Content Analysis on Coverage of Wildlife Issues by Popular English and Kannada Newspapers of Bengaluru

Home , Deccan Herald, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, The Times of India, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka

CONTENT ANALYSIS ON COVERAGE OF WILDLIFE ISSUES BY POPULAR ENGLISH AND KANNADA NEWSPAPERS OF BENGALURU

SHRAVANA KUMAR S Registered Number: 1424019

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts in Media and Communication Studies

CHRIST UNIVERSITY Bengaluru

2016

Programme Authorized to Offer Degree Department of Media Studies

Authorship CHRIST UNIVERSITY Department of Media Studies

This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a master‟s thesis by

Shravana Kumar S Registered Number: 1424019

and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made.

Committee Members:

______[RAJESH A]

______

Date:______

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I, Shravana Kumar S, confirm that this dissertation and the work presented in it are my own achievement. 1. Where I have consulted the published work of others this is always clearly attributed. 2. Where I have quoted from the work of others the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations this dissertation is entirely my own work. 3. I have acknowledged all main sources of help. 4. If my research follows on from previous work or is part of a larger collaborative research project I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. 5. I am aware and accept the penalties associated with plagiarism.

Date:

CHRIST UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT

Content Analysis on Coverage of Wildlife Issues by Popular English and Kannada Newspapers of Bengaluru

Shravana Kumar S

The ever increasing human population and unplanned developmental work across the globe has caused a major threat to the biodiversity. Poaching, loss of wild habitat due to encroachment of forestlands have put many animal and plant species in the verge of extinction, the most recent being the Western black rhinoceros, a subspecies of the black rhinoceros that was declared as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in the year 2011.The current destruction of the remaining wild habitats across the globe seeks protection and effective conservation strategies. Print Media, especially newspaper play an important role in creating awareness about wildlife issues and also mitigating in problems. This research is concerned about Bengaluru‟s popular English and Kannada newspapers coverage of wildlife news. A total of 300 issues of five English and five Kannada dailies, for a duration of thirty days from 1 April 2015 to 30 April 2015, were considered for the content analysis. The content analysis is made to find out the possible results of newspapers‟ approach towards covering wildlife. The analysis is done based on the amount of coverage and importance given to city, state, national and international wildlife issues; what kinds of animals make the news; who speaks on behalf of wildlife. Are state wildlife officials dominating the news coverage or wildlife experts or NGO‟s are most frequently attributed news sources? Are wildlife issues addressed in editorial and letters to the editor column? Whether the stories reported by its own correspondent or through agency? The researcher also found whether the endangered and threatened animals are receiving enough coverage or not. Although species diversity is an important concept to help readers understand the issues related to the wildlife, such an approach is evident in coverage or not? Keywords: Wildlife news, English and Kannada dailies

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere gratitude to my Guide, Dr. Rajesh A for his constant guidance encouragement and support. I also thank course coordinator Fr. Biju K.Chacko, Suparna Naresh, Aasita Bali, Amutha Manavalan, Dr. Kannan S, Shantaraju S and Dr. Chandrasekhar Vallath for their valuable feedback and restless assistance in bringing out this research. I also would like to thank my family and friends for the encouragement and devotion, without whom this thesis would never have been completed.

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DEDICATION To my loving family and friends

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ...... xi Chapter 1 Introduction...... 1 1.1 An Introduction Describing the Background of the Problem ...... 1 1.2 The Purpose and Significance of the Study ...... 8 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...... 9 1.4 The Research Design ...... 9 1.5 The Research Questions and Hypotheses ...... 10 1.6 Hypothesis...... 10 1.7 The Assumptions and Limitations of the Study ...... 10 1.8 Operational Definitions Used in the Study ...... 10 1.9 The Expected Outcomes ...... 11 Chapter 2 Review of Literature ...... 12 2.1 Wildlife News Coverage in Print media: Analytical Studies ...... 12 2.2 Public Perception about Wildlife based on Media coverage ...... 16 2.3 Books authored on Media and Wildlife Conservation ...... 19 2.4 Wildlife Conservation, Education and Media ...... 22 Chapter 3 Methodology ...... 25 3.1 Research Method ...... 25 3.2 Research Methodology ...... 25 3.3 Methodology Followed ...... 26 3.4 Content Analysis ...... 26 3.5 Parameters for content analysis ...... 27 3.6 Defining the Universe ...... 28 3.7 Hypothesis...... 28 3.8 Profile of the Newspapers ...... 28 3.9 Measurements ...... 34 Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis...... 35 4.1 Quantitative content analysis ...... 35 4.2 Comparative Percentage Coverage in English Newspapers ...... 53 4.3 Comparative Percentage Coverage in Kannada Newspapers ...... 54 4.4 Comparative Percentage Coverage ...... 55 4.5 Expert Interview...... 55 Chapter 5 Conclusion ...... 60 5.1 Introduction ...... 60 5.2 Summary of the Results ...... 60 5.3 Discussion of the Results ...... 62 5.4 Discussion in Relation to the Literature and Field Limitations ...... 67 5.5 Recommendations for Further Study ...... 68 5.6 Conclusion ...... 68 Bibiliography..……………………………………………………………………....70 Appendix A: Expert Interview Questions for Wildlife Expert ...... 73 Expert Interview Questions for Print Industry Expert ...... 73 Appendix B: Data Sheet prepared during content analysis ...... 74

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Coverage Chart for Deccan Herald ...... 35 Figure 2 Coverage Chart for Times of India ...... 37 Figure 3 Coverage Chart for The Hindu ...... 39 Figure 4 Coverage Chart for The New Indian Express ...... 40 Figure 5 Coverage Chart for Deccan Chronicle ...... 42 Figure 6 Coverage Chart for Kannada Prabha ...... 44 Figure 7 Coverage Chart for Samyukta Karnataka ...... 46 Figure 8 Coverage Chart for Vijayavani ...... 48 Figure 9 Coverage Chart for Vijaya Karnataka ...... 49 Figure 10 Coverage Chart for Prajavani ...... 51 Figure 11 Comparative Percentage of English Newspapers ...... 53 Figure 12 Comparative Percentage of Kannada Newspapers ...... 54 Figure 13 Comparative Percentage of English and Kannada Newspapers ...... 55

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1 An Introduction Describing the Background of the Problem

The word wildlife refers to all those non-domesticated plants and animals that live in places uninhabited by the human beings. Researchers have identified and documented as many as 1.8 million species across the world and this has been an on- going process. It is found that most of the developing countries in the south are bio- rich nations. Countries like Brazil, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam are said to have higher biodiversity compared to any other country in the world. India, though being the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China, is still home to three biodiversity hotspots (Western Ghats, forests of North-East and Andaman and Nicobar islands) out of 34 hotspots across the world. India is also signatory to World Heritage Convention and has included a few areas like Manas on India and Bhutan border, Khaziranga in the state of Assam, Bharatpur in Uttar Pradesh, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand and Sundarbans mangrove forests in West Bengal. The diversity of species usually vary according to the type of ecosystem. There are different types of ecosystems found in India namely wetlands, forests (tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, temperate evergreen and temperate deciduous forest), savannah or grasslands, mountains, aquatic (marine and fresh water) and mangrove. India is home to 1, 200 species of birds, 453 species of reptiles, 45, 000 species of plants, about 50, 000 species of insects and 13, 000 species of butterflies and moth. Majority of the plants, animals and insect species found in India are endemic to this place. The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) estimates that about 18 percent of plants, 62 percent of amphibians, 50 percent of insects and reptiles found in India are endemic to this country and seeks more protection.

But, due to the increase in human population and unscientific developmental activities, the wildlife and the ecosystem in India and across the world are now under threat. The current rate at which the destruction of large number of species especially in tropical forests and coral reefs will have an adverse effect in coming days. Scientists have already estimated that the unscientific human activities across the world are likely to eliminate about 10 million species by 2050. And this is expected to happen at a rate of ten to twenty thousand species for an year. Such mega extinction of species is only linked to human population growth and industrialisation that makes a major change in land usage pattern. Also encroachment of forest lands continue to happen. Indian forest and grasslands are continuously being used for agriculture and also foraging cattles in forest are said to retard the regeneration of the forest as the young seedlings are constantly trampled by the cattles. The usage of resources in an unsustainable manner has also brought down productive forests and have turned into deserts. Poaching of animals is a major issue the country is facing. Many animals are related to large economic benefits. For instance, Ivory from elephants, perfume from the musk deer, sloth bears for gall bladders, the skin and bones of a Tiger and horns from rhinos are seen illegally exported to different countries. Also, pet trade has become a serious issue in India as many tortoises and other exotic birds are packed in smaller containers and smuggled across the country and abroad. The coral reefs are also facing a serious threat. Corals and shells are collected and exported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Indian Wildlife act passed in the year 1972 deals with declaration of National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries and the related notifications. The act establishes the structure of the State‟s wildlife management and related posts designed for wildlife management. It also gives importance to the setting up of Wildlife Advisory Boards. The main purpose of the act is to prohibit hunting of all animals specified in Schedules I to IV of the act. These notifications are in order of their danger of extinction. Many plant species that are protected included and are notified under the Schedule VI. The amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act was done in the year 2002 and is more stringent and it prevents the commercial use of resources by the local people. This new amendment has brought in new concepts such as the creation of Community Reserves and the same amendment has also altered several definitions. One such 2 definitions, altered under animals, are inclusion of fish species. In order to protect the ecosystem, forest produce has also been redefined. Though there are several changes to the act, the new act still has many serious issues concerned with its implementation. It can be noted that laws can only be good if they are enforced. One of the major threat to the wildlife is poaching and the act is expected to deter people from breaking the law. But, one cannot expect the use of the Act in order to reduce such incidents without actually increasing the forest Staff and providing essential gears and weapons so as to form a strong deterrent force. The Wildlife Protection Act in India has penalties for the offences. The law states that, “A person who breaks any of the conditions of any license or permit granted under this Act shall be guilty of an offence against this Act. The offence is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with a fine of Rs 25, 000 or with both. An offence committed in relation to any animal specified in Schedule I, or Part II of Schedule II, like the use of meat of any such animal, or animal articles like trophy, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term not less than one year and many extend to six years and a fine of Rs 25, 000. In the case of a second or subsequent offence of the same nature mentioned in this subsection, the term of imprisonment may extend to six years and not less than two years with a penalty of Rs, 10, 000.” The Act states that an individual can do the following. “If you observe an act of poaching, or see a poached animal, inform the local Forest Department Official at the highest possible level. One can also report the event through the press. Follow up to check that action is taken by the concerned authority. If no action is taken, one must take it up to the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State. Say „no‟ to the use of wildlife products and also try to convince other people not to buy them. Reduce the use of wood and wood products wherever possible. Avoid misuse of paper because it is made from bamboo and wood, which destroys wildlife habitat. Paper and envelopes can always be reused. Create a pressure group and ask Government to ensure that the biodiversity of our country is conserved. Do not harm animals. Stop others from inflicting cruelty to animals. Do not disturb birds nests and fledglings. When you visit the Zoo do not tease the animals by throwing stones or feeding them, and prevent others from doing so. If you come across an injured animal do what you can to help it. If the animal needs medical care and expert attention contact the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in your city. Create awareness about biodiversity 3 conservation in your own way to family and friends. Join organizations, which are concerned with protection of biodiversity, such as Worldwide Fund For Nature India (WWF- I), Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), or a local conservation NGO. To appreciate the importance of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, which was amended in 1988, it is essential to understand its historical background. The Indian Forest Act of 1927 consolidated all the previous laws regarding forests that were passed before the 1920‟s. The Act gave the Government and Forest Department the power to create Reserved Forests, and the right to use Reserved Forests for Government use alone. It also created Protected Forests, in which the use of resources by local people was controlled. Some forests were also to be controlled by a village community, and these were called Village Forests. The Act remained in force till the 1980s when it was realised that protecting forests for timber production alone was not acceptable. The other values of protecting the services that forests provide and its valuable assets such as biodiversity began to overshadow the importance of their revenue earnings from timber. Thus a new Act was essential. This led to the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and its amendment in 1988. India‟s first Forest Policy was enunciated in 1952. Between 1952 and 1988, the extent of deforestation was so great that it became evident that there was a need to formulate a new policy on forests and their utilisation. Large tracts of forestland had already been diverted to other uses. The earlier forest policies had focused attention on revenue generation only. In the 1980s it became clear that forests must be protected for their other functions such as maintenance of soil and water regimes centred around ecological concerns. It also provided for the use of goods and services of the forest for its local inhabitants. The new policy framework made conversion of forests into other uses much less possible. Conservation of the forests as a natural heritage finds a place in the new policy, which includes the preservation of its biological diversity and genetic resources. It also values meeting the needs of local people for food, fuel wood, fodder and non-wood forest products that they subsist on. It gives priority to maintaining environmental stability and ecological balance. It expressly states that the network of Protected Areas should be strengthened and extended. In 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution furthered governance through panchayats. It gives States the ability to provide power to the local panchayats to manage local forest resources. The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was enacted to control deforestation. 4

