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Automobile and Cluster Mapping and Industry Landscape in

Cluster Map: https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zKJ5tkR0sumo.kKwA8Hbksjvs

March - 2016

Sven Eriksson Maths Lundin

EU-JAPAN CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION - Head office in Japan EU-JAPAN CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION - OFFICE in the EU Shirokane-Takanawa Station bldg. 4F Rue Marie de Bourgogne, 52/2 1-27-6 Shirokane, Minato-ku, 108-0072, JAPAN B-1000 Brussels, BELGIUM Tel: +81 3 6408 0281 - Fax: +81 3 6408 0283 - [email protected] Tel : +32 2 282 0040 –Fax : +32 2 282 0045 - [email protected] http://www.eu-japan.eu / http://www.EUbusinessinJapan.eu / http://www.een-japan.eu

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Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ...... 4 2. Description/Scope of Coverage ...... 6 3. Automobile and Transport Systems in Japan ...... 7 a. Introduction ...... 7 b. Trends in the Automobile and Transport Industry ...... 7 c. Future of Automobile and Transport Industry ...... 8 4. Road ...... 10 a. Introduction ...... 10 b. Road - Passenger ...... 10 i. Introduction ...... 10 ii. Manufacturers ...... 11 iii. New Technology Research...... 12 c. Road - ...... 12 i. Introduction ...... 12 ii. Companies ...... 13 iii. Bus Manufacturers ...... 13 iv. New Technology Research ...... 14 d. Road – ...... 14 i. Introduction ...... 14 ii. Major Transportation Companies in Japan ...... 14 iii. Manufacturers ...... 15 iv. New Technology Research ...... 17 5. in Japan ...... 18 i. Introduction ...... 18 ii. Railway Companies ...... 18 iii. Rolling Stock Manufacturers ...... 19 iv. New Technology Research ...... 21 6. Sea Transport in Japan ...... 23 i. Introduction ...... 23 ii. Manufacturers ...... 25 iii. New Technology Research...... 30 7. Air Transport in Japan ...... 31 i. Introduction ...... 31 ii. Manufacturers ...... 32

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iii. New Technology Research...... 35 8. Automobile and Transport Cluster Organisations in Japan...... 36 a. Introduction ...... 36 b. Automobile Industry and Road Transport Clusters ...... 37 c. Rail Industry Clusters ...... 41 d. Maritime Industry Clusters ...... 43 e. Air Industry Clusters ...... 46 f. Related Research Clusters...... 48 g. Other Type of Research Organisations ...... 48 9. Government and Government Bodies ...... 49 a. Japanese Government Activities ...... 49 b. Japanese Governments Investments ...... 49 c. Japanese Research Bodies ...... 49 d. Japanese Associations ...... 50 10. Events and Exhibitions ...... 51 11. Summary and Recommendations ...... 52

Appendix A: Car, Bus & Truck Companies ...... 55 Appendix B: Rolling Stock Manufacturer ...... 69 Appendix C: Shipbuilders in Japan [35] ...... 70 Appendix D: Aerospace Manufacturers in Japan ...... 73 Appendix E: Largest Train Stations in the World ...... 75 Appendix F: List of Abbreviations ...... 76 Appendix G: Japanese Manufacturers with Global Procurement Organisations ...... 77 Appendix H: Shareholders of Japanese Car/Truck/Bus Manufacturers ...... 80 Appendix I: Literature & Web Links ...... 82

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1. Executive Summary

As in many countries, Japan has a long history of manufacturing companies that are gathered in clusters. One unique feature about Japanese clusters is the large number of subcontractors and partner companies gathered in the same area.

This report looks at clusters of the automobile and transport industry in Japan. The number of industry clusters in Japan is large, including a few outstanding. The largest of all is the cluster near , around city in . It includes Toyota’s R&D, design, production facilities and a very large number of subcontractors of which some are foreign. Because of Toyota’s presence in this area, it attracts many other companies, supporting the cluster, for instance headhunting companies, language schools etc. Another feature is that a large number of second and third generations of young Japanese people from Brazil have moved to Aichi. It was easy for them to find jobs and accommodations in Aichi.

Toyota’s Aichi cluster is the largest but not the only cluster for the car industry. Other large clusters are ’s cluster, which is located in (Kanagawa), ’s, which is located in and ’s, which is located in .

The Japanese car industry is offering many new opportunities for European SMEs. Firstly, the global car industry has in general become more competitive, which makes it necessary for the Japanese manufacturers to look outside the existing subcontractors’ networks. Secondly, we are facing a technology revolution; the 100-year-old combustion engine finally be replaced. Thirdly, we are also heading for the driver-less car.

All this will require new technologies and solutions. We have identified several potential areas for European SMEs related to the car industry such as fuel cells, electrical motors, batteries as well as various systems and software for driver-less cars. Additionally, systems for traffic control based on 5G cellular systems is a technology frontline where European companies are strong.

One trend is that large foreign and Japanese car manufacturers are joining resources to develop the next generation of cars. This could create new opportunities for global subcontractors with excellent products.

There are also several niche areas with potential opportunities. New materials with lighter, stronger and environmentally friendly features are one example. We could also point at solutions for solar- and/or wind-powered charging stations. Hydrogen production facilities for home usage are another segment with potential in Japan.

In Japan, there are a large number of railway companies, with JR (Japan Railway, previously owned by the government) as the most dominant. The high-speed bullet train “” is famous for running more than 50 years without any major accidents. The commencement of the next generation high-speed trains, the train will happen in 2027, and initially it will run between Tokyo and Nagoya. The maximum speed will be 600 km/hour. The rolling stock manufacturers are located around the three largest cities, Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, which have the largest number of subway and railway companies. Despite the fact that JR was once owned by the government

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(and still partly owned by the government), there have been very few open tenders. Since Japan is an island, there is no interconnection with foreign railways, which makes it very much isolated.

Nagasaki shipyard is the oldest shipyard in Japan. Some Dutch engineers created the shipyard in 1857, and it is still a major shipyard in Japan. Very early, after the opening of the country in 1867, and Yokohama became international ports in Japan. During the Russian and wars, Hiroshima became the base for the Japanese navy. The major shipyards are still located in those four ports. The ship building industry could offer opportunities for European SMEs that have special systems or solutions developed for naval or commercial ships.

Lastly, we will look at the Japanese aviation industry. It is small compared with the car industry but expanding fast. The world market for new airplanes is growing, since new LCCs and traditional carriers need to upgrade their fleet with more cost efficient aircrafts. Japanese firms are subcontractors to and some other foreign manufacturers, but are recently also developing Japanese made, small commercial aircrafts. Since it will be difficult to develop everything locally, there will be opportunities for European companies already delivering to the major airplane manufacturers in EU or USA. The Japanese aviation industry is located around Nagoya in Aichi prefecture.

Even if several manufacturers in the transport industry have their headquarters in Tokyo, it is not a suitable location for a European company that wants to promote its products to those manufacturers. All procurement, etc., are usually handled by each local factory or research centre. It is therefore important to be present at the local level, either with an office or by very frequent visits.

Another alternative is to use a Japanese distributor that has a good customer network. Concerning this option, there are two aspects to consider. Firstly, many distributors in Japan only act as logistics companies, by taking orders, shipping the goods, sending invoices and handling claims. Moreover, they do not carry out any proactive marketing and sales, which they expect the manufacturers to do.

Secondly, Japanese distributors sometimes have very strong relations with their customers. In some cases, the relation may be so strong that the distributor is more and less seen as a of its customer. This usually means that the distributor does not have any relations with the competitors of their customer.

Therefore, it is important to identify what relations each distributor has before signing any agreement. Sometimes, it could also be appropriate to ask the end-customer which distributor they would prefer to deal with.

Appendix G includes a list of companies with global procurement organisations. This list can be a good start to identify potential partners.

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2. Description/Scope of Coverage

This report presents an overview of the Automobile and Transport Cluster and Industry Landscape in Japan. In this, we include the car, bus and truck manufacturing industries as well as rolling stock, shipbuilding and aerospace manufacturing industries.

Locations are described in the appendixes as well as in Google maps, which are available at the following link: https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zKJ5tkR0sumo.kKwA8Hbksjvs

Most of the information is from publicly available sources, such as various publications, proceedings from conferences, Internet, press releases and various reports.

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3. Automobile and Transport Systems in Japan

a. Introduction

Transportation in Japan is very modern and efficient. In the same time, it uses less energy per person compared to other countries, due to a high part of passenger transport by rail.

Japan's spending on roads has been large. The 1.2 million kilometres of paved roads are the main means of goods transportation. Japan has left-hand traffic. A network of high-speed toll roads connects major cities.

Hundreds of large and small Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation. The major ones are; seven JR (Japan Railway) Group companies, Kintetsu , , and . Especially the private railway companies try to explore the land around the railways, by building large shopping centres in the station buildings and private homes along the railroads. The JR Group is also providing some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connecting major cities. All trains in Japan are known for their punctuality.

There are 1770 km of waterways in Japan; seagoing crafts cross all inland seas. There are some 994 ports in Japan as of April 2014.

There are 176 , and the largest domestic airport, , is Asia's busiest airport. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/ area) and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). [18]

b. Trends in the Automobile and Transport Industry

Passenger cars In Japan, there are around 580 passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants. This is very similar to Western Europe but lower than the USA. Almost every family in Japan has a car, but since 60% of the population live in large cities around Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka, the cars are not used for daily commuting. Most people in the big cities go to work by train; the car is mainly used for driving to the local supermarket and a few times a year to one’s home town, etc.

Currently, the government is offering subsidies to buyers of environmentally friendly cars. Electrical cars with (hybrid) or without a small combustion engine (to re-charge batteries) are extremely popular. More than 30% of all new standard passenger cars are hybrid or electrical.

In Japan, so called K-cars (kei-cars) are also very popular; around 25% of all cars sold are K-type. A K-type car has an engine of maximum 600 cc, and insurances and taxes are low compared with standard passenger cars. Especially farmers and owners of small shops like to use K-cars, with a flatbed, to transport goods.

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Buses Buses are in general relatively small, to be able to navigate on narrow roads. Both bus and train routes are very efficient in Japan, with short waiting time for the next bus/train to arrive. Sometimes there are however, traffic jams in the cities, which can delay the buses.

Trucks Japan has an extremely well developed parcel transport system (like DHL or UPS). It is fast and inexpensive. Nowadays, when you order from Internet companies in Japan, delivery will be the same day, or latest the next morning. Freight charges are usually free or very small (around 4-5€). Very little of the freight goes on rail in Japan, instead after midnight the highways are flooded with trucks on the way to depots in other cities. Normal parcel delivery or pick-up from offices or homes will occur several times every day, and the delivery trucks are always visible driving around in the office and residential areas.

Railroads Trains are mainly used for transport of people, very little is freight transport. In the large cities where 60% of population live, almost everybody commutes by train. This is very efficient, with trains departing almost every minute during peak time. Long distance travelling is by “Shinkansen”, the fast bullet train. Trains are very punctual. More and more Shinkansen lines are built which reduces travelling time. During 2015, a new Shinkansen line was opened between Tokyo and (also nicknamed little Kyoto) and immediately this has a major impact on the tourist industry but also on all other industries in Kanazawa.

Air Japan is very long and narrow, around 3000 km from north to south (similar to the distance between and Greenland). Air transport is therefore a necessity. However, 60% of the population live in an area between Tokyo and Osaka. Shinkansen, the fast bullet train, services this area very well. Therefore, going from Tokyo to Osaka (around 500 km) is faster by train then by air. However, travel outside of this area is more convenient by air. Several new LCCs have been introduced in Japan.

Sea Many have disappeared since bridges have been constructed between the main islands in Japan. Those ferries, which remain, are mainly for transporting trucks, or local ferries connecting small islands.

c. Future of Automobile and Transport Industry

Passenger cars All car manufacturers try to improve their cars by replacing the traditional combustion engine with new types of more environmentally friendly drivelines, mainly electrical or hydrogen, with fuel cells, or a combination. Already 30% of all new standard passenger cars sold in Japan are now hybrid types; in a relatively short period of time the complete Japanese automobile fleet has converted to some kind of electrical cars.

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Another target is the self-driving car. This will reduce “human” errors and hopefully not increase mechanical or software errors. In 2020, the first commercial self-driving passenger cars will be able to drive on special highways without the driver’s interaction.

Buses Buses will also convert to other “fuels” than gasoline. In some places, electrical buses are already evaluated full scale. Buses travel on fixed routes and fixed time schedules. Therefore, it is easier to use all-electrical buses, since recharging can be done when the buses arrive at end-destinations.

Railroads The Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) trains are under construction in Japan. The first phase will be between Tokyo and Nagoya. It will be ready by 2027. In 2045, it will be extended to Osaka. The traveling time between Tokyo and Osaka is 2.5 hours by Shinkansen today and it will be reduced to about 1 hour with the Maglev train. Maximum speed is a little bit above 600 km/hour. It is expected that some people will start commute from Osaka to work in Tokyo when the Maglev Train is in full operation.

Sea In order to reduce the number of trucks running on the highways during the nights, faster ferries have been studied. They would sail along the coast, provide the driver with a break and in the same time reduce the fuel consumption of the trucks.

Air Tokyo has two airports, Haneda and Narita. Haneda is located only 15 min from Tokyo city centre, but Narita is 80 minutes from the city centre. After the opening of Narita, Haneda airport was only used for domestic traffic, but some international traffic is now departing and arriving at Haneda. It is expected that Haneda will be expanded to handle even more international traffic in the future.

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4.

a. Introduction

In April 2012, Japan had approximately 1,215,000 km of roads made up of 1,022,000 km of city, town and village roads, 129,000 km of prefectural roads, 55,000 km of general national highways and 8,050 km of national expressways. The high-speed toll roads connect major cities in , and Kyushu. and Okinawa have separate networks. In 2005, the toll collecting companies, formerly Japan Highway Public Corporation, were transformed into private companies in public ownership. The aim of this policy change was to encourage competition and decrease tolls.

Road passenger and freight transport expanded considerably during the 1980s as private ownership of motor vehicles greatly increased along with the quality and extent of the nation's roads. Bus companies including the JR Bus companies operate long-distance bus service on the nation's expanding expressway network. In addition to relatively low fares and deluxe seating, the buses are well utilized because they continue service during the night, when air and train services are limited.

The cargo sector grew rapidly in the 1980s, recording 274.2 billion tonne-kilometres in 1990. The freight handled by trucks was over 6 billion tonnes in 1990, accounting for 90 per cent of domestic freight tonnage and about 50 per cent of tonne-kilometres.

Large infrastructure projects were the construction of the Great Seto Bridge and the Aqua-Line (opened 1997).

Road fatalities have been decreasing due in part to stricter enforcement of drink driving laws and improved safety functions in the cars. In 1990 it was 11 227 deaths on Japanese roads. However, in 2011 it had dropped to 4 612 deaths, even if the number of cars increased with 20 % over the same time period.

b. Road - Passenger Cars i. Introduction With Japanese manufacturers producing very affordable, reliable, and popular cars throughout the , Japan became the largest car-producing nation in the world in 2000. However, its market share has decreased slightly in recent years, particularly due to new competition from , China and . Nevertheless, Japan's car industry continues to flourish, its market share has risen again and in the first quarter of 2008 Toyota surpassed American to become the world's largest car manufacturer. Today, Japan is the third largest automobile market and, until China recently overtook them, was the largest car producer in the world. Still, automobile export remains one of the country's most profitable export items and is a cornerstone in the recovery plan for the latest economic crisis.

