DOCSLIB.ORG

DOCUMENT RESUME SE 048 705 AUTHOR Lillywhite, Malcolm TITLE Improved Cookstove Training Manual. No. T-40. Peace Corps, Washingto

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DOCUMENT RESUME SE 048 705 AUTHOR Lillywhite, Malcolm TITLE Improved Cookstove Training Manual. No. T-40. Peace Corps, Washingto DOCUMENT RESUME ED 287 741 SE 048 705 AUTHOR Lillywhite, Malcolm TITLE Improved Cookstove Training Manual. No. T-40. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington, DC. Information Collection and Exchange Div. PUB DATE May 84 NOTE 220p.; Some drawings may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) -- Guides Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Air Flow; Alternative Energy Sources; *Appropriate Technology; *Ceramics; *Cooking Instruction; Energy Education; *Environmental Education; gels; *Heating; Heat Recovery; Learning Processes; Science and Society; *Training Methods; Ventilation IDENTIFIERS *Cookstoves; Peace Corps ABSTRACT This document was developed as a training manual for people interested in various types of appropriate technologies related to improved cookstoves. The three types of cookstoves included in the manual are earthen, ceramic, and metal (or a combination of metal and ceramic). The training sessions described deal with: (1) an orientation to the cookstove training program; (2) project documentation; (3) trainee working styles and skills inventory; (4) the fuel wood crisis and improved cookstoves; (5) appropriate education and the learning process; (6) socio-cultural and technical considerations; (7) survey and assessment; (8) stove combustion theory; (9) hypothetical stove design; (10) Earthen stove design and soil analysis; (11) earthen stove construction; (12) introduction to ceramics; (13) ceramic stove design; (14) ceramic stove construction; (15) ceramic stove curing and firing; (16) project design and proposal preparation; (17) metal stove design; (18) metal stove construction; (19) cooking on cookstoves; (20) cookstove business development; (21) diagnosis and repair of cookstoves; (22) testing and monitoring cookstove performance; (23) cookstove project presentations; (24) traditional and improved cookstove banquet; and (25) training program evaluation. A glossary is included. (TW) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** '....TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT U S DEPARTMENT CF EDUCATION Olirce 01 Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CEN f ER (ERIC) This dotument has been reproduced as awed from the person or organization on mating it 0 Minor changes have been made to 'improve reproduction quality Points of new or opinions statedin this dOCu ment do nOt necessarily represent oil iciai OERI Position or policy Improved Cookstoves A Training Manual Peac.e INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE TRAINING MANUAL NO. T-40 AVAILABLE 2 BEST COPY INFORWICV ODIMCMON i EXCHANGE Peace Corps' Information Oollection & Exchange (ICE) was established so that the strategies and technologies devel- oped by Peace Corps Volunteers, their co-workers, and their counterparts could be made available to the wide range of development organizations and individual workers who might find them useful. Training guides, curricula, lesson plans, project reports, manuals and other Peace Corps-generated materials developed in field are collected and reviewed. Sore are reprinted "as is"; others provide a source of field based information for the production of manuals or for re- search in particular program areas.Materials that you sub- mit to the Illlrmation Collection & Exchange thus become part of the Peace Corps' larger contribution to development. Information about ICE publimtions and services is available through: Peace Corps Information Collection & Exchange Office of Training and Program Support 806 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washinrton, D.C. 20526 Add your experience to the ICE Pesource Center. Send ma- terials that you've prepared so that we can share them with others working in the dwelopment field.Your tech- nical insights serve as the basis for the generation of ICS nanuals, reprints and resource packets,and also ensure that ICE is providing the mostupdated, innovative problem-solving techniques and information available to you and your fellowdeveloprent workers. Peace Corps 1 IMPROVED COOKS'FOVE TRAINING MANUAL Prepared By MALCOLM LILLYWHITE Contributors: Karen Nelson Barb Korth Eric Koentges Edited by Lynda Lillywhte Domestic Technology International, Inc. Evergreen, Colorado under subccltract to: Denver Research Institute Denver, Colorado Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange Training Manual T-40 May 1984 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS any individuals knowingly and unknowingly have contributed to the wealth of information that led to the preparation of this manual.It is impossible to recognize all of these people. Government officials, villagemen and women and volunteers from sixteen countries in Africa and Central America providedthe initial insight into the cooking fuel dilemma and traditional cookingmethods. There are, however, a few contributors who should be acknowledged for their direct contribution to this training manual. Thegroup to whom we are most indebted is the Peace Corps trainees who participated in the ImprovedCookstove Training Program conducted at the Domestic Technologies training facility from 1983 through 1985 as part of the Renewable Energy AppropriateTechnology and Water and Sanitation