beas-Satluj Doab 2.1.4 Punjab Malwa Plain

2.2 IIaryana Plain In this region which also includes Delhi, three divisions have been delineated on the basis of topography and distribution of soils which are sandy and calcareous.

2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain 2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain 2.2.3 Southern Harayana Plain

2.3 Arid Rajasthan Plain This meso region received an average rainfall of less than 40 cm. It has been divided into four micro regions mainly on the basis of dirtribution of rainfall which are:

2.3.1 Ghaggar Plain 2.3.2 Rajasthan Bagar 2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract 2.3.4 Luni Valley

2.4 Upper Ganga Plain This is the vast stretch of the Ganga Plain where the rivers are playing inportant role in carrying out definite influence area of their own. In general, the soil is alluvial but variations have developed on the upland and the low land areas. The Upper Ganga Plain has been divided into 2 divisions, viz

2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain 2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain

7 2.5 Middle Ganga Plain This is the transitional zone between the Upper Ganga Plain and the Lower Ganga Plain and has been divided into two.divisions, viz

2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain West 2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain East

2.6 Lower Ganga Plain The Characteristics of the landscape in the Ganga Plain change adruptly in Lower Ganga Plain extending over Bihar and West Bengal due to high rainfall. It has anelevastion of below 75 111 and has been further divided into foHowing six micro regions :-

2.6.1 North Bih<¢r Plain 2.6.2 South Bihar Plain 2.6.3 Barind Tract 2.6.4 Moriband Delta 2.6.5 Proper Delta 2.6.6 Rarh Plain

2.7 Brahmaputra Vallcy The Brahmaputra Valley presents typical geographical features. In general, the valley has an elevation of below 75m. The eastern section is more undulating. Rainfall is very high and river pattem is braided in various sections of the Brahmaputra. The tributaries joining the main river Brahmaputra discharge large amount of water during the monsoon period and hence cause floods in the valley region. It is also covered with luxuriant vegetations throughout. Hence, on these basis this valley has been divided into three divisions with definite characteristics.

2.7.1 West Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.2 Central Brahmaputra VeUey 2.7.3 Eastem Brahmaputra Valley

3. THE DECCAN PLATEAU The Deccan Plateau represents the whole of South Indian tableland. From the point of view of geology, the whole region is composed of metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age. Considering drainage, elevation, forest cover, soils and rainfall, sub-divisions were delineated. In general, the elevation rises to over 1OOOm in the south while it hardly exceeds 500111 in the north. The rivers of this region have mostly reached their base level of erosion which have carved wide valleys in vario~ us regions of considerable imporatance. This regions has becn divided into 12 sub-regions and 33 divisions.

3.1 Semi-Arid Rajasthan This portion of Rajasthan is marked with intervening valleys where the soils are red, yellow and rnlxcd red-black in character. The regional characteristics ofth1S region are different fron) those of the arid zone of the Rajasthan (2.3). The annual rain fall here varies from 35 to 45 cm. Besides, the vegetation is partly developed over the hills and slopes which mostly belong to semi-arid type; while the arid plains are infested with thorny scrub and bushy vegetation. This region has further been divided into three divisions: 8 3.1.1 Aravalli Range and the Associated Uplands 3.1.2 Semi-Arid Uplands of Eastem Rajastthan 3.1.3 Banas-Chambal Basin

3.2 Uttar Pradesh Uplands

Uttar Pradesh Uplands represent well defined zone ofVindhyan System in the south. The average elevation is 500-600m and slopes towards the plain in the north. The divisions made in this meso regIon are;

3.2.1 Jhansi Uplands 3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands

Jhansi Uplands are comparatively dry while the Mizapur Uplands are wet.

3.3 Bihar-West Bengal Uplands

Bihar-West Bengal Uplands region is one of the most interesting regions for the studies in geomorphology and cultural geography. The whole region belongs to the unclassified crystalline rocks. The elevation of the Bihar Highlands known as Chotanagpur Plateau, is in the range of 300-900m which is often high above 900m at places in the form of rounded hills. Soils in this region are mainly red and yellow, and red sandy. Red and black soils are predominant in Singhbhum region. The drainage is radial. Forests are dense in palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribag areas, while it becomes sparse in Puruliya on account of degenerated soils on the uplands. On the basis of elevation and nature of topography the region has been divided into 4 divisions:

3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau 3.3.2 Hazaribag Plateau 3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands 3.3.4 Singbhum Uplands

3.4 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands

The Northem Madhya Pradesh Uplands region has been sub-divided into three divisions. In general, the elevation is between 300-600m with numerous hills which are thickly forested. The Northern Madhya Pradesh typically a ravine and derelict land zone on account of erosion by the tributaries of Chambal system. The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands ~East region represents the Vindhyas with well developed scarps. Three divisions made in this mesco region are:

3.4.1 Northern Madhya Pradesh Ravine Uplands ~West 3.4.2 Northem Madhya Pradesh Uplands-Central 3.4.3 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands ~East

3.5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau:

The Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau inherits a complex geology. In general, gneisses Vindhyans and Gondwanas are fairly represented here. Forest is deciduous and presents large varieties of Sal. Soils are primarily medium black to deep black types. The region has been sub-divided into three divisions

9 3.5.1 Sagar Plateau 3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau 3.5.3 Ratlam Plateau

3.6 Southern Madhya Pradesh Uplands:

The region in general represents black soil. Annaul rainfall varies between 200-300 cm. The whole region is densely forested in general. According to the elevation, drainage and micro-orographic characteristics the region has been divided into three divisions:

3.6.1 Nannada Region including Flanks ofVindhyas and Satpura 3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin 3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya

3.7 Northern Maharashtra

The Northern Maharashtra represents the major soil regions developed over 'Deccan Flows' . In this region average annaul rainfall ranges between 40 and 80 cm. The altitudinal characteristics are quite pronounced and hence the delineation of above regions is based on the 'Valleys and Divides' concept of orography of the region. It has been further divided into following two divisions:

3.7.1 Tapti-Puma Valley 3.7.2 Wardha -Penganga-W ainganga Plain

3.8 Maharashtra Plateau

This meso region in general, has an altitude ranging between 300 and 900 m and extends over basalts. Some high ranges like Ajanta range, Harischandra range, Mahadeo range and Balaghat range break the monotony and thus fonn a mosaic of plateau with protruded hills. Annaul rainfall in general, varies between 80 and 100cm except in the central region of Maharashtra Plateau whi ,ch generally gels less than .80 cm rai nfall. Forest cover, in general, is sparse and at places dense'which is of dry deciduous type. Consequently two divisions have been made in this region: VIZ.

3.8.1 Eastem Plateau 3.8.2 Western Plateau with Protru® Hills.

3.9. Karnataka Plateau

The Kamataka Plateau is a well defined plateau region of the Decean over the unclassified crystaline rocks. In general, the northen portion is having an elevation of about 300 m with a westward slope, while the southem portion is high (over 900m) and slopes towards the southeast. Tungabhadra river cuts it into two regions.A verage annual rainfall is around 80 em in major part of this region.Soils in the northern Karnataka are black, while in the south these are molly laterite, red sandy and red loamy, Forests are dense only in Malnad bordering sahyadri where the main elevation reaches 1000 m with heavy rainfall of 150 cm per annum. Three divisions made on the above considerations in the region are:

3.9.1 Northen Kamataka Plateau 3.9.2 Central Karnataka Plateau 3.9.3 Southern Kamataka Plateau

1 0 3.10 Tamilnadu Uplands

This region is the southern extensions of unclassified crystallilne rocks of Cambrian period and is marked with fairly wide valley of Cauvery and its tributaries. In general, the elevation is over 900 m. in the west due to southren Sahyadri and Nilgiri hills. The western and the eastern flanks get an alillual rainfall of about 80-200 cm but the central part of the uplands is almost dry. Due to comparatively high rainfall the hilly areas are forested. On the basis of elevation two divisions have been carved out which are: 3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri 3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands

3.11 Andhra Plateau

Andhra Plateau is another well-defmed plateau region over the Archaean gneissic rock of Southern India which is drained mostly by Godavari, Krishna and Penner Ii ver system. Over the western margins, the soils are mostly medium black with intrusion of deep black soils in Krishna valley. The rest ofthe region is characterised by red sandy soils. The average annual rainfall is below 80 cm,in this region. The region is covered with deciduous forests. On the basis of elevation and other considerations, the region has been divided into four divisions and identified as : 3.11.1 Godavari Depressions 3.1l.2 Telengana Plateau 3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Plain 3.11.4 Rayalaseema

3.12 Orissa Highlands:

The Orissa Highlands region is compriscd of the north-eastern extension of unclassified crystaline rocks of the Decean Plateau. Here the topography is nrgged and elevation is about 1200 m in Koraput Plateau. The Mahanadi and BraJ1mani rivers have carved out well defined valleys. Soils of the region are mostly red and sandy interspersed with red and yellow soils in some areas. The western portion of the region consists of deep valleys with spurs. In general, the soutem portion is much more dissected and higher than the northern, where the range of elevation is between 300 and 900 m. Average annual rainfall of the region is between 200 and 300 cm. The region has been divided into two well marked divisions according to elevation, Viz.,

3.12.1 Northern Orissa Highlands 3.12.2 Southern Orissa Highlands(Orissa Dandakaranya)

4. THE COASTAL PLAINS AND ISLANDS Geologically the Coastal Plains adjacent to the peninsula region are mere 'Shore Facies'ofthe decean Trap. The region has attained a definite regional approach for classification on account of coastal alluvium characteristics hemmed in between the Sahyadri and Arabian sea in the west and the Eastern ghats and Bay of Bengal in the east. The rainfall varies in the sections which is high (above 300 cm)in the Western Coastal Region and below (100 cm)in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Coastal Plain has been sub-divided into 4 (mes'o) sub-regions and 20. micro diVIsions:

4.1 Gujarat Coastal Plain This region represents almost the whole of Gujarat State. This region is composed of 'Deccan Flows'and Coastal Tertiary deposits. Gujarat Plain is drained by Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. Eastem

11 Hilly Region is comprised of Panch Mahals and the Dangs districts. Kathiwar Peninsula is partly rocky having an elevation of above 75 m. Radial drainage is the chief characteristics feature of this zone. Kachchh Peninsula solely corresponds with Kachchh district. The chief characteristics feature of the region is the sandy plain with isolated rocky hills. All these regions may typically be said as semi-arid while the Kachchh Peninsula is arid. The above mentioned four regions are as follows:

4.1.1 Gujarat Plain 4.l.2 Eastem Hilly Region 4.1.3 Kathiawar Peninsula 4.1.4 Kachchh Peninsula

4.2 Western Coastal Region

The Western Coastal Region lies just bordering the Sahyadri(the Western Ghats). The width of the region is often very narrow in Karnataka Coastal Region which 'broadens further south in Kerala. Rainfall is quite heavy over 300cm per annum. Six divisions have been demarcated in this regio.n which cover portions ofMaharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Mahe district ofPondicherry and ISouth Goa and North Goa districts Goa. The six divisions are:

4.2.1 Maharashtra Littoral 4.2.2 Goa Coast 4.2.3 Kamataka Coast 4,2.4 North Kerala Coast 4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast 4.2.6 South Kerala Coast

4.3. Eastern. Coastal Region The. Eastern Coastal Region can be distinguished from the Western Coast because the basic geographical factors of these two regions vary to great extent. The 100 cm isohyetalline separates the eastem and westem coastal areas at the district level at Kanniyakumari. The Eastern Coastal Region is wide and the soils differ appreciably within this region. The big rivers carve out broader valleys or deltas which give further help in establishing the division in the Eastem Coastal Region. The Eastern Ghats are broken as they do not run as continuous geographical barrier. The region has been divided into 8 divisions Viz.

4.3.1 Kanniyakumari Coast 4.3.2 Sandy Littoral 4.3.3 Coromandel Coast 4.3.4 Southem Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.5 Krishna Delta 4.3.6 Godavari Delta 4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta

12 4.4 The Islands

The Anclaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Llkshadwecp in the Arabian see vary between themselves in the geographical location as \VeIl as in human geography and (arm two . . mIcro regIons.

4.4.1 The Andaman and Nieobar Islands are composed of more than 300 named and unnamed islands. Out of them 33 major islands are inhabited, while the remaining islands are uninhabited. Geologically, sandstone and shales of Eocene period predominate. Due to hot and humid climate, soils are lateritic and degenerated with luxuriant growth ofvegetation cover. Coral formation is the chief characteristics of the islands and so the group of islands fonns a definite entity of a region on these considerations.

4.4.2 The Lakshadweep - These islands have developed very near to the continental shelf of the Indian coast. The total number of islands is 27 out of which 10 are inhabited and the rcmaining 17 are uninhabited.

These two present a particular geographical environmcnt, ecology and cultural zone of India.

13

,CENSUS OF INOlA 92°

36° INDIA PHYSIO-GEOGJPHIC ZONES I Bounda ry, Inlernational Boundary, Slale/Ur Bou ary, Dislnct

32° KILOMETRES - 32 ° 10050 0 100 200 300 400 500

28°

MYANMAR (BURMA)

",,0 ,v""0 (INDIA) 2(]0

8 A Y o F

8 ENG A L

ARABIAN Name of Districts STATE/ OISTR!Ci Kh Khllgll ria (BIHAR) Ki Kishangllnj (BIHAR) WANIPUR .. WahendTlIgllrh (HARYANA) I. Senapali ., Nokokch ung !NAGAl.AND) 2.Ukllrul SEA lIuzaffarpur Br~,AR) 3.Chmndel P"II.C" Pashchim Chllmparan 4. Thoubal P.W .T. Pasumpon WulhuTllmlllingll (TAMIL NA DU) 5. lmph ll l (\ Coco I~ Th evllr 6. Tllmenglong p, Pllthllnll mthitUi. • (BURMA) Pu.C Purba Champarlln 7. Bishnupur m::kr) 8.Churo.cha.ndpur So SahibgllRj (B !~ AR I Som Sama.stipu r SIKK1 W TE. Tiruyo.nnllmlll~i So.mbuvarllyo.r (TAMIL NADU) I. NorlhDlstricl ~ :~ (INDIA) T~ Tuensang • .K.H """l Khllsi Hills ~~~~~1~WA) 2. west Di st6ct W, Wokht! (NAGAI AND) 3. SoutllDislrict 4. Ea!l.Dl.stricl °/i"d,m"", Z, Zunhebolo (NAGALIND) ~ V. BarN'n I K Ka.p urlha.la. (PUNJAlll 7 Jf :" '(INDIA) ",t. \3

t;; (;7'-t- .4.4.1 MACRO R!tJONS 4.4.2 -I- " _"~ D THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS " -1-". "o D THEGREATPLAINS @ ~ ', -P !Hi DECCAN PLATEAU c· 8 ° D -- 8 ° I ~rraan 'YIl "w,",l'll "­ SRI Figures in Red co lour in the map indicate the sequence of D THECOAS'fALPLAINSANDISLANJ£ '" Regional Divisions with reference to the 1111 Indill "0. " map codes upto 3 tier LANK A Q ';. Where the boundaries of Regionllol Divisions are C{.>-terminus N.A. - Data not available. IN DIRA POINT C) with those of the stlites/UTs lind districts,the former are only shown '" N D A N o c E A N

72° EAST Of' GREENWICH 15 Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, copyright 2001. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh , Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but have yet to be verified .

PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA (REGIONAL DIVISIONS) Regions with Sub-Regions with Divisions with Code Districts State/Union Code No. Code No.(Meso) No.(Micro) Ten'itory Macro r I 2 3 4 5

1. The 1.1 Jammu & 1.1.1 Ladakh Ladakh & Kargil Jammu & Northern Kashmir Kashmir Mountains Himalaya 1.1.2 Kashmir Ananlanag (K.S), Valley Baramula(K.N)Pulwama, Jammu & Badgam, Kupwara and Kashmir Srinagar 1.2 Himachal 1.1.3 Janmm Dada, Jammu, Kathua, Janmm 8.!. Pradesh PUIlch, Rajauri and Kashmir Himalaya Udhampur 1.2.1' Nor them Chamba Himaclwl Himachal Pradesh Pradesh

1.2.2 Trans Kangra, Kulln, Una, Hamirpur lIimalayan Zone and Mandi II imachal Pradesh

1.2.3 Central Himachal Kinnaur and Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh Pradesh

1.2.4 Southern l3ilashpur, Solan, Shimla and Himachal Himachal Sim1aur Pradesh Pradesh 1.3 Uttar Pradesh 1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya- Chamoli,Pithoragarh and Uttar Himalaya North Uttarkashi Pradesh

1.3.2 Westem Kumaon Dehra Dun Garhwal and Uttar Himalaya,Siwalik Tehri Garhwal Pradesh & Doons

1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya Almora and Nainital Uttar East Pradesh

1.4 North Eastern 1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya North District, West District. Sikkim Himalaya South District and East District

1.4.2 Darjiling Himalaya Darjiling and Jalpaiguri West includilng Duars Bengal

1.4.3 Westem Arunachal Tawang, West Kameng, East Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya Kameng, Lower Subansiri Pradesh Upper Subansiri, West Siang and East Siang

1.4.4 Eastem Arunachal Dibang Valley, Lohit, Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya Changlang and Tirap Pradesh

1.5 Eastern Hill 1.5.1 Nagaland Hills Kohima, Mokokchung, Mon, Nagaland Zone Wokha. ZunhebotO,Phek and Tuensang

I 7 1.5.2 Manipur Hills Ukhrul, Senapati, Tamenglong, Manipur Pocket of Imphal Churaehandpur and Chandel

1.5.3 Imphal Valley Imphal, Bishnupur and Thoubal Manipur

1.5.4 Mizo Hill Zone Aizawl, Lunglei and Mizoram Chhimtupui

1.5.5 Tripura Plain South Tripura and Tripura West Tripura

1.5.6 Tripura Hills North Tripura Tripura

1.5.7 Caehar Plain Caehar, Hailakandi and Assam Karimganj

1.5.8 Karbi Anglong & Karbi A.nglong & North Assam North Cachar Hills Caehar Hills

1.5.9 Eastern Mcghnlaya West Khasi Hills,East Khasi Meghalaya Hills and Jaintia Hills

1.5.lO Western Meghalaya West Gara Hills and Meghaiaya East Garo Hills

2 The Great 2.1 Punjab Plain 2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Amritsar & Gurdaspur Punjab Plains Interf1uvial Plain·

2.1.2 Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh Chandigarh. Hoshiarpur and Chandidgarh Sub-Montane Plain Rupnagar U.T and Punjab

2.1.3 Beas-Salluj Doab Jalandhar and Kapurthala Punjab

2.1.4 Punjab Malwa Plain Bathinda. Firozpur. Ludhiana, Punjab Patiala. Sangrur and Faridkot

2.2 Haryana Plain 2.2.1 . Eastern Haryana Plain Ambala. Yamunanagar . Haryana Kurukshelra.Kaithal. Jind, Kamal. Rohtak. P:lIlipat and Sonipat

2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain Hisar, Sirsa and 13hiwani Haryana

2.2.3 Southern Haryana Plain Delhi, Gurgaon. Mahendragarh. Delhi U.T. and Rewari and faridabad Haryana

2.3 Arid Rajasthan 2.3.1 Ghagar Plain Ganganagar Rajasthan Plain

2.3.2 Rajasthan Bagar Churu, Jhunjhunun, Nagaur and Rajasthan Sikar

2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract Bikaner and laisalmcr Rajasthan

2.3.4 Luni Vall_>:y Barmer, Jalor. Jodhpur and Pali Rajasthan

2.4 Upper Ganga 2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Bijnor. Ghaziabad. Meerut. Uttar Pradesh Plain Plain Moradabad. Muzaffarnagar. Rampur. Saharanpur and Hardwur

1 8 2.4.2 Southern Upper Aligarh, Agra, Firozabad, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Budaun, Bulandshahr, Etah, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Khcri, Mainpuri, Mathura, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur

2.5 Middle Ganga 2.5.1 Middle Ganga Allahabad, Bahraich, Bara Ganki, Gttar Pradesh Plain Plain-West Faizabad, Fatehpur, Gonda, Hardol, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae Barcli, Sitapur, Sultlanpur and Unnao

2.5.2 Middle Ganga Azamgarh, Ballia. Mau, Uttar Pradesh Plain-East Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ghazipur

2.6 Lower Ganga 2.6.1 North Bihar Plain Paschim Champaran, Bihar Plam Purba Champaran, Darbhanga, Muzatfarpur, Puruia, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria, Kishanganj, Saran, Sitamarhi, Bcgusarai, Madhubani, Katihar, Samastipur, Vaishali, Siwan and Gopalganj

2.6.2 South Bihar Plain Bhagalpur, Gaya, Munger, Bihar Khagaria, Patna, Bhojpur, Nalanda, Jehanabad, Nawada, Rohtas and Aurangabad

2.6.3 Barind Tract Kochbihar,Maldah and West W.est Bengal Dinajpur

2.6.4 Moriband Delta Murshidabad and Nacfia West Bengal

2.6.5 Proper Delta Bardhaman, Kolkata, Hugli, West Bengal Howrah, North Twenty Four parganas and South Twenty Four Parganas

2.6.6 Rarh Plain Bankura, Birbhum and West Bengal Medinipur

2.7 Brahmaputra 2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Kokrajhar, Barpetaa, Kamrup, Assam Valley Valley Bongaigaol1 Nalbari, Goalpara and Dhubri

2.7.2 Central Brahmaputra Darrang, Sonitpur, Nagaon and Assam Valley Marigaon

2.7.3 Eastem Brahmaputra Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia, Assam ValJey Sibsagar, Dibrugarh, Iorhat and Golaghllt

3 The Deccan 3.1 Semi-Arid 3.1.1. Aravalli Range and Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Rajasthan Plateau Rajasthan The Associated Chittaurgarh(Part),Dungarpur, Uplands Jaipur,Sirohi and Udaipur

19 3.1.2 Semi-Arid Uplands Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Rajasthan of Eastern Rajasthan Jhalawar, Tonk and pocket of Chittaurgarh

3.1.3 Banas-Chambal Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Rajasthan Basin Sawai Madhopur

3.2 Uttar Pradesh 3.2.1 Jhansi-Uplands Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh Uplands Lalilpur and Jhansi

3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands Mirzapur and Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh

3.3 Bihar-West 3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau Palamu, Ranchi, Gumla and Billar Bengal Lohardaga Uplands 3.3.2 Hazaribagh Plateau Dhanbad, Hazaribag, Giridih, Bihar Dumka, Deoghar, Godda and Sahibganj

3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands Puruliya West Bengal

3.3.4 Singbhum Plateau Paschimi Singhblmm and Bihar Purbi Singbhum

3.4 Northern 3.4.1 Northern Madhya Bhind, Datia, Guna, Gwalior, Madhya Madhya Pradesh Ravine Morena and Shivpuri Pradesh Pradesh Uplands-West Uplands

3.4.2 Northern Madhya Chhatarpur, Panna and Madhya Pradesh Uplands- Tikamgarh Pradesh Central 3 .. 4.3 Northern Madhya Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh Uplands East Sidhi and Surguja Pradesh

3.5 Central 3.5.1 Sagar Plateau Damoh, Sagar and Vidisha Madhya Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Plateau 3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau Dewas, Indore, Raisen,l Madhya Bhopa and Sehore Pradesh

3.5.3 Ratlam Plateau Dhar, TIlabua, Mandsaur, Madhya Ratlam, Rajgarh, Shajapur Pradesh and Ujjain

3.6 Southern 3.6.1 Narmada Region Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Madhya Madhya including Flanks of Hoshangabad, JabalpuJ', West Pradesh Pradesh Vindhya and Satpura Nimar, East Nimar, Mandla, Uplands Narsimhapur and Seoni.

3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh, Madhya Raj Nandgaon and Raipur Pradesh

3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Bastar Madhya Dandakaranya Pradesh

20 3.7 Northern 3.7.1 Tapti Puma Valley Amravati, Akola, Buldana, Maharashtra Maharashtra Dhule and Jalgaon

3.7.2 Wardha Penganga- I3handara, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Wainganga Plain Gadchiroli, Nagpur, Wardha and Yavatrnal

3.8 Maharashtra 3.8.1 Eastern Plateau Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, Maharashtra Plateau Bid, Kolhapur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Sangli lund Solapur

3.8.2 Western Plateau Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Pune Maharashtra with protruded Hills and Satara

3.9 Karnataka 3.9.1 Northern Karnataka Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur and Karnataka Plateau Plateau Gulbarga

3.9.2 Central Kamataka Bellary,. Chikmagalur, Raichur, Karnataka Plateau Chitradurga, Dharwad, Shimoga and pocket of Tumkur

3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Karnataka Plateau Urban, Kodagu, Hassan, Kolar, Mandya,Mysore and Tumkur(Part)

3.10 Tamil Nadu 3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Coimbatore, Madurni, Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu TT'1lands Sahyadri Dindigul, Quaid-c-MilJeth and Periyar

3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands Tiruvannamalai Sambuvarayar, Tamil Nadu North Areot Ambedkar, Dham1apuri and Salem

3.11 Andhra 3.11.1 Godavari Depression Karinmagar, Khanm1am and Andhra Plateau Warangal Pradesh

3.11.2 Telangana Plateau Adilabad, Hyderabad, Medak, Andhra Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad and Pradesh Rangareddi

3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Nalgonda Andhra Plain Pradesh

3.11.4 Rayalaseema Anantapur, Chittor, Cuddapah Andhra and Kurnool Pradesh

3.12 Orissa 3.12.1 Northem Orissa Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Orissa Highlands IIighlands Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur and Sundargarh

3.12.2 Southern Orissa Phulbani, Balangir, Ganjam, Orissa Highlands(Orissa Kalahandi and Koraput Dandakaranya)

21 4 The Coastal 4.1 Gujarat 4.1.1 Gujarat Plain Ahmadabad, Bharuch, Banas Gujarat, Plains and Region Kantha, Gandhinagar, Kheda, Dadra Islands Mahesana, Sabar Kantha, & Nagar Surat, Vadodara, Valsad, Haveli U.T. Daman and Dadra & and Daman Nagar Haveli & Diu U.T.

4.1.2 Eastern Hilly Panch Mahals and The Dangs Gujarat Region

4 .. 1.3 Kathlawar Peninsula Amreli, Bhavnagar, Janmagar, Gujarat and Junagadh, Surendranagar, Daman & Rajko( and Diu Diu U.T.

4.1.4 Kachchh Peninsula Kachchh Gujarat

4.2 Western 4.2.1 Maharasthra Greater Bombay, Raigarh, Maharashtra Coastal Littoral Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Region Thane

4.2.2 Goa Coast North Goa and South Goa Goa

4.2.3 Karnataka Coast Uttar Kannada and Dakshina Kannada Karnataka

4.2.4 North Kerala Coast Kasargod, Kannur,Kozhikode, Kerala & Wayallad and Mahe Pondichhery U.T.

4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast Ernaklilam, Kottayam, ldukki, Kerala Malappmam, Palakkad and Thrisslll"

4.2.6 South Kerala Coast Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kerala Thiruvananthapuram and Kallam

4.3 Eastern 4.3.1 Kanlliyakumari Kalluiyakumari Tamil Nadu Coastal Coast Region

4.3.2 Sandy Littoral Pasaumpon Thevar Tamil Nadu Thirumagan, Ramanathapuram, Kamarajar, Chidambaranar and Tirullelveli

4.3.3 Coromandel Coast Chengai-Anna, Madras, Tamil Nadu Thanjavur, Tiruchchirappalli, and South Arcot, Pudukkottai, Pondicherry Karaikal and Pondichery V.T.

4.3.4 Southem Andhara Nellore and Prakasam Coastal Plain Andhra Pradesh

4.3.5 Krishna Deltla Guntur and Krishna Andhra Pradesh

22 4.3.6 Godavari Delta East Godavari, West Godavari Andhra und Yanam Pradesh und Pondicherry U.T.

4.3.7 Northern Andhra Srikakulam, Vizianagaram Andhra Coastal Plain and Visakhapatnam Pradesh

4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta Baleshwar, Cuttack and Puri Orissa

4.4 The Islands 4.4.1 Andaman and Andamans and Nicobars Andaman Nicobar Islands and Nicobar Islands U.T.

4.4.2 Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep U.T.

23

PART-II REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF TRIPURA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF TRIPURA

Tripura is a small hilly State situated in the North-Eastern part of the country surrounded by Bangladesh in three sides with a narrow bottle neckjoint with Assam and Mizoram in the North-Eastern side of the State. "The origin of the name 'Tripura' cannot be conclusively traced back to any recorded source of history. According to Captain Lewin, the 'origin of the name of Tipperah is doubtful.' Attempts in this regard do get invariably lost in the mist of legends and traditions. What may at least, be stated is only a variety of opinions.

A common belief is that the name Tripura has originated from Tripurasundari - the presiding deity of the land. But this is not correct. The country had been known as Tripura even before the installation of the deity which took place at the time of Maharaja Dhanyamanikya in the first half of the sixteenth century. What is more probable is that the deity took the name of the land. Apart from this traditional view there is another opinion which states that Tripura has been coined from two Tripuri words-tui and pra. In Tripuri tui means water and pra means near. It is believed that originally the land was known as Tuipra, meaning a land adjoining the waters. It is a fact that in days ofyo're the boundaries of Tripura extended upto the Bay of Bengal when its rulers held sway from the Garo hills to Arakan. It might be that the name appropriately derived its origin from its nearness to water. This Tuipra has subsequently been corrupted into Tipra and from Tipra to Tripura. It is reI event to note that even to-day the hill people pronounce the word as Tipra and not Tripoura. Of all the views on the origin of the name Tripura, the last one offered by Kailash chandra Singha appears to be quite probable and appropriate.

Until 14th October, 1949, Tripura was a princely state and then it was merged into the Union of India on the 15 th October 1949, became a part-C Tripura State since then under the direct administrative control of the Government of India. With its full heritage and culture and with the passing of this re­ organisation of states act of 1956 it become a Union Teritory ti1l21 5t January, 1972 when Tripura attained the full statehood under the North-eastern region re-organisation Act. 1971. This land locked state is virtually cut off from the rest of India and forms an isolated pocket in the geographical mouth of Bangladesh except a narrow strip of land connected by road serving as its life line. There is a rail way line also linked with Assam for about 45 Kms. upto Kumarghat under the Northern most Sub-Division of the State. . The State is situated between 22°56' Nand 24°32' N latitudes and 91°09' E and 92°21' E longitudes. Tripura is one of the seven sister states of the North Eastern India adjoining Assam and Mizoram towards north east and east. The total area of the state is l0,486 Km2 according to survey of India with a total population of 2,757,205 persons as per the 1991 census. Out of the total population 1,41,7930 are males and 13,39,275 females. Interms of percentage, the area and population of the state account for 0.32 Km2 and 0.33 respectively the total area and population of the country. It was a uni­ 5 district teritory ti1l3l ! August, 1970 and thereafter from First September 1970 the state has been divided into three districts viz, West Tripura, North Tripura and South Tripura and the districts are again sub­ divided into 11 til sub-divisions/administrative units with the defined boundaries.

On the basis of the local physical conditions like topography, relief and drainage, geology, soils, rainfall, temperature, forest coverage and its types, the entire state of Tripura is delineated into two natural sub-divisions. These regions are as follows :- 1.5.5 'Tripura Plain' covering the districts of West Tripura and South Tripura district. 1.5.6 'Tripura Hills' covering North Tripura district.

27 physiographically, the Tripura plain (1.5.5) comprIsmg west and South Tripura districts is bordered by the range of Atharamura running from the northern most end to the Southern most end of the State. This range is situated almost in the middle part of the State.

However in the middle east, this plain is extended upto Sardangmura range. The plain area of the state which is generally below 75 metres in height, often has heteragenous high and law land. The plains of the western border region are continous with the plains of Bangladesh. There are some forest -clad ridges and valleys, which consists of swampy, marshy water lakes and ponds, streams and stream lets and flat land, mostly towards the west and south. It constitutes about 40 percent area of the State. The rocks are micaceous shale, micaceous sandstone, calcareous sandstone, sandy shale, mudstone sandy clays, motled sandyclays, clayey sandstone etc. Which belong to the ages of Recent, Miocene and Pliocene (25 to 12 million years old). The slope is generally from east to 'west and in this direction most of the rivers flow except the river khowai which turns towards north and the Manugang and the Sarma-Raima towards south. A large number ofrain fed torrents flow down the slopes of the Atharamura, Baramura, Deotamura and Sardangmura ranges. There are some offshoots of the ranges namely, pitramura, Jaimura, Tulamura, Champamura etc. Which form the houndaries of sub-divisions or development blocks. Besides the folded ranges are characterised by comperssed anticlines and broad but very gently depressed synclines. This structure is manifested in the topography of the state by narrow north-south trending anticlinal ridges flanked by broad synclinal valleys. The major river systems in the Tripura plain are Khowai, Howrah, Burigang, Ranga pani, Gomati, Manu, Laogang, Muhuri, Manugang, Fenny, Sarma and Raima rivers. Most of these revirs pass through narrow valleys having rocky walls. The rivers except Muhuri, Manugang and the Fanny flowing towards north and west and these rivers ultimately discharge their water into the Meghna river of Bangladesh while the other rivers flow towards south and discharge their water into the padma river of Bangladesh. The Tripura Hill region (1.5.6) spreads over the northen and north eastern parts of the state. It is a heterogenous land scape composed of high, low and level plains. The general appearance is extreamly pictures on the eastern edge of the state. The J ampui hill range is the common natural boundary standing between the states of Tripura and Mizoram. There are three major hill ranges in the entire region and part of range. The Beltingsib peak with 939 metres height above the mean sea level is the highest peak of the Jampui hill range and situated on Tripura-Mizoram boundary in the south eastern part of north Tripura district. There are some other peaks having 760 metres high and above i.e. Jampui and Sakhan. Longtharai apd Atharamura ranges are situated in north to south direction and altnost,.parallel to each other. The height of these ranges increases towards south i.e Chitta gong Hills of Bangladesh while the general height of the all the hill ranges of Tripura increases from west to east. A large number of rivers and streams originate in the high land and flow down to all sides forming a ridical drainage pattern. Juri, Deo, Manu Dhalai and Khowai etc are the important rivers flow towards the north direction and eventually fall into the Kusiyara and the Barak river respectively. These rivers make the river basin ferfile with alluvium on both side of their course with the help of large number of tributaries. The rivers of Tripura hills make their course through the various narrow gorges with escarpment of naked rocks. During rainy season these rivers cause flood in some areas and carry large amount of sediments as they drain through the barren land formed due to extensive jhum cultivation in this alluvium area rice, jute and other variety of vegetables are grown while on the hills and hillock sides production of orange, pine-apple and bamboo is a common practice. The climate of Tripura is characterised by moderate temparature and a highly humid atmosphere. Due to its situation under south-west monsoon belt, the-rainfall is heavy and the average annual rainfall is 2493.44mm. The rainfall increases from the south-west to north east. There is a big gap in the rainfall content in south western part arround Sonamura and Udaipur which are surrounded by 2300 mm isohyets. The north-eastern part of the State gets maximum rainfall of 2600 mm. Dharmanagar town and the surroundings arc included in this area. The rainfall starts by the cnd of March and it continues upto the middle of October. The rainfall in summer months from March to May is mostly in the form of