It ensured that forestlands could not be de-reserved without prior approval of the Central Government. This was created as States had begun to de-reserve the Reserved Forests for non-forest use. States had regularized encroachments and resettled „Project Affected People‟ from development projects such as dams in these deserved areas. The need for a new legislation became urgent. The Act made it possible to retain a greater control over the frightening level of deforestation in the country and specified penalties for offenders. Penalties for offences in Reserved Forests: No person is allowed to make clearings or set fire to a Reserved Forest. Cattle are not permitted to trespass into the Reserved Forest. Felling, collecting of timber, bark or leaves, quarries or collecting any forest product is punishable with imprisonment for a term of six months, or with a fine which may extend to Rs.500, or both. Penalties for offences in Protected Forests: A person who commits any of the following offences like felling of trees, or strips off the bark or leaves from any tree or sets fire to such forests, or kindles a fire without taking precautions to prevent its spreading to any tree mentioned in the Act, whether standing or felled, or fells any tree, drags timber, or permits cattle to damage any tree, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six month or with a fine which may extend to Rs.500 or both. When there is a reason to believe that a forest offence has been committed pertaining to any forest produce, the produce together with all tools used in committing such offences may be seized by any Forest Officer or Police Officer. Every officer seizing any property under this section shall put on the property a mark indicating the seizure and report the seizure to the Magistrate who has the jurisdiction to try the offence. Any Forest Officer, even without an order from the Magistrate or a warrant, can arrest any person against whom a reasonable suspicion exists. Issues Involved in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation: Environmental legislation is evolved to protect our environment as a whole, our health, and the earth‟s resources. The presence of a legislation to protect air, water, soil, etc., does not necessarily mean that the problem is addressed. Once legislation is made at the global, National or State level, it has to be implemented. For a successful environmental legislation to be implemented there has to be an effective agency to collect relevant data, process it and pass it on to a law enforcement agency. If the law or rule is broken by an individual or institution, this has to be punished through the legal process. 5

Information to law enforcement officials must also come from concerned individuals. In most situations, if no cognizance is given, the interested concerned individual must file a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) for the protection of the environment. There are several NGOs in the country such as WWF-I, BEAG and the BNHS which take these matters to court in the interest of conservation. Anyone can request them to help in such matters. There are also legal experts such as MC Mehta who have successfully fought cases in the courts to support environmental causes. A related issue is the fact that there are several irregular practices for which a bribe to an unscrupulous official is used to cover up an offence. Thus the general public must act as a watch dog not only to inform concerned authorities, but also to see that actions are taken against offenders. Citizens actions and action groups: Citizens must learn to act as watch dogs to protect their own environment from the consequences of unsustainable projects around them. Well informed citizens not only have rights but also have a duty to perform in this regard. They can join action groups to develop a lobby to strengthen the environmental movements in the country, their State, town or village. Individuals can take one or several possible actions when they observe offenders who for their own self-interest damage the environment for others living in the area. An individual has the right to bring an environmental offence or nuisance to the attention of concerned authorities. This ranges from Government line agencies such as the Police, the Forest Department, the Collector or Commissioner of the area as the case may be. At times the concerned officials may not be able to easily appreciate complex environmental concerns and the individual may have to learn how to communicate these issues in a way in which it becomes essential for the concerned officer to act in a pro environmental fashion. If this does not work a citizen can seek legal redressal under relevant statutes of law. The Environment Protection Act and the Wildlife Protection Act are the most frequently used legal instrument for these purposes. It is possible to move courts by a Public Interest Litigation, and take this up to the Hon. Apex Court – the Supreme Court of India, which in the recent past has given several highly enlightened proconservation judgements. Citizen groups can resort to alternate means of pressure such as „rasta rokos‟, „dharnas‟, etc. to draw attention to important environmental concerns. They can also elicit public support through the press and electronic media.

One good example for citizen action group is the proposed Hydel project at Silent valley, a unique pocket of tropical biodiversity in South India, in the 1970s was stopped and the area declared a National Park in 1984. This was achieved by several dedicated individuals, groups and organisations lobbying to save the area from being submerged and protect its rich biodiversity. Public Awareness: Environmental sensitivity in our country can only grow through a major public awareness campaign. This has several tools. The electronic media, the press, school and college education, adult education, are all essentially complementary to each other. Green movements can grow out of small local initiatives to become major players in advocating environmental protection to the Government. Policy makers will only work towards environmental preservation if there is a sufficiently large bank of voters that insist on protecting the environment. Orienting the media to project pro environmental issues is an important aspect. Several advertising campaigns frequently have messages that are negative to environmental preservation. R Sukumar in his research paper “Wildlife – Human Conflict in India” points out, 'Elephants Invade City‟ screamed the newspaper headlines on 29 January, 19B5. The previous morning the students of an engineering college in the suburbs of Bangalore had woken, to find a heard of nine elephants outside their hostel building. The elephants had walked some 15 km through cultivation dining the night from the forests of Bannerghatta before entering the college campus. This unusual incident made headlines partly because it happened near a big city. But, elephant incursion into human habitation is not something unusual or new. It has been going on ever since man took to agriculture within elephant habitat. People in the Indian sub- continent have dealt with „rogue‟ elephants and man eaters through the ages in a manner that can only be described as relatively tolerant: otherwise these animals would simply not have survived to this day given the long history of settlement and the large human population. Elsewhere people have often solved their problem by simply wiping out an offending species: An example of this is the extermination of the wolf, a predator on sheep, from Great Britain during the nineteenth century. Religious taboos no doubt played a role in the past in this tolerance towards other creatures. However, in the present context of a rapidly changing society such traditional attitudes to nature are unlikely to sustain the conservation ethos for long. It is both unrealistic and unjust to expect only a certain section of the society, the 7 marginal farmers and tribals, to bear the entire cost of depredatory animals. We have to work towards ameliorating the impact of wildlife on people if conservation of wildlife and their habitats is to gain acceptance among such people who interact with these in their daily lives. There are strong ethical, ecological, economic an aesthetic arguments as to why wildlife has to be conserved. The ethical argument is basically that living creatures have an intrinsic right to exist, irrespective of their utility or otherwise to humans. From an ecological view point, large mammals such as elephant or the tiger play a dominant role in an ecosystem by virtue of their large bioass or position at the summit of an intricate food web. Disappearance of such key species could lead to the disruption of ecosystem functioning, perhaps resulting in the extinctions of other species. Economic justifications include the direct value of wild animals as sources of food for people, returns from wildlife oriented tourism and so on. Lastly, wildlife is a source of considerable pleasure for many people, thereby having a therapeutic value in promoting human well-being.

1.2 The Purpose and Significance of the Study

Newspapers are significantly oldest forms of mass media that exists today and still has greater impact on the society and its perception. A good coverage of any issue in a newspaper can not only create awareness among the people, but also help in problem solving or mitigating the issue. Newspapers should describe the nature of the conflict between large mammals and people, provide ecological explanations for the origin of such conflicts, examine their socio-economic implications and discuss measures that can help in minimizing the impact of animals on people through its in depth coverage. It‟s therefore essential to understand the kind of coverage newspaper gives for local, state, national and international wildlife issues. In order to understand this aspect, the researcher has considered five Kannada and five English dailies for a period of 30 days from 1 April 2015 till 30 April 2015. These dailies are popular and have a considerably good coverage in the state of Karnataka. A total of 300 newspapers for ten Kannada and English titles were analysed based on various parameters to understand the amount of coverage given to local, state, national and international wildlife issues.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

India is witnessing an increase in man-animal conflict and other issues related to wildlife like poaching, online trading etc. Forestlands are depleting and mega projects are in place. The sighting of elephants, tigers and leopards near villages and killing of animals are increasing day by day. Decline in prey population due to poaching and lack of political will to address critical wildlife management issues can be seen. Wildlife issues are not given enough importance in terms of coverage. Newspapers are seen covering an issue only after the significance of the problem becomes relevant. More prominence is given to entertainment and news mostly relating to politics or controversial matters. Hence, a content analysis is essential in understanding some of the factors like the percentage coverage for wildlife issues given by the popular Kannada and English newspapers of Bengaluru; kinds of animals make the news; to know if issues are addressed in editorial and letters to the editor column; Who speaks on behalf of wildlife and to see if the state wildlife officials are dominating the news coverage or wildlife experts or NGO‟s; to check if the newspapers are giving enough importance to species diversity or not; whether the stories are reported by its own correspondent or through agency and what segment of news(local, state, national or international) is getting more importance is the need of the day.