State Side Training Program. These trainees built, tested and helped to evaluate cookstove designs through their trainingactivities. A special thanks must be given to Ada Jo Mann, Peace Corps Energy SectorSpecial- ist and Program Manager for trusting in thisprocess and having the patience to come full circle. We appreciate the collaborative effort by Ali Ansari, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Colorado,Denver Campus and four of his students, Kim Jones, Mark Allen, Vicki Martinez and Mike Isberg in their stove testing project which I supervised through thePeace Corps cookstove program. We would also like to thank Mohammed Sid Achmed of the Sudan Renewable Energy Project and to Gretchen and Ron Larsonour ceramics expert and her husband. Malcolm and Lynda Lillywhite 1 INTRODUCTION TO MB TRAINING MANUAL This training man:lal has been designed asa trainer's tool for use in both state side training and in-service training programs.The session listing shows which sessions are appropriate for eachpurpose. Trainers are encouraged to revise sessions where necessary to make them most effectivein a given setting. Session sequencing should be maintained to insurethat the introduc- tion of theoretical information and constructionexperience are logical and build the necessary learning foundation fcra successful long-terra retention of the material. Stove Application Three basic types of cookstoves are included in this training manual:earthen, ceramic and metal (and combination metal/ceramic) cookstoves.Generally earthen stoves are designed for wood fuel and ceramic and metalstoves are designed for charcoal fuel. However, some metalstoves are also designed for use with dung, biomass residue and small diameter and length fuelwood. Cookstoves used for larger scale cooking suchas restaurants or large extended families are included as well as cookstoves for general familyuse. Trainers should pay particular attention to the primary function and fuelrecommended for a given stove before allowing trainees to modify thestove or before selecting the stove for a specific application. Stove Testing Considerable effort has been devoted to the evaluation and comparisonof cookstove fuel comsumption characteristics. The 'Testingand Monitoring Cookstove Performance" session is time consuming and must be executedwith care and accuracy in order to produce useful stove comparison data.In some village training situations, this session may not be appropriate untilstoves are built and have been used for several months. Simple algebra andsome statis- tical analysis are necessary to perform stove performance calculationsand this skill may only be found in institutional settings. Therefore, itis recommend- ed that trainers examine appropriateness of the session beforetraining begins. G v Trainers The Improved Cookstove Training Manual is designed for use by trainers with experience in cookstove technology, metal working and ceramics. As a trainer if you do not have experience, but need to offer training in one or more of these areas, obtain help from a local artisan or an outside consultant. Generally a local metal worker or ceramicist coupled with a trainer's theore- tical knowledge is sufficient to conduct a workshop if this team works together to build and test sample stoves prior to the beginning of the training. Earthen construction skills are usually available through village women. Participants The training program should be tailored to the need and skills of the partici- pants.If business orientel individuals, metal or ceramic artisans are the primary target, focus will include not only cookstove construction but also may include maintenance on a small scale, manufacturing, bookkeeping, marketing, etc. A training program where village women who already have earthen construc- tion skills are the primary participants, construction and proper use of earthen cookstoves may be the primary focus. The trainer should develop this training program with these conditions in mind. Logistics Logistics of a cookstove training program depends primarily upon where the training will occur, the time allowed for the training and the degree
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Color in Salt Glaze
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 8-1-1967 Color in salt glaze Daniel Lee Stevens Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Stevens, Daniel Lee, "Color in salt glaze" (1967). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 561. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.561 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Daniel Lee Stevens for the Master of Science in teaching in Cerami~s 'presented 0:0 August 7, 1967. Title: COLOR IN SALT GLAZE. , Abs tract approved: This thesis endeavors to bring a brief history of salt glaze to the reader, following i~s ge~esisin Germany to England and the American colonies and its continuation to the prese~t day. In order to conduct research on color in salt glaze~ a kiln had to be built for this purpose, meeting all the requirements 'that this tech- nique demands. Studies were ~ade on clay bodies to determine their throwing qualities as well as their ability to take a salt glaze. Finally, research was carried out 'in many serfes of tests studying the reactions of'various engobes and other coloring materials when ,fired in the salt glaze kiln. \ .' COLOR IN SALT GLAZE by Daniel Lee Stevens A THESIS submitted to .Portland State College, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Teaching August 1967 \ I PORTLAND STATE COL~EGE LIBRARY' .