28 thundershowers and it contributes about a quarter 01 the annual rainfall in the state. The month of June receives the maximum rainfall of 440 mrn whereas December and January are the driest months getting 11. 72 mm and 4.26 mm as minimum rainfall respectively in a year. Rain is received throughout the year with varying amount of rainfall from season to season. During the cold weather season i.e. December to February the normal rainfall ranges from 11.72 nun to 35.82 mm while in the hot weather season the heavy rainfall occurs from the month of April to September on an average 240.8 mm to 265.56 mm in the State. The heaviest rainfall occurs as 406.8 mm to 440.72 mm during the month of May to July in the year of the State. In the post-monsoon season also rain occurs on an average the State has 101 rainy days, varying from 89 days (minimum) at Sonamura to 113 days(maximum) at Dharmanagar during the year 1980-90. There are two meteorological observatories in Tripura situated at Agartala and Kailasahar. The normal annual mean temperature of the State is 25.11 0 c with the maximum 30.63 0 c and minimum of 0 19.58 0 c. The State shows that the tempcrature has increased from 25.08 c to 25.14 0 c from eastern side to western side of the State. The maximum and minimum mean monthly temperature recorded in Tripura 0 are 33.43 0 c in the month of April and 9.84 c in the month of January. The geology of the state is composed of the folded upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks alongwith a cover of subhorizontal strata ranging from uppermost upper Tertiary to Recent age. Depending on their characters and presence of fossils, the semi-consolidated to unconsolidated areno-argillaceous file has formally been subdivided into four units viz. Sunna Group, Tipam Group, Dupitila Group and Quaternaries. From the nature of grains and texture imprinated on these rocks, it inferred that originally the sediments were deposited in the sea and later converted into rocks. The sediments of surma and Tipam Group were subjected to strong compressive forces acting along east-west direction due to the late phase of tectonic movement presumably connected to the -Indo-Burmese orogeny. This resu1ted in the folding of rock layers into wave like structures known as anticlines and synclines. The geology of Tripura hills belongs to Surma groups and Baghmara fonnation (Garo hills) of Miocene age on hill ranges of the state, Tipam Group of pliocene age in the foot hill zone and till a land allulium of Recent age around river beds. In Tripura plain Surma Group and Baghmara formations of Miocene age is also found on the hills. Whereas undifferentiated pleistocene contiuental formation (i.e. old alluvium of Miocene and pleistocene age are found in the remaining areas of the state with the association of recent alluvium. Same faults or thrusts are also found especially on Tripura hills. Generally the rocks are sandstone, shales, lignite, coal, fossilewood, conglomerate, clays and concrete on hills and foot hill zone while alluvium is composed of graval, sand silt and marsh deposits and these are found in plain and river beds. The most important mineral resource of Tripura is natural gas. Other resources include glass sand, plastic clay and building stones. Occurences of limestone and lignite have also been found in a vast area but these cannot be exploited economically.

The soil of Tripura have been developed on many types of rock formations. The humid sub­ tropical climate of the State has helped high rate of chemical weathering and leading to different kinds of soils. The soil ofTripura is mainly laterite on the hills and hillocks and alluvial flood plains. The texture varies from sandy 100m to loomy sand. Clay is found on gentle slopes undulating plains interspread with low mounds and in the low lying valleys in between the hills commonly !mown as lungas where cultivation is carried out. The soils are acidic and its colour varies from dark brown to dark greyish. The soil is different in phosphate and potash contents varying from 4.5 to 5.8 value. The red and yellow soils in the high lands are defficient in organic matters and plant nutrients and devoid of humus. The soils of plain valley lands are medium to fine in texture, light grey in colour having more organic matter than the soils of high lands. The soils of plain arable lands are generally loomy with less sand while in low land i.e. narrow valleys in between high lands these are acidic and sandy loom with oarse to medium in texture. The map on soil shows that the soils of Tripura Hills are.generally Udalfs-Ochrepts and Aquepts, i.e. the high base status shallw black, brown and alluvial soils of humid regions. In Tripura plain, the soils are Aqualfs-Aquepts, Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts -Orthents in north to South direction. Like

29 Tripura Hills there are also high base status, shallow black brown red loomy, red sandy, alluvial and recently formed soils. All the soils of Tripura are having less water absorbtion capacity. The natural vegetation of a region is determined by a complex environmental factors including geology, soils, forest biD-data and forest history, methods and nature of cultivation and climate. The natural vegetation consists of trees shrubs, grasses and weeds. Due to the humid Sub-tropical climate of this region with high rainfall(2000-3000 rnm), the different species of lower and higher plants grow luxuriously and the vegetation cover is generally rich. Forest cover mostly elevated flat lands, hillocks and high hills and is practically absent in the low lands due to cultivation. Bamboo is one of the major vegetation associated densely with 'san' and 'kas' grass which are about 1.8 m high, typical of , Tar ai' of the Himalayan range. The uplands of Radhakishorepur, Kashar, Pathalia, Garji and Chandrapur R.F. are mainly occupied by Sal(Shorea robusta). The principal deciduous trees like Segun(Tectona grandis), Karai(Albizzia procera), Hargaja, Gamar(Gmelina arb ores) Jam(Euginia jambolana) and wild neem (Azadirach indica)are quite common. Bantulsi(Stcrco sphermum)is found in abundance with sanrand kas grasses. The other species of bamboo found are Rupai(Dandro-Calamus lognispathms), Parwa(B'am busa teres) Pocha (Dendro-calamus hamiltoni) and Dolu(Teinostachyum duIloa). The other dominant natural vegetation of Tripura is Chamal,(;ytocarpus chaplasha), Khemta(Chikrasia tabutaris), Awal(vitex pedumcularis), Semul(Bombax malabaricum)and Sangrass(lmperela cylindrica), Muli(melocanna bamboo-soides)and Mitunga(Bambusa tulda)bamboos grown in jhummed areas. In the alluvial tract Kul, Palm, Datepalm are quite common. Mangoes, lichies, jackfruits, black-berries also occupy a sizeable area. Besides, wild banana(Musa app.) is also vcry popular in thc hilly tracts. Other main plantations like rubber, cashcwnut and coffee etc. have been undertaken by the State Forest Department which is most successful and has a promising future.

The evergreen and deciduous types of forests are found in Tripura. The tropical semi-evergreen forests with the association of moist mixed deciduous forests are generally found in Tripura Hills while in Tripura Plain a variety of deciduous forests with the association of semi-evergreen forests are found in patches. Champion H.G. has described that the evergreen forest of Tripura is intermediate in characteristics and its geographical position is between Cachar evergreen forest and chittagong evergreen forest belts. These two categories of forests are further divided into the following groups.:

1. Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests (a) Northern Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests (i) Cachar Tropical Evergreen Forests

II. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests (a) Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests (i) Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests (ii) Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest-Dry Bamboo Brakes

(b) Northern Moist Deciduous Forests (i) Low Alluvial Savannah Woodland (ii) Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes

(c) Very Moist Sal Bearing Forests (i) East Himalayan lower Bhabar Sal

The moist mixed deciduous forests differ from the northern moist deciduous forests only due to the absence of 'Sal'. The main natural forest products of Bamboo, san and Cane etc. are commonly used as the house building materials in the state. The forest land of Tripura is also rich in wild life which included elephent, wild buffalows, tiger, different types of monkeys, deer bear, pythone, tortoise, veriety of birds including peafouls redgray and jungle fouls· and fishes. The economy of Tripura State mainly depends upon agriculture. Most of the working population are engaged in agriculture and allied or associated activities for their liveli hood. There is a dearth of cultivable land where higher growth rate of population is causing heavey pressure on land and operational holding of land is becoming smaller. The jhum cultivation is still being practised by tribals in the hilly areas which causes soil erosion and den~dation of natural vegetation. Rice is the major crop in Tripura. In high lands kharif crop is grown mainly which is fed by rain only. The 'aus' (a variely of rice) and mesta ( a veriety of coarse jute) are cultivated on high lands during kharif season. The other crops grown on high land are resamum and orhar in kharif season and mustard, rapeseeds, potato and other vegetables in 'rabi' season. In plain land 'aus' (early kharif) is grown and follow by 'aman' (late kharif) and varieties of rice. Other crops grown in the plain areas are potato, mustard, pulses, tobacco, wheat groundnut and vegetables etc.

Tripura is a land-locked state where the National Highway No.44 is the main life line on surface transprotation. The road passes from South to West and West to north- east direction. The road is Sabroom-Agartala-Assam with the length of about 335 Kms and there are many metalled roads joining this road from different places. As regards the railway line, in Tripura, the meter-gauge railway line has been extended from Dharmanagar to Kumarghat and it is nearly 44 Kms, in length from the border of the adjoining State of Assam. There is one modem Airport at Singerbil 15 Kms away from Agartala. This Airport plays an important role in communication and transport linking with the rest ofIndia.

The distribution of population is influenced by various factors such as types of soils, climate, urbanisation and other factors related to the economic development of the area. More concentration of population is found along the river valleys. The popUlation of hilly and til1a areas is very small. The population is very scanty in the southern part of Tripura Hills and also in the eastern part of Tripura plain. Most of the population concentrated in the Agartala plain area in the west and Gomati basin in the middle of the State. The State has a total population of2,757,205 persons in 1991, out of which 2335484 (84.70 per cent) and 421,721 (15.30 percent) persons are residing in rural and urban areas respectively. In the hilly areas of Tripura State, 91.25 per cent of popUlation are in the rural areas and only 8.75 per cent in the urban areas.

Religion is an important and one of the basic cultural characteristics of the population. In a secular country like India, several religious groups have thrived as indicated by the every decennial Census of 1991. The percentage of the population accounted for by there are six mojor religious viz. Hindus, Muslims, christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains in 1991 Census. Hindus are predominant in the State and constitute 86.50 per cent of the total population. This is followed by Muslims (7.13 per cent), Buddhists(4.65 per cent), Christians (1.68 per cent), Jain (0.01 per cent) and Sikhs (0.03 per cent) respectively in the State. Among the districts the proportion of Hindu population to total population is highest in West Tripura (91.83 per cent) followed by South Tripura (82.25 per cent) and North Tripura (81.06 per cent). Other religious communities are spreading over the entire State but their proportion varies from one district to another.

There are 32 scheduled castes in Tripura state as specified by presidental order invoking the provision of Articles 341 and 342 of the Indian constitution seperately for each state. According to 1991 Census total numerical strength of these scheduled castes is 451,116 persons accounting for 16.36 per cent of the total population of Tripura. The proportions of scheduled caste population living in rural and urban areas are 84.16 percent and 15.84 per cent respectively. It reveals that they are mainly confined to rural areas by residence. Like the general population, they are unevenly distributed in the State. Among the three districts, West Tripura claims for 18.56 per cent of the total scheduled caste population whereas 13.4 per cent of scheduled caste population as lowest are recorded in North Tripura. .

31 The Scheduled Tribe population in Tripura constitutcs 30.95 per ccnt of the total population in 1991-Census. This indicates that nearly one third majority of the population in the State belongs to Scheduled Tribes. There are 19 Scheduled Tribes and 17 sub tribes as specified by Presedential Notification. Among these 434,225 are males and 419,120 are females. The proportions of Scheduled Tribe population living in rural and urban areas are 98.35 per cent and 1.65 percent respectively. South Tripura district claims for 11.95 per cent of the total Scheduled Tribe population of the State,closely followed by West Tripura district with 11.82 per cent. The percentage of Scheduled Tribe in the remaining district to total Scheduled Tribe population of the State is 7.18 per cent in North Tripura district.

The average density of popUlation of the State in 1991 is 263 persons per Km2 which is higher than the national average of 257 persons per Km? The highest density of 564 persons per Km? is recorded in Sub-Micro region of Agartala plain of West Tripura district. Such high density is mainly due to highest number of urban units including the only Class I town (Agartala)the capital of the State with better means of communication system, ~ood market areas and other basic amenities available in the Agartala Plain. Agartala plain is followed by West Gomati Basin(362) and West Khowai Basin(268). The lowest density of 30 persons per Km2 is in East Khowai Basin of South Tripura district which is due to its rugged topography i.e. hilly nature forest cover poor network of transport and communication system. Maps on rural density of population by Sub-micro regions generally follow the trend of density of total population in Tripura. The highest and the lowest density figures of rural population by sub-micro region 2 are 403 and 30 persons per Km. . Among the Sub-micro regions, the highest density of 4191 persons per Km? is in Agartala plain of the West Tripura district and followed by East Gomati Basin with density of 3473 persons per Km? in South Tripura district. The two Sub-micro regions namely, Sarma-Raima Basin and East Khowai Basin are entirely rural.

A person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as literate. The literacy rates are 60.44 per cent for the state as a whole 56.08 per cent for rural areas and 83.09 per cent for urban areas. The literacy rate is 70.58 per cent for males as against 49.65 per cent for females. As expected, the literacy rate for males is found higher in urban areas.Among the districts, literacy rate is highest as 65.83 per cent in West Tripura district and the lowest of 51.35 per cent is in South Tripura district. Further among the Sub-micro regions, it is highest in Agarta1a plain (69.23 per cent) under West Tripura district and the lowest in East Khowai Basin (14.30 per·cent) under South Tripura district.·The male literacy rate is generally higher than the females in both rural and urban areas. The higher literacy rate is also found in some parts of West em and North district of the state.

In 1991 Census the proportion of total workers to total population in Tripura is 31.14 per cent, out of which 29.09 per cent are main workers and 2.05 per cent arc marginal workers. The proportion of male main workers to total male popUlation in the State is 46.99 per cent of which 17.95 per cent are cultivators ,10.30 per cent agricultural labourers, 2.36 per cent in household industry and 16.38 per cent other workers. The proportion of female main workers to total female popUlation in the State as a whole works out to 10.14 per cent, of which 3.81 per cent are cultivators, 3.10 per cent agricultural labourers, 0.46 per cent in household industry and 2.77 per cent other workers. In the Sub-micro regions, main workers are highest being 51.32 per cent in East Khowai Basin and the lowest being 26.25 per cent in West Gomati Basin. Among the workers classified by industrial categories, the highest proportion of the main workers is found in agricultural workers as cultivators combined with agricultural labourers together. This category of agricultural workers forms the main source of economy of the State.

32 In the foregoing paragraphs a brief analysis on the physio-geographic set-up with socia-cultural factors at Sub-micro regions taking the village as the lowest units into consideration, is to make eamest endeavours to understand the basic problem of a particular region so that a development policy can be formulated, keeping in the view the inter-related socio-economic conditions. Regional planning is the most important requirement of the State Govemrnent as well as national Govenunent. For this purpose, we have delineated the Sub-micro regions within the districts and somewhere with minor adjustments, as there are great variations in their physio-geographic factors from area to area. 1.5. EASTERN HILL ZONE

Micro Regions with Code No. Districrts with Code No. Sub-Micro Regions with Code No._{Fourth Tier Regiontl_ 1 2 3 1.5.5 Tnpura Plam oI West Tnpura 1.5.5.1 West Khowal Basm 1.5.5.2 Agartala Plain 1.5.5.3 West Gomati Basin 03 South Tripura 1.5.5.1 Muhuri-Manugang Basin 1.5.5.2 East Gomati Basin 1.5.5.3 Sarma-Raima Basin 1.5.5.4 East Khowai Basin 1.5.6 Tripura Hills 02 North Tripura 1.5.6.1 Juri-Dca Basin 1:5.6.2 North Manu Basin 1.5.6.3 Dhalai Basin

Macro Meso Macro Districts Sub-Micro Constituent Area in Km Population Regions with Regions Regions with Code Regions with s (1991 Ccnsus) CadeNa. with Code with code No. Code No. No. No. (Fourth Tier VIII :faw Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Regions) age ns s I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The 1.5 1.5.5 West 1.5.5.1 West 77 2 1015.99 984.47 31.52 272619 232399 40220 Northern Ellstcm Tripura Tripura Khowai Basin Mountains HIli Zone Plain 01 1.5.5.2 135 7 1502.00 1438.1E> 63.84 846660 579112 267548 Agartala plain 1.5.5.3 West 62 481.77 478.35 3.42 174582 166446 8136 Gomati Basin South 1.5.5.1 144 2 1562.98 1556.32 6.66 349564 331524 18040 Tripura Muhuri 03 Manugan Basin 1.5.5.2 East 119 2 1464.86 1457.15 7.71 367536 340763 26773 Gomati Basin 1.5.5.3 Sarmll 40 574.39 574.39 39226 39226 Raima Basin 1.5.5.4 East 19 327.75 327.75 9688 9688 Khowai Basin 1.5.6 North 1.5.6.1. Juri· 102 1602.53 1594.7{' 7.77 299968 274071 25897 Tripura Tripura Dea Basin Hills 02 1.5.6.2 North 95 2 1345.76 1322.28 23.48 254127 223320 30807 Manu Basin 1.5.6.3 Dhabi 63 604.90 602.49 2.41 143235 138935 4300 Basin

33

· CENSUS OF IND IA MAP2

TRIPURA CENSUS CODE 24 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30

1. 5.6.1 a:

o ... 1.5.5 .1 '. 02) lO1] :... NORT H"· RIPURA N '> WEST TR .PURA 1.5.6.2 I \N I A 1.5.5.2

1.5.5.2

1.5.5.1 BOUNDARIES:- INTERNATIONAL ...... , . . _._._ STATE ...... , . . .. " . ____ _ DISTRICT . :.. .., ...... _._._._ M\CRO REGION ...... __ ~SO .. ' " ...... __ MCRO " ..... , ...... __ SJB-MlCRO .. ... '" . .. . _-.._ [)STRICT CENSUS CODE 1991 . (01) ~~~:aL. ~1~~SI~.~S : : : ::: : ~_jjl5 .1 MESO ...... " . _j MICRO ...... SUB-MICRO ..•. , ..

