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Historic Farmsteads: Preliminary Character Statement

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Historic Farmsteads: Preliminary Character Statement Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Character Statement: South East Region Acknowledgements The text of this document was prepared by Jeremy Lake In accordance with the Natural Environment and Rural and Bob Edwards with contributions to the national Communities Act 2006, English Nature, the Rural section from Susanna Wade Martins and additional Development Service and the Countryside Agency’s assistance by Peter Gaskell and Julie Ryan. It was Landscape, Access and Recreation division are working designed by Steve Dent and edited by Nicki Marshall of towards integration as a single body: Natural England. It BiscuitBox Ltd.The research project was commissioned will work for people, places and nature with by English Heritage and the Countryside Agency and responsibility for enhancing biodiversity, landscapes and managed by Peter Gaskell of the University of wildlife in rural, urban, coastal and marine areas, Gloucestershire.The assistance of the following people is promoting access, recreation and public well-being, and gratefully acknowledged: Steve Podd, David Brock, Freya contributing to the way natural resources are managed Edwards and the many farmers and owners of buildings so that they can be enjoyed now and for future who gave their time to discuss their farm buildings and generations. allowed access for photography. The document should be cited as: Historic Farmsteads. This document is one of eight Preliminary Character Preliminary Character Statement: South East Region. Statements which provide information on the characteristics of traditional farm buildings in each Published in August 2006 by the University of Region.They can be viewed and downloaded at Gloucestershire in association with English Heritage and www.helm.org.uk/ruraldevelopment and at the Countryside Agency. www.ahds.ac.uk. Copyright 2006 Authors, University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage is the Government’s adviser on the English Heritage and the Countryside Agency historic environment. Central to the role of English Heritage is the advice it gives to local planning The text in this document may be reproduced free of authorities, government departments and others on the charge in any format or medium without specific conservation of historic buildings, sites and areas, permission, subject to the material not being used in a archaeology on land and underwater, designed derogatory way.The copyright holders must be landscapes and the historic aspects of the landscape as a acknowledged, and the title of the publication must be whole. English Heritage also has a duty to enhance included in any published reference. people’s understanding and enjoyment of their heritage and, as part of this, it manages an estate of over 400 All photographs and illustrations are individually credited. historic properties open to the public. Countryside and Community Research Unit The Countryside Agency is the statutory body working Dunholme Villa to conserve and enhance England’s countryside.The aim The Park of the Countryside Agency’s Landscape, Access and Cheltenham Recreation division is to help everyone respect, protect Gloucestershire and enjoy the countryside, protect natural landscapes, GL50 2RF and encourage access to, enjoyment of and sustainable management and use of the countryside. Cover image: A large loose courtyard farmstead in the Hampshire Downs with two barns: the 16th-century aisled barn to the right and a 17th-century 10-bay aisled barn behind the farmhouse which itself dates from the 16th century. © Bob Edwards 2 Contents SUMMARY 6 4.1.4.1 Survival and value 30 4.1.5 1940 to the present 30 1.0 INTRODUCTION 10 4.2 FARMING IN THE SOUTH EAST 31 4.2.1 The South Downs 31 2.0 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT AND 4.2.2 Hampshire Downs and Berkshire and CHARACTER 12 Marlborough Downs 32 2.1 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AND 4.2.3 North Downs 33 CHARACTERISATION 12 4.2.4 Chilterns 34 2.2 THE CHARACTER OF THE SOUTH EAST 4.2.5 South Coast Plain and South Hampshire REGION: AN INTRODUCTION 12 Lowlands 34 2.3 THE CHARACTER OF RURAL SETTLEMENT 4.2.6 North Kent Plain 34 16 4.2.7 The New Forest 34 2.3.1 National Framework 16 4.2.8 Coastal Marshes – Pevensey Levels, Romney 2.3.2 Rural Settlement in the South East 17 Marshes and Greater Thames Estuary 35 4.2.9 Thames Valley and Basin 36 3.0 BUILDING MATERIALS 18 4.2.10 The Weald 36 3.1 NATIONAL OVERVIEW 18 4.2.11 Isle of Wight 38 3.1.1 Walling 19 4.2.12 Upper Thames Clay Vales and Midvale Ridge 38 3.1.1.1 Temporary structures 19 4.2.13 Northamptonshire Uplands and 3.1.1.2 Mass walling 19 The Cotswolds 39 3.1.1.3 Timber frame 19 3.1.1.4 Timber cladding 20 5.0 FARMSTEAD TYPES 41 3.1.1.5 Corrugated iron 20 5.1 NATIONAL OVERVIEW 41 3.1.2 Roofing 20 5.1.1 Linear plans 43 3.1.2.1 Thatch 20 5.1.2 Parallel plans and L-shaped plans 43 3.1.2.2 Plain clay tiles and stone slates 20 5.1.3 Dispersed plans 43 3.1.2.3 Corrugated iron and other prefabricated 5.1.4 Loose courtyard plans 43 modern materials 20 5.1.5 Regular courtyard plans 44 3.2 BUILDING MATERIALS IN THE 5.