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Clean, Safe, Affordable Cooking Energy to Households Across Africa: an Agenda for Action
    Working Paper Bringing clean, safe, affordable cooking energy to households across Africa: an agenda for action Background paper to the Africa Progress Panel 2015 report Power, People, Planet: Seizing Africa’s Energy and Climate Opportunities Fiona Lambe, Marie Jürisoo, Hannah Wanjiru and Jacqueline Senyagwa Executive summary The majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa – some 700 CONTENTS Page million people – rely on traditional biomass for cooking, and while in other regions, biomass use is decreasing, in AfricaPage it continues to rise. If current trends continue, almost 900 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are expected to cook with 1. INTRODUCTION 4 traditional biomass in 2020. Efforts to bring modern energy 2. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PATTERNS IN SUB- access to all – electricity and clean fuels – are far outpaced by SAHARAN AFRICA 5 population growth. 3. IMPACTS OF HEAVY RELIANCE ON Traditional biomass use has multiple negative impacts, TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FOR COOKING 6 most notably on health: 600,000 lives are lost each year 4. OPTIONS FOR ADDRESSING THE COOKSTOVE in sub-Saharan Africa due to exposure to biomass smoke. CHALLENGE 10 The economic costs of high reliance of biomass for cooking 5. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE are also substantial, about US$36.9 billion per year, or AFRICAN CHARCOAL SECTOR 14 2.8% of GDP, including US$29.6 billion from productive time lost gathering fuel and cooking. The impacts are 6. CASE STUDIES: IMPROVED COOKSTOVE INTERVENTIONS ACROSS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17 particularly severe for women and girls, who are typically responsible for these chores. 7. SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SCALING UP COOKSTOVE PROGRAMMES 24 There is a growing body of knowledge and experience about 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Dissemination of Improved Cookstoves: Lessons from Southeast Asia
    Sustainable Dissemination of Improved Cookstoves: Lessons from Southeast Asia Workshop Report 13 December 2015 YANGON, MYANMAR Key words: Energy Access, Rural Energy, Improved Cookstoves, Clean Cookstoves, Indoor Air Polution Smart Villages We aim to provide policymakers, donors, and development agencies concerned with rural energy access with new insights on the real barriers to energy access in villages in developing countries— technological, financial and political—and how they can be overcome. We have chosen to focus on remote off-grid villages, where local solutions (home- or institution-based systems and mini-grids) are both more realistic and cheaper than national grid extension. Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of ‘smart villages’ in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. www.e4sv.org | [email protected] | @e4SmartVillages CMEDT – Smart Villages Initiative, c/o Trinity College, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ Publishing © Smart Villages 2015 The Smart Villages Initiative is being funded by the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT) and the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre (MCSC) and through a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust or the Templeton World Charity Foundation. This publication may be reproduced in part or in full for educational
    [Show full text]
  • Earthenware Clays