35

GENERAL MAPS

37

MAP 3 CENSUS OF INDIAn. ___ ---l~---- 0 00' ------r--1III • ------r1IZ __ ----r-. IN I)IA OF TRIPURA IN INDIA 1991 POSITION Ibvnd"1, Sl.l,/U.T." • BoII,d,ry. t.lml,lion. , fl. c.p Cop"ol 01 Indl...... I ... KII.OMf:l'R'::l 11010' 60051.lo/U,I. 10060 0 100 200 300 100

RAJASTHAN

u " y o r' BEN GAL

A R A II I A N

SEll

12'

.,.'*' ." -. Kovar'et1l ~ .. .. . heodqvarl.rs 0 1 Ch.ndl

N A N

71' Em or CRIDI11ca

CENSUS OF INDIA 'MAP4 \ f~·j. TRIPURA . ~ '" \ '\ tJJ ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1991 r' . r'-, __ ' @ ? tJJ ."'.' I Dharmanagor; \ .J® \ ! '" KILOMETRES • \ Panlsagar \ 10 5 0 10 20 30 )KAILASAHAR..... 0 ..... "-.~_._ l=:±=1:=1--.:::i -=--1 I ", ", • t 2! (\.. ,''''''1'I ...I ",:...... '\ ' I \. l @'" . humarghal I ...... I i -'IKamaIPur'~ 0 : :../= j < r·'.' .I ( {...... :! ~ • ~·_.~Khowal j I .:..... ; I f a:: ~ " '\ 0 0 KhowQi • I :I 0 • 0 .... I Konchonpur .. I I ". \ ". 0 ,oJ'" l r'\ ...... ( Saloma I (Chhamanu)·· •• .1 i ( ()... ., Chatlengla I . MOiJOIlPlI1' l\.\ 0 \ I r :\ "\ N (\ r: :...... :- ··~'Es~ ~~IPU~A ~,. \ NORTH TRI~URA r.1 ..... : : t reltamllra '''"' \ I" /'j¢J. ::.:' Bonklmnagar 0 N \ D 1 ~ • AGARTALA I 0 (Jiron/a) \ '\. l l r A \ (SADARI .,~ ._...... I' 1'" ...... :.... ,.L •...,._ ...... f\_ , I! i ...... )\. "\ { ~ l1." to' CJ '-', _,.' , . i ( \ • \ J • r: (J Ulslln/U'" h /' \ /'- • • J ./ .' I ,.'-.... /' \ I Poschim ,,,-, V '\ \ \ I GandacMara U • I / \ \0) n \ '..... "/ I I @ .... _/... - I \ IDumblll'nogarJ " ~ oJ i UDAIPUR tAm",;,,,,, \.. Gondochhoro • 'Z '''' Me/flullllr (' @ \ @ \ , @O. \ \ • '( S ) 0 Mo/arbor! I Amarpur I ~ onomura . I ,- " _~<:lLT\.H_~RIPURA I _ _..,..J <). l \ /' I \. 1 .J--.... )... \ I '7 ( ...... , , • / I I ~: .({(()/na~ar San/vb alar " t' "\..... tt . 0 (Baga'a) I

", °t!""'@• ;Selonio ./ \I' ... 'l 1 I ., ..... \ . \ \ .~ \:_------' t, CAPIT AL OF STATE...... ¢ " \ '( I Dakshi" Kalapon/a '" DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS. .. ® .J ?","/ 0 ISalehand) ,'v' ~ SUB-DIVISION HEADQUARTERS .. @ BOUNOARIES:- ~ r C.D.lT.D. BLOCK HEADQUARTERS 0 ItHEflNATIOtlAL...... _. _. _. SQbraom,,' SJII.IE ...... _._._ \ _. 'r

OISTRICT ...... _. _ • _ '-,,' Wher~ nom~s 01 Sub-div/s/an and C.D. Block/T D. Block SUB-OIVISION ...... ______~ dtffer from /I,. Sub-division and C.D. Block/T.D. Block C.D.BLOCK ...... headquarters the former orc glven wilhin brackets.

41

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 5

TRIPURA RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30

o

River...... ~ < ALTITUDE IN METRES

eOUNDARIES:- . INTERNATIONAL. ..••• _._._ STATE .••••••.••••.•••.••• _._._

CONTOURS ARE APPROXIMATE

43

TRIPURA o TIft-no-i...... "(I r~ . o NORMAL MONctl ."..,cH ..... CJlri THLY ~ AND~Cf) RAINFALL ANNUAL

KILOMETRES o 10 2 0 3 0

MEAN MONT '" 600 ~ ., HLY RAINFALL

~ BDUNDARIES; ­ INTERNATIONAL . u .. ~ ~~::: _e_._ ~ ::1 .lIh. i ":ulUllt._ J FM A N JJ ASON (MONTHS! 0 STATE AVERAGE

,45

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 7

TRIPURA ffliOil;:a l:flftiCfi ~ cHMCfl ~Iqql~ NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30

~

c:r ~~~ , a:: . .~. .I Jo-"- 0 ""(35 • ~ ~ ~

--./ <®i - \ n - If @ • ,: A

b . NORMAL ANNUAL TEMPERATURE v IN DEGREE CELSIUS

-...J MEAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 35

Maximum

BOUNDARIES:-

Minimum

o J F M A M J J A SON 0 (MONTHS) @ LOCATION OF THE MElEOROLOGICAL STATION ST ATE AVERAGE

47

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 8 \ TRIPURA GEOLOGY en

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30 ~ t\..

4(

ex:

0

N

~ -A ~ ".

GEOLOGY

QUATERNARY FORMATION PLEISTOCENE -RECENT

DUPITILA GROUP PLEISTOCENE

TIPAM GROUP PLIOCENE BOUNDARIES:- BOKABIL FORMATION INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ MIOCENE SURMA GROUP STATE ...... _._.• _ OISTRICT ...... _._ ._ BHUBAN FORMA nON MIOCENE SURMA GROUP F--f FAULTS/THRUSTS

49

·C_ENSUS OF INDIA .MAP 9. \ TRIPURA SOILS

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30

IX

o

N

LEGEND SUS.ORDER ASSOCIATIONS §&1 AQUALFS. AQU~PTS 18 fSS3 USTALFS - OCHREPTS -ORTHENTI UOALFS - OCHREPTS H~ ft1ill UOALFS • OCHREPTS -AQUEPTS 85 0 OCHREPTS - AQUEPTS -FLUYEHTS

APPROXIMATE TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE AQUALFS High base status slols (Hydromorphlc) AQUEPTS Brown soils (Hydromorphicl USTALFS - High base status- red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soDs BOUNDARIES:- i OCHREPTS - Shallow black, ~rown and alluvial sons '. of northern-region .ORTHENTS - .Recently formed soils DISTRICT ...... _ • _ ._ UDALFS - High base status soils of humid regions

FLUVEKlS - Alluvial soils (Recenl alluvium) SOrJrC~: SoDs of Indial PubPshed by National BrJrearJ of Soil SurVl!Y . and Land U~e Planning (J.C.A.RJ, NafPlir

51

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 10

:e TRIPURA DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1991

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 '20 30

~

' " I . . "I( ·f ·. " } ... · a: " '. t . ' ...... '\ .' , . 0 ,I . . "> N :;3 . .~ f -A ! l .~ • • ; \J K

R/VER ...... ~

<:) URBAN POPULATION BY SIZE CLASS OF TOWNS

~ 100000 8. ABOVE (CLASS - I) -...4 ~

20000 - 49999 ~ ~ • (CLASS - II.Il

10000 - 19999 (CLASS - IYl 80UNOARIES:- ~ INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ 5000' -..$999 STATE ...... _._.• _ • ~ (CLASS - V} DISTRICT ...... _ • _ ,_ 5000 &. BELOW ,!CLASS - VH Each dot represents 1000 rural population

53

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 11'

TRIPURA GROWTH OF POPULATION .(SUB-MICRO LE VEL) 1981-91

10 5 0 KILOMETRES 10 20

POPULATION GROWTH IN PERCENT II 37,01 t ABOVE ~ 32.01 - 37.00

§ 27.01 - 32.00

~ 27.00!. BELOW

55

TRIPURA DENSITY OF POP .(SUB-MICRO LUELATION 1991' VEL).

10 5 0 KILOMETRES 10 20 30

NUMBE'Rml=M OF PERSONS PER Km2

!EJE :350 8. ABOVE

m 250 - 349

~ 150 - 249

·149·T &,' - - . EJ . . ,. BELOW

57

. 0

. N

A ~ a

H ~ 2! ~

l1li( ~ VARIATION IN POPULA TION DENSITY OF -..I ~ PER .K m 2 ·1981-91

~ 35.01 & ABOVE C, . . • 30.01 - 35.00

25.?, - 30.00 BOUNDARIES'­ ~ INTERNATIONAL STATE ...... -. DISTRICT ...... _._-.- 1~lll] 25.0~ & BE LOW Sua.MlcR ..O ...... LEVEL •• ...... ·- • -._.• - ...... '" ......

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 14

\. :E )'~~ 0( TRIPURA .~ , " en 'RURAL DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991 r' . s ~.".~' 1 en SUB-MICRO LEVEL) .,a.:t==: -,I KILOMETRES '"- J "" 10 5 0 10 20 30 . '.' ~~ , "J'.: .; ' .~._",.-- i- , ". ,'" ::E ,."A ~r~'r~ .1\ P.[o2)~ " J ~j I"~ i t -c ~.~'''- (:. 1.~.6:1:=:::} IX ~ i rill' i 1.5.6.3 ! j • .-!-·~.s \ f \ '.. ~ l 0 • [01) '" !l. .

~.~: .':.! I 1. 55.t \,~ ~"'r' '. 5 6 2i'. .., i", N "'-I .~ :. ! '~'\ 1\ 1...... __:.... • ,.3 , , ., f: ! 11"_ fl' I ~ N ,) D' .~~ I~ , r~ A I!~} .:'l.!L i, \ : i ~ ~ - . '" ( '1.~:~.4. r-! i 1,,\?, -,111: ~'I 1.5.5.2 I~:0.:., •••t ,'.....:., \ _ _,• •~J, __ f1~',~... '. i .... ,' \''r.;j \I \ ' '03]'" u • ~ 1 e. n ~ 8:' '" .' ...... y 1.5.5.3 " OJ) ;,. '.. ~ = ~\553l ," .,1r r~/) ~ 4. :~, t'" 17' ...... ". ,.'I' ~ NUMBER OF, PERSONS PER Km2 ~). ,i'-..- 5' {I 0 375 & ABOVE i=;'.~? 1 ,5.1 .. ~\

co \ l.~ ~\ ~ 300 - 374 \'\ ~ ~ \-;;.1 oq' ~ 225- 299 BOUNDARIES:- .~,\ INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ " ,,' STATE ...... _._._ -._."" ., ...r 150- ~24 DISTRICT ...... _ • - • - V SUB-MICRO LEVEL ...... ;..... co 149 8. BELOW

61

.CENSUS OF INDIA . MAP 15

TRIPURA VARIATION IN RURAL DENSITY OF' POPULATION 1981-.91 (SUB-MICRO LEVEL) c:.

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30

) N .} h -A

VARIATION IN DENSITY OF . """ POPULATION PER Km2, 1981-91

\. 0 40.01 &. ABOVE "\ 'I, •[II 30.01 - 40.00 i. .q. ...'!o.. BOUNDARIES:- .~ \ ~ 1. ,.. 20.01 - 30.00 INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ • '7. ~ STATE ...... _._._, ,_...... -:_1. r DISTRICT ...••.••••.•••.••• _. _._ V' , 20.00 8. BELOW SUB-MICRO LEVEL ...... ~

63

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 16

TRIPURA URBAN DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991 (SUB-MICRO LEVEL) ~ ) KILOMETRES -' 10 5 0 10 20 30 ~ ._ !Ioo.~..... ":.. :I

E] ENTIREL Y RURAL

65

CENSUS OF INDIA , MAP 17 TRIPURA VARIATION IN URBAN DENSITY OF"POPULATION 1981-91 . ~ (SUB.MICRO LEVEL)

KILOMETRES ~ Ie 5 0 Ie 20 ~Ci ~

'0:

o

N

~ VARIATION IN DENSITY OF POPULATION PER Km 2 1981-91 II 40.01 & ABOVE

~ 30.01 - 40.00

9 20.01 - 30.00 BOUNDARIES:- INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ STATE ...... _._._ ~ 20.00 8. BELOW DISTRICT ...... _. _._ SUB-MICRO LEVEL...... [I~J ENTIRELY RURAL

67

MAP 18

TRIPURA SEX RATIO 1991 (SUB.MICRO LEVEL)

KLOMETRES 30 10 5 0 10 20

R OF FEMALES ~ NUMBE MALES PER 1000 .

-..I g 955 8. ABOYE

III 9!:?O - 95~

~ 945 - 949

B·940 - 944'

t=:=:=d 939 8. BELOW

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 19

, :i .~i I~f-~~ '" TRIPURA ~LI-lf ~-f-~l en MAIN WORKERS 1991 "-r-r- . (SUB-MICRO LEVEL) ~~:r. ~ en 0L~'~'J I' "1 KILOMETRES ~ ""J 1 "" t . ./;Y: ~ 10 5 0 10 20 30 J ./,:1 "".~.-.- ~ .~. 0 " " ~.~ • ::E ;!.\ " --,~ I~ ~[02JE: j ,- 0 r-r- 1 '.~~~~7t,·tt+++++++\ f~~~o) .~~, ~ f ~

r~~o, r.0 i : / 1.5,6.1- ~ ~ .-f-H-:.-i.'_''''.j. . . J 7":. t a: .~ l ···.1 /-1.5.6.3 :~~'~'~~:L±±jj±tjj3 iJ.-I-~~ ~ i ' :~ :)': I) 0 ".. ':-1 f... + I- i '. ,/;: :'-H-+-t-H-H- 0, [Q1) "':~--f-- 1.5.5.11-~' '. J"'. , I • • 'J', I·) .... (.•..:,:H-H-t-++++--i--H-f. !'i'~ \Z ,-;~. -..J \ . '!o:... ~'.~r\~tr,-7{.. . /t !R ~D£r)~~~' ~',H: ('> - A' i I '~N )~ ~I l'fsti Z1i7 -k I~:-f--f--( I~""O T :TT " ~.~~ ~;I: :-f-,...... ,~ a C.T, 1.5.5.2 );..'.:) ...... -=;:!'(.~< J1Jir\_4 .. H ~ ':-I-~~ .~ r. :\.·(..···~W~f. \.~o. ,J ; '~" z/ : t::·i;,,:;J*:1~· ~ t-: I- {031 :. 'I)\( 1 t\ \~"" ...... "( 1.5.5.3 • ~ 0' "'j' 1 ~ ~-1.5.5.3-( . ....~ ~ ( ) 1.5.5.2 ;..i 0, \ .'. )~1 .~~ <) ~ j-::-:-:-:' ...... '. ~ :~r .' J 4 \-..1.1 r ·... :.. _1 \-:~ or. .~- :: i ,- s'~~ 1.5.5.1 ~":-"'i -..J PERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS 0-' t; \ TO TOTAL POPULATION l.iIt \. £Xl !=\1- -i II II 32.01 ~ ABOVE -"'-f-"~ \ a \ti~ ~. ~ ~ 30.01 - 32.00 .~ I ." ~ ~ BOUNDARIES:- ~,,} '"" INTERNATIONAL...... _._._ • ;)1" m 28.01 - 30.00 STATE ...... _._.• _ \ -. •,...... r DISTRICT ...... ,... _._._ V 28.00 BELOW SUlI-MICRQ LEVEL·...... " ..... § ~