1.4 The Research Design

In this research, the researcher has used quantitative content analysis to understand coverage of wildlife issues by five Kannada and five English dailies for a period of 30 days. A total of 300 newspapers were analysed based on various parameters. The parameters are explained in the next section i.e. Content analysis. The researcher has also followed qualitative research method where two expert interviews were conducted to get a holistic perspective on the problem statement. One of the interviewee is an wildlife expert and a scientist working for Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru and another interviewee is an Assistant Editor working for Deccan Chronicle newspaper based in Bengaluru. The researcher has taken both the views into consideration.

1.5 The Research Questions and Hypotheses

In order to conduct an analysis of these newspapers, the researcher has formatted the following research questions 1. What is the percentage of coverage given for wildlife issues by the popular Kannada and English newspaper of Bengaluru edition? 2. What kinds of animals make the news? 3. Are wildlife issues addressed in editorial and letters to the editor column? 4. Who speaks on behalf of wildlife? Are state wildlife officials dominating the news coverage or wildlife experts or NGO‟s? 5. Although species diversity is an important concept to help public understand the issues related to the wildlife, is such an approach evident in coverage or not? 6. Whether the stories reported by its own correspondent or through agency? 7. Which segment of news (local, state, national or international) is getting more importance?

1.6 Hypothesis

H1: Wildlife issues are not given enough coverage in Kannada and English newspapers. H2: Editorial and Letters to the Editor does not give significant coverage to wildlife issues. H3: Coverage on diversity of species is not significant.

1.7 The Assumptions and Limitations of the Study

Wide research of this nature cannot be carried out without some difficulties; these difficulties pose a lot of limitations to this work. 1. Duration for the research work is limited to a month (30days) and involved analysis of 300 Issues of ten different publications. 2. The study is new in terms of geography.

1.8 Operational Definitions Used in the Study

Wildlife: The word wildlife refers to all those non-domesticated plants and animals that live in places uninhabited by the human beings.

Kannada Newspapers: By the term “Kannada Newspapers” the researcher refers to five popular Kannada language dailes published in Bengaluru namely Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka and Prajavani. English Newspapers: By the term “English Newspapers” the researcher referes to five popular English language dailies published in Bengaluru Deccan Herald, Deccan Chronicle, The New Indian Express, The Hindu, Times of India. Newspaper: The researcher as part of the content analysis for this study has not taken into consideration any supplements of newspapers and the study is completely based on main pages of the newspaper, as it is considered to have a significant higher news value.

1.9 The Expected Outcomes

The researcher expects that wildlife issues are not given fair coverage and that it has an important role to play in mitigating problems related to the wildlife and its conservation.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Wildlife News Coverage in Print media: Analytical Studies

“Rural and Urban Newspaper Coverage of Wildlife: Conflict, Community and Bureaucracy” Julia B. Corbett has observed the kind of wildlife stories published in newspapers depends on whether the newspaper is based in an urban or rural area and on whether the story is on the news or outdoor pages. The researcher has found that the stories about wildlife conflicts are more common in urban than rural news pages. But, the researcher has also found that neither type of newspaper publishes much about conflict in its outdoor pages. The findings of the research showed that all newspapers relied heavily on bureaucratic sources. The researcher did content analysis of six daily Minnesota newspapers to arrive at the findings.(Corbett J. B., 1992) “When wildlife makes the news: An analysis of rural and urban north central United States newspapers” is a research article authored by Julia B. Corbett. This research concentrates on the daily newspaper scope of wildlife in the northern central United States. The research study gives knowledge into the sorts of animals that made the news in the north-focal US and who talked for their benefit. The research paper likewise gives a knowledge in the scope that contrasts in provincial and urban daily newspapers. The findings of the research study are stunning as majority of the news that was accounted for was on the game animals. Game animals received the huge coverage in the newspaper with a whopping 81 percent. Tragically, the daily newspapers did not try to give enough significance to the endangered or threatened animals. Very few comprehend the species' diversity as an important concept for the public‟s understanding of science. The research found that a large portion of the 592 stories that were accounted for weekly outdoor pages had data identified with amusement administration and almost no about the contention thus. The research also found significant change in reporting wildlife in rural newspapers from that of urban. The researchers found that the story themes in rural newspapers were more utilitarian

whereas the urban newspapers focused on theme such as stewardship. The research also found that the newspapers preferred to print trophy photos and were less likely to discuss management conflicts. (Corbett J. B., 1995) "Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge" authored by Matt Marhefka and co-authored by Daniel Salimbene and Dr. John C. Pollock demonstrates that political affiliations turned out to be solid pointers of newspaper scope. It additionally demonstrates that the bolster or absence of backing of drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge is obviously part along party lines.(Matt Marhefka, 2002) Because of the general absence of information in overwhelming society about distinctive species, has prompted the exhaustion of more species, for example, dark medical attendant shark. Specialists Marie France, William Gladstone, Paul Scott and Nancy Cushing in their study, "Grey Nurse Shark Human Interactions and Potrayals: A study of Newspaper Portrayals of the Grey Nurse Shark from 1969-2003" have attempted to break down 41 Australian daily newspaper articles relating to dim medical attendant sharks and serves to deconstruct the express message that they endeavour to pass on to the peruses. The study demonstrates that dominant part of the assessment or the publication pieces concerning the dark medical attendant shark were sure, though larger part of the news articles that were analysed fell inside of an unbiased fierceness. (Boissonneault, 2005) “Conduit or contributor? The role of media in policy change theory" is an research paper authored by(Elizabeth A. Shanahan, 2008). (Elizabeth A. Shanahan, 2008). In this exploration, the researcher attempted to test whether the media's part is that of a conduit or contributor in the approach change procedure in strategy and account encircling techniques regarding local and national print media scope. For the research, the researchers chose Greater Yellowstone Area between 1986 and 2006, that of snowmobile get to and wolf reintroduction. The researchers broke down one hundred and seventy five nearby and national print newspapers to figure out if these media records were approach account with story encircling techniques. The results showed that there were measurable contrasts in the middle of nearby and national media scope. What's more, these distinctions were for five of the seven theories. The outcomes demonstrated that media's part is of a contributor and not a conduit as for the strategy change and its procedure. (Elizabeth A. Shanahan, 2008)

In an examination paper titled "Factors that Influence Concern about Human- Black Bear Interactions in Residential Settings" authored by William F. Siemer and co-authored by P. Sol Hart, Daniel J. Decker and James E., the authors investigated the degree to which print media utilization and TV survey could impact individuals' worry about the dangers postured by mountain bears. The researchers were not able to discover any confirmation that print media scope was increasing dangers connected with mountain bears, yet they did observe that TV review did raise worry about the dangers from wild bears. (Siemer, 2009) Researchers Melanie J. Houstona, Jeremy T. Bruskottera and David Fanb in their work, "Attitudes Toward Wolves in the United States and Canada: A Content Analysis of the Print News Media" have found there is an increment in the rate of talk about wolves that is negative. The specialist found that there was a critical more negative expression per article in states with new wolf population than contrasted with the areas that have perpetual wolf population. The outcomes demonstrates that even the foreseen vicinity of wolf population changes the social talk about the predator, which may have sway demeanours toward wolves after some time.(Houston, 2010) "Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of the Florida Panther" is authored by Susan K. Jacobson and co-authored by Cynthia Langin, J. Stuart Carlton and Lynda Lee Kaid. This research paper was considered for the survey of writing to comprehend the depiction of carnivores in the media and its open recognitions and backing for their protection. The researchers did a content analysis of 513 articles, highlighting Florida jaguars, distributed in neighbourhood daily newspapers that have circulation in centre panther territory in southwest Florida, in the year 2003 till 2006. The researchers additionally thought about the sort of scope in state-wide course daily newspapers to discover the measure of scope and depiction of jaguar ricks to individuals. The researcher found that the local daily newspapers covered altogether more and more news articles about panthers and greater part of the articles where on the jaguars being sighted or as a predator. The researchers found that the neighbourhood articles in the daily newspapers were all the more regularly stressing dangers that panthers may mischief individuals or their pets and animals. Likewise, the researchers found that greater part of the articles specified jaguars as an auxiliary point when contrasted with issues, for example, open area administration, improvement and regulations in Florida. In the investigation, the specialists watched that claims by sources in every article distributed differed from nonpartisan to positive 14 delineation of Florida jaguars. They likewise observed the vast majority of the citations to be from the government and state researchers.(Susan K. Jacobson, 2011) In another study Siemer utilized content analysis to audit TV, newspaper and radio reports about wild bears to see how the stories contrasted and how they helped propose answers for mountain bear administration. The researcher found that broad communications distinguished few bear related issues furthermore recommended answer for issues. The arrangement was more to do with people than government organizations. The media termed such bear-human connections were close to home issues and not open issue. This leaves a void out in the open correspondence that is of a worry to wildlife administration offices as the scope distorted the issue's gravity and management quality of mountain bear administration. (Decker, 2012) The "Media Coverage of Management of the Black Bear in Japan", is a paper that is authored by Ryo Sakurai and co-authored by Susan K. Jacobson and J. Stuart Carlton highlights that the Asiatic wild bears are threatened in Japan, however they are additionally by and large thought to be annoyance creatures by the Japanese as they cause in human losses. The examination by the researchers on this issue concentrates on comprehension social talk and potential impacts on open and their discernments about protection of Asiatic wild bears. The content analysis was carried out by considering 348 articles in local and national daily newspapers. The researchers uncovered neighbourhood daily newspapers included more articles about the dangers postured by bears than contrasted with the national dailies. The researchers are of a supposition that such scope may reflect and increase nearby inhabitants' impression of danger because of Black Bears. The researchers likewise found that more broad correspondences with by scholars, government authorities and police must be finished by media agents to improve open information of bears. (Ryo Sakurai, 2013) In one of the exploration study did by "The Hoot" an online news portal on the scope of improvement issues in conspicuous daily newspapers of India, the outcomes demonstrated that the news reporting was loaded with crime, lawful debate and governmental issues. The outcomes demonstrated that the daily newspaper's methodology towards advancement news demonstrated a pitiful reality that media today trivialize essential issue, for example, improvement and agribusiness. The outcomes likewise demonstrated the poor representation of states like Jharkhand, Uttra Khand and Himachal Pradesh, and seven of the eight north eastern states. They 15 represented less than 100 news stories over two months duration of the study. Over all the study demonstrated that the daily newspapers were prioritizing legislative issues, wrongdoing, games, which were then trailed by different issues. The outcomes likewise demonstrated that the emphasis on the top issues of the considerable number of daily papers remained reasonably the same, however the conveyance of news and the profundity of reporting changed.(Indira Akoijam, 2013) Environment and Wildlife Reports by Indian government and International Wildlife Organisations The importance of species diversity is well explained for public in the report “Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan”. In the report environmentalist Madhav Gadgil speaks about 80 to 120 lakh distinctive types of living beings on the earth. Lion's share of these species is in the form of fungi and smaller animals, he says. Till date just 16lakh species are accounted for and in India there are about 1.2 lakh species. In the condition of Karnataka where the research is centred around has around 4500 types of flowering plants, around 500 types of birds and 120 types of mammals. It likewise has around 160 types of reptiles' preferences turtles, snakes, reptiles and crocodiles. It likewise has around 70 types of frogs' about 800 types of fish.(Gadgil, 2004) The Living Planet Report (LPR) prepared by WWF International mentions that from 1970 to 2010, there has been 39 percent drop in the quantity of wildlife on earth. In its past report of 2008, WWF found that there was 28 percent drop in numbers, yet the outcomes were just in light of 2, 688 observed species on earth. The new after-effects of 52 percent lessening affirmed that the humanity was eating through wildlife‟s abundance in a much quicker rate contrasted with renewal. The discoveries likewise demonstrate that there has been a decrease of more than 10, 000 populace of 3,038 species running from backwoods elephants to sharks and turtles. (WWF International, 2014)