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMSTEAD SOUTH EAST 21 CHARACTER 44 3.2.1 Walling 21 5.2.1 Farm size 44 3.2.1.1 Stone 21 5.2.2 Estate policy 45 3.2.1.2 Earth 21 5.2.3 Local variation of farming systems 45 3.2.1.3 Timber 21 5.2.4 Internal workings of the farmyard 45 3.2.1.4 Brick and tile 23 5.2.5 Development of farming systems 45 3.2.2 Roofing 23 5.3 Farmstead Plans in the South East 46 3.2.2.1 Thatch 23 5.3.1 Linear, L-plan and parallel plans 46 3.2.2.2 Slate and stone 23 5.3.2 Dispersed plans 46 3.2.2.3 Tiles 23 5.3.3 Loose courtyard plans 46 5.3.4 Regular courtyard plans 46 4.0 AGRICULTURAL HISTORY AND 5.3.5 Row plans 47 FARM BUILDINGS 26 4.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH 6.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES:CROP AGRICULTURAL HISTORY AND FARM STORAGE AND PROCESSING 48 BUILDINGS:THEIR DEVELOPMENT, 6.1 BARNS 48 SURVIVAL AND SIGNIFICANCE 26 6.1.1 National Overview 48 4.1.1 Up to 1550 26 6.1.1.1 Plan form 48 4.1.1.1 Survival and value 26 6.1.1.2 Size 49 4.1.2 1550 to 1750 26 6.1.1.3 Combination barns 50 4.1.2.1 Survival and value 27 6.1.1.4 Evidence for mechanisation 50 4.1.3 1750 to 1880 27 6.1.1.5 Evidence for reuse and adaptation 50 4.1.3.1 Survival and value 29 6.1.2 Barns in the South East 50 4.1.4 1880 to 1940 29 6.1.2.1 Threshing Barns and Aisled Barns 50 3 6.1.2.2 Combination Barns 52 7.3 STABLES 64 6.1.2.3 Staddle barns 52 7.3.1 National Overview 64 6.1.2.4 Mechanisation 53 7.3.2 Stables in the South East 65 6.2 GRANARIES 53 7.4 PIG HOUSING 66 6.2.1 National Overview 53 7.4.1 National Overview 66 6.2.2 Granaries in the South East 55 7.4.2 Pig housing in the South East 66 6.3 CART SHEDS AND IMPLEMENT SHEDS 56 7.5 SHEEP HOUSING 67 6.3.1 National Overview 56 7.5.1 National Overview 67 6.3.2 Cart sheds in the South East 57 7.5.2 Sheep housing in the South East 67 6.4 OAST HOUSES 57 7.6 DOVES AND POULTRY 68 6.4.1 National Overview 57 7.6.1 National Overview 68 6.4.2 Oast houses in the South East 58 7.6.2 Doves and poultry in the South East 70 6.5 HAY BARNS AND OTHER CROP-RELATED BUILDINGS 59 8.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES: 6.5.1 National Overview 59 OTHER FARM BUILDINGS 71 6.5.2 Hay barns and other crop-related buildings in 8.1 OUTFARMS AND FIELD BARNS 71 the South East 59 8.1.1 National Overview 71 8.1.2 Outfarms and field barns in the South East 71 7.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES:ANIMALS 8.2 MINOR AND MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS 60 72 7.1 CATTLE HOUSING 60 8.2.1 National Overview 72 7.1.1 National Overview 60 8.2.2 Minor and miscellaneous buildings in the 7.1.1.1 Longhouses 60 South East 72 7.1.1.2 Ox houses 60 7.1.1.3 Combination barns 60 9.0 GLOSSARY 73 7.1.1.4 Open-fronted sheds 60 7.1.1.5 Lean-tos (outshots) 61 10.0 SOURCES 77 7.1.1.6 Free-standing cow houses 61 10.1 GENERAL SOURCES 77 7.1.1.7 Looseboxes for fatstock 62 10.2 NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 7.1.1.8 Covered yards 62 10.3 REGIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 7.1.2 Cattle housing in the South East 62 7.2 DAIRIES 62 11.0 JOINT CHARACTER AREA 7.2.1 National Overview 62 DESCRIPTIONS: URLS FOR PDF 7.2.2 Dairies in the South East 64 DOCUMENTS 84 4 Illustrations Figure 1 Geology and Landscape Character in the Figure 17 Distribution of listed longhouses in England 44 South East Region 13–14 Figure 18 Isometric view of a large, regular courtyard Figure 2 Rural settlement in the South East 15 farmstead in Northumberland 45 Figure 3 Distribution of cruck-framed and aisled barns Figure 19 Power in barns 49 18 Figure 20 Barns in the South East 51 Figure 4 Cruck and aisled barns 19 Figure 21 Interior of a granary showing grain bins and Figure 5 Distribution of listed earth-built agricultural example of louvered vent 53 buildings in England 19 Figure 22 Isometric drawings of a free-standing granary Figure 6 Distribution of listed timber-framed barns on staddle stones and a granary at first-floor in England 20 level as part of a range of buildings 54 Figure 7 Distribution of listed thatched agricultural Figure 23 Granaries in the South East 55 buildings in England 21 Figure 24 Cart sheds in the South East 56 Figure 8 Examples of walling materials in the Figure 25 Distribution of listed hop kilns/oast houses South East 22 in England 57 Figure 9 Examples of roofing materials in the Figure 26 Hop kilns/oast houses in the South East 58 South East 24 Figure 27 Principal forms of cattle housing – some Figure 10 Distributions of listed farmhouses in England national examples 61 pre-1550 and 1550–1750 27 Figure 28 Cattle housing in the South East 63 Figure 11 Distributions of listed barns in England Figure 29 Interior of a stable 64 pre-1550 and 1550–1750 28 Figure 30 Stables in the
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