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Lived Experience and the Holocaust: Spaces, Senses and Emotions in Auschwitz
Journal of the British Academy, 9, 27–58 DOI https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/009.027 Posted 15 January 2021 Lived experience and the Holocaust: spaces, senses and emotions in Auschwitz Nikolaus Wachsmann Elie Kedourie Memorial Lecture, read 17 October 2018 Abstract: This article examines lived experience during the Holocaust, focusing on Auschwitz, the most lethal Nazi concentration camp. It draws on spatial history, as well as the history of senses and emotions, to explore subjective being in Auschwitz. The article suggests that a more explicit engagement with individual spaces—prisoner bunks, barracks, latrines, crematoria, construction sites, SS offices—and their emotional and sensory dimension, can reveal elements of lived experience that have remained peripheral on the edges of historical visibility. Such an approach can deepen understanding of Auschwitz, by making the camp more recognisable and by contributing to wider historiographical debates about the nature of Nazi terror. Keywords: Auschwitz, Holocaust, concentration camps, lived experience, spatial history, history of the senses, history of emotions. Note on the author: Nikolaus Wachsmann is Professor for Modern European History at Birkbeck College (University of London), and has written extensively about repression and terror in the Third Reich. His most recent book is KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (2015, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), which won the Wolfson History Prize, the Mark Lynton History Prize and the Jewish-Quarterly Wingate Literary Prize. © The author(s) 2021. This is an open access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License 28 Nikolaus Wachsmann ‘Dear reader, I write these words in the moments of my greatest despair.’ So begins a text by Zalmen Gradowski, composed in Auschwitz-Birkenau in spring 1944 and dis- covered after liberation, in a tin near the destroyed crematoria. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1. I refer to the first anthology of Levi scholarship published in English, Rea- son and Light: Essays on Primo Levi, ed. Susan Tarrow (Ithaca, NY: Center for International Studies, Cornell University, 1990). 2. Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, trans. Stu- art Woolf (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); Se questo è un uomo, rev. ed. (Turin: Einaudi, 1958); Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, trans. Ray- mond Rosenthal (New York: Random House, 1989); I sommersi e i salvati (Turin: Einaudi, 1986). On the importance of Levi in American intellectual life, see Michael Rothberg and Jonathan Druker, “A Secular Alternative: Primo Levi’s Place in American Holocaust Discourse,” Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 28, no. 1 (forthcoming). 3. Berel Lang, Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 195. In the chapter titled “Genocide and Kant’s Enlightenment,” Lang offers a careful, measured, and detailed assessment of the “affiliation” between Enlightenment ideas and the inner logic of Nazism (165–206). He takes possible objections to his thesis seriously, admitting that so many Nazi proclamations and policies claimed to be in sharp opposition to Enlighten- ment principles. However, he states, these objections “argue past rather than against the thesis posed here, which is based on the internal structure of ideas, not on what is said about them” (194). 4. See Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, ed. H. J. Patton (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). The categorical imperative states the follow- ing: “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” (30). -
If This Is a Man Before If This Is a Man When Primo Levi Came Back to Italy in October 1945, He Has No Idea That Several Other T
If This Is a Man Before If This Is a Man When Primo Levi came back to Italy in October 1945, he has no idea that several other testimonies of former deportees like him had already been published. In the year that marked the official end of World War II, eleven books were published or printed by local publishers or presses. We do not know if Levi knew of any of these testimonies, as they were little more than pamphlets circulated locally. Only a few were distributed to bookstores. The first work to be published was by a chemist like Levi. Alberto Cavaliere was a member of the Communist Party who had told the story of his sister in law, Sofia Schafranov, a Jewish doctor of Russian origin. The title of the 92-page book published by Sonzogno in 1945 was I campi della morte in Germania: nel racconto di una soppravissuta (Death Camps in Germany: The Story of a Survivor). The second title to come out, an 82-page story by the writer and critic Giacomo De Benedetti had already been published in the journal ‘Mercurio’ in December 1944: 16 ottobre 1943 (October 16, 1943), published in Rome by OET. Neither Cavaliere nor Debenedetti had experienced the Lager first-hand, however. Gaetano De Martino, a Theosophist lawyer and militant communist was the first genuine eye-witness to publish his account alongside testimonies from other deportees. Published by Edizioni Alaya, the book was called Dal carcere di San Vittore ai “Lager Tedeschi”: sotto la sferza nazifascista (From San Vittore Prison to the “German Lager”: Under the Nazi-Fascist Whip). -
Olive Press Research Paper