2.2 Public Perception about Wildlife based on Media coverage

Kellert recommend while the media does impact open impression of animals, there are different variables, for example, memorable stories to instruction on subject that likewise impact how decidedly somebody sees species. The analyst raises the requirement for further research around there, with an accentuation on the new types of media and in addition at species-particular level.(Kellert, 1985) 16

The article “The mass media and stakeholders‟ beliefs about suburban Wildlife” authored by C. A. Loker and co-authored by Shanahan and D. J. Decker gives open concern and contention about people and natural life living respectively in rural situations. The researchers have found that there has been an expanding in such cases. The researchers have inspected how natural life experts can utilize learning about rural occupants' utilization of the media to enhance correspondence endeavors with respect to problem causing untamed life species. They have utilized the information concentrated on a deer discussion in New York. The researchers made utilization of the uses and delights hypothesis to depict and order individuals into data looking for, for example, the sorts of data clients have looked for in regards to a specific animal categories and media use, for example, how regularly do they utilize specific sorts of media. The researchers utilized the group examination that assists in portioning gatherings of people remarkably with respect to average concerns, intrigues, and favored media channels. The researcers have additionally offered suggestions for arranging correspondence with rural occupants about issue untamed life. (C. A. Loker, 1999) Impact of Media on public perceptions of wildlife is an article published on informal science evidence wiki based on the results of several research articles made on the topic “Animals and the media”. The article highlights the research by Kirkwood and Hubrecht about how more positive emotions towards creatures can bring about better treatment and the general population strategy in protection is affected by mentalities and suppositions. (Kirkwood & Hubrecht, 2001) “Developing Children‟s Thinking Through Multimedia in the Context of Local Wildlife Areas” is an article wrote by John Parry. The writer in this article investigates the outcomes and ramifications of empowering students to make their own particular sight and sound succession to untamed life territories inside of the simple scope of schools. The exploration recommends that there could be a critical part for data correspondence innovation in connection to wildlife destinations. It demonstrates the significance of examination and cooperation, social substance of learning furthermore helping the learning procedure through the utilization of data innovation. The author gives a sample of Beetle. He says by just ready to recognize an insect by working an online reference book does not constitute dynamic adapting, but rather understanding the conditions that empower the creepy crawly to live and

17 welcoming the recording aptitudes of entomologist and conveying this data through PC for further master knowledge and offspring without bounds can visit and investigate is key. (Parry, 2002) Another research referred to in this article of Serpell on how animals and protection issues are depicted in the media can influence a singular's perspectives now and again with clashing data. The specialist proposes that broadcast stories of animals construct commonality with respect to people in general, which thusly advances constructive emotions. (Serpell, 2004) In an research article written by Snaddon and co-authored by Turner and Foster, the analysts propose that notwithstanding what is being depicted in the media and how, what is not depicted in the media is additionally highlighted as hazardous. The analysts propose that people in general correspondence through media outlets can be improved to bolster the general population understanding the essential part of lesser-known creatures. (Snaddon, 2008) Meredith L. Violence and Barbara A. Knuth in their article, "Mass Media Effect on the Operating Environment of a Wildlife-Related Risk-Communication Campaign" highlight that administrators and different stake holders may depend on wildlife related danger correspondence battles to avert or lessen dangers connected with human-wildlife strife. The researchers during 1 May 2005 and 30 October 2005 considered human-mountain bear strife in south eastern New York and the untamed life related danger correspondence crusade. Taking into account the social enhancement of danger structure, the researcher‟s objective was to figure out if broad communications influenced the working environment of the battle, and assuming this is the case, distinguish the size and heading of the impact. The researcher looks into utilized self-regulated mail overview as a part of four south eastern New York towns to gather information about occupants' apparent mountain bear-related dangers and bear-related conduct. The researcher additionally made a substance examination of broad communications scope about mountain bears. The outcomes demonstrated that the introduction to the correspondence battle from daily papers was emphatically associated with respondents' diminished acknowledgment of wild bear-related dangers. The outcomes demonstrated a little social intensification of danger connected with mountain bears from presentation to broad communications, all the more particularly from daily newspapers. The researchers inferred that broad communications could impact the working environment of a natural life related 18 danger Communication crusade. The outcomes recommended that natural life professionals could consider media impacts as potential impact on a battle's working surrounding.(Knuth, 2009) "Can Public Meetings Accurately Reflect Public Attitudes Towards Wildlife Management?" is an article composed by Christine C. Peterson and Co-wrote by Terry A. Messmer. The after effects of this exploration recommend that the respondents' solid utilitarian states of mind towards untamed life, for example, solid backing for chasing and sustaining affected those respondents' impression of the arrangement. Given the impacts of expanded urbanization and utilitarian demeanours towards wildlife and diminished customary wildlife stakeholders, the exploration recommends that the state untamed life organizations ought to keep on re-examining their open inclusion prepare and guarantee new wildlife stakeholders mentalities and concerns are spoken to. (Christine C. Peterson, 2010) In another subject “Images of animals and impact on public perception of wildlife and conservation issues” the work of Ross a review about the general population learning of the imperilled status of extraordinary chimps is referred to. The study demonstrates that 95 percent of the members recognized gorillas and orang- utans as jeopardized and less upwards of 66 percent considered Chimpanzees as imperilled. The scientist found that the regular vicinity of chimps on ads and movies made the respondents feel that they are not imperilled. The analyst likewise discovered how chimpanzees were shown in media prompted subject misconception on the protection status of these creatures. (Ross, 2011) Likewise, they additionally found that when a photo of a chimpanzee was digitally adjusted to make one feel they are close to people, the respondents who were presented to such pictures marked chimpanzees as pets. (Ross, 2011) The authors of Human Dimensions of wildlife Management also cite the work of Gore and Kunth (2009) which demonstrates that media does influence the working environment of the New York Bearhood Watch Program (NYNWP) by extending the expected geographic scope of the project furthermore by fortifying messages from system materials. (Decker, 2012)

2.3 Books authored on Media and Wildlife Conservation

In an article titled “Conservation in India: A New Direction” researchers Ashish Kothari and co-authored by Saloni Suri and Neena Singh contend that the 19 compromise in the middle of people and untamed life is conceivable if neighbourhood groups and government develop an organization in moderating the environments with a discriminating backing from NGO's and analysts. (Ashish Kothari, 1995) Furthermore in another research, “Continuing Education Needs of Wildlife and Fisheries Managers” researchers John L. George, Samuel S. Dubin and Benjamin M. Nead, notice that more than 80 percent of the untamed life and fisheries supervisors demonstrated that they ought to have or could have utilized preparing as a part of new advances. They have in their overhauling needs specified about the requirement for incorporating media with the associations to help instruct.(John L. George, 1974) “Communicating Nature: How We Create and Understand Environmental Messages” authored by Julia B. Corbett gives an a great deal more extensive and a more complete comprehension on how we correspond with one another about the common world. It additionally recommends that our relationship to it is exceptionally crucial in taking care of natural issues. The author additionally clarifies on how people create convictions and philosophies about wildlife and how those convictions are communicated through our correspondence. Additionally the book gives clarifications on how we are affected by the messages of popular society and social foundations and how these correspondences get to be parts of wildlife. The book likewise clarifies the diverse levels of ordinary correspondence that can meet up to frame our impression of the characteristic world. The author considers all levels of correspondence be it correspondence at the individual level to imparting natural messages through mainstream culture and correspondence by the social foundations which incorporates political and administrative organizations, business, companies, media outlets and instructive establishments. The book likewise offers another take a gander at the theme of a more extensive hobby. It is in every one of the an imperative work that helps understudies of environment and experts who are keen on comprehension the social substance of human and wildlife cooperations.(Corbett J. B., 2006) Then again, author Mary H. Hopkins, in her book titled "A Wild Web: The Tangled History of Attitudes Toward Wildlife in a Dynamic New England Culture" says that the dispositions toward untamed life are dependably significantly more mind boggling. The analyst assembled data about the recurrence and the sorts of untamed life references showing up in the newspapers somewhere around 1945 and 1985. The subjective information from newspaper articles, archival sources, government reports, 20 books and different sources gave proof that development related changes had impact on dispositions toward natural life. The discovering additionally uncovered that the historical backdrop of neighbourhood dispositions toward untamed life is a muddled web of crossing social components that influenced mentalities in different ways.(Hopkins, 2009) “Media, ecology and conservation: using the media to protect the world's wildlife and ecosystems” in this book the author concentrates on the worldwide availability and the part of new computerized and conventional media in uniting individuals to ensure the world's jeopardized untamed life and save delicate and undermined territories. The creator highlights that new media gives chances to the similarly invested people furthermore to the group or gatherings. The creators likewise calls attention to that organizations and open associations can utilize this stage to learn and work agreeably for the benefit of all species. The book likewise concentrates on imperative or key subjects, for example, the utilization of new data and correspondence advancements that intervene the common world and individual‟s comprehension of their place in it. John Blewitt, explores the governmental issues of media representation that is encompassed by discussions, for example, bramble meat, whaling and living space misfortune. The author has investigated the part of film, TV, feature, photography and the Internet in creature preservation in the USA, India, Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom to explore on this theme. The author abridges that the work and accomplishments of media or protection activists are situated inside of a social structure that all the while adores wildlife, however again and again disregards substances, for example, species termination and brutality to animals. (Blewitt, 2010) In a book titled, " Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management” edited by Daniel J. Decker, Shawn J. Riley and Villiam F. Siemer, the authors highlight that broad communications is one of the central point that should be considered for a vital configuration to decrease dangers connected with human-widlifeinteractions. The authors additionally specify that various studies highlight the significance of considering the broad communications' part in broad daylight view of untamed life and wildlife administration. The authors refered to one of the studies to discover the impacts of danger view of media scope of New York's initially archived wild bear related human casualty. Taking into account the social enhancement of danger and scientists foresee that media scope of the episode would influenced saw bear-related 21 danger among inhabitants living inside New York's mountain bear range. The scientists found that most respondents had caught wind of the episode on news, yet the casualty was not served to impact hazard enough that partner gatherings were roused to advance change in natural life administration strategy. (Decker, 2012) The book titled “Environmental Crime and its Victims: Perspectives within Green Criminology ” authored by Professor Rob White and c-authored by Dr Marieke Kluin and Professor Toine Spapens gives various and proactive cluster of contentions. It likewise gives, evaluates and suggestions from examination researchers in the field of green criminology. The book addresses a percentage of the significant sorts of ecological wrongdoing, the issue of exploitation in instances of natural wrongdoing. The book also provides solutions on how to tackle such problems. In one of the chapters on assessing the partner and media engagement with the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife crime, a research paper authored by scholar Tanya Wyatt, the author notice that examination of world news scope of natural life trafficking to hunt down the proof of expanded reporting by the media about this green wrongdoing was made. Utilizing LexisNexis newspaper archives the researcher distinguished about 1, 400 articles of hobby. The author found that there was an increment in the quantity of stories reported and that the West had the most scope of wildlife life trafficking, while different districts of the world were additionally providing details regarding it. Yet, missing from the rundown of more considerable scope however was China, which had just 17 articles. (White, 2014)

