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Mémoire Des Hommes, Mémoire Des Sols. Etude Ethno-Pédologique Des Usages Paysans Du Mont Cameroun Nicolas Lemoigne

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Mémoire Des Hommes, Mémoire Des Sols. Etude Ethno-Pédologique Des Usages Paysans Du Mont Cameroun Nicolas Lemoigne Mémoire des hommes, mémoire des sols. Etude ethno-pédologique des usages paysans du Mont Cameroun Nicolas Lemoigne To cite this version: Nicolas Lemoigne. Mémoire des hommes, mémoire des sols. Etude ethno-pédologique des usages paysans du Mont Cameroun. Géographie. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2010. Français. tel-00466511 HAL Id: tel-00466511 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466511 Submitted on 24 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Université de BORDEAUX CNRS ADES UMR 5185 Ecole doctorale Montaigne Humanités ED 480 MÉMOIRE DES HOMMES, MÉMOIRE DES SOLS ÉTUDE ETHNO-PÉDOLOGIQUE DES USAGES PAYSANS DU MONT CAMEROUN Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Géographie Présentée et soutenue publiquement à Bordeaux en février 2010 par Nicolas LEMOIGNE Sous la direction de Simon POMEL, Directeur de Recherche CNRS, UMR ADES 5185, Bordeaux Membres du jury : Président : François BART, Professeur, Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux III Rapporteur : Michel MIETTON, Professeur, Université Jean Moulin, Lyon III Rapporteur : Georges DE NONI, Directeur de Recherche IRD, Bondy Examinateur : Willy VERHEYE, Directeur de Recherche, Université de Gand, Belgique Examinateur : Samson ANGO, Maître de Conférences, Université de Ngaoundéré, Cameroun 2 Mémoire des hommes, mémoire des sols. Etude ethno-pédologique des usages paysans du Mont Cameroun. Résumé : La fertilité des sols du volcan Mont Cameroun attire depuis des siècles une mosaïque de populations en cohabitation parfois difficile, dans un contexte de brassage culturel intense. Officiant comme autant d’archives vivantes des soubresauts de l’histoire, la mémoire pédologique enregistre et restitue la marque des usages, et par-là même celle des épisodes tragiques de l’occupation humaine. En retour, la mémoire sociale se fait l’écho des particularités du milieu, s’approprie ses originalités et adapte un système de représentations et de pratiques agraires diversifiées. Ces dernières sont commandées par la survie du groupe lorsqu’il s’agit des communautés paysannes mais aussi par les motivations financières de structures productivistes aux dimensions internationales. Les décennies passées, particulièrement riches en mutations sociales, ont donné lieu à une accélération de la chronologie événementielle dont les répercutions à l’échelle du sol sont lisibles. L’analogie de fonctionnement des mémoires sociale et pédologique, tant par leur similitude structurale que par le jeu de leurs interactions permanentes, constitue les fondements de ce travail. L’étude de certains indicateurs mémoriels permet de connaître de manière précise l’état de santé des sols comme celui des sociétés qui en vivent. Cette thèse contribue, à travers la mise en place d’une démarche pluridisciplinaire alliant l’ethnologie et la pédologie, à identifier les mécanismes de l’interaction entre les mémoires sociale et pédologique du Mont Cameroun. Mots-clef : ethno-pédologie, interactions sols-sociétés, mémoire sociale, mémoire pédologique, indicateurs mémoriels, sols volcaniques, pratiques paysannes, Mont Cameroun, Cameroun. Human memory, soils memory. Ethno-pedological study of peasant practicies on Mount Cameroon. Abstract: Soil fertility of Mount Cameroon volcano has been attracting, for centuries, a mosaic of populations in sometimes delicate cohabitation, in a context of intense cultural melting pot. Acting as living archives of history jolts, the pedological memory records and restores the brand of uses, and by there the brand of tragic episodes of human occupation. In return, the social memory highlights the peculiarities of the environment, appropriates its originalities and adapts a system of representations and diversified agrarian practices: commanded by the survival of the group when it is about peasant communities but also by the financial motivations of industrial plantations of international dimensions. The last decades, particularly rich in social transformations, gave place to an acceleration of the events chronology which repercussions at soil scale are readable. The analogy of functioning of the social and pedological memories, both by their structural resemblance and by their permanent interactions, constitutes the foundations of this work. The study of some memory indicators allows us to know, in an accurate way, the health of soils as that of the societies which live from them. This thesis contributes, through the implementation of a multidisciplinary approach allying ethnology and pedology, to identify the mechanisms of the interaction between the social and pedological memory of Mount Cameroon. Key-words: ethno-pedology, interactions soils-societies, social memory, pedological memory, memory indicators, volcanic soils, peasant practices, Mount Cameroon, Cameroon. 