Seguridad Y Vigilancia, Utopía Y Distopía En Cali, Colombia

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Seguridad Y Vigilancia, Utopía Y Distopía En Cali, Colombia 1 SEGURIDAD Y VIGILANCIA, UTOPÍA Y DISTOPÍA EN CALI, COLOMBIA CARLOS ANDRÉS SÁNCHEZ JARAMILLO UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE, CALI INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGÍA DOCTORADO EN PSICOLOGÍA LÍNEA TEMÁTICA EN PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL CALI, 2017 2 SEGURIDAD Y VIGILANCIA, UTOPÍA Y DISTOPÍA EN CALI, COLOMBIA CARLOS ANDRÉS SÁNCHEZ JARAMILLO DIRECTOR NELSON MOLINA VALENCIA Ph.D. Grupo de Investigación Lenguaje, Cognición y Educación UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE, CALI INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGÍA DOCTORADO EN PSICOLOGÍA LÍNEA TEMÁTICA EN PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL CALI, 2017 3 SEGURIDAD Y VIGILANCIA, UTOPÍA Y DISTOPÍA EN CALI, COLOMBIA CARLOS ANDRÉS SÁNCHEZ JARAMILLO Trabajo de investigación presentado como requisito para optar al Título de Doctor en Psicología. Director: Nelson Molina Valencia. PhD. Psicólogo, Magister en Psicología Social y Doctor en Psicología Social. Integrante del Grupo de Investigación Lenguaje, Cognición y Educación. UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE, CALI INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGÍA DOCTORADO EN PSICOLOGÍA LÍNEA TEMÁTICA EN PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL CALI, 2017 4 Nota de Aceptación ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ __________________________________ Director tesis: Nelson Molina Valencia. Ph.D. Universidad del Valle, Cali ________________________________ Evaluador 1: Miquel Domènech Ph.D. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona ________________________________ Evaluador 2: Francisco Tirado Ph.D. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona ________________________________ Evaluador 3: Raúl García Ph.D. Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE, CALI INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGÍA DOCTORADO EN PSICOLOGÍA LÍNEA TEMÁTICA EN PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL CALI, 2017 5 DEDICATORIA A la memoria de mi padre 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mis inmensos agradecimientos a: A Nelson Molina, mi director de Tesis, por creer en esta Tesis Doctoral. A mi esposa, Ivonne L. Díaz P., por todo su amor, solidaridad y comprensión. A mi madre, Luz Beatriz Jaramillo R., por su apoyo en cada uno de mis proyectos. A mi hermana, María Cecilia Sánchez J., por su motivación y entusiasmo constante. A mi tía, Cecilia Jaramillo R., por los cuidados brindados en este proceso. A Carlos Daniel Rodríguez E., por la guía y asistencia para la cartografía digital. A Tatiana Saavedra, por la lectura juiciosa del manuscrito y sus sugerencias de estilo. A la Universidad del Valle por la financiación en la recolección de información a través de la aprobación del proyecto 269. A todas las personas que respondieron al llamado de esta Tesis Doctoral y brindaron información detallada sobre la seguridad en la ciudad A todas las demás personas que de una u otra manera me acompañaron en el transcurso de estos años académicos 7 Contenido RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................. 16 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 17 1. DE LA UTOPÍA FUTURISTA A LA DISTOPÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA. ................................ 21 2. EL PODER Y SU CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL ........................................................................ 39 2.1. El poder Foucaultiano en clave de ciencia ficción política. .................................................... 45 2.2. El panóptico Foucaultiano y las instituciones disciplinarias ................................................... 51 2.3. La sociedad de control. ......................................................................................................... 54 3. SEGURIDAD Y RIESGO. ¿UNA DUPLA INDISOLUBLE? ................................................... 63 3.1. La administración de la seguridad y el miedo en la ciudad. El caso Cali. ............................... 64 3.2. ¿Sí el poder es lo que es, qué es eso de la seguridad? Antecedentes de la seguridad .............. 78 3.3. El panóptico digital. La seguridad y la vigilancia en la era de la hipertecnología.................... 89 3.4. ¿La seguridad es lo primero o retomamos la teoría del riesgo mundial? ................................. 94 4. EL MAPA, DE SU CONTENIDO EXPLÍCITO A SU GRAFICACIÓN DIGITAL ............... 107 4.1. Los mapas, de la cartografía social a la georreferenciación ................................................. 108 4.2. Investigar con mapas, antecedentes de cartografía social y digital. ...................................... 117 5. CARTOGRAFÍA ANÁLOGA, DIGITAL Y SU USO EN ESTA TESIS DOCTORAL .......... 