2.4 Wildlife Conservation, Education and Media

In an article titled “Wildlife education: Present Status and Future Needs” authors Clark E. Adams and John K. Thomas after examining 7, 571 articles published in wildlife journals found that there gives off an impression of being a developing interest and cooperation in untamed life related exercises by the general population, however the creators feel the extent to which this interest is connected with natural life instruction is unknown. The discoveries from the information examination uncovered that there was a requirement for the untamed life calling to extend its dedication to natural life training through more straightforward contribution furthermore to execute the position of “conservation educator” in schools and colleges furthermore make mindfulness utilizing media.(Thomas, 1986) 22

Researchers Paul R. Krausman and A.J.T Johnsingh in their work titled “Conservation and wildlife education in India”, mention that Indian differing environment from Himalaya to the desert scene support almost 350 types of well evolved creatures and 1, 200 types of winged creatures and numerous reptiles and creatures of land and water. But, the precise status of natural life population in India is yet unknown because of different reasons.(Paul R. Krausman, 1990) An article titled “Conservation as it is: Illicit Resource Use in a wildlife Reserve in India” authored by Paul Robbins and co-authored by Kendra McSweeney, Anil K. Chhangani and Jennifer L. Rice decides the power of unlawful and demographics of assets clients in preservation zones and the mentalities of the guideline breakers. The article additionally proposes that resistance with preservation limitation is about widespread, that backwoods utilization is profoundly specific and that accessible town asset resources do little to counterbalance woodland utilization and the guideline breakers favor current government plans. This paints a photo of profoundly instutionalised backwoods utilize that could be serious obstructions to any basic implementation arrangement or government changes.(Paul Robbins, 2009) On the other hand, there are species that are facing major threat from humans such as the Asiatic sloth bear in India. An article titled “Dancing bears in India: A sloth bear status report” authored by Neil D‟Cruze and co-authored by Ujjal Kumar, Aniruddha Mookerjee, Bhagat Singh, Jose Luis. Pudra Prasanna, Vishnu Prasad, Tarun Kumar, Indu Kumari and Vivek Menon shows that in spite of proceeded endeavours to shield sloth bears from Kalandar group who poach cubs to fuel this unlawful calling, the practice is still common in provincial and remote regions of India. This has cut down the wild populace of sloth bears and now remains a protection and creature welfare issue that need location. The outcomes additionally demonstrate that there is absence of mindfulness among general society on this issue.(Neil D‟Cruze, 2011) The paper “Compensating Human-Wildlife Conflict in Protected Area Communities: Ground-Level Perspectives from Uttrakhand, India” authored by Monica Ogra and co-authored by Ruchi Badola looks at individuals' involvement with financial pay for misfortunes because of the human-natural life strife in the condition of Uttrakhand, India. The outcome underpins the discoveries of different studies, which have highlighted the lacking compensation and procedure delays and most critical issue “debasement”. The outcomes propose that an enhanced correspondence 23 about remuneration can and ought to be backer for reconceptualization of pay and option types of instalment to be more maintainable.(Monica Ogra) Researchers Philip S. Harta, Erik C. Nisbetb & James E. Shanahan in their work titled “Environmental Values and the Social Amplification of Risk: An Examination of How Environmental Values and Media Use Influence Predispositions for Public Engagement in Wildlife Management Decision Making” have inspected the part of media in advancing open engagement in untamed life administration furthermore the danger choice making procedure. Putting the examination inside of the social intensification of danger system, the study finds that ecological values straightforwardly effect concern, wellbeing recognition and engagement in untamed life administration. The scientists have likewise found that media additionally affects subjects cooperation by opening up danger observations. (Hart, 2011) The study “Discourse Analysis as an Instrument to Reveal the Pivotal Role of the Media in Local Acceptance or Rejection of a Wildlife Management Project: A Case Study from the Bavarian Forest National Park Melanie,” by Ludwig, Friederike Grüninger, Eberhard Rothfuss and Marco Heurich Erdkunde uncovers the crucial part the media plays in showing general society talk on wildlife preservation issues furthermore the rambling components that may have prompted the last disappointment of the venture for the situation study exhibited. (Ludwig, 2012)

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

Research in straightforward terms can be alluded to a mission for learning. It is called as a precise and consistent method for quest for information on specific subject or issue. It is additionally called as the craft of experimental examination. It is a deliberate method for determining the exploration issue identified with any chose theme. Research method and methodology approach are two diverse however connected terms. Research method is an essential piece of research methodology. As indicated by D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson, exploration is the control of things, thought or signs for their motivation of summing up to broaden, exact or approve information, whether that learning guides in production of hypothesis(Stephension, 1930) According to Redman and Mory, research is a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge”. It is very much connected to the academic activity hence it needs to be used in a technical sense (Mory, 1923)

3.2 Research Methodology

Research methodology is an efficient approach to determine an inquiry. It is an exploratory method for mulling over how research is to be finished. Fundamentally, the measures by which researcher go about their work of characterizing, clearing up and explaining wonders are called exploration procedure. It is key for an researcher to arrange or outline a strategy for the issue, which he has picked. Note that despite the fact that the procedure considered in two issues are same the technique may be diverse. It is essential for any researcher to recognize not just the research methods essential for the research under taken, but also the methodology. In research there are two fundamental methodologies, namely quantitative and qualitative methodology. Quantitative method includes a few routines for information gathering, for example, phone overviews, mail review and web studies. In these

routines, the scrutinizing is static or institutionalized - all respondents are asked the same inquiries. Subjective examination includes a few routines for information accumulation, for example, center gatherings, field perception, master meeting, and contextual analyses. In these systems, the scrutinizing methodology is changed.(Dominick, 2003)

3.3 Methodology followed

In this research, the researcher has used quantitative content analysis to understand coverage of wildlife issues by five Kannada and five English dailies for a period of 30 days. A total of 300 newspapers were analysed based on various parameters. The parameters are explain in the next section i.e. Content analysis. The researcher has also followed qualitative research method where two expert interviews were conducted to get a holistic perspective on the problem statement. One of the interviewee is an wildlife expert and a scientist working for Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru and another interviewee is an Assistant Editor working for Deccan Chronicle newspaper based in Bengaluru. The researcher has taken both the views into consideration.

3.4 Content analysis

Content analysis is a particular research methodology utilized every now and again as a part of all regions of the media. The strategy is well known with broad communications specialists on the grounds that it is a proficient approach to research the substance of the media, for example, the number and sorts of business or promotions in television or the print media. The beginning will certainly find the content analysis as a valuable tool in answering many mass media related questions. There are many definitions of content analysis. Walzer and Wienir define it as a systematic procedure devised to examine the content of recorded information; Krippendorf defines it as a research technique for making replicable and valid references from data to their context. Kerlinger‟s definition is fairly typical: Content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. Kerlinger‟s definition involves three concepts that require elaboration. Firstly content analysis is systematic. This means that all content under consideration is to be treated in exactly the same manner. There must be uniformity in the coding and 26 analysis procedures and in the length of time coders are exposed to the materials. Systematic evaluation simply means that one and only one set of guidelines is used for evaluation throughout the study. Second, content analysis is objective; that is, the researcher‟s personal idiosyncrasies and biases should not enter into the findings. If replicated by another researcher, the analysis should yield the same results. Operational definitions and rules for the classification of variables should be sufficiently explicit and comprehensive that other researchers who repeat the process will arrive at the same decisions. Third, content analysis is quantitative. The goal of content analysis is the accurate representation of a body of message. Quantification is important in fulfilling that objective, because it aids researchers in the quest for precision. The statement “Seventy percent of all prime-time programs contain at least one act of violence” is more precise than “Most shows are violent.” Additionally quantification allows researchers to summarize results and to report them succinctly. Finally, quantification gives researchers additional statistical tools that can aid in interpretation and analysis.(Dominick, 2003)

3.5 Parameters for content analysis

The researcher conducted content analysis of 10 popular Kannada and English dailies namely Deccan Herald, Deccan Chronicle, The New Indian Express, The Hindu, Times, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka and Prajavani. A total of 300 newspapers of above ten titles from 1stApril 2015 till 30thApril 2015were considered for the content analysis. A few parameters like amount of coverage in terms of column inches, number of news reports, photo-texts, editorial and letters to the editor appeared, for a duration of 30 days, were considered to conduct content analysis. Through the content analysis the researcher has found answers to research questions such as percentage coverage for wildlife issues given by the popular Kannada and English newspapers of Bengaluru; What kinds of animals make the news? Are wildlife issues addressed in editorial and letters to the editor column? Who speaks on behalf of wildlife? Are state wildlife officials dominating the news coverage or wildlife experts or NGO‟s? Although species diversity is an important concept to help public understand the issues related to the wildlife, such an approach is evident in coverage or not? Whether 27 the stories reported by its own correspondent or through agency?Which segment of news(local, state, national or international) is getting more importance?