71

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 20 \ f ~J. TRIPURA \\ ~< ~. ,LITERA CY 1991, • I¥~ \ Cb r~~~t'f- ij? (SUB-MIC RO LEVEL) .1'. '~-4-r-j~t- (I " ..._. r-r::' ¥ V •1 KILOMET RES ~ • .1-. r-:: v c:J _._ 10 5 0 10 20 30 Jl- 1-: ,,~

f\ ty~'!'4~' l' i~ \00 ~ ~ Ai""!: ',. /- ... <- ~ '"\ tt'", .1( ~',~. l!f\¥) ;1-~4- (o2di,( ') V kL:. D1>! " v v[) Ii'~• ~''_ • ./(,o}1 :k"K~"! J/ Vl'-~r ') I); : 11 ~;/'I) I) 1.1 11 • .~'~v C ~ I>i~' ,v ~56J v~ ~. ~ J( V Vi' v" oj ~.,6.3S\ -! v IA-v v f 'k VN; II :jl( tt~~: ,..?y t o , !} ' v v ~ ~ ~" Nhi; 1I 'D- ·Wl~-il ~. Pt~'.~) j ~' 1.1 Vi' ) - -~', !- t· ~ - 'P.Kr>~ 1)'-_' - -\ -,:. v v ~ A 5.• ~)l '"'-..., ..<.:)\p~L 1.5"54 - -I 1'.~ v ~I ~ 'S'"::'!'. ___~(.,.-. • _ _ _"'" -'"v 11· _ ~;,-,../ \ ,,~ ~,." :_ _.=:...: .._r:-: .....'wI'_l7'~ ." lJ.' i-:_ __ (03)- _ -i'_- _ _c - ..... lj '. ;';j

~ PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES . TO TOTAL POPULATION (EXCLUDING AGE GROUP 0-6)

...,J ~ 65.01 8. ABOVE

~ 60.01 - 65.00

m3 55.01 - 60.00 BOUNDARIES:­ INTERNATIONAL STATE ...... _._.- F j 50.01 - 55.00 . DISTRI ~·T·.':::::."::::"::::.". _. ---. - SUB-MICRO LEVEL ...... _. - .- t j 50.00 8. BELOW,

73

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 21

\ ~ TRIPURA f~'~ ~ " 0- "\ £\_-_:_\ en SCHEDULED CASTES 1991 (SUB-MICRO LEVEL) ~~~.""..::--- --, en . .- - - .." ·0· oJ :.- -- -) 4. KILOMETRES ~ ::-.·- - - \ .. 10 5 0 10 20 30 - - _. J 1 - - ~.",\,,,,,- ., --- _.'. :I [02J :-_- _-_ -_-~ < .-- .1.5.6.1- i '1< • ----1 cz: ~ . .~ 1.5.6.3 ~ .A·~.l :-_-----_-.t. o . • .- - - - -/ c '. IX·. ~. 1.5.5,1 -_-_---_j t [01J<":: ~'< '. 1.5.6.2 ', .. ___ ~ N ,_:,.\\< ;r' -:: - _ -i \.. '.- - -,..~ '1 ~: ' - i.. I ';:~N -D ·_"·~'1\···..J: I :-:-- _ r1 A -..\ ~ . .; . i I ~-_-j ~ • 5.2 '. .. -1.5.5.4-,.. .l' .\-f~' CJ ~o 1.2. ....~.'.r ft~····. lOJJJ. ;~'Ilh,-rl··\ i·",.l' v I ,", , '. ,.~~' : 1.5.5.3 0 ~ '" •

(1.5,5.3 ~~ . [~«- 1.5.5.2 ~~. .'#-1 .~ . ,..• .') <) ." ...... '. ...• ,- • _.,0" ..... 1

PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED CASTES 1"0",,\ o· '\ TO TOTAL POPULATION' f ~.l ! r :~ 20.01 8. ABOVE 'a:1 \ >0 r;. II ~ 0, 15.01 - 20.00 ~t ';j' ~ . BOUNDARIES:- (~ .;! ~ m 10.01 _ 15.00 ~;:;:.~~~~~~.~:::::: =~~.:= ,_ 0 ~ DISTRICT ...... _. _._ ,. [- ~ 10.00 8. BELOW SUB-MICRO LEVEL'., ...... ~

75

CENSUS OF INDIA

TRIPURA SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991 (SUB.MICRO LEVEL)

10 5 0 KILOMETRES 10 20 '30

BOUNDARIES'-

77

CENSUS 9F INDIA M~P23

MAP 24 ,

HIGH !~~~ ~E~!DARY SCHOOL 1991 (SUB.MICRO LEVEL)

KILOMETRES 10 5 0 10 20 30 t t\

81

CENSUS OF INDIA

TRIPURA MEDICAL FACILITIES 1991 (SUB-MICRO LEVEL)

10 5 0 KILOMETRES 10 20

~ 50.01 - 60.00

BOUNDARIES:­ ~ 40.01 - 50.00 INTERNATIONAL STATE...... •..... _._.- DISTRICT •.•••••••.•••• _._. § a40.00 I BELOW SUB - MICR·O··~EV·~·~·:~...... - ...... = . ,

83

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 26

\ :E • ~ TRIPURA ~~ ..c . tt:~ l~\ ell MEDICAL FACILITIES 1991 " #~r=-, (SUB.MICRO LEVEL) ~~~'r"" 1 (f.;J : ) KILOMETRES • 10 5 0 10 20 30 \: \"o'r\'--.- 0 . ::\ :E A '. • ,021: ( cC • f Ii-!'! .~ JO ( .~ a: ~. ·7··- 0 i "" .1.. , 1 5 6 3 t- f. ':-=1= 1.5.6.i;1 1= f- ~._ ~.l I '" .,t. 0 ~t .:- '1.5.5.1:!=~. e 0 \ (• lG1Jt··... 1"1 r1.506 ' ) N .... j ~ \\ ."J" ~. D.-.,,~ .:, ':~N J I J A \ I . 1-1-' !±r~. ""-=--"3.= ~ 1.5 111\ :I=t--I-! • .5.5.2 t __L J 11 ~ l'=I=~" CJ ~·I : ~ .. :"'" ...., \ · .. ~i' ; 0\ \ .~._ .\1 rr~·.\fF '; z [03j 'f' . , H \t .. :i" 1.5.5 ,3 ., ~ .~ ,.! -7. . «, = ,.. 1.5,5:a 1.5:~,.L?---- ..,., \. (o~,ml~:~. ~"~"~i'"'-~f-~'.~" ~ ... ~~~ :,_,~01J <)

OC ,' '" ~~ !~~ o I <' , .::=:~ 'El PERCENTAGE OF VILLAGES HAV.ING f- 5 ~1-:-. ._t·~ ~t--I-1.5 ..1 "

85

PART - III REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS

87

DISTRICT WEST TRIPURA REGIONAL DIVISIONS

The district lies approximately between 23°16A and 24°15' North latitude and 91 °09' and 91 °52' East lomgitudes. West Tripura district is bounded by Bangladesh in the north and west, by the North Tripura in the east and by South Tripura in the south.

Physiographically, the district is characterised by rugged, terrain and undulating but with small hillock features. In the south eastern part of the district, the Atharamura and Baramura hills ranges are stretching with gentle slopes towards the plains of Bangladesh. There are five main rivers Viz., KllOwai, Howrah, Burigang, Rangapani and Gomati. The river Gomati is the principal river formed by the confluence of two revulates as Raima and Sarma. The Raima river originated from the longtharai hill range and the Salma from the Atharamura hill range as well. Both the Howrah and Burigang rised in Baramura range. All the rivers flow towards west which ultimately enter into Bangladesh.

The climate is of moderate temparature and excessive humidity. The rainfall is heavy and the average annual rainfall is 2487 mm. The months of JUI1e and July receive the maximum rainfall whereas December and January are the driest and coldest months getting 3.4 mm. and 12.7 mm. rainfall respectively in a year.

The district West Tripura is a part ofTripura Plain(1.S.S). As per 1991 Census, it covers an area of 2999.76 K.m 2 of which 2900.98 Km 2 are rural and 98.78 Km 2 urban with a total population of 1293861 of which 977,957 persons arc in rural and 315,904 in urban. Out o[the total population, 665,576 are males amI 628,285 arc females and further 240,201 persons are Scheduled Castes and 2 325,845 are Scheduled Tribes respectively. It has the density of population of 431 persons per K.l1l • The district consists of six development blocks, namely Khowai,Teliamura,.Mohanpur, Jirania, Bishalgarh and Melaghar under the three sub-divisions Viz.,Khowai, Sadar and Sonamura. Agartala is the district Headqum1ers as well as State capital ofTripura. The district on the whole is sub-divided into the following three sub-micro regions on the basis of geology, soils, topography, climate and natural vegetation.

1.5.5.1 West Khowai Basin

This region is extended over the extreme north-eastern part of West Tripura district and it covers 2 77 revenue villages and two towns under the KllOwai Sub-division with an area of 1015.99 Km • The region is inhabited by 272,619 persons of which 232,399 persons reside in rural area and 40,220 persons in urban area. The proportions of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes arc 40.19 per cent 2 and 19.17 per cent respectively. The density of population is 268 persons per Km • The rate ofliteracy is 63.27 per cent while main workers account for 29.15 per cent.The geological structure of this region mainly consist of Baramura and Atharamua hills ranges of Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and quarternary formation. The soils are of Aqualfs-Aquepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts types. Topographically the region is plain in the middle p011ion along the river Khowai while it is hilly in the eastem and westem sides. The region gets abundent rainfall. As regards the natural vegetation the moist mixed deciduous and tropical semi-ever green forests are growing. The National Highway No.44 is passing through this region.

89 1.5.5.2 Agartala Plain

The region lies in the north-westem part of the West Tripura district. It comprises 135 revenue villages and 7 towns under the Sadar Sub-division with an area of 1502.00 Km2.The region is inhabited by 846,660 persons of which 579,112 persons reside in rural areas and 267,548 persons in urban areas. The proportions of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes to the total population are 23.20 per cent and 17.49 per cent respectively. The density of population is 564 persons per Km2 which is the highest density among the sub-micro regions of the State. This region has recorded sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males in the 1991 Census. The rate of literacy is 69.23 per cent of the total popUlation while main workers share 29.45 per cent. Geologically, it is coming under the Bokabil, Tipam,Dupitila and Quarlemary formatiorfwhile soils are grouped as Aqualfs-Aquepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts. The soils are high base status in humid regions. The region is generally plain except in the Baramura range situated in the east em longitude. The river Howrah and Burigang .are flowing through this region. The region is humid and receives heavy rainfall. The forests are mainly moist mixed deciduous type found on the hill ranges and undulating land. The communication system in this region is well developed being connected by air and roadways with other regions.

1.5.5.3 West Gomati Basin

The region lies in the extreme west-south comer of the district, and it falls entirely under the Sonamura Sub-division which includes 62 revenue villages and 1 town with an area of 481.77 Km2. The region is inhabited by 174,582 persons of which 166,446 persons reside in rural area predominantly agrarians and 8,136 persons in urban area. The Scheduled castes share 22.83 per cent of total popUlation 2 while 11.36 per cent are for the Scheduled Tribes. The density of population is 362 persons per Km • The rate of literacy is 52.59 per cent. The region has recorded 26.25 per cent of the main workers to total population. The geological structure of this region is fOllned of Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and Quaternary formations. The soils are Udalsfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts in north and Ustalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents in South. The average annual rainfall is 2296.5 mm. The river Gomati is a major river of Tripura, Dows in the east-west direction through a vast area of plain land. The forests are of moist mixed, moist deciduous and tropical semi-evergreen types. This region is will connected by surface roadways with other regions.

90 CENSUS OF INDIA . MAP 27

TRIPURA DISTRICT WEST TRIPURA CENSUS CODE 01 REQIONAL DIVISIONS

KLOMETRES ~I::=c~0c==='c=~~c=~"I I I I ,

1.5.5.1 WEST KHOWAI BASIN 1.5.5.2 AGARTALA PLAIN 1.11.5.3 WEST GOMA TI BASIN

o

'.ft_'_"""g ... } JIIANA DEli. BLOCK 2. KlHlywpur 3. Lank...... ,.. }- MOHANPUR DEV. BLOCK . 4. fndr",,_ (Peri, ,. Ramnall« IP ... n I . eli"'" .... } &lSHALGARH DEV. BLOCK 7. An""dan_

GEOLOGY SOILS t< ... 11 o Km. .. <> II ICM.

()

80UNDARY. lNTERNATIONAL . .. . " ...... -.-.~ DISTRICT .... . ' ...... SU8-DIVISION I DEVELOPMENT BLOCK . ---/---- VILLAGE HAVING 15000 AND ABOVE POPULATION WITH NAM~ . • A",tall UR8AN AREA .... . ' " ... ~ NATIONAL HIGHWAY. •• .. . '" NH 44 STATE HIGHWAY .. , ...... IMPORTANT METALLEI> ROAI> . S\J8 -0RDER ASSOCIATION RIVER AND STREAN '" '" '" 'l\JATEfUt",.y FOItMATtON m I "OUALI"I - ~£~T' REGIONAL DIVISION . ' . . • . • ' .' n.oaTOCDtl-MCINT UACRO ______~ ______DOII'ITILA QJlOIJP ~ I. utr"ll'I-OOU'£"T'S-Of!tTJ.4ENTI rL£DTOCIHL

T.A"~ t4 UDAL,.,_ OCH"f;!lT5 -AGUE!'TI MlCRO~~------______-- _ "'-lD~~ ~ SU8-MlCRO WITH BOUIIDARY ______II)f(,UI. FOfItMA TlON taOC[IC .IlJMIA ~ lITH) =.:: '=Tr~;OUf' R.ad the nqu.nci 01 '.9'onal dlvl.'on. with r .f.r~nc. to the 011 ,--~ I'.J.UI. TSITHfNSTli indio mop cod. up to 3 tier

91

TABLE-l DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District: WEST TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 01 State: TRIPURA

Region No.of No.oftowns T Area in T Population No.& villages in in each region R Km.2 R name each region U U Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.5.5.1 77 villages 2 towns T 1015.99 T 272,619 139,607 133,012 West (35 villages of (Khowai N.A. Khowai Khowai & Teliamura R 984.47 R 232,399 118,844 113,555 Basin dev.block and N.A.) 42 villages of U 3·1.52 U 40,220 20,763 19,457 Teliamura dev.block in Khowai sub- division)

1.5.5.2 l35 villages 7 towns T 1502.00 T 846,660 436,380 410,280 Agarta1a (36 villages Agartala (M) Plain of Mohanpur Badharghart R 1438.16 R 579,112 300,421 278,691 dev.block, 35 C.T villages o[ J 0 gendranagar U 63.84 U 267,548 135,959 131,589 Jirania C.T. dev.block and Barjala. C.T. 64 villages of Pratapgarh Bishalgarh C.T. dev.block in Singerbi1 C.T. Sadar sub- Gandhigram divisiion) C.T.

1.5.5.3 62 villages of 1 town T 481.77 T 174,582 89,589 84,993 West Melaghar (Sonamura Gomati dev.block in N.A.) R 478.35 R 166,446 85,354 81,092 Basin Sonamura sub-division U 3.42 U 8,136 4,235 3,901

93 TABLE-2

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES 1991

Census Code No. 01

District: WEST TRIPURA State: TRIPURA

Region Sub- Location Total Total Area in Km.2 No.& division/dev.block Code No.of No.of Name No.of villages villages Total Rural Urban Remarks Census of m villages dev.block region as ~r 1991

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.5.5.1 Khowal Sub- All West division villages Khowai 1.Khowai 1 to 35 35 77 101S.99 984.47 31.S2 are m Basin dev.block villages region 2.Teliamura 1 to 42 42 No.1.S.5.1 dev.block 1.5.5.2 Sadar Sub- All Agartala division 1 to 36 36 135 1502.00 1438.16 63.84 villages Plain 1.Mohanpur villages are m dev.block 1 to 35 35 regIon 2.Jirania No.1.5.5.2 dev.block 1 to 64 r;A 3.Bishalgarh dev.Block 1.S.5.3 Sonamura sub- All West division villages Gomati 1.Melaghar 1 to 62 62 62 481.77 478.35 3.42 are in Basin dev .. block villages regIOn No.1.S.S.2

94 TABLE-3 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS -TOTAL District: WEST TRIPURA Census Code No. 01 State: TRIPURA

Region Total Main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers Non-workers No.& name Main workers Marginal workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.5.1 79461 66487 12974 5382 426 4956 187776 72694 115082 West Khowai Basin 1.5.5.2 249325 208696 40629 10011 1842 8169. 587324 225842 361482 Agartala Plain

1.5.5.3 45829 41736 4093 1951 407 1544 126802 47446 79356 West Gomati Basin

TABLE-4 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS-RURAL District: WEST TRIPURA Census Code No.O} State: TRIPURA

Region Total Main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers Non-workers No.& name Main workers Marginal workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.5.1 68546 56867 11679 5184 315 4869 158669 61662 97007 West Khowai Basin

1.5.5.2 172340 143944 28396 9427 1667 7760 397345 154810 242535 Agartala Plam

1.5.5.3 43514 39693 3821 1941 402 1539 120991 45259 75732 West Gomati Basin

9S TABLE-S DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS-URBAN District: WEST TRIPURA Census Code No.O 1 State: TRIPURA

Region Total Main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers Non-workers No.& name Main workers Marginal workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.5.5. I 10915 9620 1295 198 1I I 87 29107 11032 18075 West KhQwai Basin

1.5.5.2 76985 64752 12233 584 175 409 189979 71032 118947 Agaltala Plain 1.S.5.3 2315 2043 272 10 5 5 5811 2187 3624 West Gomati Basin

TABLE-6 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS District: WEST TRlPURA Census Code No.Ol State: TRlPURA

Region Literates Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes No.& name T Persons Males Females T Persons Males Females T Persons Males Females R R R . U U U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.5.5.1 T 140878 84026 56852 T 52268 26822 25446 T 109560 55706 53854 West Khowai R 114144 69068 45076 R 42069 21565 20504 R 108252 54951 53301 Basin U 26734 14958 11776 U 10199 5257 4942 U 1308 755 553

1.5.5.2 T 487883 287116 200767 T 148069 76017 72052 T 196452 99700 96752 Agartala Plain R 294833 182042 112791 R 102685 52950 49735 R 186732 94754 91978

U 193050 105074 87976 U 45384 23067 22317 U 9720 4946 4774

1.5.5.3 T 72525 45535 26990 T 39864 20479 19385 T 19833 10148 9685 West Gomati R 67607 42662 24945 R 38381 19717 18664 R 19756 10099 9657 Basin U 4918 2873 2045 U 1483 762 721 U 77 49 28

96 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District ;- WEST TRIPURA, Census Location Code No.Ol, State - TRIPURA.