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ii. Car Manufacturers Manufacturer Production 2012 Toyota 3 170 289 Nissan 1 035 726 996 832 896 781 Mazda 830 294 Daihatsu 633 887 551 812 448598 Other 0 Total 8 554 219 Figure 1, Source: [31]

Toyota Motor Toyota is Japan’s largest car manufacturer, located in Aichi prefecture, near Nagoya. Toyota is also Japan’s largest company in terms of revenues. Worldwide, Toyota is producing more than 10 million cars, manufacturing in around 20 countries, with more than 300 000 employees. was the first commercial hybrid car in the world selling really well.

Toyota has a large impact on Aichi prefecture. Subcontractors, service companies etc., which work for Toyota, are all located in the same area.

Nissan Motor Nissan is located in Yokohama. A few years ago, Nissan was in financial trouble, however, with the support and management from , the company is now doing well. Nissan is recently focusing on electrical cars (not hybrids), and is selling well.

Honda Motor Co Ltd. Honda is the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer; however, Honda also manufactures cars, which are well known for its “European” design. Honda’s head office is located in Tokyo and plants are located in and . Many other motorcycle manufacturers are also located in Shizuoka.

Suzuki Motor Corporation Suzuki is also famous for its motorcycles and located in the same region as Honda, that is Shizuoka.

Mazda Motor Corporation Mazda is a car manufacturer originated in Hiroshima area, and most facilities are still located in Hiroshima. Mazda is well known for its “family” type of cars.

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Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd. Daihatsu is the oldest Japanese car manufacturer, located in Ikeda in Osaka. Daihatsu is well known for smaller types of cars and off-road cars. On Jan 29th, 2016, it was announced that Daihatsu would become a 100% Toyota subsidiary.

Subaru (Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.) Fuji Heavy Industries is a mainly involved in aerospace and ground transportation. Fuji Heavy Industries is located in Gunma prefecture, roughly 100 km northwest of Tokyo. Fuji Heavy Industries consists of four divisions; one of those is manufacturing the Subaru passenger car.

Mitsubishi Motor Corporation Mitsubishi Motor was established in 1970 as a separate subsidiary of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Manufacturing plants are located in Aichi, Kyoto and Okayama. Mitsubishi Motor is not as concentrated to a certain area as other manufacturers are.

For more detailed information about each manufacturer, please see Appendix A.

iii. New Technology Research All Japanese car manufacturers are now focusing on new technologies to replace the combustion engine. The first step was hybrid cars, which had a combustion engine to charge the batteries. The hybrid cars were later equipped with larger batteries that could be directly charged from an external power source. This was called plug-in hybrid cars. The cars run mostly on electricity, but if the batteries become empty, it is possible to generate electricity from the combustion engines.

However, now all car manufacturers are also working on Hydrogen Fuel Cell cars. They have many benefits, but require hydrogen filling stations along the roads. It will probably take a few years until a complete infrastructure of hydrogen filling stations is completed in Japan.

c. Road - Buses i. Introduction In every Japanese city, there is an extensive network of local buses, running during day-time, mainly to interconnect between subway/ train stations and less populated areas, such as smaller residential areas. Buses runs frequently but the service usually stops before midnight.

In more rural areas, there are long distance buses; some are just connecting smaller towns along the roads, other are running as an overnight service to interconnect cities, but at a lower price than the railway systems.

For example, between Tokyo and Osaka, it is possible to go by air, Shinkansen train or overnight buses. Air and Shinkansen fares are similar. However, prices of overnight buses are around half the price, but the required travel time is much longer.

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ii. Bus Companies There are around 1000 bus companies in Japan. The bus companies owned by Japan Railway (JR) Group are the largest. [32]

iii. Bus Manufacturers

Manufacturer Production 2009

Toyota 69 605

Mitsubishi 4 982 Nissan 4 479

Hino 4 473 2 077

UD Trucks 1 179

Other 0 Total 86 795

Figure 2, Source: [31] Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota is the largest bus manufacturer in Japan. Toyota also owns 50% of .

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation Mitsubishi Fuso is a Japanese company owned by Daimler AG, located in Kawasaki city just south of Tokyo.

Nissan Motor Co (See under Automobile Industry)

Hino Motors Co Ltd Hino Motors is a subsidiary of Toyota. It is located in Hino city west of Tokyo. Products are buses and trucks.

Isuzu Motor Limited Isuzu is mostly known for trucks of all sizes. After Isuzu small automobile sales drastically plummeted, Isuzu had to drop all sales of sedans and compact cars in the late 1990s.

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UD Trucks is the name used in Japan for two lines of pickup trucks and light commercial vehicles sold by Nissan and built by UD Trucks, a AB company and by Renault-Nissan Alliance for the European market.

For more detailed information about each manufacturer please see Appendix A.

iv. New Technology Research There is similar research on going for buses as for cars, such as improved fuel efficiency etc. Many buses run on fixed routes and fixed schedules, so there is some interest in all-electrical type of buses, which do not require combustion engines.

In 2002, the bus operating market was de-regulated in Japan and, therefore, many new bus companies have emerged. These companies are mainly trying to compete on price, but recently there have been a number of bus accidents in Japan with fatal outcome. Safety, security and convenience have therefore become very important sales points for the incumbent bus companies.

On-demand bus service is tested in three different type-cities in Japan. The service is available through the Internet with cloud computing technology and it is evaluated to enable new public transportation system.

d. Road – Trucks i. Introduction In Japan, there are large numbers of truck manufacturers. The majority of those are, however, car manufacturers making small pick-up type of trucks based on car chassis. In reality, there is only four manufacturers making large size trucks; Mitsubishi, Daihatsu, Hino and UD trucks.

ii. Major Transportation Companies in Japan

Sagawa Express Co. Ltd. Sagawa Express Co., Ltd. is a major transportation company in Japan. Its headquarters are in Minami-ku, Kyoto.

The company was founded by Kiyoshi Sagawa. It began operation on March 22, 1957, and was registered as a company on November 24, 1965.

Sagawa's major customers include Amway, Amazon Japan, Softbank BB, Yamada Denki, Culture Convenience Club (Tsutaya), , Style, Askul, and Digital Media Mart.

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Yamato Transport Co., Ltd. is Japan's largest door-to-door delivery service company with a market share of 41%, competing closely with Sagawa Express and . Their head office is located in , Tokyo.

The company's logo is a yellow oval with a black mother cat carrying her kitten in her mouth, symbolizing the company's promise that they take care of items entrusted to them as though the items were their own family. The company is often colloquially referred to as “Kuro Neko” which means "black cat" in Japanese.

Nippon Express Nippon Express Co., Ltd. is a logistics services company. Its head office is located in Tokyo.

The company was established in 1937 in line with the Nippon Tsu-un Kaisha Law as a semi-government transportation service. The Company was created by pooling the assets of International Express Co., Ltd., which consolidated many of the nation's small-scale rail transport companies, and six other competitors, with additional funding from the Japanese government.

Nippon Express annual revenues exceed $14 billion USD. Nippon Express has a strong global network that spans over 40 countries, with direct operations in 33 countries.

iii. Truck Manufacturers Manufacturer Production 2009 Toyota 178 954 Suzuki 150 245 Daihatsu 132 980 Isuzu 118 033 Nissan 109 061 Mitsubishi 61 083 Hino 62 197 Subaru 51 123 Mitsubishi Fuso 49 485 Honda 28 626 Mazda 23 577 UD Trucks 18 652 Other 545 Total 985 101 Figure 3, Major truck Source: [31] manufacturers are indicated in yellow.

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Toyota Motor Toyota is manufacturing Toyota Truck (also called or Toyota Pickup) under the Toyota name. Toyota is the biggest truck manufacturer in Japan. Hino Trucks is a subsidiary of Toyota.

Suzuki Motor Corporation Suzuki was initially a motorcycle manufacturer and, in 1961, became a separate car division set up within the company. All trucks are pick-up types.

Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd. Daihatsu mainly manufactures smaller type of cars and off-road cars. In the truck segment, Daihatsu is manufacturing pick-up types of cars, but also commercial trucks and three-wheeled trucks.

Isuzu Motor Limited Isuzu is well known for trucks of all sizes. Besides this, Isuzu is also manufacturing diesel engines, which are sold to many truck and bus manufacturers all over the world.

Nissan Motor Co. Ltd Nissan are also manufacturing pick-up trucks in the same way as Toyota. They were originally called Nissan Cabstar and later new models were added, called and . UD Nissan Diesel was sold to Volvo and renamed UD Trucks. UD Trucks are still manufacturing some trucks sold under the Nissan brand name.

Mitsubishi Motor Corporation Mitsubishi Motor is manufacturing pick-up type of trucks. Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation, a separate company from , is manufacturing commercial grade trucks, buses and heavy construction equipment.

Hino Motors Co. Ltd Hino Motors is a subsidiary of Toyota. It is located in Hino city west of Tokyo. Products are buses and trucks.

Subaru (Fuji Heavy Industries) Subaru is manufacturing pick-up trucks, like most other passenger car manufacturers.

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation is one of the largest truck manufacturers in the world, owned by Daimler AG of (89%) and Mitsubishi Group companies (11%).

Honda Motor Co. Ltd. As all the major car manufacturers in Japan, Honda also manufactured pick-up type trucks, called , which was a mid-size sport utility truck (SUT). Production ended in mid-2014.

Mazda Motor Corporation Mazda is producing both pick-up trucks and commercial trucks.

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UD Trucks Corporation UD Nissan Diesel was bought by Volvo and renamed UD Trucks. UD Trucks are still manufacturing some trucks sold under Nissan brand name. However, most trucks are sold under UD brand name.

For more detailed information about each manufacturer please see Appendix A.

iv. New Technology Research The truck transportation business is under high-cost pressure. This has become so extreme that some transportation companies avoid toll-roads to reduce cost.

Another issue is that parcel delivery companies have to do several visits if the receiver is not at home. One “solution” to this, is the delivery within 60 min from purchase. Another solution is that most new apartment buildings provide special boxes where parcels can be dropped for the receiver to pick-up later.

There are several projects on going to try to reduce additional costs.

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5. Rail Transport in Japan

i. Introduction In Japan, railways are a major means of passenger transportation, especially for mass and high-speed transport between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolitan areas. Seven companies, state-owned until 1987, cover most parts of Japan. There are also railway services operated by private rail companies, regional governments, and companies funded by both regional governments and private companies. The privatized networks are highly efficient, requiring few subsidies and running extremely punctually. The freight transport is however very small, less than 1% of goods movement.

Total railways of 27,182 km include several track gauges, the most common of which is 1,067 mm (3 ft. 6 in.) narrow gauge, with 22,301 km of track of which 15,222 km is electrified.

Fukuoka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Osaka, , , Tokyo and Yokohama have subway systems.

Shinkansen, or "bullet trains", as they are often known, are the high-speed trains in Japan, which run on completely separate lines from the commuting trains. Shinkansen takes up a large portion of the long distance travel in Japan, as about 250 Shinkansen trains operate daily. The fastest train operates at a maximum speed of 320 km/h. Shinkansen trains are known to be very punctual, in par with all other Japanese transportation; in 2003, the average delay per train on the Tokaido Shinkansen was a mere 6 seconds. [18]

Because of the massive use of its railway system, Japan is home to 46 of the world's 50 busiest train stations. See Appendix E. [28] [29]

ii. Railway Companies In 1987, the Japan National Railways was broken up and privatized. It is now the largest railway group in Japan, consisting of: Passenger only: East Japan Railway Company Central Japan Railway Company West Japan Railway Company Freight only: Japan Freight Railway Company

There are also 16 major private railways in Japan:

Kantō region: Keikyū Corporation Keiō Corporation

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Keisei Electric Railway Odakyū Electric Railway Sagami Railway (Sōtetsu) Seibu Railway Tōbu Railway Tōkyū Corporation Chūbu region: Nagoya Railroad () : Hankyū Corporation Hanshin Electric Railway Keihan Electric Railway Kintetsu Corporation Nankai Electric Railway Kyūshū region: Nishi-Nippon Railroad

Besides those major railway companies, there are a large number of smaller railway companies. [19]

iii. Rolling Stock Manufacturers [20] According to a survey done by SCI Verkehr in Germany, the top 10 worldwide rolling stock builders during 2013 were:

1. CNR, China €6.6 billion 2. CSR, China €6.3 billion 3. Bombardier, Canada €4.2 billion 4. Alstom, €3.3 billion 5. Transmashholding, Russia 6. Stadler, Switzerland 7. Siemens Germany 8. GE Transportation, USA 9. Uralvagonzavod, Russia 10. Trinity Industries, USA CAF, Hyundai-Rotem and Kawasaki slipped out of top 10.

Hitachi, Ltd. is a highly diversified company that operates eleven business segments: Information & Telecommunication Systems, Social Infrastructure, High Functional Materials & Components, Financial Services, Power Systems, Electronic Systems & Equipment, Automotive Systems, Railway & Urban Systems, Digital Media & Consumer Products, Construction Machinery and Other Components & Systems.

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Number of Employees: 326 240 (2014)

Hitachi Rail Hitachi Rail is a subsidiary in the Hitachi group and involved in designing and manufacturing many models of Shinkansen vehicles, including the N700 Series Shinkansen and the THSR 700T for Taiwan High Speed Rail. Hitachi manufactures a general-purpose train known as the "A-train", which utilises double-skin friction stir welded aluminium body construction. The A-train concept can be customised to form a commuter train, a limited express train or a high-speed train such as the Class 395 operating in the UK. Hitachi also develops rolling stock for many metro systems, including the Subway, Tokyo Metro, Yokohama Municipal Subway, and MARTA, as well as operating vehicles for Hitachi Monorail. Hitachi and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries agreed to cooperate in the field of international intra-city railway systems in 2010. In 2015, Hitachi Rail bought Italian manufacturer Ansaldo Breda. [21] [22]

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company is the rolling stock production division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Kawasaki is Japan’s largest manufacturer of rolling stock. It began operations in the industry in 1906. It manufactures express and commuter trains, subway cars, freight trains, locomotives, monorails and new transit systems. Kawasaki is also involved in the development and design of high-speed trains such as Japan’s Shinkansen. Since beginning operations in 1906, the company has produced more than 90 000 railroad cars.

Head quarter: Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Japan [24]

Kinki Sharyo The Co., Ltd is an Osaka-based manufacturer of railroad vehicles. It is an affiliate company of Kintetsu Corporation. In business since 1920 and produced the light rail vehicles used by a number of transportation agencies. [25] Head Quarter: 2-2-46, Inada-Uemachi, Higashi-Osaka-shi, Osaka-fu, 577-8511 [26]

Annual Sales: 21 Billion JPY Capital: 5 Billion JPY Number of Employees: 899

Niigata Transys Company Transys Co., Ltd. is a Japanese railway vehicle and equipment manufacturer. It is based in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, has a factory in Niigata, and representative offices in Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, and Niigata.

Niigata Transys offers a range of rolling stock like commuter trains, intercity express trains, luxury sleeper trains and special trains for the promotion of regional tourism. [38]

Niigata Transys Company is 100% owned by IHI.

Annual Sales: 15 Billion JPY (2006) Capital: 1 Billion JPY (2012) Number of Employees: 341 (2014)

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Nippon Sharyo , Ltd., formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 2008, Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) became the majority shareholder (50.1%) of the financially struggling Nippon Sharyo, making the firm a "consolidated subsidiary" of JR Central. In July 2012, Nippon Sharyo USA started production in their new facility in Rochelle, Illinois. [39]

Annual Sales: 82 Billion JPY (2012) Capital: 11.8 Billion JPY (2012) Number of Employees: 2059 (2012)

Japan Transport Engineering Company Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC) is a manufacturer of heavy rail cars in Japan, formerly known as Tokyu Car Corporation. The company is based in Yokohama and a member of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) group. J-TREC manufactures rail vehicles not only for JR East and but also for other Japanese operators, including various Japan Railways Group companies and international operators as well. It was founded on 23 August 1948.