3.6 Defining the Universe

To "define the universe" is to indicate the limits of the group of substance to be considered, which obliges a fitting operational meaning of the pertinent population. Two measurements are normally used to focus the proper universe for a substance investigation. They are the topic area and the time period. The topic area ought to be legitimately reliable with the exploration question and identified with the objectives of the study. By clearly indicating the topic area and the time period, the researcher is meeting a fundamental prerequisite of content analysis.(Dominick, 2003)

3.7 Hypothesis

3.8 Profile of the Newspapers

3.8.1 Deccan Herald

Deccan Herald is one of the main English dailies of Karnataka. It was established in 1948 by K.N. Guruswamy and the printers (Mysore) Pvt. Ltd.. They have various releases in Bengaluru, Hubli, Mysore, Mangaluru, Gulbarga and Delhi. Mr. Pothan Joseph, an acclaimed columnist, was its establishing manager. As indicated by the 2013 overview Deccan Herald appeared to be a standout amongst the most perused English dailies in India with 458,000 readerships and among which 338,000 readerships is inside of the Bangalore city itself. Deccan Herald's most testing endeavour was the Delhi release, which was to rival the current 15 daily papers in the business sector. In spite of the fact that Deccan Herald had a release in Hyderabad yet because of the diminishing flow it was shut. More than fifty years of dynamic collaboration with the populace of Karnataka made Deccan Herald to stand tall among the other daily paper monster of the nation. Alongside the fundamental

28 paper, it has different supplements, for example, Sunday Herald, Articulations, Economy and Business, Science and Technology, Avenues, Sport scene, Metro life, Spectrum, Living and Open Sesame. In 1996 Deccan Herald started the web release of the daily paper and consequently it is presently made simple for the netizens to explore.(Deccan Herald)

3.8.2 The Hindu

The Hindu was started in Madras on 20 September 1878 as a weekly. It was driven by G. Subramania Iyer and M. Veeraraghavachariar. Started as a weekly newspaper, the paper transformed into a tri-week by week in 1883 and a night day by day in 1889. Not long after its building up, most of the Triplicane Six went separate ways to practice as lawful instructors. Chief-Editor Subramania Iyer and managing Director Veeraraghavachariar were the principle ones who remained. Subramania Iyer took a striking stand and tended to British specialists and moreover Hindu conventionality. Veeraraghavachariar, in fact, was a moderate and confined Subramania Iyer's lobbyist viewpoints. In 1898, G, Subramania Iyer left The Hindu and expected control over the organization of the Swadesamitram. Taken off alone, Veeraraghavachariar used C. Karunakara Menon as the Chief-publication director and settling to change over the daily paper into a business substance in 1901. The course of action failed arriving the daily paper in overpowering commitment. Gone up against with emergency, Veeraraghavachariar sold the everyday paper in 1904-05. The paper was acquired by S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar in April 1905. Hindu was one of the various daily papers of the period made to challenge against the one-sided game plans of the British government in India. N. Ram was named on 27 June 2003 as its editorial manager with an order to improve the structures and diverse frameworks of the everyday paper. Enrollment and advancement are noteworthy wellspring of pay. The Hindu got the chance to be, in 1995, the first Indian daily paper to offer an online form. According to the India Readership survey in 2012, it was the third most by and large examined English daily paper in India, with a readership of 2.2 million people. As demonstrated by ABC, the Hindu had flows of 1.46 million dissemination as of December 2009.(The Hindu)

3.8.3 Times of India

Times of India (TOI) is a broadsheet daily newspaper. The Times Group possesses the daily paper and its distribution. It was established on 3 November 1838 with its first Indian release as The Bombay Times and Journal of trade. At the outset, it was distributed just on Wednesdays and Saturdays under the heading of Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar. TOI started its every day distribution in 1850. In 1861 then manager Robert Knight changed the name of the daily paper from Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce to Times of India. According to the overview led by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) in 2008, the daily paper was having the readership of 3.14 million every day. Being the world's biggest offering English every day, TOI was positioned as third biggest offering daily paper in the globe. Indian Readers Survey (IRS) in 2012 announced TOI to be beat English every day in India having 7.643 million readerships. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. own the whole TOI bunch. (The Times of India)

3.8.4 Deccan Chronicle

Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited (DCHL) distributes the biggest coursed English daily paper in South India - the Deccan Chronicle, presenting to you consistently the most complete bunch of news and examination. Its dauntless and unprejudiced news coverage in the course of the most recent 75 years has won the Deccan Chronicle an experienced and committed readership from everywhere throughout the world. Furthermore, it is developing. The Deccan Chronicle has a course of more than 1.45 million duplicates every day crosswise over Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. There are eight releases in Andhra Pradesh, in Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry, Vishakapatnam, Anantapur, Karimnagar, Nellore and Coimbatore. The paper likewise has hearty vicinity in Chennai, Bengaluru and Kochi. DCHL additionally distributes The Asian Age, English day by day with versions in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and London. The bunch's money related day by day is the Financial Chronicle, which distributes from Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Chennai. Likewise in the stable is the extremely prominent Telugu paper Andhra Bhoomi. DCHL likewise works Odyssey - an area recreation store that keeps near its heart the optimistic needs of the customer and offers an entire array of way of life items, for example, books,

CDs, stationery and blessings. There are a few stores in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and the National Capital Region. Deccan Chronicle Group sees Bangalore as an essential business sector for the distributed business. The perspective is that during an era when the business is confronting rivalry from new media, tech astute and profoundly associated business like Bangalore still offers gigantic extension and open doors for achievement that Team DC is outfitted to accomplish. The daily paper likewise draws out a way of life supplement titled Bengaluru Chronicle, which gives way of life, diversion and human-interest stories.(Deccan Chronicle)

3.8.5 The New Indian Express

The New Indian Express is an Indian English-dialect broadsheet newspaper distributed by the Express Publications and situated in Chennai. It was established in 1932 as the Indian Express, under the responsibility for based P. Varadarajulu Naidu. In 1991, after the demise of the proprietor Ramnath Goenka, the Goenka family split the gathering into two organizations. At first, the two gatherings shared the Indian Express title, and article and different assets. Yet, on 13 August 1999, the northern versions, headquartered in Mumbai, held and renamed Indian Express as The Indian Express, while the southern releases turned into The New Indian Express. Today, the daily papers and organizations are isolated substances. The daily paper is known for its brave and rebellious tone. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited distributes The New Indian Express from 22 centres in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha. The New Indian Express has a net paid dissemination of 435,618 duplicates. NIE accomplishes its greatest infiltration (paid deals per head of populace) in the condition of Kerala. It claims to be the first Indian daily paper to give protection advantages to its endorsers. It is distributed in a land range that covers roughly 24 for each penny of the national populace. The New Sunday Express (the Sunday release of the NIE) is ostensibly the leader production, with magazine supplements joining national and worldwide subjects and areas on formative issues, society, legislative issues, writing, expressions, silver screen, travel, way of life, games, new-age living, self-improvement and amusement.(The New Indian Express)

3.8.6 Kannada Prabha

Kannada Prabha is a morning daily together possessed by Jupiter Capital and The New Indian Express Group. It is a noteworthy Kannada daily paper in Karnataka. The tag line on its masthead is The Most Powerful Kannada Newspaper. It was established by Ramnath Goenka. Begun on November 4, 1967 with one version in Bengaluru, today this daily paper, headquartered in Bengaluru is spread over the state with five other production centres viz. Mangalore, Shivamogga, Hubballi, Belagavi and Hyderabad and Goa. Jupiter Capital, claimed by Rajeev Chandrasekhar acquired a 51% stake in the daily paper in 2011. Vishweshwar Bhat was in this way designated as Editor in Chief of the Newspaper since February 7, 2011. Kannada Prabha has won the prestigious Karnataka Media Academy recompense for the Best Designed Newspaper progressively for three times subsequent to the beginning of the grant in 2005.(Kannada Prabha)

3.8.7 Prajavani

Prajavani (Voice of the People) is the most established Kannada-dialect broadsheet daily new paper distributed in the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a readership of more than 2.5 million, by prudence of being one of the largest circulated daily papers in the state. Prajavani (PV) has a background marked by being a politically autonomous daily paper, despite the fact that it has a tendency to opine with a liberal tilt. It is known for upholding the reasons for Dalits, empowering ladies' strengthening and taking expert poor positions on financial issues. It has figured out how to keep up an autonomous position, in spite of an undeniably enraptured media scene in Karnataka. Prajavani utilizes the slogan "the most trusted Kannada daily", which shows up underneath its masthead.(Prajavani) Prajavani was the leading Kannada newspaper for decades, until it was overtaken in circulation by Vijaya Karnataka (VK) in 2004. The gulf between PV and the upstart VK became huge for a while, but the two newspapers appear to be competing much more closely as of 2014, with PV having significantly recovered ground according to industry numbers. Some analysts have also attributed this to the launch of Vijaya Vani, by the original owner of Vijaya Karnataka, Vijay Sankeshwar and his VRL Group, which has apparently eaten into the readership of Vijaya

Karnataka. Other regional competitors include Udaya Vani, Kannada Prabha and Samyukta Karnataka.

3.8.8 Vijaya Vani

Vijaya Vani is a Kannada-language daily newspaper distributed in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is published by the VRL Group owned by logistics tycoon Vijay Sankeshwar. Having launched on 1st April, 2012, Vijayavani started with merely three editions. Today it has editions in several places like Bengaluru, Mangalore, Hubli, Mysore, Bijapur, Gangavathi, Chithradurga, Shimoga and Gulbarga. Vijayavani was started by Anand Sankeshwar, a leading businessman in the logistics space and the owner of VRL Logistics Ltd. He has also been a newspaper baron. Since its launch, Vijayavani has been active in coming up with newer innovations and continues to exhilarate readers. It is the only daily in Karnataka with all colour pages, across all its editions, thus giving it an edge over others. Vijayavani‟s main issue of 16 pages comprises four pages covering local/ hyperlocal issues, two pages each on national, state and sports, one calendar page for entertainment/events, one page dedicated to serials/stories and one page on commerce/business. There are also various supplements on topics like commerce (Vittavani), culture (Samskruti), youth (Masth), cinema (Cinivani), children (Putani).The Sunday supplement is called VijayaVihara. All these supplements are of four pages.(Vijaya Vani)

3.8.9 Vijaya Karnataka

Vijaya Karnataka is a Kannada daily newspaper published from a number of cities in Karnataka and was the number one newspaper in Kannada Language. It is published from Bengaluru, Hubballi, Mangaluru, Shivamogga, Gangavathi, Belagavi, Davanagere, Hassan, Chitradurga etc. This was started by VRL group, headed by Vijay Sankeshwar, entrepreneur-cum-politician in October 2000. The newspaper along with sister publications (Vijay Times) was purchased by the Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., publishers of India's leading newspaper, The Times of India during 2010.(Vijaya Karnataka)

3.8.10 Samyukta Karnataka

Samyukta Karnataka is a major Kannada newspaper which has its headquarters in Hubli, Karnataka. It is also published from Bangalore. To promote

33 patriotism, truth and nationalist ideals, Loka Shikshana Trust was founded by senior freedom fighters of India around 80 years ago, during the turbulent national movement. In the pursuit of its ideals the trust has undertaken many public activities, including journalism. Loka Shikshana Trust's major publication, Samyukta Karnataka, a Kannada daily, has a good reputation and public standing. Born out of freedom movement, 76 years ago, it has played an active role in building patriotism and in safeguarding land, language and resources. Although it is the oldest daily in Karnataka, it has also been keeping pace with the rapid technological advancements.(Samyukta Karnataka)

3.9 Measurements

In order to measure the amount of coverage the newspapers has given for wildlife issues, the researcher has adopted column inch measurement. A column inch is the standard measurement used to find the amount of content in published works. A column inch is a unit of space one column wide by one inch high. Generally, broadsheet newspapers come in eight columns in India. All the ten publications considered for this content analysis had eight columns per pag

Chapter 4

FINDINGS & ANALYSIS

4.1 Quantitative content analysis

Researcher has taken five English namely, Deccan Herald, Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Chronicle and five Kannada dailies namely, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka and Prajavani, all Bengaluru edition, for the content analysis. The time period was from 1 April till30April 2015.