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Charactcristi7s name number admini & name strative division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura West 1.5.51 Khowai and Bhuban and Aqualfs­ This region is extended over the extreme north­ Tripura West Teliamura Bokabil Aquepts eastern part of West Tripura district covering Khowai dey. blocks formations, and Khowai and Teliamura dev.blocks and Khowai Basin and Khowai Tipam and Udalfs­ and Teliamura (NA) under the Khowai sub­ and Dupitila Ochrepts .. division. The region makes its boundary by Teliamura groups and Bangladesh in the north by Dhalai and East (NA) towns Quatemary Khowai Basin in the east, by Gomati Basin 111 the under formation South and by Agartala plain in the West. Khowai sub- with faults From the relief point of view, the region has a division and thrusts. maximum height of 481 metres above the msl at Karaiba'ri rev. village (16) under Te liamura dcv.block and the minimum height of 30 metres above msl at Purba Ramchandraghat (33) under Khowai dev.bloek. The highest spot is at the hill top of Atharamura range in the east. The average height of the region is 100 metres from the 111S1. Seasonal rainfall torrents and rivulets rise in Atharamura and Baramura hill ranges and they join the river Khowai in the south-east. Then this river Khowai flows into/towards Bangladesh across the border in the north-west. The geology of the region is composed of Bhuban and Bokabil formations, Tipam and Dupitila groups and quatemury formation while the soils belongs to Aqualfs -Aquepts and Udalfs­ Ochrepts groups as classified by N.B.S.S. and ULP (ICAR) Nagpur. " Aqualfs ;- High base stutus soils (Hydromorphic) Aquepts :- Brown soils (Hydromorphic) Udalfs :- High base status soils ofhumid regions Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northem region. This region receives about 2541 nun rainfall annually while average annual temperature is about 25.1 °C . The natural vegetation is of moist mixed deciduous and tropical semi evergreen types. With regard to the means of communications und transpOliation facilities, the region is not much developed due to hilly nature. The National High way - 44 is passing through this region and it is connected with the capital of the Stale. Another important road is Khowai - Amarpur which is connccted with block llcad Quarter':.Mainly all the villages are interl_inked with each other by Kutcha roads and footpaths. Agriculture is the main activity of the people of this region. Rice, potato, vegetables, plantation e.g. Betelnut, pineapple are their major crops.

97 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District :- WEST TRIPURA, Census Location Code No.OI, State - TRIPURA.

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characterist!es name number admini & name strative division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura West 1.5.5.2 Mohanpur, Bokabil Aqualfs This region lies in the north-western part of Tripura Agartala Jirania and formation, Aquepts the district. It occupies Mohanpur, Jirania and plain. Bishalgarh Tipam and and Bishalgarh dey. Blocks and Aga11ala town(M). dev.Blocks Dupitila Udalfs­ The region makes its boundary by Bangladesh in and groups and Ochrepts. the north and west, by west Khowai basin in the Agartala(M) quaternary east, by East Gomati Basin in South West and by town under formation. West Gomati Basin in the south. Sadar sub- From the reliefpoint of view, the region has a division! maximum height 241 metres above the msl at Champ,!bari rev. village (35) in Jirama dev. Block and minimum of about 8 metres at Charipara rev. village (2) under Bishalgarh dev. Block. The highest spot is at the hill top of Baramura range in the east while minimum is near the Bangladesh border in the west. Generally, the region is about 50 metres high from the msl which is making slop from east to west direction. A large number of seasonal torrents rising in the hills are running towards west and finally they join the Meghna river in Bangladesh. The river Howrah and Burigang are most important among them. The geology of the region is related to Bokabil formation, Tipam and Dupitila groups and quaternary formations while soils are grouped as Aqualfs-Aquepts and Udalfs-Ocherpts by N.B.S.S. and ULP(ICA"R) N<;tgpur. Aqualfs :- High base status soils (Hydromorphic) Aquepts :- Brown soils (Hydro!1lorphic) Udalfs :- High base status soils of humid region. Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region. The normal annual temperature of the region is 25.1 °C while annual rainfall is about 2623 mm. The forests are mainly of moist mixed deciduous types found on the hill ranges and undulating land. The communication network is well developed as connected the region air and road ways with other region. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people with Rice, potato plantation e.g. Banana, pmeapple, litchi, rubber and tea are the main crops. This is a core region of State and Central Govemment offices with trade & commercial place.

98 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District :- WEST TRlPURA, Census Location Code No.Gl, State - TRlPURA.

Slate District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristies name number admini & name stration divisions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura West 1.5.5.3 Melaghar Bokabil Udalfs­ The region lies in the extreme West-South Tripura West dev. block formation, Aquepts comer of the district, and it contains Melaghar Gomati and Tipam and Ocrhepts dey. block and Sonamura town(NA) under the Basin Sonamura Dupitila & Ustalfs Sonamura sub-division. This region makes its (NA) town groups and boundary by Agartala plain in the north, by East under quaternary Ochrepts Gomati Basin in the east, by Muhuri Manugang Sonamura formation. Orthents. Basin in the South and by Bangladesh in the West. sub-division From the relief point of view, the region has a mazimum height of 105 metres above the msl at Gamaicl)hara rev. village (40) in middle while minimum is only 15 metres at Melaghar rev. village (3D) popularly Known as Rudijala. Generally the region is about 40 metres high fr0111 the msl. The land 011 both the sides of the Gomati river is almost plain and the seasonal torrents are found in the region. These lributaries iucluding river Gomati flow towards West joining river Meghna and Padma river in Bangladesh. Some hilloeks are also found in the basin areas. The geology of the region is related to Bokabil formation, Tipam group, Duplirila group and quaternary forn1ation while the soils belong to groups of U dalfs-Ochrepts in the north and Urtalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents in the southern part. Udalfs :- High base status soils of humid regions. _ Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of humid region. Ustalfs :- High base status red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils. Ol1hents :- Recently formed soils. Aqucpls :- Brown soils (Hydromorphic)\ The region gets l.lbout 22.96 mm rainfall per year while normal temperature remain about 25.1°C. The forest are found moist mixed, moist deciduous l.lnd tropical semi-eve.rgreen types. A good net work of roadways is found throught the region. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people and Rice, ground nut, vegetables and plantation crops are the main crops.

99 DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA REGIONAL DIVISIONS

South Tripura is one of the districts situated on the Indo-Bangladesh border in the South-east of Tripura Stale. The district is situated approximately between cast longitudes of 91 0 18' and 920 00' and bctween the north latitudes 0[22° 56' and 23° 47' .

The district is bounded by West TFipura district and part of North Tripura District on the North, Bangladesh on the South and East part of West Tripura district and Bangladesh on the West. The South Tripura district has got an area 0[3909 KM2 out of total 10,486 km2 area of the whole State. Cosequent upon the marger of Ganganagar Tehsil comprising 19 revenue villages under the state Government Notification No.F.70(116)-RevI76, dated 27/3/89 the area of South Tripuradistrict extended from 3581 km 2 to 3909 km 2 and formed a new sub-division under South Tripura District. The new sub-division come into effect on 14th- April 1989.

Physiographically, the district is a undulating surface being il1terspersed willilow hills. A series of hill ranges running north and south divided the ten·itory into broad paralled valleys, consisting of undulating hillocks. There are three major hill ranges viz Sardangmura, Deotamura and Atharamura ranges. Sardangmura range is situated in the eastem part of Gandachhara sub-division and it is about 16 kms in length. Deotomura is a continuation ofBaramura hill range running between Amarpur and Udaipur sub-division. The southern part of the Atharamura range is known as 'Jurimura' where there is one small hill range which embraces the Jurimura and the Sardangmura hill ranges. This is the commen boundary ofkhowai sub-division of West Tripura and Amarpur sub-division of South Tripura district.

There are three main rivers in the South Tripura district viz. Gomati, Muhuri and Fenny. The Gomati is the principal river formed by the confluence of two revulates-Raima and Sarma. The Raima originates from the Longtharai range and the Sam1a from the Atharamura range and the two meet near "Dlmchaibari" in the South Eastem bOundary of the district and then assuming"the n~me of Gomati Nadi it is rumling through gorge upto the Dumbur fall in the Gandachhara sub-divisiOli. Gomati runs • across the Amarpur and Udaipur sub-divisions of South Tripura district and Sonamura ~ub-division in West Tripura district and then flows towards Bangladesh in the West. Muhuri river is originated from the Deotamura range and flows through the Belonia Sub-division and enters into Bangladesh. There are numbers of streams also flowing southward and finally they join into the Fenny riyer. Then this Fenny river is flowing across the border and enters into Bangladesh towards south-west.

The climate of the district, keeping in confollllity with the general climate of the State as a whole is tropical in nature and is generally warm and humid. The hilly regions natwally lenjoy higher temparature in summer and lower temparature in winter in comparision with the plain lands as a characteristics feature.

The total area of the district is 3929.98 Km 2 of which 3915.61 Km 2 are in rural areas and 14.37 Km 2 in urban areas. The district has a total population of766,014 persons of which 721,201 persons are residing in rural areas and 44,813 persons in urban areas in 1991. Out of this total population 392,666 persons are males and 373,348 persons are females. The total of population ~mong there are 329,525 persons as Scheduled Tribes and 117,086 persons as Scheduled castes in the!district. It has a 2 density of 195 persons per Km • The district consists of six development blocks viz.,~jnagar, Bagafa, Sat.chand, Matarbari, Amarpur and Dumbumagar under the five sub-divisions. Udaiimr is the district

100 headquarters of South Tripura district. The district on the whole is sub-divided into following four sub-micro regions on the basis of soils, natural vegetation and topography and climate.

1.5.5.1 MUhuri-Manugang Basin

The region extends almost the southern half of South Tripura district occupying entire Belonia and Sabroom sub-divisions which includes 144 villages and 2 towns in an area of 1562.98 km2 • TfJe region is inhabited by 349,564 persons of which 331,524 persons reside in rural areas and 18,040 persons in urban areas. The percentage of scheduled Tribes is 35.64 and scheduled castes is only 14.96 2 to the total population. The density of population is 224 persons per km . The rate ofliteracy is 54.15 per cent while 2.7.71 per cent are main workers.

The geological structure of This region mainly consists of Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and Quaternary formation. The soils are ofustalfs-ochrepts-orthents types. Soils occure as the combination of red loomy, red sendy, shallow black brown, alluvial and recently formed soils. Generally the region is plain but undulating tila land is also'found due to the seasonal to.rrents. The rainfall is about 2730 mm in a year and the normal annual temperature is 25.1" C. A variety of moist mixed deciduous and tropical semi-evergreen forests are grown in the area. The region is moderately developed and road transportation facilities are available here. Most of the road have joined Agartala-Sabroom National Highway from the various places passing from north to south direction.

1.5.5.2. East Gomati Basin

The region spreads over the parts of Matarbari and Amarpur sub-divisions in the Northern and North-Western parts of South Tripura district. The region contains 119 revenue villages and 2 towns with an area of 1464.86 krn 2 and is inhabited by 367,536 persons of which 340,763 persons reside in rural area and 26,773 persons in urban area. There are 44.82 per cent of scheduled tribes and 10.06 per cent of scheduled castes of the total population.

2 The density of population in this region is 251 persons per km • The rate ofliteracy is 52.01 per cent while main workers are 27.87 per cent respectively. Geologically, it is coming under the Bhuban, Bo~~il, Tipam, Dupitila and Quaternary fonnations. Its main soils are udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts with the association ofOrthents-Ustalfs in South. The topography oftheregion is uneven due to the existence of Deotamura in central part and Atharamura range in the east. The region is a gift of river Gomati which rises in the east of Atharamura and flows towards east and crossing Baramura range it enters into West Tripura district. The normal annual rainfall and temperature of the region are 2450 mm and 25.1°.C respectively. The natural vegetations grown are of deciduous forest types which are found on the hills and uplands. This region has well developed net work of roads with transport facilities.

1.5.5.3 Sarma-Raima Basin

The region lies in the North-eastern part of South Tripura district containing 40 revenue villages of Dumburnagar development block under the Gandachhara sub-division. The region has an area 574.37 km2 and is inhabited by 39,226 persons. More than three fourth of the populoation i.e. 78.23 per cent are scheduled tribes while scheduled castes share 10.06 per cent. The density of population is only 68 persons per krn 2 • The literacy rate is 28.60 per cent. The main workers accounts for 35.32 per cent of the total population. Geologically it is coming under the Bokabil and Tipam group formations. While soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts and of a high base status, shallow black, brown and alluvial. soils of northern region. The topography ofthe region is characterised by Atharamura and Sardangmura

101 hills and upland in the West and from these hill ranges the rivers Sarma and Raima have their origins. The natural vegetation is of moist mixed deciduous type which is found ~rowing in the Atharamura range. The annual rainfall is about 2450 nml and the normal aImual temperature is 25.0 C. The region is less developed. The Dumbur Hydel project which is the only hydel project in Tripura and is situated in this region. The region is hardly accessible due to its relief and rugged topography. The region is poor in transport and conmmnication facilities.

1.5.5.:4 East Khowai Basin .'

The region extends over the extreme North-Eastern part of South Tripura district. It covers 19 revenue villages of Dumburnagar development block under Gandachhara sub-division in an area of327.75 kml inhabited by 9,688 persons of the total population, 98.49 per cent belongs to scheduled Tribes. The density of population is only 2 30 persons per km • The people are mostly illiterates that only 11.68 per cent are literates. However the main workers constitute as high as 51.87 per cent out of the total population. Geologically, it is coming under the Bokabil and Tipam group formations. The main soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts region may also be called as West Khowai Basin. Topogrophy is very unevel')except in river beds of the Khowai where the average height is 100 metres above the rnsl. The region has nOffilal annual rainfall of 2450 mm and the normal temperature of 25.1 0 C. The natural vegetation belongs to the northern moist and moist mixed deciduous types. There is a poor transport & communication system in the region, Kamalpur-Gandachhara road is the only way to reach this area.

102 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 28

TRIPURA DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA CENSUS CODe 03

REc;lONAL DIVISIONS

KLOMETRES OSlO IS

1.5.5J MUHURI MANU GANG BASIN 1.5.5.2 EAST GOMA TI BASIN 1.5.5.3 SARMA RAIMA BASIN 1.5.5.4 EAST KHOWAI BASIN

DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA CHANGE IN JURISDICTION 1981-91

_ .. 0 .Km, I ~. ,...... , (._._." i '" .,rl .r" \ p . .-::/ ' . \ /' 1 \ ~ (i )... ", \. ( \ 1 ) j._ -- -,-~ \,...._• . '1 \ . / " -, / ~ ..i ~ \ ., i ! If \ . \ :~, \ . . . ' ...~ '\ , -~ - -.\ \.~..., ... ,1~ r.) ~ _/. ·-v·" D 1l0000AR~ INTERNATIONAL . " DISTRICT . . . . _ ._ ._ n DEVELOPMENT BLOCK . ___ _

AREA GAINED FRCN NORTH TRIPIJRA OIS TRICT (SAlENA DEVELOPMENT BlOCK I

8otJt1DARY,INTERNATIONAL .. ' ...... , . _._._ ' ,. DISTRICT ...... •...... ,. sue-DIVISION I DEVELOPMENT BLOCK .. - - - 1---- VILLAGE HAVING 5000 ANO A80 VE POPULATION WITH NAME • Kokraban URBAN AREA .. '" .. . W#RP'$WMd) NATIONAL HIGHWAY ...... NH 44 STATE HIGHWAY ...... , IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD . RIVER AND STREAN ... ~ REGIONAL DIVISION ...... ,1. 5 .5 .1 ME~~~--SO ______------__ ___- --__ -----__ _ __ --_ _

~~-SUB- MICRO~ WITH-- 80111lARL- - - -_ --_ _ --___-~__----___ -_ - - ~ ~~~~::~ON ITffil=~:,~r=~n:OtM" SUB - ORDER ASSOCIATION ~~~ F- ~F.t.iJl.TS/Tl«USTS m ~ ,. USTALn.- O C.HIU ~T!I-O tll TH("TS Read tho lequenc. of r e;lonai divisions with r eferonco 10 tho 011 ~2 " UQ,U n-aCHltu TS- AQUC .. TI India map code up 10 3 " er Q]~~ liliillI ==:~ 103

TABLE 1

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District: SOUTH T RIPURA Census Location Code No. 03 State- TRIPURA