Tokyu Car Corporation, the root of J-TREC, was specialized in stainless-steel body car technology. [40]

Annual Sales: Capital: 3.1 Billion JPY Number of Employees: 1154 (2015)

Alna Sharyo Alna Sharyo is a company specialized in manufacturing rail cars for or railway system. Formally, the company was established in 2001, but it has been a part of the Hankyu Dentetsu since 1947. Annual Sales: 3.3 Billion JPY (2014) Capital: 20 Million JPY (2014) Number of Employees: 148 (2014)

For more detailed information about each manufacturer, please see Appendix B.

iv. New Technology Research

Yurikamome Yurikamome-line is located in the waterfront of Tokyo. It is connecting the centre of Tokyo (Shinbashi) with residential and recreation areas. In addition, the largest exhibition area, Big Sight, is one station on the line. Yurikamome has been in service since 1995. Already from the start, the system was equipped with an unmanned AGT (Automated Guideway Transit) service. The Automatic Train Operation (ATO) system uses signals from ATC () to set targets for speed and control schedules. During peak hours, the trains are operated

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at intervals of 3.5 minutes. Each train has a capacity of 300 passengers. Besides the Yurikamome line, there are another nine lines in operation in Japan. [16]

Special trains for tourism A small market is recently growing in Japan. It is luxury trains for local tourism.

Tilting Systems There is a continuous battle in Japan to make the public transportation systems more convenient and faster. Many railroads have several curves and it is therefore desirable to be able to tilt the rolling stock. Even high-speed Shinkansen has tilt angels of 1 and 1.5 degrees to permit increased speeds on tracks with a radius of 2500 m. It is expected that the tilting systems will be improved and permit further speed increases.

Shinkansen The Shinkansen network is expanded to cover larger areas of Japan. The latest extension was up to in Hokkaido, and will be opened on March 26, 2016. Finally, this line will be extended to Sapporo in 2030.

Maglev train The first part of the Maglev train between Tokyo and Nagoya will be ready in 2027, and allow speeds to exceed 600 km/hour. In 2045 it will be extended down to Osaka, and reduce the travelling time to 1 hour from Tokyo to Osaka, compared with todays 2.5 hours.

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6. Sea Transport in Japan

i. Introduction There are 1770 km of waterways in Japan; seagoing crafts sail on all inland seas.

There are some 994 ports in Japan as of April 2014. There are overlapping classifications of these ports, some of which are multi-purpose, e.g. cargo, passenger, naval and fishery. The five designated "super" container ports are , Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe and Osaka. Twenty-three are designated major/international, 125 designated as important, while there are also purely fishing ports.

The twenty-three major seaports designated as special important ports by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; , Fushiki/, , Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kitakyūshū, Kobe, Kudamatsu, , Nagoya, Niigata, Osaka, /Senpoku, Sendai/Shiogama, Shimizu, , Tokyo, , , Yokkaichi and Yokohama.

Japan has 662 ships with a volume of 1,000 gross register tons (GRT) or over, totalling 13,039,488 gross register tons (GRT) or 18,024,969 tonnes deadweight (DWT). There are 146 bulk ships, 49 cargo ships, 13 chemical tankers, 16 combination bulk, 4 with combination of ore and oil, 25 container, 45 liquefied gas, 9 passenger, 2 passenger and cargo combination ships, 214 tankers, 22 refrigerated cargo, 48 roll-on/roll-off ships, 9 short-sea passenger, and 60 vehicle carriers (1999 est.).

Ferries connect Hokkaido with Honshu, and with Kyushu and Honshu. They also connect other smaller islands and the main islands. The scheduled international passenger routes are to China, Russia, South Korea and Taiwan. Coastal and cross-channel ferries on the main islands decreased in routes and frequencies following the development of bridges and expressways but some are still operating.

During the (1603-1868), Japanese people were not allowed to leave Japan and therefore no ocean going ships were being built. Ships were only used for fishing, or transport along the costs. However, once Japan opened up in the end of Edo period, there was a strong activity to start building ships. The wars with Russia and China required many naval ships. Soon Japan became the largest shipbuilding nation in the world.

Japan became the dominant ship building country from the 1960s through to the end of 1990s but gradually lost its competitive advantage to the emerging industry in South Korea. South Korea had the advantages of much cheaper wages, strong government backing and a cheaper currency. South Korean production overtook Japan's in 2003 and Japan’s market share has since fallen sharply.

Currently, South Korea is the world's largest shipbuilding country with a global market share of 41% in Q1 2015. South Korea leads in the production of large vessels such as cruise liners, super tankers, LNG carriers, drill ships, and large container ships.

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Largest Shipbuilding Nations in 2014, based on completions in gross tonnage (in 1000s)

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

Figure 4, Source: [49]

China is an emerging low-cost, high-volume shipbuilder that briefly overtook South Korea during the 2008-2010 global financial crisis as they won new orders on medium and small-sized container ships. However, Chinese shipbuilders suffered a severe slump recently due to the bulk ship market deteriorating in 2015. Analysts claim that Korea and Japan were able to perform relatively better than China, given the two nations` high-performance ship technology.

The market share of European ship builders began to decline in the 1960s as they lost orders to the Japanese in the same way as Japanese builders have lost orders to South Koreans more recently. Europe's production is now a tenth of South Korea's and is primarily military, although cruise liners and some cargo ships are still built in , Finland, France, Germany and Denmark.

Japan, however, still has some strength; one is of course quality and another one is delivery on time.

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ii. Manufacturers Leading Shipbuilding Companies Worldwide as of June 2014, based on order book in gross tonnage (in 1000's)

Hudong Zhonghua Shipbuilding (China)

Yangzijiang Shipbuilding (China)

Shanghai Waigaoqiao/CSSC (China)

Japan Marine United (Japan)

STX Offshore & Shipbuilding (South Korea)

Imabari Shipbuilding (Japan)

Hyundai Mipo (South Korea)

Samsung (South Korea)

Daewoo (South Korea)

Hyundai (South Korea) HI

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Figure 5, Source [49]

The Hakodate Dock Co. Ltd The company was founded in Hakodate, Hokkaido, the most northern part of Japan in 1896. Hakodate was an open port where Russian trading ships used to arrive, and because of this, the town become very quickly important for overseas trade.

Annual Sales: 32 Billion JPY (2014) Capital: 1.7 Billion Yen Number of Employees: 1348 (2015) Head Office and Hakodate Shipyard: www.hakodate-dock.co.jp

Hitachi Shipbuilding Corporation [53] It is a major Japanese industrial and engineering corporation. It produces waste treatment plants, industrial plants, precision machinery, industrial machinery, steel mill process equipment, steel structures, construction machinery, tunnelling machines and power plants. Despite its name, Hitachi Shipbuilding no longer builds ships, having spun this business off in 2002. (See “Japan Marine United Corporation”)

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IHI Corporation [46] IHI Corporation formerly known as Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., is a Japanese company which produces ships, aircraft engines, for automobiles, industrial machines, power station boilers and other facilities, suspension bridges and other transport-related machinery.

IHI turbochargers, commonly used in passenger cars, are manufactured by IHI. Boeing and General Electric Aviation have subcontracted parts of several models of jet aircrafts out to IHI, as well as Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Fuji Heavy Industries. IHI is listed on sect. 1.

Annual Sales: 1256 Billion JPY (2012) Number of Employees: 26 618 (2015) http://www.ihi.co.jp/index-e.html

Japan Marine United Corporation [45] (Informally JMU) is a Japanese shipbuilding, marine engineering and service company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is Japan’s second largest shipbuilder after Imabari Shipbuilding, with shipyard facilities in Kure, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Nagasu, Kumamoto, Kyoto and Mie prefectures. JMU's products include the design, manufacture, purchase and sale of merchant and naval ships, offshore engineering and ship life cycle services. It was established in 2013 as a merger between Universal Shipbuilding Corporation and IHI Marine United Inc.

Now it is the second largest shipbuilding company in Japan.

Parent company: JFE Holdings: 45.93% IHI Corporation: 45.93% Hitachi Zosen Corporation: 8.15% http://www.jmuc.co.jp/en/

Imabari Shipbuilding Co. Ltd [47] Imabari Shipbuilding is a Japanese shipbuilding, marine engineering and service company headquartered in Imabari, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, established in 1942.

Japan’s largest shipbuilder both in terms of tonnage and sales revenue with design, research, construction and ship repair facilities in Imabari, Marugame and at seven other integrated dockyard and manufacturing facilities across the region. The company is privately owned and reported group sales of 403.3 billion yen in 2013.

Imabari Shipyard built the world first vehicle Carrier, “American Highway”, in 1999 and has delivered VLCC of 300,000 DW. The gross tonnage production until 2012 was 15,692,687 GT, which includes 393 ships.

Annual Sales: 418 Billion JPY (2012) Number of Employees: 1414 (2015) http://www.imazo.co.jp/

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Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Limited (KHI) is a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of motorcycles, , aerospace and defence.

Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation [48] Is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Its product range includes high-performance LNG and LPG carriers, container ships, bulk carriers and VLCCs. In addition, it is also a producer of warships for the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force, including submarines. The Company is also involved in the development of offshore structures and research vessels. http://www.khi.co.jp/

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd [50] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.

MHI's products include aerospace components, air conditioners, aircraft, automotive components, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, machine tools, missiles, power generation equipment, ships and space launch vehicles. Through its defence-related activities, it is the world's 23rd-largest defence contractor measured by 2011 defence revenues, and the largest based in Japan. MHI is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group.

MHI has shipbuilding facilities in , Kobe and Shimonoseki, Japan. Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works is the primary shipbuilding division of MHI. It primarily produces specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, oil tankers and passenger cruise ships.

MHI used to be the second largest shipbuilder in Japan, but have now lost this position to Japan Marine United Corporation. http://www.mhi.co.jp/

Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd [51] Engineering & Shipbuilding (Japanese name: Mitsui Zōsen) is listed on 225. It was established in 1917 as the Shipbuilding Division of Mitsui & Co., with the first shipyard at Tamano. In 1937, the shipyards became a separate entity of Mitsui, Tama Shipyard.

Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding is the “heavy industry” within Mitsui group, manufacturing plants for LNG and petroleum products, shipbuilding, chemical & steel plants, etc.

Three major divisions: Shipbuilding Machinery Engineering

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Sales: 670 Billion JPY Number of Employees: 12 055 http://www.mes.co.jp/

Naikai Zosen Corporation [52] Naikai Zosen Corporation is a Japanese shipbuilding company, called Naikai Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. in English. The company was established in 1944, and a major business has been car ferries and mid-size passenger and freight ships. Today Hitachi Zosen owns 29.61% of the company.

Sales: 22 Billion JPY (2014) Number of Employees: 721 (2014) http://www.naikaizosen.co.jp/

Namura Shipbuilding Co., Ltd [54] Namura is a mid-size shipbuilding company, manufacturing bridges and steel structures but also large merchant ships. Hakodate Dock Company and Heavy Industries are both of Namura Shipbuilding Co. The head quarter is located in Osaka.

Annual Sales: 135 Billion JPY (2014) http://www.namura.co.jp/

Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd. [55] Onomichi Dockyard is a shipbuilding company with Headquarter in Kobe and the main Shipyard in Onomichi close to Hiroshima. Main products are Tankers, Bulk Carriers and RoRo Cargo ships. Annually 10 ships are launched. http://www.onozo.co.jp/

Oshima Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. [56] Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. is a privately held Japanese shipbuilding company based in Nagasaki, Kyushu. The company was founded on February 7, 1973. It is a between , Sumitomo Heavy Industries, and the Daizo Corporation. The company has built 400 bulk carriers and delivers about 25 new ships annually to a worldwide client base.

Annual Sales: 141 Billion JPY (2013) Number of Employees: 1252 (2013)

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http://www.osy.co.jp/

Sanoyas Shipbuilding Corporation [57] The company has a history dating back to 1911, when the Sanoyas shipyard was established along the in Osaka. Today the company has two divisions, shipbuilding and plants.

Annual Sales: 34 Billion JPY (2014) http://www.sanoyas.co.jp/en/shipbuilding/index.html

Sasebo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd Sasebo Heavy Industries is now a subsidiary of Namura Shipbuilding (see above) http://www.ssk-sasebo.co.jp/

Shin Kurushima Dockyard Co., Ltd. Shin Kurushima Dockyard was established in 1987, with its headquarter in Tokyo and dockyard in Hiroshima. Annual Sales: 130 Billion JPY (2013) Number of Employees: 890 (2013) http://www.skdy.co.jp/

Shin Kurushima Shipbuilding Co. Ltd [58] Shin Kurushima Toyohashi Shipbuilding was established in 1903 in Osaka. Later, it opened a new dockyard in Aichi prefecture and separated from the original company in Osaka. The building dock is capable of building the maximum 300,000 D.W.T vessels, such as bulk carriers, container carriers, tankers, etc.

Number of Employees: 1000 http://www.toyozo.jp/e/

Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd [59] Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd (SHI) is an integrated manufacturer of industrial machinery, automatic weaponry, ships, bridges and steel structure, equipment for environmental protection, including recycling, power transmission equipment, plastic moulding machines, laser processing systems, particle accelerators, material handling systems, cancer diagnostic and treatment equipment and others.

Annual Sales: 615 Billion JPY (2014) Number of Employees: 17194 (2014)

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Seawise Giant, [60] It was a ULCC super tanker and the longest ship ever built. She possessed the greatest deadweight tonnage ever recorded. Fully laden, her displacement was 657,019 tonnes (646,642 long tons; 724,239 short tons), the heaviest ship of any kind, and with a laden draft of 24.6 m (81 ft.), she was incapable of navigating the English Channel, the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.

Seawise Giant was ordered in 1974 and delivered in 1979 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. at their Oppama shipyard in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan as a 418,611 ton ULCC. The vessel remained unnamed for a long time, and was identified by its hull number, 1016. During sea trials, 1016 exhibited massive vibration problems while going astern. The Greek owner refused to take delivery and the vessel was subject to a lengthy arbitration proceeding. Following settlement, the vessel was sold and christened Oppama by S.H.I. http://www.shi.co.jp/

Tsuneishi Shipbuilding Co. Ltd [61] Tsuneishi is the leading shipbuilding company in Japan with specialisation in building medium sized Bulk carrier ships. Head Office and shipyards are located in Hiroshima.

Annual Sales: 207 Billion JPY (2009) Number of Employees: 920 (2010) http://www.tsuneishi.co.jp/english

For more detailed information about each manufacturer, please see Appendix C.

iii. New Technology Research Since almost 70% of the running costs of ships are fuel, there is a lot of research on going in building ships more environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient. It is believed that newer ships save almost 30% compared with a few years ago.

Japan also tends to move away from standard bulk carriers and oil tankers to more specialized ships, tailor made for more specific use.

Japan still has two major advantages compared with its rivals that are delivery on time and quality.

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7. Air Transport in Japan

i. Introduction In 2013, Japan had the fourth largest passenger air market in the world with 105 913 000 passengers. In 2012, Japan had 98 airports. The main international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area), and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area). The main domestic hub is Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport), Asia's busiest airport and the world's 4th busiest airport; other major traffic hubs include Osaka International Airport, outside Sapporo, and . Fourteen heliports are estimated to exist (1999).

The two main are and . Other LLC passenger carriers include , Skynet Asia Airways, , Jetstar Airways, Peach, , Star Flyer and .

Air travel in Japan has historically been highly regulated. From 1972, the three major domestic airlines (JAL, ANA, and JAS) were allocated certain routes, with JAL and ANA sharing trunk routes, and ANA and JAS sharing local feeder routes. JAL and JAS have since been merged to help compete with ANA. JAL also had a flag-carrier monopoly on international routes until 1986. Airfares were set by the government until 2000, although carriers had freedom to adjust the standard fares starting in 1995 (when discounts of up to 50% were permitted). Today, carriers can set fares, but the government retains the power to veto fares, which are unreasonably high.