Olive Press Research Paper issue 11 November 2011 A Critical Consideration of Primo Levi on the common humanity Naomi Barker Eagle Lodge, Hexgreave Hall Business Park, Olive Press Farnsfield, Notts. NG22 8LS (a CMJ ministry) Registered UK Charity number 293553 £2 when sold A Critical Consideration of Primo Levi on the common humanity Naomi Barker Welcome to the Olive Press Research Paper – an occasional paper featuring articles that cover a wide spectrum of issues which relate to the ministry of © Naomi Barker 2011 CMJ. The right of Naomi Barker to be identified as the publisher of this work has been asserted in accord- ance with the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publica- Articles are contributed by CMJ staff (past and present), also by Trustees, tion may be reprinted or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including Representatives, CMJ Supporters or by interested parties. photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Articles do not necessarily portray CMJ’s standpoint on a particular issue but Editorial team: Rev Alex Jacob may be published on the premise that they allow a pertinent understanding Concept and design: www.thirteenfour.com to be added to any particular debate. Printed through A-Tec, Broxbourne, England Black milk of daybreak we drink you at night we drink you at midday and morning we drink you at evening we drink and we drink a man lives in the house your goldenes Haar Margareta -
JEWS Holocaust Ethics, Representation, and the “Grey Zone”
This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. JUDGING “PRIVILEGED” JEWS This open access library edition is supported by Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. War and Genocide General Editors: Omer Bartov, Brown University; A. Dirk Moses, European University Institute, Florence, Italy/University of Sydney There has been a growing interest in the study of war and genocide, not from a traditional military history perspective, but within the framework of social and cultural history. This series offers a forum for scholarly works that refl ect these new approaches. “The Berghahn series Studies on War and Genocide has immeasurably enriched the English-language scholarship available to scholars and students of genocide and, in particular, the Holocaust.”—Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions Volume 1 Volume 10 The Massacre in History Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Edited by Mark Levene and Penny Roberts Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Volume 2 National Socialist Extermination Policies: Union, 1940–1941 Alex J. Kay Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies Volume 11 Edited by Ulrich Herbert Theatres of Violence: The Massacre, Mass Killing and Atrocity in History Volume 3 Edited by Philip G. Dwyer and Lyndall Ryan War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941/44 Volume 12 Edited by Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in Volume 4 In God’s Name: Genocide and Religion in World History Edited by A. Dirk Moses the Twentieth Century Edited by Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack Volume 13 The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Volume 5 Hitler’s War in the East, 1941–1945 Witnessing in the Holocaust Simone Gigliotti Rolf-Dieter Müller and Gerd R. -
Auschwitz Report *
Auschwitz Report by Primo Levi and Leonardo De Benedetti, Verso, 2006, 97 pp. Jonathan Derbyshire Also under review: The Black Hole of Auschwitz, by Primo Levi (edited by Marco Belpolti and translated by Sharon Wood) Polity, 2005, 190pp. and A Tranquil Star: Unpublished Stories of Primo Levi, by Primo Levi (translated by Ann Goldstein and Allesandra Bastagli) Penguin Classics, 2007, 164pp. * In The Truce, Primo Levi describes a cruelly protracted train journey, following the liberation of Auschwitz, from Krakow to a transit camp at Katowice in Upper Silesia. When the train makes one of many unexplained stops, at a place called Trzebinia, Levi gets off to stretch his legs. Soon he is surrounded by a group of curious locals, on whom he unburdens, in a torrent of words, ‘those so recent experiences of mine, of Auschwitz nearby.’ [1] Levi notices that the man translating these words into Polish refers to him not as an Italian Jew but as an ‘Italian political prisoner.’ And as the crowd begins to disperse, he remembers a dream, or rather a nightmare, he and his comrades had had in the camp – a dream of ‘speaking and not being listened to, of finding liberty and remaining alone.’ The struggle to be listened to would consume Levi for the rest of his life. When, finally, he made it back to Italy in the autumn of 1945, Levi began work on his memoir If This is a Man (to which The Truce is a kind of accompaniment or coda). Many years later, in an interview with Philip Roth, he confessed to having begun that terrible and incomparable book with ‘no definite literary intention.’ [2] He wrote out of the primordial need to bear witness. -
“God, Where Art Thou?” Theme in the Literary Works of Auschwitz Survivors Ka-Tsetnik, Primo Levi and Elie Wiesel
IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities Volume 6 – Issue 2 – Autumn 2019 The “God, Where Art Thou?” Theme in the Literary Works of Auschwitz Survivors Ka-Tsetnik, Primo Levi and Elie Wiesel Lily Halpert Zamir, David Yellin Academic College of Education, Israel Abstract This paper focuses on the search for God in Auschwitz in the literary works of three surviving writers: Yehiel (Feiner) De-Nur (known by his pen name – Ka-Tsetnik (often spelled Ka- Tzetnik) 135633 – and referred to hereinafter as “Ka-Tsetnik”), Primo Levi and Eli Wiesel. These world-famous authors survived the inferno, yet returned to it again and again in their post-Auschwitz writings. Their works describe their personal experiences in the concentration camps, the inmates’ lives and their families and friends who were murdered in the gas chambers. Against this background, they tried to explain the underlying source of absolute human evil in Auschwitz. Although they came from different Jewish religious communities, their remonstrative grievance was the same: Where was God in Auschwitz? A preliminary reading of their writings reveals their personal attitude to God in Auschwitz. Wiesel calls Him “the God of Bread” (Wiesel, 1967, p. 236), Ka-Tsetnik “the God of Soup” (Ka-Tsetnik, 1989, pp. 56-57), and Levi the “Supreme Chemist at the Auschwitz laboratory”, a “gigantic biological and social experiment of the human animal, where the struggle for life was conducted” (Levi, 1961, p. 80). 1 Each asked in his own way: Where was God in Auschwitz? Keywords: Holocaust, Auschwitz, Ka-Tsetnik, Primo Levi, Elie Wiesel; concentration camps, absolute evil, divine responsibility 1 Wiesel and Ka-Tsetnik came from Eastern European orthodox Jewish families, while Dr.