    Arbuckle Earthenware Earthenware Clays Earthenware usually means a porous clay body maturing between cone 06 – cone 01 (1873°F ‐ 2152°F). Absorption varies generally between 5% ‐20%. Earthenware clay is usually not fired to vitrification (a hard, dense, glassy, non‐absorbent state ‐ cf. porcelain). This means pieces with crazed glaze may seep liquids. Terra sigillata applied to the foot helps decrease absorption and reduce delayed crazing. Low fire fluxes melt over a shorter range than high fire materials, and firing an earthenware body to near vitrification usually results in a dense, brittle body with poor thermal shock resistance and increased warping and dunting potential. Although it is possible to fire terra cotta in a gas kiln in oxidation, this is often difficult to control. Reduced areas may be less absorbent than the rest of the body and cause problems in glazing. Most lowfire ware is fired in electric kilns. Gail Kendall, Tureen, handbuilt Raku firing and bodies are special cases. A less dense body has better thermal shock resistance and will insulate better. Earthenware generally shrinks less than stoneware and porcelain, and as a result is often used for sculpture. See Etruscan full‐size figure sculpture and sarcophagi in terra cotta. At low temperatures, glaze may look superficial & generally lacks the depth and richness of high fire glazes. The trade‐offs are: • a brighter palette and an extended range of color. Many commercial stains burn out before cone 10 or are fugitive in reduction. • accessible technology. Small electric test kilns may be able to plug into ordinary 115 volt outlets, bigger kilns usually require 208 or 220 volt service (the type required by many air conditioners and electric dryers).
    [Show full text]
  • Commercialization of Improved Cookstoves for Reduced Indoor Air Pollution in Urban Slums of Northwest Bangladesh
    COMMERCIALIZATION OF IMPROVED COOKSTOVES FOR REDUCED INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN SLUMS OF NORTHWEST BANGLADESH May 2009 This publication was produced by Winrock International under a cooperative agreement for the United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 1 I. PROJECT OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 3 A. Background ...................................................................................................................... 3 B. Project Objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 C. Approach .......................................................................................................................... 5 D. Project Team .................................................................................................................... 6 II. PROJECT ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................... 7 A. Baseline Assessment ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove
    clean technologies Article Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove Brian Gumino 1, Nicholas A. Pohlman 1,* , Jonathan Barnes 1 and Paul Wever 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 Chip Energy, Inc., Goodfield, IL 61742, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-815-753-9913 Received: 5 June 2020; Accepted: 10 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Biomass cookstoves are used as a common source of heating and cooking in developing countries with most improved cookstove design focusing on developing efficiency in thermal conversion of fuels and safer operation than open flame fires. A top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) cookstove utilizes a gasification process similar to pyrolysis where the solid biomass fuels are heated within a oxygen-limited environment and the syngas are burned which reduces carbon content and particulate matter being introduced into the air. The new continuous-operation design is described to have features for: (1) safe addition of solid fuels during combustion of syngas, (2) removal of biochar at the primary air inlet to manage gasification location, and (3) temperature control of the cooksurface through adjustable exhaust paths. The designed cookstove is found to have a diameter to height ratio 0.42-0.47 in order to offer the cleanest burning of the biofuel. The cooking surface is experimentally studied and the thermal gradient is found for compressed wood pellets. Tracking of the coal-bed is studied as a function of time in order to better understand when additional fuel should be added to ensure constant cooking temperature and operation.