4.1.1 Deccan Herald

Deccan Herald: Coverage Chart 30

20 News Reports 15 Editorial

10 Letters to the Editor Photo-Text 5

0 News Editorial Letters to the Photo-Text Reports Editor

Figure 1 Coverage Chart for Deccan Herald

4.1.1.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30days is 44 and the coverage given is 786.3 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.834%

4.1.1.2 News Reports

As many as 28 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30days and the total coverage given is 605.3 column inches.

Photo Text

As many as 16 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 181 column inches.

4.1.1.3 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

No letters to editor or editorial about wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.1.4 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Begal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are Asiatic Lions, Leopards, Chimps, Macaques, Whales, Wild Bees, different species of birds like Cooper‟s Hawk etc.,

4.1.1.5 Source of news

Out of the 44 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 25 items were agency reports, while the newspaper covered 19 items.

4.1.1.6 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers.

4.1.1.7 Placement of the news items

All the 44 news items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and none of the news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.1.8 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 44 items, 2 items were city based, while eight items got statewide attention, 14 nationwide coverage and 22 items of International wildlife issues.

4.1.2 Times of India

Times of India : Coverage Chart 20 18 16 14 12 News Reports 10 Editorial 8 Letters to the Editor 6 4 Photo-Text 2 0 News Editorial Letters to Photo-Text Reports the Editor

Figure 2 Coverage Chart for Times of India

4.1.2.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 19 and the coverage given is 298.1 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.225%

4.1.2.2 News Reports

As many as 18 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 293.1 column inches.

4.1.2.3 Photo Text

As many as 1 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 5 column inches.

4.1.2.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

No letters to editor or editorial about wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.2.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list followed by Asiatic elephants. Other animals that got coverage are Leopards, Sharks, Pangolin, Chital Deer, Macaques, Frogs, Bear, Fishes and Dolphin.

4.1.2.6 Source of news

Out of the 19 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 5 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 14 items.

4.1.2.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers.

4.1.2.8 Placement of the news items

All the 19 news items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and none of the news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.2.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 19 items, 7 items were city based, while zero items got statewide attention, 7 nationwide coverage and 5 items of International wildlife issues.

4.1.3 The Hindu

The Hindu : Coverage Chart 35

20 News Report Editorial 15 Letters to the Editor 10 Photo-Text 5

0 News Editorial Letters to Photo-Text Report the Editor

Figure 3 Coverage Chart for The Hindu

4.1.3.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 40 and the coverage given is 736.6 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.803%

4.1.3.2 News Reports

As many as 31 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 657.5 column inches.

4.1.3.3 Photo Text

As many as 8photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 73.9 column inches.

4.1.3.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 5.2 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.3.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are Leopard, Bison, Chestnut Breasted 39

Pastridge, Tortoise, Giraffe, Slot Bear, Sea Turtle, Parakeet, Frog species, Chinkara, Crocodile, Grey Hypocolius, Brahmini Kite and different Fish species.

4.1.3.6 Source of news

Out of the 40 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 3 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 36 items and one Letters to the Editor from its reader.

4.1.3.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers.

4.1.3.8 Placement of the news items

36 news items and one letters to the editor was published in the inside pages of the newspaper and three news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.3.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 40 items, 7 items were city based, while 10 items got statewide attention, 19 nationwide coverage and 4 items of International wildlife issues.

4.1.4 The New Indian Express

The New Indian Express : Coverage Chart 25

15 News Reports Editorial 10 Letters to the Editor Photo-Text 5

0 News Editorial Letters to the Photo-Text Reports Editor

Figure 4 Coverage Chart for The New Indian Express

4.1.4.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 23 and the coverage given is 198.7 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.254%

4.1.4.2 News Reports

As many as 20 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 187 column inches.

4.1.4.3 Photo Text

As many as 2photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 8 column inches.

4.1.4.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 3.7 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.4.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Begal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are Leopard, Great Indian Bustard, Mouse Deer, Cooper Hawk, and Migratory birds.

4.1.4.6 Source of news

Out of the 23 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 4 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 18 items and one Letters to the Editor from its reader.

4.1.4.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers.

4.1.4.8 Placement of the news items

All the 23 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.4.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 23 items, zero items were city based, while 13 items got statewide attention, 7 nationwide coverage and 3 items of International wildlife issues.

4.1.5 Deccan Chronicle

Deccan Chronicle : Coverage Chart 9 8 7 6 News Reports 5 4 Editorials 3 Letters to the Editor 2 Photo-Text 1 0 News Editorials Letters to the Photo-Text Reports Editor

Figure 5 Coverage Chart for Deccan Chronicle

4.1.5.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 10 and the coverage given is 179.8 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.2323%

4.1.5.2 News Reports

As many as 8 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 159.8 column inches.

4.1.5.3 Photo Text

As many as 2photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 20 column inches.

4.1.5.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.5.5 Animal Representation

The newspaper gave no prominence to single species of animal. The animals that were got coverage include Royal Bengal Tiger, Chestnut Breasted Paratridge, Mountain Lion, Giant Whale, Chital Deer, Kites and Imperial Pigeons.

4.1.5.6 Source of news

Out of the 10 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 2 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 8 items.

4.1.5.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts.

4.1.5.8 Placement of the news items

All the 10 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.5.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 10 items, one item was city based, while 6 items got statewide attention, 2 nationwide coverage, and one item of International wildlife issues.

4.1.6 Kannada Prabha

Kannada Prabha : Coverage Chart 25

15 News Reports Editorial 10 Letters to the Editor

5 Photo-Text

0 News Editorial Letters to Photo-Text Reports the Editor

Figure 6 Coverage Chart for Kannada Prabha

4.1.6.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 31 and the coverage given is 672 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.94%

4.1.6.2 News Reports

As many as 22 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 601.3 column inches.

4.1.6.3 Photo Text

As many as 8photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 61.7 column inches.

4.1.6.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 9 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.6.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants and Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Cobra, Leopard, Peacock, Chinkara, Tortoise, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhino, Bison etc.,

4.1.6.6 Source of news

Out of the 31 news items that appeared in the newspaper, only one items was sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered remaining 29 items and received one Letters to the Editor from its reader.

4.1.6.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got no attention from the newspapers.

4.1.6.8 Placement of the news items

About 30 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and only one news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.6.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 31 items, 2 items were city based, while 19 items got statewide attention, 8 nationwide coverage and 2 items of International wildlife issues.

4.1.7 Samyukta Karnataka

Samyukta Karnataka : Coverage Chart 16 14 12

10 News Reports 8 Editorials 6 Letters to the Editor 4 Photo-Text 2 0 News Editorials Letters to Photo-Text Reports the Editor

Figure 7 Coverage Chart for Samyukta Karnataka

4.1.7.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 22 and the coverage given is 344.9 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.594%

4.1.7.2 News Reports

As many as 15 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 248.9 column inches.

4.1.7.3 Photo Text

As many as 7photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 96 column inches.

4.1.7.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.7.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list followed by Asiatic elephants. Other animals that got coverage are Asiatic Lion, wild rats, Rhesus Macaque and water birds.

4.1.7.6 Source of news

Out of the 22 news items that appeared in the newspaper, only two items was sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered remaining 20 items.

4.1.7.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got zero attention from the newspaper.

4.1.7.8 Placement of the news items

About 18 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and four news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.7.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 22 items, 1 item was city based, while 11 items got statewide attention, 9 nationwide coverage and 1 item of International wildlife issues.

4.1.8 Vijayavani

Vijayavani : Coverage Chart 8 7 6

5 News Reports 4 Editorials 3 Letters to the Editor 2 Photo-Text 1 0 News Editorials Letters to the Photo-Text Reports Editor

Figure 8 Coverage Chart for Vijayavani

4.1.8.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 10 and the coverage given is 151.7.9 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.243%

4.1.8.2 News Reports

As many as 7 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 126.1 column inches.

4.1.8.3 Photo Text

As many as 2photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 16.4 column inches.

4.1.8.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 9.2 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.8.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Sambar Deer, Bison, Chital deer, black buck and a few endemic birds.

4.1.8.6 Source of news

Out of the 10 news items that appeared in the newspaper, no items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered all the 10 items.

4.1.8.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got zero attention from the newspaper.

4.1.8.8 Placement of the news items

All the10 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.8.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 10 items, 4 items was city based, while 6 items got statewide attention, zero nationwide and International.

4.1.9 Vijaya Karnataka

Vijaya Karnataka : Coverage Chart 18 16 14 12 10 News Reports 8 Editorials 6 Letters to the Editor 4 Photo-Text 2 0 News Editorials Letters to Photo-Text Reports the Editor

Figure 9 Coverage Chart for Vijaya Karnataka

4.1.9.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 21 and the coverage given is 357.26 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.780%

4.1.9.2 News Reports

As many as 16 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 322.16 column inches.

4.1.9.3 Photo Text

As many as 5photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 35.1 column inches.

4.1.9.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.9.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants and Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Slot Bear, Bison, Peacock, Leopard and a few species of fish.

4.1.9.6 Source of news

Out of the 21 news items that appeared in the newspaper, no items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered all the 21 items.

4.1.9.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts.

4.1.9.8 Placement of the news items

All the 21 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.9.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 21 items, no item was city based, while 18items got statewide attention, 3 nationwide coverage, and no item of International wildlife issues.

4.1.10 Prajavani

Prajavani : Coverage Chart 16 14 12

10 News Reports 8 Editorials 6 Letters to the Editor 4 Photo-Text 2 0 News Editorials Letters to Photo-Text Reports the Editor

Figure 10 Coverage Chart for Prajavani

4.1.10.1 Total coverage

The total number of items that were published for 30 days is 29 and the coverage given is 409.6 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.6816%

4.1.10.2 News Reports

As many as 15 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 278.2 column inches.

4.1.10.3 Photo Text

As many as 12photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 123.9 column inches.

4.1.10.4 Editorial and Letters to the Editor

Two letters to the Editor with coverage of 7.5 column inches appeared in newspapers. Meanwhile, no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days.