Region No.of villages in No.of T Area in T Population No.& each region towns in R Krri':' R name each region U U Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.5.5.1 144 villagcs( 42 villages 2 towns T 1562.98 T 349,564 179,841 169,723 Muhuri of Rajnagar dev.b1ock Belonia Manugang and 44 villages ofBagafa N.A. R 1556.32 R 331,524 170,517 161,007 Basin dev.block in Belonia sub- Sabroom division, 58 villages of N.A. U 6.66 U 18,040 9,324 8,716 Satchand dev.block in Sabroom sub-division)

1.5.5.2 119 villages (64 villages 2 towns T 1464.86 T 367,536 187,655 179,881 East of Matarbari dev. block Udaipur Gomati in Udaipur sub-division N.A. R 1457.15 R 340,763 173,901 166,862 Basin and 55 villages of Amarpur . Amarpur dev. block in N.A. U 7.71 U 26,773 13,754 13,019 Amarpur sub-division)

1.5.5.3 40 villages (40 villages of T 574.39 T 39,226 20,185 19,041 Sarma- Dumburnagar dev.block Raima in Gandachhara sub- R 574.39 R 39,226 20,185 19,0412 Basin division U U

1.5.5.4 19 villages( 19 villages of T 327.75 T 9,688 4,985 4,703 East Dunlburnagar dev. block Khowai in Gandachhara sub- R 327.75 R 9,688 4,985 4,703 Basin division) U U

106 TABLE-2

Distric-SOUTH TRlPURA REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES,1991 State - TRIPURA

Census Code No.03

Region Sub-Division / dev. Location Total No. Total No. Area inKm2 Remarks No. & block Code No. of of villages of villages name Census of in region Total Rural Urban villages as dev.block per 1991 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.5.5.1 Belonia sub-division All the Muhuri l)Rajnagar dev.block 1 to 42 42 144 1562.98 1556.32 6.66 villages Manugan 2)Bagafa dev.block 1 to 44 44 villages are in g Basin Sabroom sub-division region 3)Satchand dev.block 1 to 58 58 No.1.5.5.1

All the 1.5.5.2 Udaipur sub-division villages East 1)Matarbari 1 to 64 64 119 1464.86 1457.15 7.71 are in Gomati dev.block villages region Basin Amarpur sub-division 1 to 55 55 No.1.5.5.2 2)Amarpur dev.block

1.5.5.3 Gandachhara sub- Sarma- division 20 to 59 40 40 574.39 574.39 Code Raima 1)Dumbumagar villages No.22 to Basin dev.block 59 villages are in region No.l.5.5.3 1.5.5.4 Gandachhara sub- All the East division villages Khowai 1)Dumbumagar 1 to 19 19 19 327.75 327.75 are in the Basin dev.block villages Tripura plain region No.1.5.5.4

107 TABLE-3

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS - TOTAL

Distric : SOUTH TRIPURA Census Code No. 03 State: TRIPURA

Region No.& Total main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Main workers Marginal workers Non-workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.5.1 Muhuri- 96,847 81,306 15,541 12,410 1,398 11,012 2,40,307 97,137 1,43,170 Manugang Basin

1.5.5.2-East 10,2448 80,590 21,858 7,135 553 6,582 2,57,953 1,06,512 1,51,441 Gomati Basin

1.5.5.3-Sarma- l3,855 10,083 3,772 1,787 . 207 1,580 23,584 9,895 13,689 Raima Basin

1.5.5.4 5,025 2,920 2,105 266 3 263 4,397 2,062 2,355 East Khowai Basin

108 TABLE-4

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS - RURAL

Distric : SOUTH TRIPURA Census Code No. 03 State: TRIPURA

Region No.& Total main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Main workers Marginal workers Non-workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.5.1 Muhuri- 92098 77209 14889 12371 1372 10999 227055 91936 135119 Manugang Basin

1.5.5.2-East 94973 74228 20745 7026 483 6543 238764 99190 139574 Gomati Basin l.5.5.3-Sarma- 13855 10083 3772 1787 207 1580 23584 9895 13689 Raima Basin

1.5.5.4 5025 2920 2105 266 3 263 4397 2062 2335 East Khowai Basin

TABLE- 5 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS - URBAN

Distric : SOUTH TRIPURA Census Code No. 03 State: TRlPURA

Region No.& Total main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Main workers Marginal workers Non-workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.5.1 Muhuri- 4749 4097 652 39 26 13 13252 5201 8051 Manugang l3asin

1.5.5.2-Eas\ 7475 6362 1113 109 70 39 19189 7322 11867 Gomali l3asin

1.5.5.3-Sam1a- Raima Basin

1.5.5.4 East Khowai Basin

109 TABLE-6 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS-RURAL District: WEST TRIPURA Census Code No.O 1 State: TRlPURA

Region T Literates T Scheduled Castes T Scheduled Tribes No.& R R R name U Persons Males Females U Persons Males Females U Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.5.5.1 T 155167 96598 58569 T 52304 26805 25499 T 124574 63650 60924 Muhuri- R 141384 88908 52476 R 49736 25473 24263 R 124251 63437 60814 Manugang U 13783 7690 6093 U 2568 1332 1236 U 323 213 110 Basin

1.5.5.2 T 157186 97057 60129 T 60799 31116 29683 T 164724 82872 81852 East R 136806 85879 50927 R 55957 28648 27309 R 164163 82546 81617 Gomati U 20380 11178· 9202 U 4842 2468 2374 U 561 326 235 Basin

1.5.5.3 T 8839 6448 2391 T 3947 2045 1902 T 30685 15654 15031 Sarma- R 8839 6448 2391 R 3947 2045 1902 R 30685 15654 15031 Raima U U U Basin

I.S.S.4 T 1132 903 229 T 36 22 14 T 9542 4899 4643 East R 1132 903 229 R 36 22 14 R 9542 4899 4643 Khowal U U U - Basin

110 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS ... - ~ . District :-:SOUT.H TRIPURA Census Location Code NO.103 , State - TRIPURA.

Stntc District Division Nalllc of Geology SOlis Physio-cultural Characteristics name number admini & name strati on divisions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tripura South 1:5.5.1 Rajnagar and Bokabil, Ustalfs- The region extends over almost southern half of Tripura Muhuri- Bagafa dev. Tipam, Ochrcpts- South Tripura district occupying entire Belonia Manugang blocks and Dupitila Orthents, sub-division which contains Rajnagar and Bagafa Basin Belonia(NA) and dev. blocks and Belonia (NA) town and Sabroom town in Quatcmary sub-division includes Satchand dev.block and Belonia sub­ fonnatiol1S .. Sabroom (NA) town, The region m~kes its division and boundary by the Gomati Basin(East a~d West) in Satchand north, north east and north-west and by dev.block Bangladesh in the South, South-East and South­ and I West. Sabroom(NA) From relief point of niew, the region has a town in maximum height of 231 metres above the msl at Sabroom Baramura-Deotamura R.F.(S) and minimum of9 sub-division. metres at Amlighat (38) revenue villages under satchand dev. block. The maximum height is on the top ofTulamura range, a branch ofBaramura­ Deotamura hills range while minimum is in extreme south in the bank of Fanny river. River Muhuri in the n0l1h and the Manugang in the south are flowing in the region with their tributaries and finally joining river Fenny which mects with the Banni river. Therc arc three uplands situated parallel from each other in the east and west of the Manugang and the Muhuri rivers. The seasonal torrents finally join the major river Muhuri and the Manugang and also the Fenny which serves as the Ind~-Bangladesh boundary. Geologically, it is coming under the Bokabil, Tipam Dupitila and quaternary fonnations while soils are grouped into sub-order of Ustalfs­ Ochrepts-Orthents by NBSS and ULP(ICAR) Nagpur. Ustalfs :- High base status red loomy, red sandy and alluvial soils. Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region. Orthents :- Recently formed soils. The rainfall is about 2730 nm1 in a year and the normal annual temperature is 25.1 dc. A variety of moist mixed deciduous and tropical semi­ evergreen forest due to its nature. Transport and communication facilities are moderately developed in the region. National H ighway-44 Agartala-UdaipoLlr-Sabroom~!. the major one among roads which connects with the district headquarter and State capital. The major source of income and livelihood of the inhabitants is agriculturc in plain areas and forest products in hilly upland areas. Rice, Sugarcane, Vegetables and pineapple are main crops. Besides, tea, rubber,. litchi are the main plantation crops in the region.

111 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District Name ;- SOUTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 03, State ;- TRIPURA State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristics name number administrative & name divisions

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tripura South 1.5.5.2 Amarpur Bhuban, Uudalfs­ The region spreads over the central and north­ I . Tripura East dev.block Bokbd, Ocherpts­ western parts of South Tripura district, covering Gomati and Tipam, Aquepts& Amarpur and Matarbari dev. blocks and Amarpur Basin Amarpur(NA) Dupitila Ustalfs­ and Udaipour towns(NA) under Amarpur and town under and Ochrepts­ Udaipur sub-divisions. The region makes its Amarpur Quaternary Orthents. boundary by West Khowai basin 111 the north, sub-division fom1ations. Sarma-Raima Basin in the east, Muhuri­ and Manugang Basin in the South and by West Gomati Matarbari Basin and Agartala plain in the west and north dev.block west. and From relief po lilt of view the region has a Udaipur(NA) miximuni height of 413 metres above the msl at town under Paschim Kalajari R.F.(24) under Amarpur Udaipur sub­ dev.block while minimum is only 17 metres at division. silaghati (39) rev. village under Matarbari dev.block. Generally the region is about 80 metres high from the ms!. The hill range Deotamura passing in north-south direction divides the region into two parts. The nver Gomati rises from the A tharamura range in eastern boundary and f10wing towards West turns north and again goes towards west. A large number of seasonal torrents joining Gomati in its course originate mostly in the hill ranges. Geologically, it is coming under the Bhuban Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and Quaternary formations while soils .belong to the group of Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts in general with a patch of Ustalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents in southern part as classified by NBSS and ULF(ICAR) Nagpur. Udalfs :- High base status soils of humid regions. Ochrepts :- Shallow black brown and alluvial solils of northern region. Aquepts :- Brown soils (Hydromorphic) Ustalfs :- High base status-red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils of humid region. Orthents :- Recently f01l11ed soils. The normal annual rainfall and temperature of the region is 2450 mm and 25.1 °C respectively where variety of moist mixed deciduous forest are found specially on hill and up land regions. Transportation faciiities are moderate in this region. Udaipur, the district headquarters in the Important center of the region which is well connected by all weather roads to Agartala, Sabroom. Sonamura, Amarpur and Belonia towns. The land situated between hills and in the westerbn side is suitable for agriculture. The hills and hla land covered with forests. Agriculture is the main activity and Rice plantation e.g. pineapple, tea, mbber are their principal crops ..

112 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District Name:- SOUTH TRIPURA, Census Location Code No. 03, State :- TlUPURA

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristics name number administrative & name divisions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura South 1.5.5.3 fDumburnagar Bokabil Udalfs- The region lies in the n0!1h-eastern part of South Tripura Sarma dev.block and Ochrepts- Tripura district containing 40 revenue villages of Raima under Tipam Aquepts. Dumburnagar development block under the Basin Gandachhara group Gandachhara sub-division. The region makes its sub-division formations boundary by East Khowai Basin in the florth by Bangladesh in the east and south and by East Gomati Basin in the West. From the relief point of view the region in plain areas has a maximum height of 404 metres and mi~imum of 76 metres above the msl at Sardang(37) and Jarimura (55) revenue villages respectively. The spot height is at the top of Sardang range in east while minimum is at the lower reaches of Sarma river where the Raima join it. Here, a large area has been covered by Dumbur Hydel project. There is a very small size of plain land as the major part is covered by upland in north, and Sardang and Atharamura hill ranges in the east and west. River sarma and Raima are the source of river Gomati which takes its name where tllCY join at Dumbur. Geologically, it is coming under the Bokabil and Tipam group formations. The soils of this region are categorised as Udalfs-Ochrcpts by NBSS abd ULP(ICAR), Nagpur. Udalts :- High base starns soi).s of humid regions Ochrepts :- Shallow bWck brown and alluvial soils of northern region. Aquepts :- Brown soils (Hydromorphic) The annual rainfall is about 2450 mm and the nOlmal annual temperature is 25.0oC. Some moist mixed deciduous types of forests are found in the westem hills. The region is hardly accessible due to its topography. Only two roads are passing through the region connecting Gandachhara and DUl11bur from Amarpur and Teliamura. Agriculture is the main activity and Rice is the main crop. Besides, the shifting cultivation of the tribals locally known as "Jhul11 cultivation" is still being continued in a large area in tl1e hilly terrains in the region. Forest product viz. Bamboo is the main housebuilding materials in the region.

113 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District Name :- SOUTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 03, State :- TRIPURA

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristics namc number administrative & name divisions

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura South 1.5.5.4 Dumbumagar Bokabil Udalfs- The region extends over the extre m«'north- Tripura East dev.block and Ochrepts eastern part of South Tripura district covering 19 Khowai under Tipam revenue villages of Dumburnagar development Basin Gandachhara group for block under Gandachhara sub-division. The sub-division mations region makes its boundary by the Dhalai Basin in the north by North Manu Basin in east, by Bangladesh in south - east, by Sarma-Raima Basin in the south and by West Khowai Basin in the West. The' region has a maximum height of 481 metres above the msl at Baluchhara (5) village while minimum is only 68 mctres above the msl at Ganganagar (I I) revenue village. Likewise basin of the Dhalai river, region is bounded by Longtharai and Atharamura hill ranges in the east and west. The basin is situated in the upper reaches of river Khowai which rises from Longtharai range and flows towards west with its tributaries. The region attains the height of 150 metres in average which is more than 100 metres every where except in the lower bed of river Khowai. Geologically, the region is composed of the Bokabil and Tipam group formations while according to NBSS & ULP (lCAR) Nagpur, the soils belong to the sub-orQer association ofUdalfs­ Ochrepts. Udalfs :-Iligh base status soils of humid regions. Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region. The nOlmal temperature of the region is 25. I DC while the rainfall reaches about 2450 mm per year and accordingly the vegetation is moist mixed deciduous type. The region gets the facility of lonely road which connects Kamalpur-Ambasa in nOl1h and Gandachhara in the South. The region is ill-developed in comparision to other areas of the state. It is clear that among 9,688 persons more than 98.49 per cent inhabitants are scheduled tribt:s. Literacy rate is only 1 1.68 per cent main workers are about 51.87 per cent while the density 2 of population is only 30 persons km • There is a great need for the development of the area. Agriculture is the main source oflivelihood of the inhabitants of tbe region. The shifting cultivation is done on hilly slopes by the tribal people and depend upon rainfall. Rice is the main crop in the region.

114

DISTRICT NORTH TRIPURA REGIONAL DIVISION

The dis.trict is a parl of Tripura Hills (1.5.6) in the north-eastern part of the State under Eastern Hill Zone. The district lies approximately between 23° 4O'and 24°32 ' North latitudes and 91 017' and 92°04' East Longitudes. The district. is bounded by Bangladesh on the North and southern sides, by the state of Assam in the northeast, by Mlzoram Statc on the East and by South Tripura district in the southwestern side of the district. The North Tripura district has got an area of 3553.19 Km2 out of the total area of 10,486 Km2 of the State. During 1981-91 North Tripura district has lost 19 revenue villages which since marged into Dumburnagar development block under South Tripura district. Physiographically, North Tripura is a hilly district of the State. There are three major hill ranges viz. Jampui, Sakhan and Longtharai ranges. The highest peak is 939 metres above the msl. at Beltingsib, on the Tripura-Mizoram boundary. There are some other peaks haying 760 metres or more height above the msl. These ranges are Jampui and Sakhan. The other ranges in the region are Longthari and Atharamura. These hills are extending from North to South direction and are almost paral1ed to each other. The height of these ranges increase towards south. All the rivers of the region viz. the Juri, the Deo, the Manu, the Dhalai and the Khowai having their Origin mostly from top of hill ranges, have finally entered into the plain area of Bangladesh across the boundary. The rivers of Tripura hills make their course through the various narrow garges with escarpments of nack rocks. Over the plains level land, the rivers become widen with sluggish flow of water and they form river meanders. Tall grasses and hedges and other wild plants are found growing along the river beds and banks. The climate of the district is tropical in nature aad is generally warm and humid. The hilly regions enjoy higher temparature in summer and lower temparature in winter season.

In 1991, the total area of the district is 3553.19 Km2 of which 3519.53 Km2 are in rural areas while 33.66 Km2 in urban areas. The district has a total population of 697,330 of which, 636,326 persons are residing in rural areas and 64,004 persons in urban areas and again 359,688 persons are males and 337,642 persons are females. There are 197975 Scheduled Tribes and 93,829 Scheduled Castes. The 2 district has the density of population of 196 persons per Km • It consists of five development blocks viz. Panisagar, Kanchanpur, Kumarghat, Chhamanu and Salema under the three sub-divisions. Kailasahar is the District Headquaters of North Tripura district. The district on the whole is sub-divided into the following three sub-micro regions on the basis of geology soils, natural vegetation and topography and climate. 1.5.6.1 Juri-Deo Basin , The region extends over the eastern part of North Tripura district, covering parts of panis agar and Kancharpur dev. blocks under the Dharmanagar sub-division which includes I02 villages and one town in an area of 1602.53 Km? The region is inhabited by 299,968 persons of which 274,071 persons are residing in rural areas and 25,897 persons in urban areas. There are 23.54 per cent of scheduled tribes and 8.59 per ce:nt of scheduled castes of the total population. The region has a density of 187 persons per Km· 2• The rate of literacy is 62.90 per cent while the main workers are 29.19 per cent respectively. Geologically, it is coming under the Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam and Dupitila formations. The soils as classified by the NBSS & LUP(TCAR), Nagpur, Udulrs-Ochrcpts-Orthcnts type of soils arc available in the region. The area around the Juri river is almost plain while it is configurating along the basin of the Deo river in the south. The highest range in Tripura , known as Jampui range is situated in the eastern side between the Deo and the Longai rivers. The annual rainfall is about 2525 mm. and the normal annual temparature is 25.0DC in the region. The hills and central southern uplands are covered by ~he ~opical semi-evergreen, moist and moist mixed deciduous forests. The northern part of the reglOn 1S well connected with roads and railways and developed as compared to the southern part which is hilly

115 and tcrrained mea. The NII-44(J\ssnm-Agartala road) and Kumarghat-Silchar metre gauge railway lines are passil1g through the region in Soulh-West to north-east direction.