    [Show full text]
  • COMBINED PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENTS / INTEGRATED SAFEGUARDS DATA SHEET (PID/ISDS) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: PIDISDSC17035 29-Apr-2016
    COMBINED PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENTS / INTEGRATED SAFEGUARDS DATA SHEET (PID/ISDS) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: PIDISDSC17035 29-Apr-2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Date Prepared/Updated: I. BASIC INFORMATION A. Basic Project Data Public Disclosure Copy Country: Rwanda Project ID: P158411 Parent Project ID (if any): Project Name: Rwanda Improved Cookstoves Project (P158411) Region: AFRICA Estimated Estimated 31-Aug-2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Appraisal Date: Board Date: Practice Area Environment & Natural Lending (Lead): Resources Instrument: Sector(s): Other Renewable Energy (100%) Theme(s): Climate change (50%), Pollution management and environmental health (25%), Gender (25%) Borrower(s): Inyenyeri and DelAgua Health Rwanda Implementing Inyenyeri, DelAgua Agency: Financing (in USD Million) Public Disclosure Authorized Financing Source Amount Borrower 27.60 Carbon Fund 10.20 Total Project Cost 37.80 Public Disclosure Copy Environmental B - Partial Assessment Category: Is this a No Repeater project? B. Introduction and Context Public Disclosure Authorized Country Context Although Rwanda has a strong record of robust GDP growth, with a GNI per capita of $644 (2013), the country still ranks amongst the poorest in the world with high levels of vulnerability. It is a small land-locked country of 26,338 km2 in area and a population of 11.7 million people (national census, 2012). It is densely populated in comparison to other African countries: at 480 Page 1 of 12 people per km2, population density is similar to the Netherlands and South Korea (World Bank statistics). Even though population growth has come down substantially over the past fifteen years, with a projected 2.5% annual growth rate according to the United Nations, Rwanda will need to accommodate roughly 7.8 million additional people by 2030, underscoring the importance of introducing environmentally friendly technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Fuel Efficient Cookstove Through a Participatory Bottom-Up Approach Vijay H Honkalaskar1, Upendra V Bhandarkar2* and Milind Sohoni3
    Honkalaskar et al. Energy, Sustainability and Society 2013, 3:16 http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/3/1/16 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Development of a fuel efficient cookstove through a participatory bottom-up approach Vijay H Honkalaskar1, Upendra V Bhandarkar2* and Milind Sohoni3 Abstract Background: Since 1940s, other than a few success stories, the outcomes of efforts of development and dissemination of improved cookstoves a have not been so fruitful. This paper presents a bottom-up approach that was successfully implemented to develop a fuel-efficient cookstove in a tribal village that has resulted in a substantial reduction in firewood consumption. Method: The approach ensured people’s participation at multiple stages of the process that started from project selection by capturing people’s needs/desires and studying the existing cooking practice to understand its importance in the local context. The performance of the cookstoves was evaluated by modifying a standard Water Boiling Test to accommodate the existing cooking practice. The improvement of the cookstove was achieved by fabricating a simple twisted tape assembly that could be placed on it without changing the existing cookstove. Results: The optimization of the twisted tape device was first carried out in the laboratory and then implemented in the field. The field-level tests resulted in reduction of firewood consumption by around 21% which is a substantial improvement for such a device. It was also found that the improvement reduced soot b accumulation by around 38% and time of cooking preparations by around 18.5%. Conclusion: Overall, a bottom-up and participatory process that not only addressed people’s perceived needs but also ensured no changes in the existing cooking practice while providing an easy, low cost (around US$1.25) c,and locally manufacturable solution led to a highly successful improvement in the local cookstove that was accepted easily by the villagers.
    [Show full text]
  • Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Management Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Cookstoves
    Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Management Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Cookstoves in Rural Areas: Evidence from ‘Mirt’ Injera Baking Stove (The Survey of Dembecha Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia) By: Tigabu Alamir A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Management in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Arts Degree in Development Studies (Specialization in Regional and Local Development Studies) Principal Advisor Co-Advisor Girma Tegene (Assistant Professor) Abdulkerim Ahmed (MA) June 2014 Mekelle, Ethiopia Mekelle University College of Business and Economics Department of Management Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Cookstoves in Rural Areas: Evidence from ‘Mirt’ Injera Baking Stove (The Survey of Dembecha Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia) By: Tigabu Alamir Approved by: Signature 1. ________________________________ _____________ (Chairman) 2. ________________________________ _____________ (Advisor) 3 ________________________________ _____________ (Internal Examiner) 4. _______________________________ _____________ (External Examiner) i Declaration I, Tigabu Alamir, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Cookstoves in Rural Areas: Evidence from ‘Mirt’ Injera Baking Stove (The Survey of Dembecha Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia)”, submitted by me for the award of the Degree of Master of Development Studies is my original work and it has not been presented for the award of any other Degree, Diploma,
