Analisis De Poli Ti Ca HERRI BATASUNA
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The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
1 Centro Vasco New York
12 THE BASQUES OF NEW YORK: A Cosmopolitan Experience Gloria Totoricagüena With the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre TOTORICAGÜENA, Gloria The Basques of New York : a cosmopolitan experience / Gloria Totoricagüena ; with the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre. – 1ª ed. – Vitoria-Gasteiz : Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia = Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 2003 p. ; cm. – (Urazandi ; 12) ISBN 84-457-2012-0 1. Vascos-Nueva York. I. Sarriugarte Doyaga, Emilia. II. Renteria Aguirre, Anna M. III. Euskadi. Presidencia. IV. Título. V. Serie 9(1.460.15:747 Nueva York) Edición: 1.a junio 2003 Tirada: 750 ejemplares © Administración de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco Presidencia del Gobierno Director de la colección: Josu Legarreta Bilbao Internet: www.euskadi.net Edita: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia - Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Diseño: Canaldirecto Fotocomposición: Elkar, S.COOP. Larrondo Beheko Etorbidea, Edif. 4 – 48180 LOIU (Bizkaia) Impresión: Elkar, S.COOP. ISBN: 84-457-2012-0 84-457-1914-9 D.L.: BI-1626/03 Nota: El Departamento editor de esta publicación no se responsabiliza de las opiniones vertidas a lo largo de las páginas de esta colección Index Aurkezpena / Presentation............................................................................... 10 Hitzaurrea / Preface......................................................................................... -
Nationalism and Democracy. Manuel Irujo Ollo: the Leadership of a Heterodox Basque Nationalist
Nationalism and Democracy. Manuel Irujo Ollo: The Leadership of a Heterodox Basque Nationalist LUDGER MEES UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country l Abstract Manuel Irujo Ollo was one of the most prominent leaders of moderate Basque nationalism. Irujo, who was born in 1891 and died in 1981 at the age of 89, had a Basque, Spanish, and European dimension to his political career, which was perhaps the most enduring and intensive of any leader to emerge during the entire history of this socio-political movement. Yet Irujo’s political life remains largely quite unknown: no comprehensive academic biography has been written on his political work. Obviously, this article does not pretend to fill this void. Instead, it aims to cast a light on the nationalist leader’s political life from the twofold perspective of his individual political activity and the lessons that can be learned for a broader understanding of Basque nationalism in particular and of the relationship between nationalism and democracy in general. Resumen Manuel Irujo Ollo fue uno de los más significativos líderes del nacionalismo vasco moderado. En la historia de este movimiento socio-político probablemente no existe otro líder con una trayectoria política tan duradera e intensa con una dimensión vasca, española y europea como la de Irujo, quien nació en 1891 y murió en 1981 a la edad de 89. Pese a ello, hoy día la vida política de Irujo sigue siendo en buena parte desconocida, puesto que hasta la fecha no existe una biografía completa escrita con rigor científico. Obviamente, este artículo no pretende subsanar este déficit, pero sí aspira a arrojar luz sobre la biografía política del líder nacionalista desde una doble perspectiva: no sólo se analizará su actividad política individual, sino que también se preguntará sobre las conclusiones que se pueden extraer de este análisis para la historia del nacionalismo vasco y, más en general, sobre la relación entre naciona- lismo y democracia. -
PREVENTING TERRORISM? CONFLICT RESOLUTION and NATIONALIST VIOLENCE in the BASQUE COUNTRY Ioannis Tellidis a Thesis Submitted
PREVENTING TERRORISM? CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND NATIONALIST VIOLENCE IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY Ioannis Tellidis A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2008 Full metadata for this item is available in the St Andrews Digital Research Repository at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/426 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License Preventing Terrorism? Conflict Resolution and Nationalist Violence in the Basque Country Ioannis Tellidis Thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of International Relations, UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS September 2007 i Abstract This study examines the debates on nationalism, terrorism and conflict resolution, and intends to identify, on the one hand, the reasons why and the instances in which nationalist discourses usurp the notions