1.5.b.2 North M:IIIII Basin

The region lise almost in the middle part of North Tripura district covering the whole Kumarghat and Chhal1lanu dev. Blocks under the Kailashar sub-division. The region contains 95 revenue villages and two 2 (NA) (owns in an area of 1345.7G Km • The region is inhabited by 254,127 persons of which 223,320 persons arc residing in rural areas and 30,807 persons in urban areas. There are 33.53 per cent of scheduled tribes and 13.17 per cent of scheduled castes of the total population. Its density is 189 persons per Km'). . The rate of literacy is 57.14 per cent while main workers arc 31.01 per cent. Geologically, the region is coming under the Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and Quaternary formations while soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts. Topographically the region is bounded by two hill ranges in the east and west viz Sakhan and Longtharai hill ranges. The Southern part of the region is hilly and northern part is comparatively plain and drained by the river Manu. The natural vegetation of moist and mixed deciduous is mostly found on the hills in the east and west ancl southern parts. The region has the normal annual rainfall of 2600 min and temperature of 25.1 °C . The region is connected with NH-44 (Assam Agartala Road) which is passing through from the north-east to south­ west direction. The metre gauge railway line has also be extended from Dharmanagar to Kumarghat and it is nearly 44 Kms in length from the bo rdcr of State Assam.

1.5.6.3 Dhalai Basin

The region lies in the extreme north-western part of North Tripura district, covering Salema development block which is co-terminus with as well the Kamalpur sub-division. The region contains G3 revenue villages and one town called Kamalpur in an area of604.90 Km2 and is inhabiated by 143,235 persons of which 138935 persons are residing in rural and 4,300 are in urban areas. The percentages of scheduled tribes and scheduled 2 castes are 29.43 per cent and 24.16 per cent respectively. The density of this region is 237 persons per Km • The rate of litera cy in the region 61.25 per cent. The main workers constitute 29.96 per cent. The geology of the region consists ofBhuban, Bokabil, Tipam and Dupitila formations and soils are Aqualfs-Aquepts, Udalfs­ Ochrcpts. The topography of the region is generally plain except Longtharai and Atharamura ranges which are situated in eastern and western parts.

The region has recorded the normal annual rainfall of2600 mm and the normal temperature of 25.1 0c. The hills ane! southern upland are covered by moist and moist mixed deciduous forests. Only the road transport facilities are available here. The NH-44 Assam-J\gartala roacl and KamaJpur-Gandachhara road are the life lines of the region.

116 MAP 29 CENSUS OF INDIA

TRIPURA DISTRICT NORTH TRIPURA CENSUS CODE 02 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

KILOMEIRES ~ 0 5 10 I? ' 1::f:::l= :l:::1= ::±I= =±±==:::l! III

IJ) «

1.5.6 .1 JURI-OED BASIN 1.5.6.2 NORTH MANU BASIN 1.5.6.3 DHALAI BASIN

«

DISTRICT NORTH TRIPURA CHANGE IN JURISDICTION 1981-91 a:

I o A

N

BOlHlARY IIITERNATlOHAL ••. - . .... _ . - . - sn.T1:: ...... __ . .. , • _." - .. - DlSTRlCT ._ _. _ _ ... . _ . - .- IlEVELOI'MerT BLOCK ... - - _ --

AREA LOST TO SOIITH TRPURA OISTRICT ( IXJIo(8IJRHAGAR ITIIIllJ DEVELOPMENT BLOCK J BANGLADESH

.. BOUNDARY , INTERNATIONAL ,_.._.- STATE...... DISTRICT .. . '" " SUB - DIVISION/DEVELOPMENT BLDCi( ---1---- VILLAGE HAVING 5000 ANO ABOVE POPULATION WITII NAIIIE . • HUT"" URBAN AREA ... '" NATIONAL HIGHWAY. '" ...... NH 44 STATE HIGHWAY ...... IMPORTANT METALLED ROAD . . RAILWAY LINE WITH STATION : METRE GAUGE IIII"~IIIIII RIVER AND STREAM ...... '" ...... ~ f;~{;;:J QUATEftNARY FORM.\ -:- :0:' REGIONAL DIVISION ______" _ 1.5.5.1 PLEISTOCENt::-.R( CDIT MACRO ______..._~ ._ ~LA ~QVII' SIIB - OROER ASSOCIATION ~______I, PL£1ST ~~£~ Til ...... CROUP Ell I AQUAL f'5 - AOUlfft'T. MICRO ______... _ ....' OC£N£ ' U~.8L rORMA T10N ~ Z-4UOo\VI- OCHfl,PTC SUB-MICRO WITH BOUNDARY ______WtOCE~ SURMA Bn OlP ~ UUDa.L" - OCHUP'TI - AOUE, rs a...a..IJAN F'ORWATtQN MIOCENE SURMA (iIK)lF. C)C tUItI " " ' - Aot)E'Ta- PlUYI NTI r - - f fAu.. TS/TfotitUSTS F}::}:J.5 Read Ih. sequence of "910~al division. wit h reference 10 the all India map code up to :5 tie,

117

TABLE-l

DATA ON REGIO;\lAL DIVISIONS

District: NORTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 02 State- TRIPURA

Region No.of villages in No.of T Area in T Population No.& each region towns in R Km. 2 R name each region U U Persons Males Females

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.5.6.1 102 villages (45 villages I town T 1602.53 T 299,968 154,633 145,335 Juri-Deo of Panisagar dev.block Dharma- Basin and 57 villages of nagarN.A. R 1594.76 R 274,071 141,374 132,697 Kanchanpur dev. block in Dharmanagar sub- U 7.77 U 25,897 13,259 12,638 division).

1.5.6.2 '95 villages (61 villages 2 towns T 1345.76 T 254,127 130,924 123,203 North of Kumarghat dev.block Kailasahar Manu and 34 villages of N.A., R 1322.28 R 223,320 115,068 108,252 Basin Chhamanu dev.block in Kumarghat Kailasahar sub-division) N.A. U 23.48 U 30,807 15,856 14,951

1.5.6.3 63 villages( 63 villages of 1 town T 604.90 T 143,235 74,131 69,\04 Dhalai Salema dev.block III Kamalptir Basin Kamalpm sub-division) N.A. R 602.49 R 138,935' 71,880 67,055

U 2.41 U 4,300 2,251 2,049

119 TABLE-2

District -NORTH TRIPURA REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES,1991 State -TRIPURA

Census Code No.02

Region .sub-Division Location Code Total no. of Total Area in Kml Remarks No. & dev. Block No. of villages No. of Name Census of dcv.block villages Total Rural Urban villages in as per 1991 region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.5.6.1 Dharmanagar All r the Juri- sub-division villages are Deo l.Panisagar l·to 45 45 102 1602.53 1594.76 7.77 in region Basin Dev.block villages No. 1.5.6.1. 2.Kanchanpur 1 to 57 '5", dev.block 1.5.6.2 Kailashar sub- All the North division villages are Manu 1. Kumarghat 1 to 61 61 95 1345.76 1322.28 23.48 in region Basin dev.block villages No. 1.5.6.2 2.Chhamanu 1 to 34 34 dev.block

1.5.6.3 Kamalpur sub- 63 All the Dhalai division 1 to 63 63 Villages 604.90 602.49 2.41 villages are Basin 1.Salema in region dev.block No. 1.5.6.3

TABLE-3 DAT A ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS - TOTAL

District: NORTH TRIPURA Census Code No. 02 State: TRIPURA

Region No.& Total Main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Main workers Marginal workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.6.1 Jun - 87563 74543 13020 6463 1335 5128 205942 78755 127187 Deo Basin 1.5.6.2 North 78800 63784 15016 5871 950 4921 169456 66190 103266 Manu Basin 1.5.6.3 Dhalai 42910 36142 6768 5178 776 4402 95147 37213 57934 Basin

120 TABLE-4 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVrSIO~S - RURAL

District: NORTH TlUPURA CENSUS CODE No. 02 State: TRIPURA

Region No.& Total main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Main workers ~arginal workers Non-workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.6.1 Jun -Deo 80172 68133 12039 6185 1200 4985 187714 72041 115673 Basin

1.5.6.2 North 69863 56039 13824 5262 845 4417 148195 58184 90011 Manu Basin

1.5.6.3 Dhalai 41712 35122 6590 5130 743 4387 92093 36015 56078 Basin

TABLE-S DATA OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS - URBAN Census Code No.02

District: l'lUlUH TKIPURA State: TRlPURA

Region No.& Total main workers, Marginal workers and Non-workers name Mam workers Marginal workers 1\ on-workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5.6.1 Juri-Deo 7391 6410 981 278 135 143 18228 6714 11514 Basin

1.5.6.2 North 8937 7745 1192 609 105 504 21261 8006 13255 Manu Basin

1.5.6.3 Dhalai 1198 1020 178 48 33 15 3054 1198 1856 Basin

121 TABLE - 6 DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District : ~ORTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No.02 State: TRlPURA

Region Literates Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes No.& name T Persons Males Females T Persons Males Females T Persons Males Females R R R U U U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.5 .6.1 T 154102 91030 63072 T 25773 13210 12563 T 70623 36383 r34240 Juri - Deo R 134193 80424 53769 R 24336 12484 11852 R 70265 36149 34116 Basin I 19909 10606 9303 1437 726 711 358 234 124 U U U

1.5.6.2 T 116614 70672 45942 T 33449 17222 16227 T 85201 43567 41634 North Manu R 95459 58955 36504 R 28265 14586 13679 R 83600 42697 40903 Basin 21155 11717 2548 1601 870 731 U 9438 U 5184 2636 U

1.5.6.3 T 71654 43017 28637 T 34607 17778 16829 T 42151 21646 20505 Dhalai Basin R 68238 41151 27087 R 34252 17589 16663 R 42018 21555 20463

u 3416 1866 1550 u 355 189 166 u 133 . 91 42

122 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS District name :- NORTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 02, State :- TRIPURA

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristics name number administrative & name' divisions I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tripura North 1.5.6.1 Panisagar Bhuban, Udalfs­ The region extends over the eastern part Tnpura Juri-Deo and Bokabil, Ochrepts­ of North Tripura district covering parts of Basin Kanchanpur Tipamand Aqucpts Panisagar and Kanchanpur dev. Blocks and dev. blocks Dupitila & Dhalmanagar(NA) town. The region makes its and fornmtions. Ochrepts­ boundary by Bangladesh in the north and south by cacher Plain and Mizo Hills of Assam and Dham1anagar Aquepts­ Mizoram State in the east and by North Manu (NA) town Fluvents Basin in the West. under From the relief point of view the region has a Dhalmanagar maximum height of 939 metres at Central sub-division. Catclm1ent R.F.(48) under Kanchanpur dev.block and the minimum height of only 31 metres at Dhupirbimd(29) revenue village under panisagar dev.block. The maximum height is at the top of Jampui range in the South-east portion while minimum is in the lower reaches of Juri river in the north. The region is about 120 metres above the msl on an average which is decreasing towards north. There are two main hill ranges viz. Jampui in the eastem side and sakhan in the western side of the region. The river Deo rises in the southern uplanc!/ hills while the Juri originates from the Jampui till. After flowing northward one distance it turns westward and finally joins the Manu river near Kumarghat. The Juri river also flows north ward and enters Bangladesh across the border. The Longai is another important river flowing north ward along the boundalY between Tripura and Mizoram. All these rivers are torrentials i.e . . seasonal rain fed rivers. They finally join the Kusiyara river in Bangladesh. Geologically, the region is comiposed of the Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam and Dupitila forn1ations. The soils as classified by NBSS & ULP creAR) are Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts with a patch of Ochrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents in the north-east. Udalfs : High base Status soils of humid regions. Ochrepts :- Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of humid regions. Aquepts :- Brown soils (Hydromorphic) Fluvents :- Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium) The region has recorded heavy annual rainfall of 2525 nU11 app. The rainfall and the normal annual temperature of 25.0oC. The northern tropical semi-evergreen forests the mixture of moist deciduous forests in south and are found growing in the region. The region is connected by the NH-44. The NH-44 (Assam Agartala Road) and a rail way line (Badarpur-Dharmanagar to Kumarghat metre gauge railway line) with other regions. Rice is grown in the plain while jack fruits, pineapple and oranges are grown on hills. They are the main-agricultural products in the region.

123 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSIO-CULTCRAL DETAILS District name: :- North Tripura, Census Location Code No. 02, State :- Tripura.

State District Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-cultural Characteristics name number administrative & name divisions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tripura North 1.5.6.2- Kumarghat Bh.uban. The region lies almost in the middle part Tripura North and Bokabil, Gdalfs­ of North Tripura district covering the whole Manu Chhamanu Tipam, Ochrepts­ Kumarghat and Chhamanu dev.bldock under the Bas 111 dev.blocks Dupitila Aquepts. Kailasahar sub-division including 95 revenue and and villages and two (NA)towns. The region makes Kailasahar Quartemruy its boundary by Bangladesh in the north and the (NA) and forma tions south, by Juri-Deo Basin in the east and by East Kumarghat Khowai Basin in West. (NA) towns TIle region has a maximum height of 784 under metres above the msl at Manu Ch~ilengta Kailasahar R.F.(16.)under Chhamanu dev.block and sub-division. minimum height of only 28 metres above the msl at Dhanbilash(36)rev. village in Kumarghat dev.block. The Manu rising in southern hills is a major river flowing northward which is joined by the Deo river near Kumarghat town. On average the region is 110 metres above msl and is sloping from south to north. Geologically the region is coming under the Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila and Quarternary formations. The soils are found mostly as Udalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts types with a patch of Udalfs-Ochrepts group in west as classified by NBSS & ULP (lCAR). Udalfs : High base status soils of humid regions. Ochrepts : Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of humid regions. Aquepts : Brown soils (Hydromorphic) This region is wet and getting about 2600 mm \ rainfall per year while normal annual temparature is only 2S.0oC as recorded at Kailasahar. The natural vegetation generally belongs to moist mixed deciduous type. However, some patches of north em tropical semi-evergreen vegetation is also found. The southern part and hill ranges are well covered by these forest. The transportation facilities are well developed. Kailasahar, which is the main center of the region is cOIUlected with Vayudoot services fr0111 Agartala and Silchar. The railway line touches the region at Kumarghat while ~H-44 pass through the region from north-east to south­ west dilcction. Another important road IS connecting KailLsahar to Chhamanu via Kumarghat. The mam source of livelihood of the region is agriculture and forest product including bamboo, pineapple and lackfruit and plantation e.g. tea, rubber and coffee are the mam product in the region.

124 STATEMENT ON REGION WISE PHYSrO-CULTURALDETAfLS District name :- NORTH TRIPURA Census Location Code No. 02, State:- TRIPURA

State District Divisional Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Characteristics name number administrati and name ve divisions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tnpura North 1.5.6.3 Salema dev. Bhuban, Aqualfs­ The regIOn bes 10 the extreme north­ Tripura Dhalai Block and Bokabil, Aquepts, western part of North Tripura district and Basin Kamalpur Tipam and Udalfs­ spreads over 63 revenue villages and one (NA) town DuPtila Ocmepts. town in Salema dev.block under the under formation Kamalpur sub-division. It is bounded by Kamalpur s. Bangladesh in the north,by North Manu sub-division. in the east, by East Khowai Basin in the south and by west Khowai Basin in the west. The region has a maximum height of 519 metres above the msl at Kathalbari (59), while minimum is only 35 metre above the msl at Mohanpur (1) revenue village. The average height of the region is above 95 metres above the msl and bounded by Longtharai range in east and Atharamura range in the west River Dhalai rises in the southern part of Longtharai range. The Dhalai river flows towards north and finally enters into Bangladesh were it joint the Manu. Like other regions,a large number of seasonal torrents rising in the hills are joining the courses of river Dhalai. Geologically the region composed of the .Bhuban, Bokabil, Timam and Dupitila formations. The soils are Aqualfs-Aquepts in north and south-west and Udalfs-Ochrcpts in remaming parts as per NBSS & ULP (leAR), Nagpur. Aqualfs - High base status soils (Hydromorphic) Aquepts: Brown soils (Hydromorphic) Udalfs : High base status soils of humid regions. The norn1al annual rainfall in the region is about 2600 nu11 while norn1al o temperature is 25.1 C. The growth of natural vegetation generally belongs to moist deciduous type. The forests are found growing in the hills and the southern upland areas. The National Highway-44 (Assam-Agmiala Road) passes through the region from north-east to south -west. Agriculture is the main source of livefdlOod of the Illhabitants. Rice, Sugercane aBd Plantasion i.e. tea, rubber are the main crops in the region.

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