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John Bate Cardale, Pillar of Apostles : a Quest for Catholicity

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John Bate Cardale, Pillar of Apostles : a Quest for Catholicity JOHN BATE CARDALE, PILLAR OF APOSTLES : A QUEST FOR CATHOLICITY John Lancaster A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of BPhil at the University of St Andrews 1977 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12046 This item is protected by original copyright JOHN BATE CARDALE, PILLAR OF APOSTLES A QUEST FOR CATHOLICITY by John Lancaster A thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews ABSTRACT John Bate Cardale (1802-l877) is the forgotten man of the Catholic Apostolic Church. Edward Irving and Henry Drummond who were both influential in the pre-history and early days of the church received historical and biograph­ ical treatment long ago. Cardale, whose influence was more decisive and longer lived than that of his two col­ leagues has until now been ignored. His life and works show his personal participation in the quest for catholi­ city which was taking place in all churches during ~he nineteenth century, a participation which was reflected in the theology, worship and organization of the Catholic Apostolic Church. The essentially hidden quality of Cardale's life together with the Catholic Apostolic rule of secrecy in regard to historic documents mean that in­ sights into his life must be gained from the little mate­ rial in the hands of descendants and from secondary sources. The Catholic Apostolic Liturgy together with its two volume theological commentary, Readings upon the Liturgy, are Cardale's chief literary monuments. His lesser works generally serve to illuminate minor themes not treated in the Readings while his homiletic material is principally devotional in character. Theologically Cardale is an inheritor of the patristic and western catholic tradition. He follows his mentor Irving in his understanding of the Incarnation but breaks new ground in his doctrine of the Church and its ministry by his unique exegesis of Ephesians 4:11-13. Cardale's approach to the dominical sacraments is motivated by concern for theological truth and pastoral nurture. The services Cardale compiled and revised in the Liturgy seek to be based on theological principle, to meet pastoral, psychological and devotional need and to draw from the liturgical riches of ancient, Orthodox and west­ ern catholic traditions. Cardale's gift of leadership, his theological pre­ cision and his liturgical creativity, the personal expres­ sions of authority, tradition and comprehensiveness, reacted to produce the most significant figure in the life of the Catholic Apostolic Church and an important one on the sidelines of nineteenth-century ecclesiastical history in England. STATEMENT OF CANDIDACY AND RESEARCH At the meeting of the Council of the Faculty of Divinity held on 26 January 1977 I was admitted under Ordinance 350 (General No. 12) and Resolution of the University Court, 1970, No. 3 as a full time candidate for the degree of B.Phil., with retrospective effect to the date of my admission as a research student, 1 October 1976. The research for this thesis was carried out primarily at the University of St. Andrews although obtaining some specialized material involved work at the British Library, the National Library of Scotland and the Library of New College, Edinburgh. Candidate SUPERVISOR'S STATEMENT I certify that the conditions of Resolution of the University Court, 1970, No. 3 and the Regulations depend­ ent on it have been fulfilled by John Lancaster, the author of this thesis. Supervisor DECLARATION I declare that this thesis, John Bate Cardate~ Pittar of Aposttes: A Quest for Cathoticity, has been composed by me, that the work of which it is a record has been done by me, and that it has not been accepted in any previous application for a higher degree in the University of St. Andrews or elsewhere. >=- c Candidate In honour of The Blessed Virgin Mary Mother of our Lord Type of the Church Queen of the Clergy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due first to the Dean, Churchwardens and parishioners of Christ Church Cathedral, Victoria, British Columbia for making this sabbatical year possible by their encouragement, administrative arrangements and kind finan­ cial assistance. In addition I am grateful for the financial support I have received from the H. R. Macmillan Committee of the Vancouver School of Theology, the Bursary Unit of the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada and the Diocese of British Columbia. The late Denis A. Godson of the Provincial Archives, Victoria, British Columbia first' introduced me to the smaller churches and throughout a long and valued friend­ Ship continued to stimulate the interest he had initiated. Dr. Sheridan W. Gilley, my supervisor, has epitomized the academic hospitality of St. Mary's College in the University of St. Andrews and his guidance and tactful Suggestions have wrought many improvements in this thesis. Having combed and otherwise used