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Contact on the Jersey Shore: Analysis of European and Native American Presence at the West Creek Site During the Contact Period

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Contact on the Jersey Shore: Analysis of European and Native American Presence at the West Creek Site During the Contact Period CONTACT ON THE JERSEY SHORE: ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AMERICAN PRESENCE AT THE WEST CREEK SITE DURING THE CONTACT PERIOD A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS by Blair A. Fink August 2017 Thesis Approvals: R. Michael Stewart, Thesis Advisor, Department of Anthropology Paul Farnsworth, Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT This research addresses the identification of a Native American presence at the 18th century homestead of the Pharo family in coastal New Jersey, and what it reveals about life during the Contact period. Various stratigraphic contexts were excavated at the site that contain both European-made and Native-made artifacts. The foundation of this research is the definition and assessment of the contemporaneity of excavated contexts that include colonial and native-made artifacts at the West Creek site. By examining these contexts, conclusions can be drawn about the persistence of Native American technologies and settlement patterns into the 18th Century, as well as the interactions between Europeans and Native Americans at the site. Spatial distribution analysis utilizing ArcGIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of diagnostic artifact types throughout the site. Individual distribution maps were created for each of the selected artifact types. These maps were then compared to discern any site-wide patterns that exist. The spatial analysis conducted as part of this project demonstrates that Native Americans occupied areas at the West Creek site very close to one another. Native Americans and the Pharo family were interacting with one another on a regular basis for at least a short period of time. These interactions show no evidence of being violent or forceful. Despite the evidence of interactions, the Native Americans residing at the West Creek site maintained many Late Woodland technologies, including ceramics and projectile points. Furthermore, Native Americans continue to settle in settings similar to what is seen during the Late Woodland period. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis committee members and faculty members for their continuous support in making the completion of this thesis possible. I would also like to give special thanks to Dr. Michael Stewart for his role as my thesis advisor and mentor throughout this process. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Andrew J. Stanzeski for allowing me access to the West Creek artifact collection and field notes, as well as his continuous support throughout this process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………...viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT……………………………...…1 2. THE CONTACT PERIOD……………………………………………………………8 The Historical Record……………………………………………………………10 The Archaeological Record……………………………………………………...15 Complications Archaeologists Face when Studying the Contact Period...15 Contact Period Settlement Patterns………………………………………18 Native American Structures during the Contact Period………………….20 Known Contact Period Sites in New Jersey……………………………..24 Contact Period Artifacts Assemblages…………………………………………..26 The Late Woodland Period………………………………………………………30 Late Woodland Settlement Patterns……………………………………...31 Late Woodland Period Dwellings………………………………………..33 Subsistence………………………………………………………………34 Lithic Technology………………………………………………………..35 iv Ceramics…………………………………………………………………36 3. SETTING, HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WEST CREEK SITE…..40 Historical Background…………………………………………………………...45 The Archaeology of West Creek…………………………………………………51 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY, CONTEXTS, AND FORMATION PROCESSES………65 The Stratigraphy………………………………………………………………………….69 Excavation of Features…………………………………………………………………...72 Dating the Contexts at the West Creek Site……………………………………………...73 The Plowzone…………………………………………………………………….74 Buried A Horizon………………………………………………………………...76 The B Horizon……………………………………………………………………78 The Pharo House (Feature One)…………………………………………………78 Pit Features……………………………………………………………………….81 Feature 2………………………………………………………………….81 Feature 3………………………………………………………………….81 Feature 5………………………………………………………………….82 Feature 9………………………………………………………………….83 Feature 10………………………………………………………………...84 Feature 12………………………………………………………………...85 Feature 13………………………………………………………………...86 Feature 14………………………………………………………………...86 Feature 15………………………………………………………………...86 v Feature 16………………………………………………………………...87 Feature 18………………………………………………………………...88 Feature 19………………………………………………………………...90 Feature 20………………………………………………………………...91 Feature 21………………………………………………………………...92 Feature 22………………………………………………………………...92 Feature 25………………………………………………………………...93 Feature 27………………………………………………………………...93 Feature 28………………………………………………………………...93 Post Features……………………………………………………………………..94 Feature 7………………………………………………………………….94 Feature 8………………………………………………………………….95 Feature 11………………………………………………………………...95 Feature 17………………………………………………………………...95 Feature 26………………………………………………………………...96 The Pharo Well/ Barrel Privy (Feature 6)………………………………………..97 Natural Soil Anomalies…………………………………………………………..98 Feature 4………………………………………………………………….98 Features 23 and 24………………………………………………..