The Japanese Aerospace industry employed around 35 000 persons in 2012. Of those, 27 000 worked for the aviation industry and 8 000 worked for the space industry. During 2013, the sales of the Japanese aerospace industry were 1699 billion yen, of which 1417 billion yen was for the aviation industry and the rest for space industry.

1047 billion JPY was going on export, and out of this 111 billion JPY of value was exported to EU. During the same period, Japan imported from EU aerospace goods worth 248 billion JPY.

These are very small numbers compared with other industries such as the car industry or electronics industry. However, Japan is now a major supplier of parts to latest Boeing models, more than 20% in terms of value.

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, there are five A&D (Aerospace and Defence) companies in Japan out of the world’s top 100 [63]:

 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Aerospace (ranked #30)  IHI Engines and Space Operations (ranked #41)  Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Aerospace (ranked #51)  Fuji Aerospace (ranked #86)  Jamco Corp (ranked #100)

Japanese commercial aerospace industry has mainly been subcontractor to US Boeing. In 2014, Boeing announced the new plans for the 777X program in Tokyo. Five Japanese partners, MHI, KHI, FHI, ShinMaywa and Nippi will be responsible for 21% of the major components. [14]

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Sales in Billion USD for Major Companies in the Aero Industry.

Fuji Heavy Industries 1.3 Kawasaki Heavy Industries 2.9 IHI 4.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 6.9

Rolls-Royce 14.5 Finmeccanica 19.4 GE Aviation 21.9 Northrop 24.7 United Technologies 33.1 Lockheed Martin 45.4 Airbus 78.7 Boeing 86.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 6, Source: [15]

ii. Manufacturers

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries [64] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.

MHI's products include aerospace components, air conditioners, aircrafts, automotive components, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, machine tools, missiles, power generation equipment, ships and space launch vehicles. Through its defence-related activities, it is the world's 23rd-largest defence contractor measured by 2011 defence revenues, and the largest based in Japan.

MHI is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group.

MHI, Aerospace MHI has aerospace facilities in Nagoya and in Aichi prefecture, and Mississauga in Canada.

In the defence sector, MHI has produced jet fighters for the Japan Air Self-Defence Forces and anti-submarine helicopters for the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Forces, as well as aero-engines, missiles and torpedoes. It produced

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139 Mitsubishi F-15 fighter aircraft from 1981 and produced 200 Sikorsky S-70 family Mitsubishi H-60 helicopters from 1989, in both cases under license production. The company also plays an important role in the Japanese Ballistic Missile Defence System program.

In the civil aircraft sector, MHI develops and manufactures major airframe components, including fuselage panels for the and composite-material wing boxes for the 787 model. In the space systems sector, MHI is the producer of the H-IIA and H-IIB launch vehicles, Japan's main rockets, and provides launch services to JAXA related to the launch vehicles. The company is also involved in the International Space Station program.

On 1 April 2008, MHI established Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation as a subsidiary to develop and produce the MRJ or Mitsubishi Regional Jet, a 70 to 90 passenger regional airliner. MHI is the majority shareholder of the new company, with Toyota Motor Corporation owning 10%.

In June 2014, the company joined four other major Japanese companies in signing an agreement to build parts for Boeing's 777X aircraft.

Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation (MAC) Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation is a Japanese company dedicated to the development, production, sales and support of the Mitsubishi Regional Jet (MRJ) passenger airliner. The manufacturing of the aircraft is carried out by parent company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI).

MAC is headquartered at in Komaki in Aichi Prefecture, adjacent to the MRJ production facilities.

The MRJ program was launched with an order for 25 MRJs from All Nippon Airways to be delivered in the 2nd quarter of 2017. In July 2014, MAC announced the first order from US for its newly developed MRJ-90. Japan Airlines has also signed a basic agreement with MAC to introduce the made-in-Japan regional jets.

The production volumes are expected to increase to 10 aircrafts a month and MAC has the ambition to take 50% of the market of 5000 regional jets in emerging markets during the coming 20 years. [14]

The first test flights with MRJ were performed at the airport in Nagoya on November 11th, 2015. This was a delay compared with the initial project plan. The delivery to ANA during 2017 will be postponed with at least one year.

Now there are around 400 planes on the order book of MRJ. [17]

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Aero Engines During 2014, MHI and Development created a new company, called Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Aero Engines. This company will take over the business from MHI in commercial aero engines. The main base for commercial business is in the Nagoya Guidance & Propulsion System Works. [14]

IHI Corporation IHI Corporation, formerly known as Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, is a Japanese company, which produces ships, aircraft engines, turbochargers for automobiles, industrial machines, power station boilers and other facilities, suspension bridges and other transport-related machinery.

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Boeing and General Electric Aviation have subcontracted parts of several models of jet aircraft out to IHI, as well as Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Fuji Heavy Industries. The company is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange section 1.

IHI is the leading company of jet engines in Japan with a 60-70% share of the market. IHI is the primary contractor and manufacturer for the aircraft engines used by the Ministry of Defence, and participates in international collaborative projects that develop and supply various market segments, from super-large to small engines for civilian aircraft. It is producing engines for Bombardier and engine parts for Boeing. [14]

Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Limited (KHI) is a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of motorcycles, heavy equipment, aerospace and defence. It has its headquarters in Kobe and Tokyo.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company is the aerospace division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. It produces aircrafts, space systems, simulators, jet engines, missiles and electronics equipment.

In the 1990s, Kawasaki became prime contractor on the new OH-1 armed scout, observation and attack helicopter and completed some 200 T-4 intermediate jet trainers and liaison aircraft for the JASDF by 1998. It is currently developing two large, next-generation aircrafts; the XP-1 maritime patrol airplane and the XC-2 transport aircraft.

Kawasaki also continues to build helicopters, including the BK117, jointly developed and manufactured with MBB (Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm). KHI has delivered 163 BK117 helicopters in total. [14]) Kawasaki began delivery of MCH-101 minesweeping and transport helicopter in 2006 to Japan Maritime Self-Defence Forces.

In the commercial aviation business, KHI is involved in the joint international development and production of large passenger aircrafts. It is involved in joint development and production of the Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 with The Boeing Company, and jets with Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica. It is also involved in the joint international development and production of engines.

Kawasaki also works for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. KHI was responsible for the development and production of the payload fairings, payload attach fittings (PAF) and the construction of the launch complex for the H-II rocket. It continues to provide services for the H-IIA rocket.

Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. or FHI is a Japanese multinational corporation and conglomerate primarily involved in aerospace and ground transportation manufacturing, known for its line of Subaru automobiles. FHI's aerospace division serves as a defence contractor to the Japanese government, manufacturing Boeing and Lockheed Martin helicopters and airplanes under license along with being a global development and manufacturing partner to both companies.

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FHI has four main divisions:

 The Automobile Division, Subaru.  The Aerospace Division is a contractor for the Japan Defence Agency and markets and sells both commercial and defence-related aircrafts, helicopters and target drones. This division used to build the Fuji FA200 Aero Subaru and is currently participating in the Airbus A380, Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Hawker 4000 and Eclipse 500 programs, and supplies parts for Boeing 737, Boeing 747 and Boeing 767.  The Subaru Industrial Power Products Division manufactures and sells commercial engines, pumps and generators.  The Eco Technology Division manufactures and sells garbage trucks, robot sweeper and wind turbines.  FHI discontinued the production of buses and railroad cars in 2003.

Honda Aircraft Company The is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Honda Motor Company and was formed in August 2006. The corporate headquarter is located at the Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro, North Carolina, where the prototype HondaJet was developed and flight-tested.

In February 2007, the Honda Aircraft Company announced plans to build a 19 900 offices and manufacturing facilities in Greensboro to support HondaJet production for deliveries in 2010. On December 8, 2015, the Federal Aviation Administration, officially type-certified the HondaJet. The first delivery occurred on December 23, 2015. [66]

For more detailed information about each manufacturer, please see Appendix D.

iii. New Technology Research Even if Japan’s aviation manufacturers have worked as subcontractors for Boeing during many years, it is a new phase that Japan is planning to develop small commercial aircrafts for domestic and export markets. The Aviation market is a new opportunity for Japan and we can expect that most of the major Japanese aviation companies will follow.

There is an increased demand for newer and more fuel-efficient aircraft around the world. Older and more fuel consuming airplanes will be replaced by more efficient ones. It is a good timing for the Japanese aviation industry to enter the global market.

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8. Automobile and Transport Cluster Organisations in Japan

a. Introduction

Japan has the largest number of small and medium sized enterprises among industrialized countries. SMEs are defined as enterprises with less than 300 employees or less than 100 MJPY in share capital. More than 99% of all manufacturing enterprises In Japan are classified as SMEs. Two thirds of the employees in manufacturing are working for SMEs.

Another important fact about SMEs in Japan is that SMEs often form clusters. According to a survey done by the Small and Medium Size Enterprise Agency, there were more than 500 clusters in Japan in 1996.

The four most important benefits from clusters reported by small firms are; (i) Specialization, (ii) Ease of procurement, (iii) Diffusion of technology and (iv) Public policy support. Access to skilled workers is not reported to be a significant benefit. This may be explained by the fact that the dominant source of skills acquisition among Japanese workers is on-the-job training and such skills may be too firm specific to be useful to others, even within a geographically concentrated cluster. [65]

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b. Automobile Industry and Road Transport Clusters

Figure 7, Source: Google Map

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There are a large number of cluster regions for the auto/bus/truck industry. However, we will discuss the largest three based around car manufacturers. Aichi with Toyota, Kanagawa with Nissan and Hiroshima with Mazda.

Aichi Aichi prefecture is the “home ground” of Toyota and it is the world largest concentration of car-related companies. There are more than 3100 major companies, factories, etc. related to the car industry, and more than 270 000 persons are working for those companies. About 30% of Japans shipments of transportation and machinery come from Aichi prefecture. [6] [36]

Major Japanese companies related to the automobile and transport industry in Aichi:

 Toyota Motor Corporation  Toyota Industries Corporation  Aichi Steel Corporation  JTEKT Corporation  Co., Ltd.  Corporation  Seiki Co., Ltd.  corporation  corporation  Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories  Incorporated, Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.

Major foreign companies related to automobile and transport industry in Aichi  Group Japan K.K.  Magna International Inc. Japan  Miniature Précis Components, Inc.  Continental Automotive Corporation  Du Pont Kabushiki Kaisha  Bosch Corporation  BorgWarner Morse TEC Japan KK  Autoliv Inc.

Major research institutes as well as cluster plans and special zones for the automobile and transport industry in Aichi.  Toyota Central R&D Labs  Main Public Testing and Research Institutions  Knowledge Hub (Aichi Centre for Industry and Science Technology, Aichi Synchrotron Radiation Centre)  Aichi Main University, etc., Testing and Research Institutions  Nagoya University Green Mobility Collaborative Research Centre  Aichi FCV Promotion Council: Projects related to fuel cell vehicles, etc.  Aichi New Energy Industry Council: Issue-specific research, etc.

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Kanagawa Kanagawa is the base for Nissan, however, in the surrounding areas, like west of Tokyo, there are Hino buses and south of Kanagawa in Shizuoka, some of the major motorcycle manufacturers are located.

Major companies related to the automobile and transport industry in Kanagawa:

 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.  Bosch Corporation  Isuzu Motors Limited  Faurecia  Autoliv

Major research institutes as well as cluster plans and special zones for the automobile and transport industry in Kanagawa:

 Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology  RIKEN Yokohama Institute Yokohama Research Promotion Division  Yokohama National University  Keio University  Kanagawa University Another 40 universities and 30 graduate schools.

Hiroshima A large number of companies are located in the Hiroshima area, with Mazda Motors as the biggest car manufacturer.

Major companies related to the automobile and transport industry in Hiroshima:

• Mazda Motor Corporation • Hirotec Corporation • DaikyoNishikawa Corporation • Y-tec cooperation • Keylex Corporation • Japan Climate Systems Corporation • Toyo Seat

Major research institutes as well as cluster plans and special zones for the automobile and transport industry in Hiroshima:

• Hiroshima University • Prefectural University of Hiroshima • Hiroshima City University • Hiroshima International University • Hiroshima Institute of Technology, • Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University • Kinki University School of Engineering

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• Fukuyama University • AIST Chugoku Centre, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology • Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute

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c. Rail Industry Clusters

Figure 8, Source: Google Map

The major rolling stock industries are located in areas where there are a large number of railway operators. The main areas are Kansai, Aichi, and Kanagawa. Moreover, some smaller clusters in Yamaguchi and Niigata.

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Kansai In Kansai, there are several manufacturers of rolling stocks, and one of those is Kawasaki Heavy Industries located in Kobe area in Kansai. Kawasaki Heavy Industries is the largest rolling stock manufacturer in Japan, manufacturing all types of trains.

Major companies related to the rolling stock industry in Kansai:

• Kawasaki HQ in Kobe • Kawasaki Harima Plant • Alna Sharyo Plant, Osaka • Kinki Sharyo, Osaka • Japan Transport Engineering, Wakayama

Aichi Major companies related to the rolling stock industry in Aichi:

• Nippon Sharyo, HQ, Aichi • Nippon Sharyo, Toyokawa Plant, Aichi

Kanagawa Major companies related to the rolling stock industry in Kanagawa:

• Japan Transport Engineering, HQ Plant, Kanagawa

Niigata Major companies related to the rolling stock industry in Niigata:

• Japan Transport Engineering, Niigata • Niigata Transys, Niigata Works

Yamaguchi Major companies related to the rolling stock industry in Yamaguchi:

• Hitachi Kasadojima Plant

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d. Maritime Industry Clusters

Figure 9, Source: Google Map

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The shipyards are located along the cost. The first location was in Nagasaki, but during and after the war the shipyards in the inland sea in the Hiroshima area has expanded. Other important areas are Kanagawa (Yokohama) and Kansai (Kobe, Osaka) area.

Nagasaki Major Japanese companies related to Shipyards in Nagasaki:

• Namura Shipbuilding, Imari • Namura Shipbuilding, Sasebo • Oshima Shipbuilding • Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, Nagasaki • Japan Marine United Corporation

Hiroshima - Okayama Major Japanese companies related to Shipyards in Hiroshima:

• Japan Marine United Corporation, Kure • Shin Kurushima Shipyard, Hiroshima • Shin Kurushima Shipyard, Onishi • Shin Kurushima, Hashihama • Imabari Shipbuilding, I-S Shipyard • Imabari Shipbuilding, Shimanami • Imabari Shipbuilding, Hiroshima • NaiKai Zosen, Setoda • Imabari Shipbuilding, Iwagi Zosen • Japan Marine United Corporation, Innoshima • NaiKai Zosen, Innoshima • Onomichi Dockyard • Tsuneishi Shipbuilding • Sanoyas Shipbuilding • Imabaris Shipbuilding, Tadotsu • Kawasaki Heavy Industry, Sakaide Shipyard • Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding

Kansai Major Japanese companies related to Shipyards in Kansai:

• Onomichi Dockyard, Kobe • Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, Kobe Shipyard • Kawasaki Heavy Industry, Kobe Shipyard • Sanoyas Shipbuilding, HQ, Osaka • Namura Shipbuilding, HQ, Osaka • Sanoyas Shipbuilding, Osaka Works • Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Wakayama

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Kanagawa Major Japanese companies related to Shipyards in Kanagawa:

• Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Oppama • Japan Marine United Corporation, Isogo • Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, Yokohama • Japan Marine United Corporation, Tsurumi

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e. Air Industry Clusters

Figure 10, Source: Google Map

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Aichi is Japan’s leading cluster of aerospace companies. Fifty per cent of all parts in Japan (excluding engines) are manufactured in Aichi, and 35% of Boeing’s 787 aircrafts, including main and centre wings as well as fuselage. In the same time, there are plans for more domestically produced smaller aircrafts as well as rockets. These products will be produced in Aichi.