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines: Household Fuel Combustion
    WHO IAQ Guidelines: household fuel combustion – Review 2: Emissions WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines: Household fuel Combustion Review 2: Emissions of Health-Damaging Pollutants from Household Stoves Convening lead author: Rufus Edwards1 Lead authors: Sunny Karnani1, Elizabeth M. Fisher2, Michael Johnson3, Luke Naeher4, Kirk R. Smith5, Lidia Morawska6 Affiliations: 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA 2Department Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, New York State, USA 3Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, School of Public Health, University of California - Berkeley, CA 4Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, USA 5Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California - Berkeley, CA, USA 6International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia Convening lead author: that author who led the planning and scope of the review, and managed the process of working with other lead authors and contributing authors, and ensuring that all external peer review comments were responded to. Lead authors: those authors who contributed to one or more parts of the full review, and reviewed and commented on the entire review at various stages. Disclaimer: The work presented in this technical paper for the WHO indoor air quality guidelines: household fuel combustion has been carried out by the listed authors, in accordance with the procedures for evidence review meeting the requirements of the Guidelines Review Committee of the World Health Organization. Full details of these procedures are described in the Guidelines, available at: http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc ; these include declarations by the authors that they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooking with Less Fuel: Breathing Less Smoke
    Cooking with Less Fuel: Breathing Less Smoke Aprovecho Research Center World Food Program, School Feeding Service (PDPF) Environmental Protection Agency Shell Foundation Cooking with Less Fuel: Breathing Less Smoke Introduction This manual was initially designed to help school feeding programmes use cleaner (re- duced smoke emissions) and more efficient (less consumption of fuel wood) cooking stoves. Then, we realized that its contents can also be adapted and used in other set- tings. We encourage anyone interested and willing to improve their cooking stoves to read and use this manual. It can be used by Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), local stove builders, School Directors and teachers, heads of households among oth- ers, to design and develop better cooking stoves; train new local stove producers; and train cooks (or regular users) on the use and maintenance of their new improved stoves. Teachers can also use this manual to teach their students, not only about the importance of eliminating indoor smoke emissions, reducing negative social and envi- ronmental impacts of fuel wood consumption and using healthier cooking practices; but most importantly, they can teach them how to make these recommendations real in their every day life. We hope you find this publication useful and encouraging. We will be looking forward to hearing your comments and suggestions on how to make this publication even bet- ter next time. Written by: Dean Still Written by: Fiorella Ceruti Aprovecho Research Center World Food Programme Advanced Studies in Appropriate School Feeding Service (PDPF) Technology Laboratory Illustrations: Lance MacCarty, Stephanie Korschun Design and Layout: Jeremy Roth Cooking with Less Fuel: Breathing Less Smoke Cooking with Less Fuel: Breathing Less Smoke Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Improved Cook Stoves ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramic Clay Vocabulary List
    CERAMIC CLAY VOCABULARY LIST 1. Ceramics - Objects made of clay fired sufficiently high in temperature for a chemical change to take place in the clay body, usually over 1550 degrees F. FOUR CERAMIC CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES: 2. Coiled Pottery - One of the oldest ways of forming pottery. Long strands of clay which are laid on top of each other and joined through blending coil to coil. Coil pieces can be almost any shape or size. 3. Pinch Pots - Starting with a ball of clay the potter opens a hole into the ball and forms a bowl shape through a combination of stroking and pinching the clay. Many coil-built pieces are constructed on top of a pinched bottom. 4. Slab Built - Clay slabs are cut to shape and joined together using scoring and wet clay called slip. Slabs can be draped over or into forms, rolled around cylinders or built up into geometric forms. Large forms are difficult because of stresses on the seams and because the slab naturally sags. Some potters get around this by working fibers into the clay body. The fibers burn out during the firing, leaving a network of tiny holes. 5. Wheel thrown - The term throw comes from Old English meaning spin. A piece of clay is placed on a potter's wheel head which spins. The clay is shaped by compression while it is in motion. Often the potter will use several thrown shapes together to form one piece (a teapot can be constructed from three or four thrown forms). TYPES OF CLAY: 6. Earthenware - A low-fire clay.
    [Show full text]