of political violence and present it as a legitimate option for opposing a State, and on the other, whether there exist circumstances where conflict resolution techniques and approaches can be useful in isolating terrorist discourses from the nationalist ones, without necessarily criminalising the latter. The study employs a critical and discourse analysis approach to explaining ethno-nationalist and terrorist phenomena, arguing that a contextualisation of the nationalist and terrorist objects of study is necessary in order to comprehensively analyse the relationship between the two, and the instances where the former gives rise to the latter. The purpose of the study is to develop a theoretical framework for the understanding of nationalism and terrorism as interconnected practices, and looks into ways in which conflict resolution can intervene and prevent the infusion of the two. -
Challenging Capitalist Modernity
Network for an Alternative Quest (ed.) Challenging Capitalist Modernity Alternative Concepts and the Kurdish Quest Documentation of the 2012 Conference Challenging Capitalist Modernity Alternative Concepts and the Kurdish Quest Network for an Alternative Quest (editor) http://networkaq.net Copyright © by International Initiative Edition International Initiative “Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan—Peace in Kurdistan” P. O. Box 100 511 50445 Cologne, Germany [email protected] Copyright © of this edition by Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag Nf. GmbH Breite Str. 47 53111 Bonn, Germany [email protected] Typesetting: Holger Deilke Cover design: Annett Bender Photo of Wolf-Dieter Narr (p. 18) by arbeiterfotografie.com ISBN 978-3-89144-472-6 Printed in EU CONTENT Editorial Note 6 CHALLENGING CAPITALIST MODERNITY ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS AND THE KURDISH QUEST 0.1 Norman Paech 8 Welcoming Address 0.2 Havin Guneser 12 Bridges, Spirals and Alternatives. Overview of the Conference 0.3 Antonio Negri 17 Message of Greeting 0.4 Immanuel Wallerstein 18 Remarks on Challenging Capitalist Modernity 0.5 Wolf-Dieter Narr 20 Message of Greeting 0.6 Abdullah Öcalan 21 Seeker of Truth SESSION 1: THE QUEST FOR A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE 1.1. Ann-Kristin Kowarsch 32 Alternatives to the Established Social Sciences 1.2 Ahmet Alış 44 No Theory for the Kurds? The Kurds and Theories of Nationalism 1.3 Kariane Westrheim 49 The Quest for a New Social Science 6 Challenging Capitalist Modernity—Alternative Concepts and the Kurdish Quest SESSION 2: CAPITALISM AS THE CRISIS OF CIVILIZATION -
Grupos Antiterroristas De Liberación.Gal
Documentos para la historia- paz. ODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO T T OMO V: GRUPOS ANTITERRORISTAS DE LIBERACIÓN.G.A.L. (1983-1987) TOMO V G.A.L. (GRUPOS ANTITE RRORISTAS D E LIBE RACIÓ N) 1983- 198 7 TOMO V G.A.L. (GRUPOS ANTITE RRORISTAS D E LIBE RACI N) 1983- 198 7 TODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO AZ P dos meses. en Bayona en la que participaron LA RAMÓN OÑAEDERRA BERGARA unas 1.500 personas, y las gesto- Varios refugiados aseguraron, tras ras pro amnistía anunciaron una ARA Bayona (Francia), 19 de diciembre de 1983 el atentado, que Ramón convocatoria similar para el día 21 Refugiado y miembro de ETAm Oñaederra había recibió amena- de diciembre en San Sebastián. zas hacía casi dos meses y que Pasadas las 19.30 horas del lunes 19 de diciembre de 1983, varios temía por su vida. Poco después En la manifestación de Bayona se individuos armados con pistolas asesinaban, en el bar Calette de del atentado, unas 150 personas, registraron duros enfrentamientos Bayona, al refugiado vasco Ramón Oñaederra Bergara, de 23 años, en su mayoría compañeros de la entre policías y refugiados vascos considerado por la policía francesa como miembro activo de ETA víctima, se manifestaron por las y tuvo que ser disuelta con gases Militar. La víctima, que trabajaba como camarero en el bar donde calles de Bayona pidiendo y obte- lacrimógenos a las puertas de la perdió la vida, cruzó dos disparos con los asesinos antes de ser niendo el cierre de los bares. comisaría de esta ciudad. -
Terrorism Convictions Monitor