Major Japanese companies related to the aerospace industry in Aichi:

 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.  Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.  Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.  Mitsubishi Regional Jet

Major foreign companies related to the aerospace industry in Aichi:

 Dassault Systèmes K.K  PPG Japan  Magnate Technology Co., Ltd

Major research institutes as well as cluster plans and special zones for the aerospace industry in Aichi.  , Inc. Automotive & Aircraft Centre  Nagoya Guidance & Propulsion System Works. [14]  Nagoya Flight Research Centre, Knowledge Hub (Aichi Centre for Industry and Science Technology, Aichi Synchrotron Radiation Centre)  Special Zone for Forming the No. 1 Aerospace Industrial Cluster in Asia

As for the industry–academia–government collaboration, Aichi Prefecture has entered a collaboration and cooperation agreement regarding the promotion of the aerospace industry with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in 2012. While utilizing the Nagoya Flight Research Centre, which is adjacent to the Prefectural Nagoya Airport, opened in March 2012, and through flight demonstrations using JAXA's jet flying test bed “Hisho,” the prefecture will provide support for commercializing trial products developed by SMEs, conduct collaborative researches with SMEs and universities, and provide technological guidance for such research.

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f. Related Research Clusters

Tsukuba Science City Tsukuba Science City represents one of the world's largest coordinated attempts to accelerate the rate of and improve the quality of scientific discovery. The construction of the city centre, the University of Tsukuba and 46 public basic scientific research laboratories began in the . Tsukuba Science City became operational in the 1980s.

By 2000, the city's 60 national research institutes and two national universities had been grouped into five zones: higher education and training, construction research, physical science and engineering research, biological and agricultural research, and common (public) facilities. These zones were surrounded by more than 240 private research facilities. Among the most prominent institutions are the University of Tsukuba (1973; formerly Tokyo University of Education); the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); the Electro technical Laboratory; the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory; and the National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research. The city has an international flair, with about 7,500 foreign students and researchers from as many as 133 countries living in Tsukuba at any one time.

Over the past several decades, nearly half of Japan's public research and development budgets have been spent in Tsukuba. Important scientific breakthroughs by its researchers include the identification and specification of the molecular structure of superconducting materials, the development of organic optical films that alter their electrical conductivity in response to changing light, and the creation of extreme low-pressure vacuum chambers. Tsukuba has become one of the world's key sites for government-industry collaborations in basic research. [68]

Yokosuka Research Park (YRP) Yokosuka Research Park (YRP) is an R&D cluster for ICT specially focused on radio and communications technologies opened in October 1997 in the southern suburban area of Yokosuka City, .

g. Other Type of Research Organisations

Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) JARI started out in 1969 as the operator of an automobile high-speed proving ground and, subsequently, expanded into the field of comprehensive research on automobiles.

In 2003, JARI merged with the former Japan Association (drafting and promoting technical standards for electric vehicles) and the former Association of Electronic Technology for Automobile Traffic and Driving (researching methods of combining automotive and information technologies).

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9. Government and Government Bodies

a. Japanese Government Activities

The Institution for Transport Policy Studies, ITPS The Institution for Transport Policy Studies is an independent, non-profit foundation established under the auspices of the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The activities of the Institution involve comprehensive research and survey programs on transport matters. The Institution also evaluates transport policy and offers recommendations to the Japanese government and concerned parties on transport policy issues.

The Japan International Transport Institute, JITI Ever since its founding in 1991 as an independent foundation under the auspices of the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, the Institute has been engaged in the comprehensive research and survey of international transport related issues. The Japan International Transport Institute or JITI is comprised of two offices, a JITI Washington D.C. Office located in the capital of the and a JITI Tokyo Office located in Toranomon in Tokyo, Japan. The Institute engages in survey, studies and research on matters concerning international transport. b. Japanese Governments Investments

Tama Area Tama Area is located in ; it has a population of 4 million. Tama Area was created already during the 1960s when land prices became too high in Tokyo. In this less congested area, a large number of industries, universities, research centre were created. Of these, about 300 companies and 34 universities are members of the TAMA Association supported by METI’s industrial cluster project. If we look at “Broader Tama”, including southwestern and central Kanagawa prefectures, the industrial output amounts to twice as much as that of Silicon Valley in the US. [67] c. Japanese Research Bodies

The Japan Research Centre for Transport Policy It conducts surveys and research concerning transportation policies. The primary research focus is the movement of people and goods that are a vital part of the socioeconomic activities of Japan. This research is conducted from a perspective consistent with current needs. It is carried out primarily through the efforts of regular and associate members and by securing the participation of key outside partners.

Institute of Transportation Economics (ITE) ITE is a Research Institute, which specializes in the economics and management of transportation.

Tokyo University International Policy Research Unit (ITPU), Graduate School of Public Policy, the University of Tokyo.

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The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) was born through the merger of three institutions, namely the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). It was designated as a core performance agency to support the Japanese government's overall aerospace development and utilization. JAXA, therefore, can conduct integrated operations from basic research and development, to utilization. d. Japanese Associations

JAMA, Japan Automobile Manufacturers’ Association

JTA, Japan Truck Association [69]

NBA, Nihon Bus Association [33]

JARI, Japan Association of Rolling Stock Industries [23]

SAJ, The Shipbuilders Association of Japan [35]

SJAC, The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies [62]

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10. Events and Exhibitions

Tokyo Motor Show It is the biggest Motor Show in Japan and was held at Big Site in Tokyo from October 30th to November 8th, 2015. It is held every two-year, and this year the 60 years’ anniversary was celebrated. had more than 900,000 visitors in 2013 and was only surpassed by the Motor Show in .

Fuel Cell Expo 2016 March 2 -4, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight, Japan.

Battery Japan 2016 March 2 -4, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight, Japan.

Japan International Boat Show 2016 March 3 – 6, 2016, Yokohama Yachts, motorboats, PWC (personal watercrafts), engines, nautical instruments, navigation goods and marine wear.

The 43rd Tokyo Motorcycle Show Motorcycles, parts, wear, other motorcycle related goods.

Sea Japan 2016 The biggest International Maritime Exhibition and Conference in Japan April 13 – 15, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight Marine equipment, shipbuilding technology, marine services

Next-generation Vehicles Expo Trade only, June 15 – 17, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight Next-generation vehicles and motorcycles, automotive battery, drive system, lightweight material

Fuel Cell EXPO Osaka 2016 Trade only; September 7 – 9, 2016 Osaka, Parts and materials for the manufacturing of solar cells, measuring equipment, manufacturing equipment, solar cells and modules.

EVEX 2016 (Electric Vehicle & Plug-in Exhibition) September 28 – 30, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight Everything for Technology, Spread and New Use of EV & PHV

Japan International Aerospace Exhibition 2016 October 12 – 15, 2016, Tokyo Big Sight A variety of fields is exhibited, including air transportation and space environment with the latest aerospace products and technologies.

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11. Summary and Recommendations

In this report, we have studied the Automobile and Transport Clusters in Japan. There are 12 companies in Japan producing cars, buses and trucks. Only two companies, Toyota and Nissan, manufacture all three categories. Most of the car companies have headquarters in Tokyo, but research, development and production are usually gathered in a cluster type of area, located in different places for each brand.

Toyota is the biggest manufacturer in Japan and most of the facilities are concentrated to Aichi prefecture close to Nagoya. Toyota’s subcontractors, service companies, etc., are also concentrated to this area. This creates a cluster around Toyota in Aichi with many large and small companies.

In a similar way, the other car manufacturers are also concentrated in certain areas together with supporting companies and subcontractors.

For the car industry there is three distinct areas, such as Aichi (close to Nagoya), Kanagawa (close to Yokohama) and Hiroshima.

The rolling stock industry is clustered in a similar way, in Kanagawa (Yokohama), Aichi (Nagoya) and Kansai (Osaka). These three areas are the most populated areas in Japan and, consequently, the number of railway operating companies is large. Some of the rolling stock companies are owned or partly owned by the railway companies and it is therefore natural that they are located in the same area. Other rolling stock manufacturers decided to have locations close to their customers.

The shipbuilding industry is spread all over Japan. Initially, it started in Nagasaki, where the first foreign community was located in Japan. Kobe (Kansai) and Yokohama (Kanagawa) emerged as important international harbours and Hiroshima was the base for the Japanese navy during the wars with Russia and China.

The air industry is located in Aichi (Nagoya) around Nagoya Airport. This area has become very dominating since a small number of companies have become major subcontractors to Boeing.

To sum up, Aichi is a very important area for the transport industry, carmakers, rolling stock and air industry. All industries are gathered in this area. Shipyards, however, are mainly located in the in-land-sea between Hiroshima and Osaka. The headquarters have often been moved to Tokyo, to be close to different ministries.

European SMEs should carefully consider where to locate in Japan. Tokyo seems tempting, since it is the capital and many of the customers have headquarters in Tokyo. However, all activities regarding research, design, manufacturing, procurement etc., are usually handled at the local facilities, and therefore all decisions about partnership, procurement etc. are also handled locally. It is therefore important to be present in the local areas, either with an office or by very frequent visits. Considering the time it takes to travel to those places, it is not a realistic option to work in Tokyo and go on business trips to those areas.

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Another alternative is to use a distributor in Japan, a company with a good customer network. There are two aspects, to consider before deciding on this option. First, many distributors in Japan only act as logistic companies, by taking orders, shipping the goods, sending invoices and handling claims. They do not carry out any proactive marketing and sales, but expect this to be done by the manufacturers. This way of working very often becomes a friction between foreign manufacturers and Japanese distributors.

Secondly, Japanese distributors sometimes have very strong relations with their customers. It can sometimes be so strong that they are almost seen as a subsidiary. This is of course an excellent customer relation, but it usually means that they have no relations with the competitors of their customers.

It is therefore important to identify what relations each distributor has and what relations they do not have, before signing any agreement. Sometimes, it is also good to ask the end-customer which distributor they prefer.

All four Japanese industries, except the rolling stock industry, work internationally. Cars, buses and trucks are exported all over the world, ships are going to overseas ports and so do airplanes. The railway systems in Japan are, however, not interconnected to other countries, and therefore very local. Even if some rolling stock is exported, the main market and focus is Japanese customers. The procurement of rolling stock is also a much-protected process in Japan, with no open tenders until very recently, despite the fact that JR is partly owned by the government. We can, therefore, assume certain protectionism in the rolling stock industry.

We have discussed the car industry in the report “Alternative Vehicle Technologies and Intelligent Transport Systems”. In this report, we concluded that, at the same time as the car industry is becoming much more competitive, there is also an on-going technology shift away from the combustion engines. This will create many new opportunities. One trend is that large foreign and Japanese car manufacturers join resources to develop next generation cars. This will also create new opportunities for global subcontractors with excellent products.

We have identified the following areas as the most interesting:

 Fuel cells  Electrical motors  Batteries  Several types of systems and software for driverless cars  Systems for traffic control based on 5G cellular systems.

The above are obvious focus areas, but there will be several niche areas, such as;

 New materials; lighter, stronger, environmentally-friendly  Charging stations, public and private, solar/wind powered  Safety/Comfort/Convenience solutions  Hydrogen production facilities for home usage

This in combination what European companies are usually good at;

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 Easy to use GUI software  Preparing products for multi-cultural or multi-language environment  New innovative solutions  Good industrial design  Standardisation

In case of shipbuilding, there are many special applications and solutions, which small EU companies have provided to Japanese shipbuilding companies. Examples such as; Wankel engines for submarines or equipment for loading/unloading cement in cargo ships.

The Japanese air industry is now changing direction. Japanese companies have traditionally been subcontractors to Boeing and some other smaller manufacturers. The worldwide demand for aircrafts is growing and Japan is trying to expand into this high-tech business by initially developing smaller commercial aircrafts. European SMEs with competences in this area have good possibilities, since many parts have to be procured from overseas in the beginning.

In Appendix G, there is a listing of companies in the transport industry, which have some kind of global procurement. Those companies are interested in having foreign suppliers. In some cases, they have listed outstanding RFPs on their homepage or items each company are interested in procuring. In some cases, the process for global procurement is described. In a few cases, there are also names of individuals working in the procurement organisation of respective company. This list is a good starting point to review opportunities for European SMEs.

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Appendix A: Car, Bus & Truck Manufacturing Companies

Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd “We do compact”

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. (in Japanese: Daihatsu Kōgyō) is the oldest Japanese car manufacturer, mostly known for its range of smaller models and off-road vehicles. The headquarters are located in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture. The company is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) . owns 51.2% of Daihatsu shares. Number of employees is 11 873. [2] As of Jan 29th 2016, it was announced that Toyota will buy 100% of Daihatsu. [37]

Daihatsu was formed in 1951 as a successor to Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd, founded in 1907. Since February 1992, Toyota distributes Daihatsu models as part of its North American distribution. In Japan, many of Daihatsu's models are also known as kei jidōsha (K-cars or mini cars).

Daihatsu has had a long on-going development program for electric vehicles, beginning with the production of "pavilion cars" for the 1970 Osaka World Expo and continuing with the production of golf carts and vehicles for institutional use, such as the DBC-1. An electric version of the company's Fellow Max K-car.

Daihatsu has manufacturing plants in:

Indonesia, Japan, , and Venezuela.

In Japan the plants are located in Ikeda (Osaka prefecture), which is the head quarter, and Ryuo (Shiga prefecture), Tada (Hyogo prefecture) Oyamazaki ().

President: Masanori Mitsui

Head Office: 1-1, Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: 072-751-8811, www.daihatsu.co.jp

Tokyo Office: 2-2-10, -honcho, Chuo-ku. Tokyo 103-0023, Tel: 03-3279-0813

Head (Ikeda) Plant: 1-1, Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: 072-751-8811

Kyoto Plant: 1, Koaza Kita-hosike, Shimo-ueno, Oyamazaki-cho, Otokuni-gun, Kyoto 618-0081

Shiga (Ryuo) Plant 2910, Oaza Yamanoue, Ryuo-cho, Gamo-gun, Shiga 520-2593

Nishinomiya Parts Centre 1-78-1, Hanshin Distribution Centre, Yamaguchi-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 651-1431

Capital: 28 Billion JPY

Number of Employees 12 543 (as of April 2015) [13]

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Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru) Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. (FHI) is a Japanese multinational corporation and conglomerate primarily involved in aerospace and ground transportation manufacturing, known for its line of Subaru automobiles. FHI's aerospace division serves as a defence contractor to the Japanese government, manufacturing Boeing and Lockheed Martin helicopters and airplanes under license along with being a global development and manufacturing partner to both companies. By late 1980s, the company was a major supplier of military, aerospace and railroad equipment in Japan, but 80% of its sales came from automobiles. [4]

FHI has four main divisions:  The Automobile Division, Subaru.  The Aerospace Division is a contractor for the Japan Defence Agency and markets and sells both commercial and defence-related aircraft, helicopters and target drones. This division used to build the Fuji FA200 Aero Subaru and is currently participating in the Airbus A380, Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Hawker 4000 and Eclipse 500 programs, and supplies parts for Boeing 737, Boeing 747 and Boeing 767.  The Subaru Industrial Power Products Division manufactures and sells commercial engines, pumps and generators.  The Eco Technology Division manufactures and sells garbage trucks, robot sweeper and wind turbines.  FHI discontinued the production of buses and railroad cars in 2003.

