Sponges and Cnidaria Sponges Key Words Phylum Porifera Cnidarian Poriferan Soft Coral Sponge

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Sponges and cnidaria Sponges Key words Phylum Porifera cnidarian poriferan soft coral sponge Sponges (Phylum Porifera) c glass sponge ● Sponges are a group of very simple animals. They are also known as poriferans after their phylum Porifera. There are about 10,000 species, most of which are marine, though a few are freshwater. ● They range in size from a fraction of an inch (a few mm) to 6 feet (2 m). ● They have no nerves, muscles, or a calcareous sponge internal organs, and consist essentially of a body cavity connected to the exterior by pores. ● Sponges are filter feeders: flagellated collar cells line the body cavity and are used to create water currents that b horny sponge draw in oxygen and food particles. ● Four classes of sponge are recognized, based on structure and composition of Cnidarians the skeleton: Phylum Cnidaria class Calcare (a); class Demospongiae (b); class Hexactinellida (c); class Sclerospongiae (rare). Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria) ● Cnidarians are a group of simple d jellyfish animals that include sea anemones, jellyfish, hydras, and corals. ● There are about 9,400 species: most are marine, but a few live in freshwater. ● They are radially symmetrical with a mouth, simple sensory organs, and a nervous system. f soft coral ● They have one of two basic body patterns: polyp (hydroid) or medusa. ● They capture prey items using tentacles and nematocysts (stinging cells). ● There are four classes of cnidarians: class Hydrozoa (hydroids); class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) (d); class Anthozoa (sea anemones, e, and corals, f); class Cubozoa (sea wasps and box jellyfish). e sea anemone Visual Information Ltd. © Diagram .

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Associated Organisms Inhabiting the Calcareous Sponge Clathrina Lutea in La Parguera Natural
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/596429; this version posted April 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Associated organisms inhabiting the calcareous sponge Clathrina lutea in La Parguera Natural 2 Reserve, Puerto Rico 3 4 Jaaziel E. García-Hernández1,2*, Nicholas M. Hammerman2,3*, Juan J. Cruz-Motta2 & Nikolaos V. 5 Schizas2 6 * These authors contributed equally 7 1University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Biology, PO Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 8 00681 9 2University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences, Marine Genomic 10 Biodiversity Laboratory, PO Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681 11 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Gehrmann Laboratories, Level 8, 12 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia 13 14 15 Nikolaos V. Schizas, [email protected], FAX: 787-899-5500 16 17 Running Head: Infauna of the calcareous sponge Clathrina lutea 18 19 20 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/596429; this version posted April 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 21 ABSTRACT 22 Sponges provide an array of ecological services and benefits for Caribbean coral reefs. They 23 function as habitats for a bewildering variety of species, however limited attention has been paid 24 in the systematics and distribution of sponge-associated fauna in the class Calcarea or for that 25 matter of sponges in the Caribbean.
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Nitrogen-Fixing, Photosynthetic, Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Pelagic Copepods
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The Anti-Viral Applications of Marine Resources for COVID-19 Treatment: an Overview
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Review of the Mineralogy of Calcifying Sponges
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bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae 2 symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular 3 symbiosis 4 5 Chelsea Hall2,3, Sara Camilli3,4, Henry Dwaah2, Benjamin Kornegay2, Christine A. Lacy2, 6 Malcolm S. Hill1,2§, April L. Hill1,2§ 7 8 1Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME, USA 9 2Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond VA, USA 10 3University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 11 4Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 12 13 §Present address: Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME USA 14 Corresponding author: 15 April L. Hill 16 44 Campus Ave, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA 17 Email address: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 27 Abstract 28 In many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of 29 heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform 30 important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers 31 unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of 32 endosymbioses.