European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit EUROJUST October 2009 Terrorism Convictions Monitor EUROJUST Report Based on open sources information Issue 5 CMT-030PI/AV-2009-0005 Terrorism Convictions Monitor, Issue 5, October2009 Contents I. Introduction II. Terrorism Convictions 1. Terrorism Convictions by Member State Overview May-August 2009 2. Comparative Analysis Terrorism Convictions May-August 2009 3. Case Study Separatist Terrorism – the example of ETA III. Legal Update 1. EU 2. EU Member States Overview IV. The Way Ahead V. Judicial analysis on selected cases Appendix Contact and Analyst Team 2 Terrorism Convictions Monitor, Issue 5, October2009 I. Introduction Why a Terrorism The Terrorism Convictions Monitor (TCM) is intended to provide a Convictions Monitor regular overview of the terrorism-related developments throughout the EU area. The Monitor has been developed on the basis of the open sources information available to the CMT and methodologies such as individual case studies and comparative analysis. There is a link provided to each of the convictions and acquittals found on the EUROJUST Intranet External News and/or the Internet. The current issue contains also information provided by one National Desk at Eurojust on the basis of Council Decision 671/JHA/2005. It also contains a new chapter with judicial analysis on selected cases from the recent past. Issue 5 of the TCM covers the period May-August 2009. The general objective of the TCM is to inform and kindly invite the National Members to review, confirm and, if possible, complete the information retrieved from various open sources. In the cases where such a confirmation and/or follow-up is needed, a special icon will appear. -
ETA and State Action: the Development of Spanish Antiterrorism
ETA and state action: The development of Spanish antiterrorism *** Cite this article: Ubasart-González, G. ETA and state action: the development of Spanish antiterrorism. Crime Law Soc Change 72, 569–586 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611- 019-09845-6. *** ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT VERSION. The final publication is available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-019-09845-6 Abstract On 20 October 2011 ETA announced the ‘definitive cessation of its armed activity’, which had been increasing since shortly after its inception in 1959. On 8 April 2017 it disarmed by handing over its weapons to intermediaries from civil society. On 2 May 2018 ETA announced its dissolution. This was the end of the last ongoing armed conflict in Europe from the wave of political violence – linked to national and class disputes – that swept over the continent starting in the 1960s. This article analyses the development of Spanish antiterrorism in relation to the Basque conflict, observing how a free and democratic Spanish state has responded to the challenge of an armed insurgency that has continued to the present. While the history of the organisation is well known, less so is the development of the reaction to deal with it. ETA’s progression cannot be understood in isolation, but rather needs to be placed into the context of the measures taken by the state, which influenced, shaped, and was shaped by it throughout the course of the conflict. Keywords: ETA, terrorism, antiterrorism, the culture of emergency, the Basque Country, peace process Introduction On 20 October 2011 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) announced the ‘definitive cessation of its armed activity’, which had been increasing since shortly after its inception. -
Basque Political Systems
11m_..... ·· _~ ~ - -= ,_.... ff) • ' I I -' - i ~ t I V Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno BASQUE POLITICS SERIES Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Basque Political Systems Edited by Pedro Ibarra Güell and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Translated by Cameron J. Watson Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque government. Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and Series design © 2011 Jose Luis Agote. Cover Illustration: Juan Azpeitia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basque political systems / edited by Pedro Ibarra G?ell, and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga ; translated by Cameron J. Watson. p. cm. -- (Basque politics series ; No. 2) Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on the Basque political system within its own context and larger national and global contexts”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-03-9 (pbk.) 1. País Vasco (Spain)--Politics and government. I. Ibarra Güell, Pedro. II. Irujo Ame- tzaga, Xabier. JN8399.P342B37 2011 320.446’6--dc22 2011001811 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 7 PEDRO IBARRA GÜELL and XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 1. Hegoalde and the Post-Franco Spanish State ................................... 13 XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 2. Political Institutions in Hegoalde................................................ 33 MIKEL IRUJO AMETZAGA 3. Political Institutions and Mobilization in Iparralde ............................. 53 IGOR AHEDO GURRUTXAGA 4. Fiscal Pacts in Hegoalde ........................................................ -
El Compañero Ausente Y Los Aprendices De Brujo: Orígenes De Herri Batasuna (1974-1980) (1)