Manufacturing plants in Gunma, outside of Tokyo and Indiana in USA. [5]

Number of employees is 29 774. [5]

President: Yasuyuki Yoshinaga

Head Office: 1-20-8, Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8554, Tel: 03-6447-800, www.fhi.co.jp

Gunma Manufacturing Division, Ota Main Plant: 1-1, Subaru-cho, Ota-shi, Gunma 373-8555, Tel: 0276-26-2011

Gunma Manufacturing Division, Yajima Plant: 1-1 Shoya-machi, Ota-shi, Gunma 373-0822, Tel: 0276-48-2702

Gunma Manufacturing Division, Ota North Plant: 27-1, Kanayama-machi, Ota-shi, Gunma 373-0027, Tel: 0276-26- 2671

Gunma Manufacturing Division, Oizumi Plant: 1-1-1, Izumi, Oizumi-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 370-0531, Tel: 0276- 48-2881

Tokyo Office: 9-6, Osawa 3-chome, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8577, Tel: 0422-33-7000

Saitama Manufacturing Division: 410, Asahi 4-chome, Kitamoto-shi, Saitama 364-8511, Tel: 048-593-7755

Utsunomiya Manufacturing Division: 1-1-11, Yonan, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 320-8564, Tel: 028-684-7777

Handa Plant: 1-27, Shiohi-cho, Handa-shi, Aichi 475-0032, Tel: 0569-29-4801

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Subaru R&D Centre: 1100 Toyoshiro, Sano-shi, Tochigi 327-0512, Tel: 0283-86-2930

Capital: 154 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 13 883 (March 2015) [13]

Isuzu Motor Limited Isuzu Motors Ltd. is a Japanese commercial vehicles and manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo. Its main activities are production, marketing and sales of Isuzu commercial vehicles and diesel engines. The company was founded in 1916 by the Japanese oil and gasoline manufacturer, Company, which in 1934 merged with the carmaker, and was renamed Isuzu, after the Isuzu River.

Isuzu has assembly and manufacturing plants in Fujisawa, as well as in the Tochigi and Hokkaidō prefectures. Isuzu- branded vehicles are sold in most commercial markets worldwide. Isuzu's primary market focus is on commercial diesel-powered truck, buses and construction.

By 2009, Isuzu had produced over 21 million diesel engines, which can be found in vehicles all over the world. Isuzu diesel engines are used by dozens of manufacturers, to include and Renault-Nissan Alliance. [34]

President: Masanori Katayama

Head Office: 6-26-1, Minami-Oi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722, Tel: 03-5471-1141, www.isuzu.co.jp

Fujisawa Plant: 8 Tsuchidana, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8501, Tel: 0466-44-1111

Tochigi Plant: 2691 Hakuchu, Ohira-machi, Tochigi-shi, Tochigi 329-4424, Tel: 0282-43-1811

Capital: 40 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 7 780 (March 2015) [13]

Hino Motors Co Ltd Hino Motors, Ltd. is a Japanese manufacturer of commercial vehicles and diesel engines (including trucks, buses and other vehicles) headquartered in Hino city, Tokyo. The company is a leading producer of medium and heavy-duty diesel trucks in Asia.

Hino Motors is a constituent of the on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation (50,1%) and one of 16 major companies of the Toyota Group.

In 1942 Hino motors was spun off from Diesel Motor Industry Co. Number of employees is 25 820 (2012). [3]

Hino has manufacturing plants/affiliates in: Canada, USA, Colombia, Ireland, , Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, USA, Thailand

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In Japan, the plants are located in: Hino-city outside of Tokyo

President: Yasuhiko Ichihashi

Head Office: 1-1, Hinodai 3-chome, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8660, Tel: 042-586-5111, www.hino.co.jp

Hino Plant: 1-1, Hinodai 3-chome, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8660, Tel: 042-586-5111

Hamura Plant: 1-1, Midorigaoka 3-chome, Hamura-shi, Tokyo 205-8660, Tel: 042-579-0411

Nitta Plant: 10-1, Nitta Hayakawa-cho, Ohta-shi, Gunma 370-0344, Tel: 0276-56-5111

Koga Plant: 1, Nasaki, Koga-shi, Ibaraki 306-0110, Tel: 0280-67-3500

Gozenyama Test Ground: 2023 Nagakura, Hitachi-Omiya-shi, Ibaraki 311-4613, Tel: 0295-55-3122

Memuro Test Ground: 26-1, Omabeta 14-sen, Memuro-cho, Kasai-gun, Hokkaido 082-0382, Tel: 0155-66-2511

Hidaka Distribution Centre: 689-1, Kamikayama, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1234, Tel: 042-985-9110

Ome Parts Depot: 5-1 Suehiro-cho 1 chome, Ome-shi, Tokyo 198-0025, Tel: 0428-32-9911

Capital: 72 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 11844 (March 2015) [13]

Honda Motor Co. Ltd. Honda Motor Co., Ltd. is a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles and power equipment.

Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001. Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, , Toyota, , Ford, Nissan, and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011.

Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a dedicated luxury brand, , in 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators, and other products. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and released their ASIMO robot in 2000. They have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet, which began production in 2012.

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Hondas car manufacturing facilities are located in the following countries:

Japan, India, USA, Canada, , UK, Argentina, Brazil, China, Thailand, Turkey, Philippines, Pakistan, Vietnam.

In Japan, the car manufacturing facilities are located: Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Sayama, Mooka, Yokaichi

Number of employees is 198 561 (2014). [10]

President:

Head Office: 1-1, Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556, Tel: 03-3423-1111, www.honda.co.jp

Hamamatsu Factory: 13-1, Aoi-Higashi 1-chome, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka 433-8501, Tel: 053-439-2011

Kumamoto Factory: Hirakawa 1500, Ozu-machi, Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto 869-1293, Tel: 096-293-1130

Saitama Factory: 10-1, Shin-sayama 1-chome, Sayama-shi, Saitama 350-1392, Tel: 04-2955-5911

Suzuka Factory: 1907, Hirata-cho, Suzuka-shi, Mie 513-8666, Tel: 059-378-1212

Tochigi Factory: Matsuyama-cho 19, Mohka-shi, Tochigi 321-4346, Tel: 0285-84-3434

Capital: 86 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 22 954 (March 2015) [13]

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. President: Shigeru Murayama

Tokyo Head Office: 1-14-5, Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8315, Tel: 033435-2111

Kobe Head Office: 1-3, Higashikawasaki-cho 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-8680, Tel: 078-371-9350, www.khi.co.jp

Plants Akashi Works: 1-1 Kawasaki-cho, Akashi-shi, Hyogo 673-8666, Tel: 078-921-1301

Capital: 104 Billion JPY

Number of Employees:

Consolidated: 35 471 (March 2015)

Non-consolidated: 14 632 (March 2015)

At Plants Akashi Works: 3 916 (March 2015) [13]

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Mazda Motor Corporation Mazda Motor Corporation is a Japanese automaker based in Fuchū, Aki District, , Japan.

Mazda began as the Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd, founded in Hiroshima, Japan in 1920. In 1931 Toyo Kogyo moved from manufacturing machine tools to vehicles with the introduction of the Mazda-Go Autorickshaw. Toyo Kogyo produced weapons for the Japanese military throughout the Second World War, most notably the series 30 through 35 Type 99 rifle. The company formally adopted the Mazda name in 1984, though every automobile sold from the beginning bore that name.

From 1979 to 2010, Mazda had a partnership with the Ford Motor Company, which acquired a 7% stake in 1979 and by 1996, owned 33.3% of Mazda. Ford gradually divested its stake in Mazda from 2008 to 2010, with Ford currently holding 2.1% of Mazda stock in 2014 and severing most production as well as development ties.

In 2007, Mazda produced almost 1.3 million vehicles for global sales, the majority of which (nearly 1 million) were produced in the company's Japanese plants, with the remainder coming from a variety of other plants worldwide. In 2011, Mazda was the fifteenth biggest automaker by production worldwide. [11]

Number of Employees is 37 745 (2013)

President: Masamichi Kogai

Head Office: 3-1, Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Tel: 082-282-1111, www.mazda.co.jp

Tokyo Head Office: 1-7, Uchisaiwaicho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011, Tel: 03-3508-5031

Hiroshima Plant: 3-1, Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670, Tel: 082-282-1111

Hofu Plant: 888-1, Nishinoura, -shi, Yamaguchi 747-0835, Tel: 0835-29-1111

Miyoshi Plant: 551-1, Higashisakeya-machi, -shi, Hiroshima 728-0023, Tel: 0824-63-1111

Capital: 258 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 21 295 (March 2015) [13]

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation The Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation is a German-owned, Japan-based manufacturer of trucks and buses. It is headquartered in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. It is one of the world's largest truck manufacturers. Daimler AG of Germany owns approximately 89.29% of Mitsubishi Fuso and Mitsubishi Fuso is a member of the Daimler Trucks Division of Daimler AG.

The name Fuso translates to hibiscus, an ancient name for Japan used by the Chinese and this was the name for the company's first product in 1932.

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President: Marc Listosella

Head Office: 1-1-2, Kashimada, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 212-0058, Tel: 044-330-7700

R&D Centre: 10, Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8522

Kawasaki Plant: 10, Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8522

Kitsuregawa Proving Ground: 4300, Washijuku, Sakura-shi, Tochigi 329-1411

Nakatsu Plant: 4001, Sakuradai, Aza Nakatsu, Aikawa-machi, Aiko-gun, Kanagawa 243-0303

Mitsubishi Fuso Bus Manufacturing Co Ltd: 1 Dojo, Fuchu-machi, Toyama-shi, Toyama 939-2757

Capital: 35 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 11 000 (December 2014) [13]

Mitsubishi Motor Corporation President: Tetsuro Aikawa

Head Office: 33-8, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410, Tel: 03-3456-1111, www.mitsubishi- motors.com

R&D Centre: 1, Aza-Nakashinkiri, Hashime-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8501, Tel: 0564-31-3100

EV R&D Centre: 1-1, Aza-Kawagoe, Niki-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-2148, Tel: 0564-31-3100

Kyoto R&D: 1, Uzumasa Tatsumi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 616-8501, Tel: 075-864-8000

Tokachi R&D: 22-1 Aza-Osanusi, Otofuke-cho, Kato-gun, Hokkaido 080-0271, Tel: 0155-32-7111

Nagoya Plant: 1, Aza-Nakashinkiri, Hashime-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8501, Tel: 0564-31-3100

Mizushima Plant: 1-1, Mizushima Kaigan-dori, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama 712-8501, Tel: 086-444-4114

Powertrain Plant-Kyoto: 1, Uzumasa Tatsumi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 616-8501, Tel: 075-864-8000

Powertrain Plant-Shiga: 2-1, Kosuna-cho, Konan-shi, Shiga 520-3212, Tel: 0748-75-3131

Powertrain Plant-Mizushima: 1-1, Mizushima Kaigan-dori, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama 712-8501, Tel: 086-444-4114

Capital: 165 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 12 848 (March 2015) [13]

Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. “SHIFT_the future”

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Nissan Motor Company Ltd is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.

Since 1999, Nissan has been part of the Renault–Nissan Alliance, a partnership between Nissan and French automaker Renault. As of 2013, Renault holds a 43.4% voting stake in Nissan, while Nissan holds a 15% non-voting stake in Renault. serves as CEO of both companies.

Nissan Motor sells its cars under the Nissan, , and .

Nissan was the sixth largest automaker in the world behind Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Hyundai Motor Group, and Ford in 2013. Taken together, the Renault–Nissan Alliance would be the world’s fourth largest automaker. Nissan is the leading Japanese brand in China, Russia and Mexico.

Nissan is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu.

Nissan's second-generation all-electric vehicle, the Nissan e-NV200, was announced in November 2013. Series production at the Nissan Plant in Barcelona, , began on May 7, 2014. The e-NV200 commercial is based on the Nissan Leaf. Nissan plans to launch two additional battery electric vehicles by March 2017.

Manufacturing plants in; China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, Morocco, Egypt, Kenya, , Spain, UK, Russia, United States, Australia and Japan [9]

Manufacturing plants in Japan:  Oppama, Yokosuka,  Kanagawa (Plant and Research Centre),  Kaminokawa, Tochigi  Kanda, Fukuoka  Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa  Iwaki, Fukushima  Hiratsuka, Kanagawa  Nagoya, Aichi  Matsusaka, Mie  Tsu, Mie  Uji, Kyoto  Samukawa, Kanagawa

Number of employees was 142 925 in March 2014. [9]

President: Carlos Ghosn

Headquarters: 1-1, Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686, Tel: 045-523-5523, www.nissan.co.jp

Technical Centre: 560-2, Okatsukoku, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0192, Tel: 046-270-1220

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Advanced Technology Centre: 1-1, MorinoSatoaoyama, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0123, Tel: 046-290-0823

Hokkaido Proving Ground: 48-1, Aza-Rinnai, Rikubetsu-cho, Ashoro-gun, Hokkaido 089-4356, Tel: 01562-7-2121

Iwaki Plant: 386, Shimokawa-aza-Otsurugi, Izumi-cho, Iwaki-shi, Fukushima 971-8183, Tel: 0246-75-1123

Tochigi Plant: 2500, Kamigamou, Kaminokawa-machi, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0692, Tel: 0285-56-1204

Yokohama Plant: 2, Takara-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8623, Tel: 045-461-7304

Honmoku Wharf: 8, Nishiki-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-8589, Tel: 045-621-2901

Oppama Plant: 1, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Tel: 046-867-5000

Research Centre: 1, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Tel: 046-867-5142

Oppama Wharf: 2-23, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Tel: 046-867-5000

Zama Operation Centre: 10-1, Hironodai 2-chome, Zama-shi, Kanagawa 252-8502, Tel: 046-252-3211

Sagamihara Parts Centre: 4-1, Asamizodai 1-chome, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0393, Tel: 042-745-5523

Nissan Motor Kyushu Co. Ltd: 1-3, Shinhama-cho, Kanda-machi, Miyako-gun, Fukuoka 800-0395, Tel: 093-435- 1111

Kanda Wharf: 8-3, Shinhama-cho, Kanda-machi, Miyako-gun, Fukuoka 800-0395, Tel: 093-435-1111

Nissan Education Centre: 910, Ichizawa-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 241-0014, Tel: 045-371-5521

Capital: 605 Billion JPY

Number of Employees (March 2015):

Consolidated: 160 530

Non-consolidated 23 605 [13]

Suzuki Motor Corporation President: Osamu Suzuki

Head Office: 300, Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka 432-8611, Tel: 053-440-2061, www.suzuki.co.jp

Tokyo Branch office: Suzuki bldg. Higashi-Shinbashi 2F, 2-2-8, Higashi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021, Tel: 03-5425-2158

Takatsuka Plant: 300, Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka 432-8611, Tel: 053-440-2695

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Kosai Plant: 4520, Shirasuka, Kosai-shi, Shizuoka 431-0451, Tel: 053-579—1111

Iwata Plant: 2500, Iwai, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka, 438-0016, Tel: 0538-32-8111

Toyokawa Plant: 1-2, Utari, Shirotori-cho, Toyokawa-shi, Aichi 422-8575, Tel: 0533-89-1111

Osuka Plant: 6333, Nishiobuchi, Kakegawa-shi, Shizuoka, 437-1304, Tel: 0537-48-3511

Sagara Plant: 1111, Shirai, Makinohara-shi, Shizuoka 421-0502, Tel: 0548-54-1611

Capital: 138 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 14 751 (March 2015) [13]

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Toyota Motor Corporation “Drive Your Dreams”

Toyota Motor is headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the multinational corporation consisted of 338 875 employees worldwide and, as of November 2014, is the eleventh-largest company in the world by revenue.

Toyota was the largest automobile manufacturer in 2012 (by production) ahead of the Volkswagen Group and General Motors. In July of that year, the company reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. Toyota is the world's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year.

As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization (worth more than twice as much as #2-ranked Softbank) and by revenue.