……...99 Site Formation Processes……………………………………………………..………….99 Concluding Thoughts…………………………………………………………………...101 5. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………...103 vi European Artifacts……………………………………………………………...104 Ceramics………………………………………………………………..104 Staffordshire-type Slipware…………………………………….104 Stoneware……………………………………………………….105 White Ball Clay Pipes…………………………………………………..106 Coins……………………………………………………………………109 Cut Kettle Fragments…………………………………………………...110 Native American Artifacts……………………………………………………...111 Native American Pottery………………………………………………..111 Triangular Points………………………………………………………..114 Flake Waste……………………………………………………………..116 Worked Shell…………………………………………………………...117 6. METHODS AND RESULTS………………………………………………………120 Data……………………………………………………………………………..121 Manipulation of the Data……………………………………………………….122 Results…………………………………………………………………………..125 Analysis…………………………………………………………………………136 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION……………………………………………...145 Future Research………………………………………………………………...149 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………151 APPENDICES A. ARTIFACT CATALOG………………………………………………………..166 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. ARTIFACT CATALOG……………………………………….……………... 166 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of New Jersey and surrounding areas showing the location of the West Creek site…..……………………………………….………………. 2 2. Google Earth image of West Creek site…….………………………..…..…….. 40 3. Excavation area at West Creek Site. Base map from New Jersey Geological Survey topographic shapefiles (state.nj.gov)………...……..…….....42 4. West Creek units and features……………..……………………………………53 5. West Creek features………………………………………………………....…...56 6. Plan view of the West Creek site highlighting concentration with Early Archaic deposits…………………………………………………………. 60 7. Partial plan view of the West Creek site showing units containing the plowzone, the location of the buried A horizon and the Pharo house……….…. 62 8. Plan view of the West Creek site highlighting the location of the Cox farmstead……………………………………………………………………….. 64 9. Map illustrating percent slope at the West Creek site……………………………………………………………………………… 66 10. Plan view of eastern portion of the West Creek site……………………….……68 11. Contact period contexts at West Creek with the units containing the buried A horizon highlighted in green…………………………………….. 71 12. Unit 64 east wall profile showing the buried A horizon……………………….. 77 13. Feature 3 and Unit 37 east wall profile………………………………………… 82 14. Feature 5 and Unit 7 south wall profile…………………………………………83 15. Feature 9 and Unit 32 north wall profile……………………………………….. 84 16. Feature 10 and Unit 33 north wall profile……………………………………… 85 ix 17. Feature 15 and Unit 54 south wall profile…………………………………….…87 18. Feature 18 and Unit 77 east wall profile…………………………………….…..89 19. Feature 19 and Unit 79 north wall profile………………………………….……90 20. Feature 20 and Unit 90 south wall profile………………………………….……91 21. Feature 17 and Unit 67 west wall profile………………………………….…….96 22. Staffordshire-type slipware recovered from excavations at the West Creek site………………………………………………………….….104 23. Westerwald stoneware recovered from excavations at the West Creek site……………………………………………………………….. ..106 24. Pipe bowls recovered from excavations at the West Creek site………...……....107 25. Pipe bowl fragment recovered from excavations at the West Creek site with ER cartouche………………………………………….…..….…108 26. Charles II farthing and William III halfpenny recovered from excavations at the West Creek site………………………………………………109 27. Cut kettle fragments recovered from excavations at the West Creek site…..…..111 28. Fabric impressed pottery recovered from excavations at the West Creek site………………………………………………………………….112 29. Incised pottery recovered from excavations at the West Creek site……….…....113 30. Chert and jasper triangular projectile points recovered from excavations at the West Creek site………………………………..…..………...115 31. European-made artifact distribution map…………………………....…….……128 32. Spatial distribution of European-made artifacts in Strat 2….……...…..………..129 33. Native American artifacts distribution map…………….…………..……...……130 34. Spatial distribution of Native American artifacts in Strat 2…………..……....…131 35. White ball clay pipe distribution map………………….………………..………132 x 36.
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