the facilities of several libraries in the course of my research, I would like to give special acknowledgement to Mr. J. V. Howard, Librarian of New College, Edinburgh, who placed much rare material at my disposal and to Mr. Norman C. Priddle, the Catholic Apostolic Librarian, who supplied me with copies of scarce items as well as other valuable information. Among Car~ale's descendants who so kindly responded to my inquiries and generously shared what family history they knew, Mr. J. C. L. Sweet has been particularly patient with my repeated requests for information and prodigal in what he has made available. Most deserving my gratitude, however, are my wife Miriam and our daughter Jordan. The extent of their con- tribution to the fruition of my sabbatical year is inestimable and my pen incapable of framing any adequate expression of thanks. Finally, I must thank John Bate Cardale, his fellow Apostles, their followers and spiritual descendants for bringing together strands of history, liturgy and socio- logy which have long interested me. Without their unknowing contribution, this thesis would never have been written. 18 July 1977 Centenary of the death of John Bate Cardale TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 I The Quest for Catholicity 7 The Church of England The. Roman Catholic Church Non-episcopal Churches Smaller Churches Scientific and Speculative Thought II Cardale the Man 45 Old Foundations New Foundations Middle Years Hidden Years Anonymity Legal Works Typology III Some Theological Aspects of Readings upon the Liturgy 89 The Incarnation Ecclesiology The Ministry Christian Initiation The Eucharist Psychology IV Cardale's Opuscula 132 Apologetic Doctrinal Homiletic V The Shape of Cardale's Liturgy 170 The Eucharist Daily and Sunday Offices Initiation Rites Holy Days and Seasons The Sanctification of Life Conclusion 214 Appendix A - Chronological List of Works by John Bate Cardale 219 Appendix B - Ati Evolutionary Chart of the Catholic Apostolic Eucharist 222 Appendix C - A Compar!tive Chart of Eucharistic Rites 224 Appendix D - Contents of The Liturgy and Other Divine Offiaes of the Churah, 1869 225 Bibliography 228 1 INTRODUCTION The last celebration of the Holy Eucharist in the Catholic Apostolic Church took place on Christmas Day 1970 when Dr. L. Davison, the last active priest, celebrated in the Paddington Church. l His death the following year brought an end to the sacramental ministry of the Church which had begun when John Bate Cardale was called to the restored Apostolate by the voice of prophecy one hundred and thirty­ nine years before. This new Apostolate was formally set apart in 1835 and endured until 1901 when the last Apostle died. Thus, the Catholic Apostolic Church, as the followers of these Apostles came to be called, is a Victorian pheno- menon, its fully active life almost exactly corresponding to the reign of Queen Victoria. The herald of the move- ment, Edward Irving the great Scottish preacher, and its principal financial backer, Henry Drummond the banker and parliamentarian, have been adequately studied, but Cardale, whose influence over the movement in its formative and most fruitful years was normative, is virtually ignored. Irving and Drummond are both represented by portraits in national cOllections while even photographs of Cardale are scarce. Irving's nephew, the Rev. G. Carlyle, and Drummond's son-in- law, Lord Lovaine, both published collections of their res- pective relatives' writings but no similar memorial appeared 1 Kenneth W. Stevenson, The CathoZio ApostoZio Euoharist~ (Southampton University Ph.D. thesis, 1975), pp. 61 and 32. 2 after Cardale's death. The Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts and the British Museum have catalogued manu­ script materials from the pens of Irving and Drummond but Cardale is unrepresented. The Oxford Diationary of the Christian Church devotes space to articles on the Catholic Apostolic Church and on Irving and Drummond, noting their importance in the original formation of the group, but Cardale - whose influence was also present from the begin­ ning and became central in the life of the church - is completely ignored. Irving has attracted a fair amount of interest by writers since his death. His biography by Margaret Oliphant appeared in 1864 and in 1955 H. L. Whitley produced BZinded EagZe, a study of Irving's life and influence. Edward Irving and his CircZe by A. L. Drummond . and The PentecostaZ TheoZogy of Edward Irving by Gordon Strachan, published in recent years, are more specialized Works. There has always been a steady although specialized interest in the Catholic Apostolic Church. With the passage of time the successive studies become more and more sympa­ thetic. E. B. Pusey's series of ten articles in The OZd Church Porch in 1854 can only be called an attack. Edward Miller's two volume work written in 1878, The history and doctrines of Irvingism, also written from a Tractarian point of view, recognized the good features of the group and its members but is hostile in its conclusions.
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