The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, , , and . It also holds a 51.2% stake in Daihatsu, a 16.66% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, a 5.9% stake in Isuzu, a 3.58% stake in the , and a 0.27% stake in Tesla, as well as joint-ventures with two in China (GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor), one in India (Toyota Kirloskar), one in the Czech Republic (TPCA), along with several "nonautomotive" companies. Toyota Motor Company is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Number of employees is 338 875. [1]

Toyota is manufacturing in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, South Africa, France, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Thailand, Turkey, , United States.

Moreover, has joint ventures, licensed and contract factories in the following countries: Czech Republic, France, Ghana, China, Pakistan, United States, India, Zimbabwe and Vietnam.

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Start of Unit Empl Operator Plant name Location Main products operations production oyees Honsha Toyota, Aichi Forged parts, hybrid system parts, chassis parts 1938-11 1,776 Motomachi Toyota, Aichi Crown, Mark X, Estima, Mirai, LFA 1959-08 73,000 4,085 Kamigo Toyota, Aichi Engines M, K, S, R, T 1965-11 3,034 Takaoka Toyota, Aichi Corolla, iQ, Auris 1966-09 179,000 3,293 Miyoshi Miyoshi, Aichi Transmission-related parts, forged parts, engine-related parts 1968-07 - 1,456 Tsutsumi Toyota, Aichi Prius, Camry, Premio, Allion, Scion tC 1970-12 510,000 5,045 Toyota Motor Corporation Myochi Miyoshi, Aichi Powertrain-related parts 1973-06 1,512 Shimoyama Miyoshi, Aichi Engines, turbochargers, catalytic converters 1975-03 1,535 Kinu-ura , Aichi Transmission-related parts 1978-08 3,062 LS, GS, IS, GX, RC, RAV4, Wish, Land Cruiser, 4Runner, Vanguard, Tahara Tahara, Aichi 1979-01 396,000 7,821 engines Teiho Toyota, Aichi Mechanical equipment, moldings for resin and casting and forging 1986-02 1,083 Research and development and production of electronic control devices, Hirose Toyota, Aichi 1989-03 1,605 ICs Kariya Kariya, Aichi[9] Vehicles for the elderly and people with disabilities "Welcab", Coms 1945-08-31 Kotobuki New Development Toyota, Aichi[9] 1960-05 Centre Yoshiwara Toyota, Aichi[9] Lexus LX, Land Cruiser (J200), Land Cruiser (J70), Coaster 1962-01 Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. Fujimatsu Kariya, Aichi[9] Estima, Estima Hybrid, Voxy, Noah, Prius 1964-01 Inabe Inabe, Mie[9] Alphard, Alphard Hybrid, Vellfire, Vellfire Hybrid, HiAce 1993-12 Auto Body Honsha (Gifu Auto Kakamigahara, Gifu[10] HiAce, ambulances 1940-10 Body Co., Ltd.) Miyata Miyawaka, Fukuoka IS, ES, HS, CT, RX, SAI, Harrier, Highlander 1992-12-22 309,000 7,154 Kanda Miyako, Fukuoka Engines 2005-12-20 , Inc. Kokura, , Kokura Transaxles 2008-08-01 Fukuoka Toyota Motor Hokkaido, Inc. Tomakomai, Hokkaido Transmissions, powertrain-related parts 1991-02-08 2,394 Century, Crown, Crown Comfort, Comfort, Isis, Corolla Fielder, and Higashi Fuji Susono, Shizuoka 1967-05 343,000 7,441 Corolla (export) Formerly, Iwate Kanegasaki, Iwate Blade, ist, Ractis, Belta, Yaris, Aqua 1993-11 Kanto Auto Suyama (formerly, Toyot Works, Ltd. Higashi Fuji Susono, Shizuoka Stamping molds for vehicles 2009-06 a Machine) Motor Formerly, East Miyagi Ohira Corolla Axio, Yaris, Belta, auto bodies, auto parts, molds, machine tools, Central Motor Ōhira, Miyagi [ 1950-09 Japan (formerly, Miyagi) measuring instruments, and machinery and equipment , Inc. Co., Ltd. Formerly, Toyota Motor Electronically controlled brake actuators (ABS, ECB), axles, torque Miyagi Taiwa Taiwa, Miyagi 1997-07 Tohoku converters, etc. Corporation are located in Aichi prefecture. [1]

Manufacturing facilities in Japan. Thirteen out of total 16

President: Toyoda Akio

Head Office: 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 471-8571, Tel: 0565-28-2121, www.toyota.co.jp

Tokyo Head Office: 4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701, Tel: 03-3817-7111

Nagoya Office: 7-1, Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 450-8701, Tel: 052-552-2111

Honsha Plant: 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 471-8571, Tel: 0565-28-2121

Motomachi Plant: 1, Motomachi, Toyota-shi, Aichi 471-8573, Tel: 0565-28-3232

Kamigo Plant: 1, Taisei-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-1217, Tel: 0565-21-1515

Takaoka Plant: 1, Sanko, Honda-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 473-0938, Tel: 0565-52-1212

Miyoshi Plant: 1, Namiki, Uchikoshi-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Aichi 470-0213, Tel: 0561-32-3535

Tsutsumi Plant: 1, Umanokashira, Tsutsumi-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 473-0932, Tel: 0565-52-1313

Myochi Plant: 1, Nishiyama, Myochi-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Aichi 470-0214, Tel: 0561-32-2323

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Shimoyama Plant: 1, Shimoyama, Uchikoshi-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Aichi 470-0213, Tel: 0561-34-2525

Kinu-ura Plant: 10-1, Tamatsuura-machi, Hekinan-shi, Aichi 447-0834, Tel: 0566-48-2121

Tahara Plant: 3-1, Midorigahama, Tahara-shi, Aichi 441-3401, Tel: 0531-22-6161

Teiho Plant: 7, Teiho, Teiho-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 471-8574, Tel: 0565-35-5151

Hirose Plant: 543, Kirigahora, Nishihirose-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-0309, Tel: 0565-45-5111

Capital: 397 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 70 037 (March 2015)

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UD Trucks Corporation President: Yoshiro Murakami

Head Office/ Plant:1-1, Ageo-shi, Saitama 362-8523, Tel: 0120-67-2301, www.udtrucks.co.jp

Kawaguchi Training Centre: 3-13-6, Yahei, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0002, Tel: 048-224-3683

Hanyuu Plant: 2-705-24, Komatsudai, Hanyuu-shi, Saitama 348-0038, Tel: 048-563-2360

Gunma Parts Distribution Centre: 340, Higashi-shinmachi, Ota, Gunma 373-0015, Tel: 0276-25-3801

UD Trucks/Volvo Tokyo Common Office: SA Building 5F, 2-17-12, Kiba, Kouto-ku, Tokyo 135-0042, Tel: 03- 6684-8590

Capital: 75 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 7 084 (January 2015) [13]

Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. President: Hiroyuki Yanagi

Head Office: 2500, Shingai, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 438-8501, Tel: 0538-32-1115, www.global.yamaha- motor.com

Communication Plaza: 2500, Shingai, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 438-8501, Tel: 0538-33-2520

Tokyo Office: Marunouchi My Plaza 15F, 2-1-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Tel: 03-5220- 7200

Capital: 85 Billion JPY

Number of Employees: 10 377 (December 2014) [13]

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Appendix B: Rolling Stock Manufacturer

Hitachi, Ltd. Head Quarter: Akihabara Daibiru Building, 18-13 Soto-Kanda 1 chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8618 Number of Employees: 326 240 (2014) Kasadojima Plant: 794 Higashitoyoi, Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi Prefecture 744-0002 [44] http://www.hitachi-rail.com/

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company Tokyo Office: 1-4-5, Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8315 Head quarter: 2-1-18 Wadayamadori, Hyogo-ku Kobe 652-0884 [24] Harima Plant: 8 Niijima, Harima-cho, Kako-gun, Hyogo-ken 675-0155 http://www.khi.co.jp/english/index.html

Kinki Sharyo Head Quarter: 2-2-46, Inada-Uemachi, Higashi-Osaka-shi, Osaka-fu, 577-8511 [26] http://www.kinkisharyo.co.jp/e_index.htm

Niigata Transys Company Head Office: 1-12-1 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0006 Niigata Works: 5-2756-3 Higashiko, Seiro-machi, Kitakanbara-gun, Niigata 957-0101 http://www.niigata-transys.com/english/index.html

Nippon Sharyo Head Quarter: 1-1, Sanbonmatsu-cho, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-8691 Rolling Stock Factory: 2-20 Honohara,Toyokawa, Aichi-pref 442-8502 Number of Employees: 1751 (2010) http://www.n-sharyo.co.jp/index_e.html

Japan Transport Engineering Company Head Office & Yokohama Plant: 3-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 263-0043 Niitsu Plant: 19-33 Minami-cho, Akiha, Niigata 956-0032 Wakayama Plant: 770-8 Kitaseida, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6402 Number of Employees: 1164 (2014) http://www.j-trec.co.jp/eng/index.html

Alna Sharyo 1-2, HankyuShojaku, Settsu, Osaka, 566-0013 Number of employees: 148 http://alna-sharyo.co.jp/

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Appendix C: Shipbuilders in Japan [35]

The Hakodate Dock Co. Ltd Head Office and Hakodate Shipyard: 20-3, Benten-cho, Hakodate 040-8605 www.hakodate-dock.co.jp

IHI Corporation Do not have any shipyards any longer. They are merged into Japan Marine United Corporation. http://www.ihi.co.jp/index-e.html

Imabari Shipbuilding Co. Ltd Head Office and Imabari Shipyard: 1-4-52, Koura-cho, Imabari, Ehime 799-2195 Marugame Headquarters: 30 Showa-cho, Marugame, Kagawa 763-8511 Saijo Shipyard: 7-6, Hiuchi, Saijo, Ehime 793-8515 Hiroshima Shipyard:2-1-1, Saizakinoji, Mihara, Hiroshima 729-2292 Iwagi Zosen Co: 4690 Iwagi, Kamijima-cho, Ochi-gun, Ehime 794-2410 Shimanami Shipyard Co.: 2321 Hakatacho Ikata, Imabari, Ehime 794-2303 Shin Kasado Dockyard Co.: 29-120 Kasadoshima, Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi 744-0001 I-S Shipyard Co.: 332 Honjo, Yoshiumi-cho, Imabari, Ehime 794-2112 Tadotsu Shipyard Co.: 1-1 Higashi minato machi, Tadotsu-cho, Nakatado-gun, Kagawa 764-8503 http://www.imazo.co.jp/

Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) Head Office: Mita Bellju Building, 36-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 Ariake Shipyard: 1, Oaza-ariake, Nagasu-machi, Tamana-gun, Kumamoto 869-0113 Kure Shipyard: 2-1, Showa-cho, Kure-shi, Hiroshima 737-0027 Tsu Shipyard: 1-3, Kumozu-kokan-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-0398 Maizuru Shipyard: 1180, Amarube-shimo, Maizuru, Kyoto 625-8501 Isogo Shipyard: 12, Shinsugita-cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 235-8501 Tsurumi Shipyard: 2-1, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Innoshima Shipyard: 2477-16, Innoshima Habu-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722- 2323 http://www.jmuc.co.jp/en/

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI) Head Office: 1-14-5, Kaigan, minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8315 Kobe Shipyard: Higashikawasakicho, Chuo Ward, Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, 650-0044 Sakaide Shipyard: 1 Kawasakicho, Sakaide, Kagawa Prefecture 762-0062, http://www.khi.co.jp/

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd (MHI) Head Office: 16-5 Konan 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8215 Nagasaki Shipyard: 1-1 Akunouramachi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki-ken 850-8610 Kobe Shipyard: 1 Chome-1-1 Wadasakichō, Hyōgo-ku, Kōbe-shi, Hyōgo-ken 652-8585

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Shimonoseki Shipyard: 6 Chome-16-1 Hikoshima Enourachō, Shimonoseki-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 750-8505 Yokohama Dockyard: 12 Nishikichō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 231-8712 http://www.mhi.co.jp/

Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd Head Office: 6-4, Tsukiji, 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8439 Tamano Works: 3 Chome-1-1 Tama, Tamano-shi, Okayama-ken 706-8651 Chiba Works: 1 Yawatakaigandōri, Ichihara-shi, Chiba-ken 290-8531 Yura Works: 193-13 Ajiro, Yura-chō, Hidaka-gun, Wakayama-ken 649-1112 http://www.mes.co.jp/

Naikai Zosen Corporation Head Office: 226-6, Sawa, Setoda-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-2493 Setoda Shipyard: 226-6, Sawa, Setoda-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-2493 Innoshima Shipyard: 2492 Innoshimatakumacho, Onomichi-shi, Hiroshima-ken 722-2324 http://www.naikaizosen.co.jp/

Namura Shipbuilding Co., Ltd Head Office: Nikken Bldg., 1-9, 2-chome, Itachibori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0012 Imari Shipyard and Works: 5-1 Shioya, Kurogawa-cho, Imari-city, prefecture 848-0121 Sasebo Shipyard: 1, Tategami-cho, Sasebo, Nagasaki 857-8501 http://www.ssk-sasebo.co.jp/ http://www.namura.co.jp/

Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd. Head Office: Tousen Kobe Bldg., 104, Edo-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0033 Onomichi Shipyard: 1005, Sanba-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-8602 http://www.onozo.co.jp/

Oshima Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. Head Office: 1605-1, Oshima-cho, Saikai, Nagasaki 857-2494 http://www.osy.co.jp/

Sanoyas Shipbuilding Corporation Head Office: 3-3-23, Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-6591 Osaka Works: 〒557-0063 Ōsaka-fu, Ōsaka-shi, Nishinari-ku, Minamitsumori, 5 Chome−13 Mizushima Works: Kojimashionasu, Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, http://www.sanoyas.co.jp/en/shipbuilding/index.html

Shin Kurushima Dockyard Co., Ltd. Head Office: Saipa Tower, 7-12, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005

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Onishi Shipyard: Onishicho Shinmachi, Imabari, Ehime Prefecture 799-2203 Hiroshima Dockyard Co., Ltd: 〒739-2402 広島県東広島市安芸津町三津 5563−5 Hashihama Dockyard Co., Ltd: 4 Chome-1-15 Hashihama, Imabari, Ehime Prefecture 799-2112 http://www.skdy.co.jp/

Shin Kurushima Toyohashi Shipbuilding Co. Ltd Head Office and Shipyard: 22, Akemi-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8577 http://www.toyozo.jp/e/

Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Head Office: Think Park Tower, 1-1, Osaki 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-6025 Oppama Shipyard: 19 Natsushimacho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture 237-0061 http://www.shi.co.jp/

Tsuneishi Shipbuilding Co. Ltd Head Office and Tsuneishi Factory: 1083 Tsuneishi, Numakuma-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-0393 http://www.tsuneishi.co.jp/english

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Appendix D: Aerospace Manufacturers in Japan

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) Address: 16-5 Konan 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo Telephone: 81-3-6716-3111 URL: http://www.mhi-global.com/ Business Activities: Engineering, manufacture and sale of ships, environmental improvement equipment, industrial machinery, aircraft, space systems, air-conditioner, etc.

Aerospace Nagoya Works: 5 Kanaoka,, Ama District, Aichi Prefecture 490-1445

Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation Address: Nagoya Airport, -cho, Nishikasugai-gun, Aichi 480-0287, Japan Telephone: 81-568‐39‐2100 URL: http://www.mrj-japan.com/ Business Activities: Development, manufacturing, sales, and after-sales service for aircraft.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Aero Engines, Ltd. Address: 1200 Higashi-tanaka, Komaki City, Aichi Prefecture, 485-8561, Japan Telephone: 81-568-79-4123 Business Activities: Engineering, manufacturing, marketing, maintenance, repair and overhaul of commercial aero engines

Churyo Engineering Co., Ltd. Address: 60-1, Iwatsuka-cho-aza-kutanjyo, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, 453-0862, Japan Telephone: 81-52-412-3830 Business Activities: Design of aircrafts, space equipment, etc.