3 A Joseph Luma Mokake A mon enfant à naître 4 « Il faut une longue vie pour devenir un homme. » Maurice Genevoix, 1976 5 REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail revient aux Wakpe, il est le fruit de leur générosité. Sans eux, rien n’aurait été possible. Je pense à Joseph Luma MOKAKE mon père d’adoption et à son épouse Irene MOKAKE, à Moki Stephen MOKONDO et à sa famille, à Martin Kove EKWA, à Peter LIFOSE, à Samuel MOLUA, à chief Njie MOKOSA ainsi qu’à tous ceux qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre, m’ont patiemment initié aux richesses du Mont Cameroun. Clarice et Jean-Jules FOMCHIGBOU m’ont ouvert grand les bras et le cœur à Douala, je leur en suis à jamais redevable. A Etienne YEKAM, Edite et Emmanuel FOALANG, Emmanuel NANTIN, Linda OROK, Jérémie NSANGOU, Zacharie BEKOA, qui furent d’une amitié à toute épreuve lors des moments difficiles du terrain. Un grand merci à Samson ANGO pour ses conseils avisés et son hospitalité à Yaoundé. Je souhaiterais témoigner de ma plus grande estime à l’égard d’Emmanuel ARRAH, Délégué Provincial de l’Agriculture Adjoint de Buea, pour son engagement en faveur d’une agriculture paysanne libre. En France, mes premières pensées vont à ma famille. A Liliane et Philippe LEMOIGNE pour leur ouverture d’esprit et leur soutien de chaque instant, à mon épouse Sandrine LAVIOLETTE LEMOIGNE, « poto mitan » de ma vie, à ma sœur Lucie LEMOIGNE ainsi qu’à mon oncle Christian BOUCHER. Les chemins rocailleux de la thèse furent adoucis, année après année, par la présence de mes frères Jean-Fernand BEDIA et Pierre LANSAC, de mes amis doctorants Emilie et Anthony GOREAU-PONCEAUD, Céline LAHAYE, Irène KASSI et bien d’autres encore. Au laboratoire ADES, j’adresse ma gratitude à Marie-Louise PENIN dont la présence et la profonde humanité ont largement contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Un grand merci aussi à Carlos JENART pour sa remarquable compétence en matière de documentation, à Richard MAIRE et Jean-Marc QUITTÉ pour avoir, lors de chaleureuses discussions, dissipé quelque peu la froide austérité de la salle de microscopie… A M. Simon POMEL, pour sa disponibilité et la confiance qu’il a placée dans ma démarche. Encore vert de ma formation d’ethnologue, il m’a encouragé dans la voie de la pluridisciplinarité. Qu’il en soit ici remercié. 6 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE PREMIERE PARTIE LE MONT CAMEROUN, VOLCAN PRES DES HOMMES I – Le milieu physique II – Les sociétés en présence III – Le mythe des hommes paresseux IV – Conclusion de première partie DEUXIEME PARTIE LA MEMOIRE DES USAGES : UNE SCIENCE DES SOLS I – Introduction II – Les représentations de la terre III – Les usages de la forêt, auxiliaire du sol IV – Les techniques culturales V – Conclusion de deuxième partie TROISIEME PARTIE LES SOLS DU MONT CAMEROUN, ENREGISTREURS DES MEMOIRES NATURELLE ET SOCIALE I – Méthodologie et protocole expérimental II – Mémoire des hommes, mémoire des sols III – Typologie mokpe des sols IV – Conclusion de troisième partie CONCLUSION GENERALE BIBLIOGRAPHIE ANNEXES TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS 7 NOTICE LINGUISTIQUE La langue est un support essentiel de représentation du monde. Il nous a paru opportun de faire référence aux terminologies vernaculaires chaque fois que cela était possible, dans le souci de rester fidèle aux idées qu’elles véhiculent. Les noms communs issus de langues autres que le français (anglais ou mokpe – la langue des gens du Mont Cameroun – la plupart du temps), figurent dans le texte en italique. Les propos ou citations bibliographiques rapportés (lorsqu’ils sont attribués) sont placés entre guillemets et figurent en italique, qu’ils soient traduits ou restitués en langue originale. Afin d’éviter le plus possible, au long de ce travail, de trahir l’esprit des témoignages, nous avons choisi de faire apparaître, selon les principes de la méthode ethnologique, une traduction littérale des entretiens tout en apportant, lorsque cela pouvait entraver leur compréhension, certaines modifications syntaxiques. Les termes ou les phrases placés entre crochets à l’intérieur des citations sont des compléments d’information de notre part. L’alphabet utilisé pour la retranscription des termes en langue mokpe, pour des raisons de facilité de lecture, est l’alphabet latin – en italique dans le corps
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