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Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analyses Resolve Cnidarian Relationships and the Origins of Key Organismal Traits
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A New Species of the Calcareous Sponge Genus Leuclathrina (Calcarea: Calcinea: Clathrinida) from the Maldives
Zootaxa 4382 (1): 147–158 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B222C2D8-82FB-414C-A88F-44A12A837A21 A new species of the calcareous sponge genus Leuclathrina (Calcarea: Calcinea: Clathrinida) from the Maldives OLIVER VOIGT1,5, BERNHARD RUTHENSTEINER2, LAURA LEIVA1, BENEDETTA FRADUSCO1 & GERT WÖRHEIDE1,3,4 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Rich- ard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany 2 SNSB - Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Sektion Evertebrata varia, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany 3 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany 4SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0) 89 2180 6635; Fax: +49 (0) 89 2180 6601 Abstract The diversity and phylogenetic relationships of calcareous sponges are still not completely understood. Recent integrative approaches combined analyses of DNA and morphological observations. Such studies resulted in severe taxonomic revi- sions within the subclass Calcinea and provided the foundation for a phylogenetically meaningful classification. However, several genera are missing from DNA phylogenies and their relationship to other Calcinea remain uncertain. One of these genera is Leuclathrina (family Leucaltidae). We here describe a new species from the Maldives, Leuclathrina translucida sp. nov., which is only the second species of the genus. Like the type species Leuclathrina asconoides, the new species has a leuconoid aquiferous system and lacks a specialized choanoskeleton.
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Sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones and Corals
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On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 38(3), pp. 225-232, 2006. On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan NASEEM MOAZZAM AND MOHAMMAD MOAZZAM Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan (NM) and Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi 74900, Pakistan (MM) Abstract .- The paper deals with the occurrence of eleven species of the hydroids from the coast of Pakistan. All the species are reported for the first time from Pakistan. These species are Hydractinia epidocleensis, Pennaria disticha, Eudendrium capillare, Orthopyxis cf. crenata, Clytia noliformis, C. hummelincki, Dynamena crisioides, D. quadridentata, Sertularia distans, Pycnotheca mirabilis and Macrorhynchia philippina. Key words: Hydroids, Coelenterata, Pakistan, Hydractinia, Pennaria, Eudendrium, Orthopyxis, Clytia, Dynamena, Sertularia, Pycnotheca, Macrorhynchia. INTRODUCTION used in the paper are derived from Millard (1975), Gibbons and Ryland (1989), Ryland and Gibbons (1991). In comparison to other invertebrates, TAXONOMIC ENUMERATION hydroids are one of the least known groups of marine animals from the coast of Pakistan Haque Family BOUGAINVILLIIDAE (1977) reported a few Cnidaria from the Pakistani Genus HYDRACTINIA Van Beneden, 1841 coast including two hydroids i.e. Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883 (= P. insignis Allman, 1. Hydractinia epidocleensis Leloup, 1931 1883) and Campanularia juncea Allman, 1874 (= (Fig. 1) Thyroscyphus junceus (Allman, 1876) from Keamari and Bhit Island, Karachi, respectively. Ahmed and Hameed (1999), Ahmed et al. (1978) and Haq et al. (1978) have mentioned the presence of hydroids in various habitats along the coast of Pakistan. Javed and Mustaquim (1995) reported Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) from Manora Channel, Karachi. The present paper describes eleven species of Cnidaria collected from the Pakistani coast all of which are new records for Pakistan.
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Sponges and Bryozoans of Sandusky Bay
Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. SPONGES AND BRYOZOANS OF SANDUSKY BAY. F. L. LANDACRE. The two small groups of fresh water sponges and Bryozoa re- ceived some attention at the Lake laboratory during the summer of 1900 All our fresh water sponges belong to one family, the SpongiUidae, which has about seven genera. They differ from the marine sponges- in two particulars. They form skeletons of silicon only, while marine sponges may form silicious or limy or spongin skeletons. The spongin skeleton-is the-one that gives the bath sponge its value.. They also form winter buds or statoblasts which carry the sponge over the winter and reproduce it again in the spring. This peculiar process was probably acquired on account of the changes in temperature and in amount of moisture to which animals living in fresh water streams are subjected. The sponge dies in the fall of the year and its skeleton of silicious spines or spicules can be found with no protoplasm. The character of the spines in the body of the sponge and those surrounding the statoblast differ greatly, and those around the statoblast are the main reliance in identifying sponges. So that if a statoblast is found the sponge from which it came can be determined, and on the other hand it is frequently very difficult to determine the species of a sponge if it has not yet formed its stato- blast. The statoblast is a globular or disc-shaped, nitroginous cell with a chimney-like opening where the protoplasm escapes in the spring. The adult sponge is non-sexual but the statoblasts give rise to ova and spermatozoa which unite and produce a new sponge.
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