135 5.1. La seguridad de la ciudad vista individualmente, Prueba piloto (EPP). ................................ 139 5.2. La ciudad habitada y valorada, resultados empíricos ........................................................... 142 5.2.1. Valoración de seguridad de Cali en 2014. Resultados cartografía análoga ........................ 143 5.2.1.1. Aplicación 2014: Datos sociodemográficos ................................................................... 143 5.2.1.2. Aplicación 2014: Procedimiento y resultados cartográficos ........................................... 145 5.2.1.3. Aplicación 2014: Resultados entrevistas ........................................................................ 156 5.2.2. Valoración de la seguridad en Cali, 2015. Resultados cartografía digital ........................... 167 5.2.2.1. Aplicación 2015: datos sociodemográficos .................................................................... 171 5.2.2.2. Aplicación 2015: procedimiento y resultados cartográficos............................................ 173 5.2.2.3. Aplicación 2015: Resultados entrevistas ........................................................................ 180 5.2.2.4. Las comunas y las zonas seguras y no seguras de Cali ................................................... 206 5.3. Análisis de cartografías. Mantenimiento de la seguridad en la ciudad de Cali...................... 215 5.4. Los mapas del miedo y las conclusiones cartográficas ........................................................ 232 6. LA DISTOPÍA DE LA SEGURIDAD EN CALI ................................................................... 240 6.1. Seguridad en una ciudad que no lo es .................................................................................. 244 6.2. Vigilancia como constante ................................................................................................. 259 8 6.3. Poder y la metáfora triangular ............................................................................................. 269 6.4. Riesgo a la luz de la valoración de la ciudad........................................................................ 281 6.5. Ciudad y criminalidad ......................................................................................................... 293 6.6. El otro desconocido y los prejuicios sobre los demás ........................................................... 301 7. SOCIEDAD DISCIPLINARIA Y SOCIEDAD DE CONTROL............................................. 314 7.1. Cali y su sociedad de control disciplinar.............................................................................. 316 7.2. El presente abandonado ...................................................................................................... 332 REFERENCIAS ......................................................................................................................... 339 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................... 357 9 Índice de Tablas Tabla No. 1. El pensamiento social a partir de la literatura de ciencia ficción………………….31 Tabla No. 2. Ciudades más violentas del mundo, 2013…………………………………………65 Tabla No. 3. Ciudades más violentas del mundo, 2014…………………………………………69 Tabla No. 4. Datos sociodemográficos aplicación 2014……………………………………….144 Tabla No. 5. Sistematización zonas seguras y no seguras, E3/2014……………..…………….148 Tabla No. 6. Matriz de zonas seguras y no seguras de Cali, 2014…………………..…………150 Tabla No. 7. IPVS zonas conocidas y no conocidas de 2014..………………………………...151 Tabla No. 8. Razones para marcar zonas conocidas y seguras, 2014………………………….156 Tabla No. 9. Razones para marcar zonas conocidas y no seguras, 2014……………………....158 Tabla No. 10. Razones para marcar zonas no conocidas y seguras, 2014……………………..163 Tabla No. 11. Razones para marcar zonas no conocidas y no seguras, 2014……………….....164 Tabla No. 12. Categorías de valoración 2014……………………………………….................166 Tabla No. 13. Datos sociodemográficos 2015.…………………………………………………171 Tabla No. 14. Datos ocupacionales 2015……………………………………………………….172 Tabla No. 15. Equivalencias aplicación 2015…………………………………………………..173 Tabla No. 16. Comunas valoradas seguras y no seguras……………………………………….176 Tabla No. 17. Frecuencia de valoración de comunas…………………………………………..178 Tabla No. 18. Comunas más y menos valoradas y sus zonas….……………………………….178 Tabla No. 19. Razones para marcar zonas conocidas seguras, 2015…………………………..180 Tabla No. 20. Razones para marcar zonas conocidas no seguras, 2015……………………….184 Tabla No. 21. Cantidad de zonas conocidas seguras y no seguras, 2015………...……………191 Tabla No. 22. Razones para marcar zonas no conocidas y seguras, 2015……………………..193 Tabla No. 23. Razones para marcar zonas no conocidas y no seguras, 2015……………….....197 Tabla No. 24. Cantidad de zonas no conocidas, seguras y no seguras, 2015…………………..200 Tabla No. 25. Resumen categorías descriptivas valoración de zonas, 2015…………………...202
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