Diamond Air Service, Ltd. Address: 1, Toyoba, Toyoyama-cho, Aichi Prefecture, 480-0293, Japan Telephone: 81-568-29-0020 URL: http://www.das.co.jp/new_html_e/index-static.html Business Activities: Servicing of the products manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.

MHI Aero Engine Service Co., Ltd. Address: 1200, Higashi-tanaka, Komaki, Aichi Prefecture, 485-0826, Japan Telephone: 81-568-78-0300 URL: http://www.mhi-aes.co.jp/en/index.html Business Activities: Repair of various types of fuselages, engines and parts, components and devices, etc. for aircraft, etc. Sales of parts and components.

MHI Aerospace Production, Ltd.

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Address: 10, Oye-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, 455-0024, Japan Telephone: 81-52-611-9591 Business Activities: Production engineering, surface treatment, painting, sheet metal processing, assembly and inspection of aircrafts, space equipment, etc.

MHI Aerospace Systems Corp. Address: 10-5, Oe-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, 455-8515, Japan Telephone: 81-52-614-2488 Business Activities: Development of control systems and software in the field of aerospace and flying objects.

IHI Head Quarter: TOYOSU IHI BUILDING, 1-1, Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8710

Soma No.1 Aero-Engine Works, 1 Chome Onodai,Soma, Fukushima Prefecture 976-0001 Parts of jet engines, gas turbines and space development equipment

Soma No.2 Aero-Engine Works, 1 Chome Onodai,Soma, Fukushima Prefecture 976-0001 Parts of jet engines, gas turbines and space development equipment

Mizuho Aero-Engine Works, Tonogaya,Mizuho, Nishitama District, Tokyo 190-1212,Japan Assembly and overhauling of jet engines, gas turbines and space development equipment

IHI Aero Manufacturing: 975 Inatomi, Tatsuno-machi, Kamiina-gun, Nagano-ken 399-0428

Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company:

Tokyo Headquarter: Minato-ku, Tokyo Kobe Headquarter: Chuo-ku, Kobe Nagoya Works 1; 3 Chome-20-3 Kusunoki,, Aichi Prefecture 498-0066,Japan Nagoya Works 2; Japan, 〒490-1445 Aichi-ken, Ama-gun, Tobishima-mura, Kanaoka 7-4

Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) The Aerospace Company, located in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi and in Handa City, Aichi.

R&D Centre; 〒327-0512 Tochigi-ken, Sano-shi, Toyoshirochō, 1100 Handa Works: 1-27 Shiohicho, Handa, Aichi Prefecture 475-0032, Japan

Honda Aircraft Company The corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities are located at the Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro, North Carolina.

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Appendix E: Largest Train Stations in the World Japan has 45 out of the 51 busiest train stations in the world. [29]

1 Shinjuku (Tokyo, Japan) 46 Kashiwa (Chiba, Japan) 2 Shibuya (Tokyo, Japan) 47 Hakata (Fukuoka, Japan) 3 Ikebukuro (Tokyo, Japan) 48 Tsuruhashi (Osaka, Japan) 4 Umeda (Osaka, Japan) 49 Nishi-Nippori (Tokyo, Japan) 5 Yokohama (Kanagawa, Japan) 50 Nakameguro (Tokyo, Japan) 6 Kita-Senju (Tokyo, Japan) 51 Zurich Main Station (Zurich, Switzerland) 7 Nagoya (Aichi, Japan) 8 Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan) 9 Shinagawa (Tokyo, Japan) 10 Takadanobaba (Tokyo, Japan) ------11 Namba (Osaka, Japan) 12 Shinbashi (Tokyo, Japan) 13 Tennouji (Osaka, Japan) 14 Akihabara (Tokyo, Japan) 15 Kyoto (Kyoto, Japan) 16 Sannomiya (Kobe, Japan) 17 Omiya (Saitama, Japan) 18 Yurakucho-Hibiya (Tokyo, Japan) 19 Nishi-Funabashi (Chiba, Japan) 20 Meguro (Tokyo, Japan) 21 Daimon-Hamamatsucho (Tokyo, Japan) 22 Ueno (Tokyo, Japan) 23 Oshiage (Tokyo, Japan) 24 Paris Nord (Paris, France) 25 Railway Station (Taipei,Taiwan) 26 Machida (Tokyo, Japan) 27 Gare de Chatelet (Paris, France) 28 Kawasaki (Kanagawa, Japan) 29 Roma Termini Railway Station (Rome, Italy) 30 Tamachi-Mita (Tokyo, Japan) 31 Kyobashi (Osaka, Japan) 32 Funabashi (Chiba, Japan) 33 Ayase (Tokyo, Japan) 34 Hamburg Central Station (Hamburg, Germany) 35 Yoyogi-Uehara (Tokyo, Japan) 36 Kamata (Kamata, Japan) 37 Gotanda (Tokyo, Japan) 38 Kichijoji (Tokyo, Japan) 39 Kaneyama (Aichi, Japan) 40 Musashikosugi (Kanagawa, Japan) 41 Fujisawa (Kanagawa, Japan) 42 Oimachi (Tokyo, Japan) 43 Nakano (Tokyo, Japan) 44 Tachikawa (Tokyo, Japan) 45 Iidabashi (Tokyo, Japan)

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Appendix F: List of Abbreviations

ANA All Nippon Airways FHI Fuji Heavy Industries IHI former name is Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries JAL Japan Airlines JARI Japan Association of Rolling Stock Industries JAS Japan Air System JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JMU Japan Marine United Corporation JPY JR Japan Rail J-TREC Japan Transport Engineering Company K-cars Small size cars in Japan with and engine of maximum 600 cc. KHI Kawasaki Heavy Industries LCC Low Cost Carrier MAC Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation Maglev Magnetic Levitation MES Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding MHI Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MRJ Mitsubishi Regional Jet NBA Nihon Bus Association SAJ The Shipbuilders Association of Japan SJAC The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies SHI Sumitomo Heavy Industries SUT Sport Utility Truck VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier

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Appendix G: Japanese Manufacturers with Global Procurement Organisations

In this appendix, there is a listing of some Japanese manufacturers in the transport industry, with global procurement organisations. Mostly they are located in Japan, but sometimes also abroad. On the homepage, usually the procurement process is described. In some cases, it is possible to register, to automatically receive RFPs.

Car, Bus and Truck Manufacturing Companies

Daihatsu Motor Co http://www.daihatsu.com/business/procured/index.html

Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru) https://www.fhi.co.jp/english/envi/csr/csr/procurement/procurement.html

Isuzu Motor Limited http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/csr/supplychain/index.html#anc-01 http://www.iszapurchasing.com

Hino Motors Co Supplier information is provided at the end of this pdf-document: http://www.hino-global.com/csr/backnumber/parts/pdf/2013/client.pdf

Honda Motor Co http://world.honda.com/sustainability/supply-chain/concept/

Kawasaki Heavy Industries http://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/profile/division/plant_infrastructure/procurement/application/index.html

Mazda Motor Co http://www2.mazda.com/en/csr/social/special_features/2006_01_01.html

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Co https://www.linkedin.com/title/procurement-at-mitsubishi-fuso-truck-and-bus-corporation

Mitsubishi Motor Co https://mitsubishi.portal.covisint.com/web/portal/home

Nissan Motor Co http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/CSR/STRATEGY/VALUE_CHAIN/ https://www.linkedin.com/title/purchasing-manager-at-nissan-motor-corporation

Toyota Motor Co http://www.toyota-industries.com/corporateinfo/purchasing/

UD Trucks Co http://www.udtrucks.com/en-au/about-us/environmental-care/purchasing

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Rolling Stock Manufacturing Companies

East Japan Railway Company: http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/data/procurement/

East Japan Railway Company Brussels Branch Square de Meeus 23, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel:+32 (0)2 808 36 44 Email: infojrebru(at)japanrail.be

West Japan Railway Company: https://www.westjr.co.jp/global/en/procurement/contact/

Hitachi http://www.hitachi.com/procurement/policy/index.html

Kawasaki Heavy Industries http://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/profile/division/plant_infrastructure/procurement/application/index.html

Kinki Sharyo http://www.kinkisharyo.co.jp/pdf/gihou/KSW15/KSW15_e_P18-19.pdf

Shipbuilding Companies

IHI Corp https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/policy/ihi_group_procurement_policy/index.html

Kawasaki Heavy Industries http://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/profile/division/plant_infrastructure/procurement/application/index.html

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry https://www.mhi-global.com/company/procurement/base/miharaw/overseas.html

Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding https://www.mes.co.jp/english/contact.html

Sumitomo Heavy Industries http://www.shi.co.jp/english/company/material/

Aerospace Manufacturers

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry: https://www.mhi-global.com/company/procurement/base/miharaw/overseas.html

IHI Corp https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/policy/ihi_group_procurement_policy/index.html

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Kawasaki Heavy Industries http://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/profile/division/plant_infrastructure/procurement/application/index.html

Fuji Heavy Industries https://www.fhi.co.jp/english/envi/csr/csr/procurement/procurement.html

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Appendix H: Shareholders of Japanese Car/Truck/Bus Manufacturers

Group Company Main Shareholders Toyota Toyota Motors Japan Trustee Services Bank 9.61% Toyota Industries Corporation 6.48% State Street Bank and Co. 3.72% Nippon Life Insurance Co. 3.54%

Daihatsu Motor Toyota 51.2% => 100% in Aug 2016

Hino Motors Toyota 50.1% The Master Trust Bank of Japan 4.6% Japan Trustee Services Bank 3.71%

Nissan Nissan Motor Renault 43%

Honda Honda Motor Japan Trustee Services Bank 6.46% The Master Trust Bank of Japan 4.71% Mokusurei 3.09% Yasuada Life 2.83% Nichido 2.35%

Suzuki Suzuki Motor The Master Trust Bank of Japan 5.4% Tokio Marine Nichido 4.1% JP Morgan Chase Bank 4.0%

Mazda Mazda Motors Japan Trustee Services Bank 6% The Master Trust Bank of Japan 5.4% Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp 2.2% Ford Motor Co. 2.1%

Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru) Toyota 16.48% The Master Trust Bank of Japan 6.09% Japan Trustee Services Bank 4.72% 2.05% Suzuki 1.75%

Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 12.63% 10.06% MHI Automotive Capital 3.92%

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Bank of TokyoMitsubishiUFJ 3.91%

Mitsubishi Fuso Daimler AG 89.29 Mitsubishi 10.71%

Isuzu Mitsubishi Corp 9.22% Corp 7.96% Japan Trustee Services Bank 7.69% Toyota 5.89%

Volvo UD trucks Volvo Group

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Appendix I: Literature & Web Links [1] Toyota, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota&oldid=693793243 [2] Daihatsu, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daihatsu&oldid=694532023 [3] Hino Motors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hino_Motors&oldid=692913964 [4] Fuji Heavy Industries, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuji_Heavy_Industries&oldid=691869732 [5] Fuji Heavy Industries Annual Report; http://www.fhi.co.jp/english/ir/report/pdf/ar/ar_2015e.pdf [6] Automotive Cluster in Japan: The Aichi Region; http://www.dijtokyo.org/events/041210_Tsuji.pdf [7] Industrial Cluster Information; https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/region/icinfo/ [8] The Evolution and Structure of Industrial Clusters in Japan; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37183.pdf [9] Nissan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan&oldid=694148326 [10] Honda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda&oldid=691957039 [11] Mazda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda&oldid=691860036 [12] Japanese Motor Vehicles Guidebook, vol 55, pp 31 [13] Japanese Motor Vehicles Guidebook, vol 62, pp 377 [14] Japan Aviation Directory, 2015, Koku Shimbun sha co. [15] NihonKokuki Kaihatsu Kyokai [16] Japan overseas Rolling Stock Association; Japanese Railway, Information, Apr 2015. www.jorsa.or.jp [17] airplanes introduction delayed: http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/flygplan/article3953730.ece [18] Wikipedia, Transport in Japan; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Japan [19] Wikipedia, List of Railway companies in Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_companies_in_Japan [20] Wikipedia, List of Rolling Stock Manufacturers, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rolling_stock_manufacturers#Japan [21] Hitachi, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi#Automotive_systems [22] Hitachi Rail, http://www.hitachi-rail.com/index.html [23] Japan Association of Rolling Stock Industries, http://www.tetsushako.or.jp/english/ [24] Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_Rolling_Stock_Company [25] Kinki Sharyo, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo [26] Kinki Sharyo, http://www.kinkisharyo.co.jp/e_index.htm [27] IRJ, International Railway Journal, http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/new-line-up-in-top-10- rolling-stock-builders.html [28] Rail transport in Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan [29] The 51 Busiest Train Stations in the World– All but 6 Located in Japan, http://en.rocketnews24.com/2013/01/30/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan/ [30] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries [31] in Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan [32] List of operating bus companies in Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_operating_companies_in_Japan [33] Nihon Bus Association, http://www.bus.or.jp/en/index.html [34] Isuzu Motors, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Motors [35] The Shipbuilders Association of Japan; http://www.sajn.or.jp/e/ [36] Regional Information: Aichi; https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/region/aichi/icinfo.html [37] Toyota and Daihatsu to Strengthen Small Car Operations through Unified Global Strategy; http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/11038357/ [38] Niigata Transys Co. Ltd.; http://www.niigata-transys.com/english/product.html [39] Nippon Sharyo Co.ltd; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo

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[40] Japan Transport Engineering Company; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Transport_Engineering_Company [41] ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba [42] Toshiba Railways Systems; http://www.toshiba.co.jp/sis/railwaysystem/en/products/index.htm [43] Alna Sharyo; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/アルナ車両 [44] 日立製作所; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日立製作所 #.E8.A3.BD.E9.80.A0.E3.81.97.E3.81.9F.E4.B8.BB.E3.81.AA.E9.89.84.E9.81.93.E8.BB.8A.E4.B8.A1 [45] Japan Marine United; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Marine_United [46] IHI Corporation; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHI_Corporation [47] Imabari Shipbuilding; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/今治造船 [48] Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/川崎重工業船舶海洋カンパニー [49] The Statistics Portal; http://www.statista.com/statistics/263895/shipbuilding-nations-worldwide-by-cgt/ [50] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/三菱重工業 [51] Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/三井造船 [52] Naikai Shipbuilding; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/内海造船 [53] Hitachi Shipbuilding; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Zosen_Corporation [54] Namura Shipbuilding; http://www.namura.co.jp/en/index.html [55] Onomichi Dockyards; http://onozo.co.jp/en/shipbuilding [56] Oshima Shipbuilding; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/大島造船所 [57] Sanoyas Shipbuilding; http://www.sanoyas.co.jp/ir/index.html [58] ShinKurushimaToyohashi Shipyards; http://www.toyozo.jp/index.php [59] Sumitomo Heavy Industries; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/住友重機械工業 [60] Seawise Giant; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawise_Giant [61] Tsuneishi Shipbuilding; https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/常石造船 [62] The Society of Japanese Aerospace Industry, http://www.sjac.or.jp/en_index.html [63] Aerospace/Aviation Industry Opportunities in Japan and China; http://www.mitc.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/04/2015-Aerospace-and-Aviation-Resource-Guide-Japan-and-China.pdf?8357d0 [64] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Aerospace; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries [65] The Evolution of Industrial Clusters in Japan; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37183.pdf [66] Honda Aircraft Company; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Aircraft_Company [67] Tokyo West: Tama Press Tour; http://fpcj.jp/en/assistance-en/tours_notice-en/p=8880/ [68] Tsukuba, Ibaraki; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki [69] Japan Truck Association; http://www.jta.or.jp/english/

Link to google map, which can be embedded in a webpage:

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