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Zooplankton As Bioindicator of Environmental Quality in the Tamandaré Reef System (Pernambuco - Brazil): Anthropogenic Influences and Interaction with Mangroves

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Zooplankton As Bioindicator of Environmental Quality in the Tamandaré Reef System (Pernambuco - Brazil): Anthropogenic Influences and Interaction with Mangroves Universität Bremen ZOOPLANKTON AS BIOINDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN THE TAMANDARÉ REEF SYSTEM (PERNAMBUCO - BRAZIL): ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES AND INTERACTION WITH MANGROVES Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) von Fernando de Figueiredo Porto Neto vorgelegt am Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie (ZMT) innerhalb des Fachbereichs 2 der Universität Bremen. Bremen 2003 Fernando de Figueiredo Porto Neto Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. ULRICH-SAINT PAUL, ZMT an der Universität Bremen Zweiter Gutachter: PROF. DR. WERNER EKAU, ZMT an der Universität Bremen Dissertationsdatum: 12.11.1003 Universität Bremen Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie (ZMT) 2003 Acknowledgements Danksagung - Agradecimentos "Nothing can survive in the vacuum" I would like to thank some persons that enrich our atmosphere: I am forever grateful to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul and Dr. Werner Ekau for 3½ years of mentoring. They made information, guidance, and opportunity to work with ZMT Bremen, in Germany. Their contributions are reflected throughout this text. I am sincerely grateful for the great assistance. I owe a large thank-you to Dr. Sabine Dittmann, for reviewing the draft manuscript, for providing many good suggestions and inspiring discussions, and for steering me to important literature. Thanks to Sabine Kadler for the "logistical support", and to all my German colleagues from ZMT. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mauro Maida and Prof. Dr. Beatrice Padovani Ferreira for their support and patience during the field work, and the Oceanography Department of the Federal University of Pernambuco State (DO/UFPE). Also, I would like to acknowledge the Centro de Pesquisa e Extensão Pesqueira do Nordeste (CEPENE - Center for Research and Fishery) for the logistical support at Tamandaré. Thank-you to Prof. Dr. Ralf Schwamborn, that has been a mentor, a friend, and a fellow zooplankton enthusiast through the trials and tribulations of my limited publishing career. Also, thank-you to my "indefatigable" Brazilian colleagues: Prof. Dr. Lúcia Gusmão, Prof. Dr. Dilma Nascimento-Vieira, Prof. Dr. Tamara Almeida, M.Sc. Andréa Pinto Silva, M.Sc. Mauro de O. Moura, Dr. Girlene Fábia Viana, and Zinaldo Ferreira that have supported my field works. Thanks to Prof. Dr. Sílvio Macêdo and his crew for the chemical analysis. Thank you very much to M.Sc. Ana Paula Losada, Prof. Dr. Fernando Feitosa, and Dr. Isabella Galvão for all the help with the samples from mangrove area and phytoplankton, and Prof. Dr. Cátia Fernandes Barbosa for the help with Foraminifera identifications. Thanks to M.Sc. Janaina de Araújo for the help with bibliography. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support to this thesis by the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). Thank you Maria Salgado, for the "Betreuung". I would like to express my "warmest" thanks to Prof. Dr. Denilson Luz da Silva, Dr. Nils Edvin Asp Neto and Dr. Maurício Brichta (and Familly), Sandra Spiegel, and Anette Fargel for friendship, support, excellent food, and all the "German Weekend-tickets Advanced Rucksackurlauber Tours" - a todos os meus "melhores desejos". Also thanks to Dr. Unggul Aktani ("Obrigado") and Dr. Carlos Jimenez, Dr. Anneken Reise, Inga Nordhaus, Kerstin Kober, Gabriele Boehme and Silke Meyerholz, Gonzalo Olivares, Jenny Leal-Florez and Ursula Mendoza, Sílvio Veloso and João Mendonça for friendship and support. A very special thanks to Prof. Dr. Sigrid Neuman-Leitão. She also contributed immeasurably to this text, and to my understanding of marine affairs. I have cherished her camaraderie as we try to "save the ocean". She also gave me moral support, ideas, the knowledge she shared, her love of the ocean, and her belief in the importance of the vast variety of life in the sea. She is one of a very few human beings who really understands the seaworld. Her scientific and personal impressions of that realm give credence to my belief that precaution and protection are essential for the entire interactive network of ecosystems that make up the world's ocean. Finally, thanks to my Family, God and friends, for strenght, optimism, and putting up with me throughout this endeavor. Content Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ iii Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................. iv Resumo .................................................................................................................................................... v List of figures & tables ................................................................................................................ vi 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Zooplankton and disturbance assessment................................................................................... 8 1.3 Focus, objectives, research frame and relevance........................................................................ 14 2 Study area ............................................................................................................................................ 18 2.1 The Pernambuco coast................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Tamandaré reef-complex and adjacent mangrove....................................................................... 19 3 Materials & Methods ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.1 Sampling and data collection........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.1 Sampling sites................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2 Sampling and samples treatment...................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Data analysis................................................................................................................................ 25 4 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 29 4.1 Hidrologic data.............................................................................................................................. 29 4.1.1 Phase 1: Mangrove area............................................................................................................. 29 . Tides and water depth............................................................................................................. 29 . Temperature records.............................................................................................................. 29 . Salinity................................................................................................................................ 29 . Oxygen concentration (02) ....................................................................................................... 30 . Nutrients.............................................................................................................................. 30 4.1.2 Phase 2: Reef area.................................................................................................................... 34 . Tides and water depth............................................................................................................. 34 . Temperature records.............................................................................................................. 34 . Salinity................................................................................................................................ 37 . Oxygen concentration (02) ....................................................................................................... 37 . Nutrients.............................................................................................................................. 38 4.2 Biologic Data................................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.1 Taxa synopsis and density............................................................................................................ 40 4.2.2 Abundance and regional distribution.............................................................................................. 47 4.2.3 Frequency............................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4 Cluster analysis........................................................................................................................ 55 - Samples......................................................................................................................... 55 - Organisms...................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.5 Diversity and Eveness...............................................................................................................
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