EL COMPAÑERO AUSENTE Y LOS APRENDICES DE BRUJO: ORÍGENES DE HERRI BATASUNA (1974-1980) (1) GAIZKA FERNÁNDEZ SOLDEVILLA Universidad del País Vasco I. INTRODUCCIÓN.—II. LA DIVISIÓN DE ETA.—III. EL PLAN DE PERTUR Y LA CONVERGEN- CIA DE HASI.—IV. EL DILEMA ELECTORAL DE KAS.—V. HETERODOXOS Y ETNONACIO- NALISTAS.—VI. LAS ELECCIONES DE 1977.—VII. LOS AÑOS DE PLOMO.—VIII. LA MESA DE ALSASUA.—IX. LA DISPUTADA HERENCIA DE ETA.—X. DOS VICTORIAS Y UNA DERROTA.—XI. EL COMPAÑERO AUSENTE.—XII. CONCLUSIONES.—XIII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA. RESUMEN En 1974 ETA se dividió en dos organizaciones rivales. ETAm pretendió inhibir- se de la política y centrarse en el terrorismo. ETApm optó por formar un nuevo par- tido político, EIA. Las elecciones de 1977 fueron un reto para el nacionalismo vasco radical, que adoptó estrategias divergentes. ANV, ESB, ESEI y EIA decidieron par- ticipar, este último en el seno de la candidatura Euskadiko Ezkerra; ETAm, EHAS y LAIA apostaron por el boicot. EE obtuvo dos parlamentarios y apostó por la vía ins- titucional. La alta participación obligó a ETAm a cambiar de planes. Se quedó con la mayor parte de la herencia de ETA y, cuando HASI, LAIA, ANV y ESB formaron Herri Batasuna, ETAm la tomó bajo su control. Palabras clave: Nacionalismo vasco; Transición; terrorismo; ETA; País Vasco. (1) El autor agradece a José Luis de la Granja, Jesús Casquete, Santiago de Pablo, Raúl López, Manu Gojenola, Pau Casanellas y Jon Gil sus valiosas sugerencias para mejorar el texto original. Revista de Estudios Políticos (nueva época) ISSN: 0048-7694, Núm. 148, Madrid, abril-junio (2010), págs. -
Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe
Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Edited by Chris Kostov Logos Verlag Berlin λογος Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . Book cover art: c Adobe Stock: Silvio c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2020 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-8325-5192-6 The electronic version of this book is freely available under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence, thanks to the support of Schiller University, Madrid. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH Georg-Knorr-Str. 4, Gebäude 10 D-12681 Berlin - Germany Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92 https://www.logos-verlag.com Contents Editor's introduction7 Authors' Bios 11 1 The EU's MLG system as a catalyst for separatism: A case study on the Albanian and Hungarian minority groups 15 YILMAZ KAPLAN 2 A rolling stone gathers no moss: Evolution and current trends of Basque nationalism 39 ONINTZA ODRIOZOLA,IKER IRAOLA AND JULEN ZABALO 3 Separatism in Catalonia: Legal, political, and linguistic aspects 73 CHRIS KOSTOV,FERNANDO DE VICENTE DE LA CASA AND MARÍA DOLORES ROMERO LESMES 4 Faroese nationalism: To be and not to be a sovereign state, that is the question 105 HANS ANDRIAS SØLVARÁ 5 Divided Belgium: Flemish nationalism and the rise of pro-separatist politics 133 CATHERINE XHARDEZ 6 Nunatta Qitornai: A party analysis of the rhetoric and future of Greenlandic separatism 157 ELLEN A. -
Lekuak the Basque Places of Boise, Idaho
LEKUAK THE BASQUE PLACES OF BOISE, IDAHO Master of Applied Historical Research Meggan Laxalt Mackey Presented to Committee Chairman Dr. John Bieter and Committee Members Dr. Jill Gill and Dr. John Ysursa FINAL – 12/09/15 CONTENTS DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………….…4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.…………………………………………………………………........5 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….6 PREFACE…………………………………………………………………………………..……..7 Basques in the Old World Basques in the New World INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...…..13 CHAPTER I: AMERIKANUAK (Late 1800s to the 1920s) ……………………………………19 Boardinghouses Frontons The Church of the Good Shepherd Summary CHAPTER II: TARTEKOAK (1930s to the 1950s)…………………………………………….40 Residences Workplaces Morris Hill Cemetery: St. John’s Section Temporary Places: Picnics and Mutual Aid Society Events The Basque Center Summary CHAPTER III: EGUNGOAK (Today’s Generations -1960s to the Present)…………..……….59 The Influence of Education Basque Museum & Cultural Center The Anduiza Fronton: Reclaimed The Basque Center Façade The Unmarked Basque Graves Project The Boise’ko Ikastola Summary CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………80 The Basque Block: Symbolic Ethnicity, Cultural Persistence of the Basques in Boise, and the Significance of Cultural Diversity Today The Academic Contribution of Lekuak to the Study of the Basques in the American West POSTSCRIPT: WHY BOISE? …………………..……………………………………..………94 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..…..………105 2 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………..120 1. The Public History Project