4.1.10.5 Animal Representation

Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by and Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are King Cobra, Indian Sandboa, Asiatic Lion, Chimpanzee, Leopard, Indian Gazelle, Slot Bear, Asian Koel, Pelican, Frog Species, Kites, Flamingoes, Common Peafowl, Cattle Egret and a few species of insects.

4.1.10.6 Source of news

Out of the 21 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 7 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered the remaining 20 items and published two letters to the editor received from its readers.

4.1.10.7 Representation (NGO, Govt, Expert)

When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts.

4.1.10.8 Placement of the news items

All the 29 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one.

4.1.10.9 Dateline (City, State, National, International)

Out of 29 items, 3 items was city based, while 17items got statewide attention, 6 nationwide coverage, and 3 items of International wildlife issues.

4.2 Comparative Percentage Coverage in English Newspapers

Deccan Total Percentage Coverage Chart Chronicle 10%

The New Indian Express 11%

Deccan Herald 35%

The Hindu 34%

Times of India 10%

Figure 11 Comparative Percentage of English Newspapers

The researcher has compared all the five English newspapers namely, Deccan Herald, Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express and Deccan Chronicle. The above chart represents the percentage coverage of wildlife issues given by the newspapers for 30 days. The research found Deccan Herald to have given more coverage compared to other four newspapers with a percentage of 0.83% and it was followed by The Hindu with coverage of 0.80%.Deccan Chronicle and Times of India gave 0.23% of coverage, while The New Indian Express gave 0.25% coverage.

4.3 Comparative Percentage Coverage in Kannada Newspapers

Total Percentage of Coverage Chart

Prajavani 21% Kannada Prabha 29% Vijaya Karnataka Samyukta 24% Karnataka 18%

Vijayavani 8%

Figure 12 Comparative Percentage of Kannada Newspapers

The researcher has compared all the five Kannada newspapers namely, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka, Prajavani. The above pie chart represents the percentage coverage of wildlife issues given by the newspapers for 30 days. The research found Kannada Prabha to have given more coverage compared to other four newspapers with a percentage of 0.94% and it was followed by Vijaya Karnataka with coverage of 0.78%. Prajavani gave 0.68% coverage while, Samyukta Karanataka gave 0.59% and Vijayavani gave 0.24% coverage.

4.4 Comparative Percentage Coverage

Total Percentage Coverage of Wildlife Issues

Prajavani Deccan 12% Herald Times of India Vijaya 15% 4% Karnataka 14% The Hindu Vijayavani 14% 4% Kannada Samyukta Prabha The New Indian Karnataka 17% Deccan Express 11% Chronicle 5% 4%

Figure 13 Comparative Percentage of English and Kannada Newspapers

The researcher has compared all the ten Kannada and English newspapers and it can be seen from the above pie chart that Kannada Prabha topped the list with a coverage of 0.94 % followed by Deccan Herald with 0.83% and The Hindu with 0.80% of coverage. The least coverage was given by Times of India and Deccan Chronicle with coverage of 0.23%

4.5 Expert Interview

The researcher has conducted two expert interviews, one with an wildlife expert and another from the print industry. The researcher has taken into consideration both the views to understand the reason for less coverage of wildlife issues from industry point of view and how can a significant increase in the coverage could help in mitigating the problems related to wildlife and also how it can help take up conservation more effectively and on to a new level from Wildlife experts point of view.

4.5.1 Wildlife Expert

The researcher has conducted an expert interview with Dr. Harish Bhat, Research Scientist at Indian Institute of Science (IISc) working in the field of habitat ecology and wildlife biology. Dr. Harish Bhat is of a opinion that when any wildlife incidents occurs in India, by and large it is sensationalised. Facts that are to be reported will not get published in newspapers. One example, if a herd of elephants come towards the city, village or raids a crop, the newspapers will sensationalise the issue and portrays as if there was lot of devastation. But, never have they argued the other side. Because of the loss of habitat, elephants venture into city and villages. This is same with tigers. So, any kind of accidental attack, the newspaper portrays them as man-eater tiger, not knowing what is the situation and scenario when the tiger attacked a human. So, as a journalist, they should go on to the field and also understand both sides while reporting the issue. In our newspapers if one can see, none of the newspapers except during wildlife week, world environment day or international biodiversity day gives maximum coverage or space. I do understand that wildlife issues are not the only primary issue that the country is facing, but these issues too seek a considerable amount of space in the newspaper. The current coverage for wildlife issues seems to be very less considering the gravity of problems across the country and globe where there is a significant raise in wildlife trafficking, poaching and impact of development activities on the ecosystems. People off late say they enjoy watching Animal Planet or National Geographic as they give unbiased coverage of an issue and address diversity of species. Similarly, the newspapers too should take this into consideration. This will also change the public perception about wildlife and its conservation. To achieve this, I feel the newspapers should increase the coverage on wildlife issues in newspapers. A significant increase in the coverage will help in understanding about different species, sharing of knowledge and most important, tackling the issue. Speaking about how newspapers can mitigate wildlife issues and help in wildlife conservation Dr. Harish said, according to my knowledge there are not many youngsters who are interested in wildlife and its conservation. Due to lack of awareness about the species diversity and issues surrounding them, we are facing

56 many problems. Newspapers should not just report the problem or an issue, but should also help in providing a solution to mitigate the issue. Newspapers need to take this into consideration and provide a dedicated space to publish both local and global wildlife issues. This initiative will not only create awareness among general public, but also help in taking up conservation of wildlife to an all new level. Speaking about the importance given by newspapers on diversity of species and how representation of people speaking of wildlife issues matter, Dr. Harish said, newspapers should not give importance to only flagship species such as the Asiatic Elephants or the Royal Bengal Tiger. We have many endangered, threatened and species that are almost in the verge of extinction. Due to the importance given to the flagship species, peoples‟ knowledge about species diversity is minuscule. Newspapers while reporting particular specie should know who the expert working on that specie. Their opinion should also be taken into consideration while reporting the issue, otherwise the reporting will be one sided. Newspapers should contact officials for mitigating the problem, and experts to understand the issue and get suggestions to a solution. There should always be a balance in reporting. The coverage of wildlife issues both local and global should always be in proportion. Newspapers should give enough coverage about the local and state issues while also giving importance to national and international wildlife issues. Highlighting on how much of impact newspaper coverage on wildlife issues could have in terms of conservation, Dr. Harish said, there are instance where I have seen a small coverage in the newspaper which helped in protecting wildlife and its ecosystem. One good example is when a Kannada newspaper published a photograph- text, on main page, of many dead migratory birds found in Hebbal Lake, a few years back, on the eve of world environment day. This issue of poisoning of birds by the local fisherman was considered seriously by the government and immediate action was taken to protect Hebbal Lake home to many migratory birds. But, sadly such issues are covered only on important days and not regularly. Newspapers are very powerful and they should make use of this power to bring in a bigger change and should give coverage on regular basis.

4.5.2 Print Industry Expert

The researcher conducted an expert interview with Arun Kumar, Assistant Editor at Deccan Chronicle Newspaper, Bengaluru Bureau. Speaking about the amount of coverage English and Kannada newspapers of Bengaluru giving for local, national and international wildlife issues, Mr. Arun Kumar said, I feel over a period of time the coverage of wildlife issues by newspapers have increased. The coverage was negligible about 10 to 15 years ago. It is slowly increasing and takes time. Explaining on what basis wildlife issues are selected for publication, Mr. Arun said, we give more importance to newsworthiness of a story. And whenever an issue breakout we cover it. For instance, if there is a tiger or a leopard dead in India we cover it. But, we give considerable less or no importance to general issues regarding wildlife conservation and also research in the field of wildlife. We do carry surveys that are conducted once in two and five years, for instance elephant or tiger population survey. Basically it is about things that interest the readers. We understand the perception of readers. We do sense the reaction of readers for an issue. We generally decide if there is anything particularly interesting in the story for our readers. For international wildlife issues, generally we select agency stories based on readers‟ interest, for instance, a Jaguar dead in Paraguay. Why would that story interest a guy in Bengaluru? So, we take a call on selecting stories. But, we might consider publishing a story about 100 dolphins beached in USA. We might take it along with a Photograph. It is just how much of a newsworthy the story has for a reader, and what kind of an impact that story could have on him or her. We do not follow any policy or allocate space specially for wildlife issues. Basically, we see how well a particular story is generating interest among the readers. There are reporters in each organisation who cover the issues apart from their respective beats like education and politics. This was not the case about 15 years ago. No newspapers have a dedicated reporter to cover wildlife and environment issues in India. Dedicated reporters are seen only for Politics, Business, Crime and Sports beats. Stressing on the reason for newspaper giving more important to the flagship species, Mr. Arun said, everybody covers everything. But, generally the perception is

58 that if Tigers and Elephants, which are on top of the food chain, are protected then the rest of the species are also safe and the ecology is in balance. That does not mean that we don‟t cover wild dogs and wild boars. We do cover, but it is obvious that an endangered animal like tiger needs more importance and also there is always an attraction. Generally, this is how we work.

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

Across the world, researchers have identified and documented as many as 1.8 million different species. India, though being the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China, is still home to three biodiversity hotspots (Western Ghats, forests of North-East and Andaman and Nicobar islands) out of 34 hotspots across the world. It‟s home to 1, 200 species of birds, 453 species of reptiles, 45, 000 species of plants, about 50, 000 species of insects and 13, 000 species of butterflies and month. Surprisingly, majority of these plants, animals and insect species found in India are endemic to this place. The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) estimates that about 18 percent of plants, 62 percent of amphibians, 50 percent of insects and reptiles found in India are endemic to this country and seeks more protection. But, due to the increase in human population and unscientific developmental activities, the wildlife and the ecosystem in India and across the world are now under threat. Poaching of animals is a major issue the country is facing. Many animals are related to large economic benefits. For instance, Ivory from elephants, perfume from the musk deer, sloth bears for gall bladders, the skin and bones of a Tiger and horns from rhinos are seen illegally exported to different countries. Also, pet trade has become a serious issue in India as many tortoises and other exotic birds are packed in smaller containers and smuggled across the country and abroad. The coral reefs are also facing a serious threat. Corals and shells are collected exported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

5.2 Summary of the Results

Print media, especially newspapers have a huge role to play in creating awareness among the readers and to help mitigate the problems surrounding wildlife. It‟s therefore essential to understand the kind of coverage newspapers give for local,

state, national and international wildlife issues. In order to understand this aspect, the researcher conducted content analysis of five popular English newspapers namely, Deccan Herald, Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Chronicle and five popular Kannada newspapersnamely, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka and Prajavani. The time period was from 1 April till 30 April 2015.A total of 300 issues published for 30 days were analysed. These dailies are termed popular for their considerably good reaching the state of Karnataka. In order to conduct an analysis of the newspapers, the researcher has considered a few research questions like, What is the percentage coverage for wildlife issues given by the popular Kannada and English newspapers of Bengaluru? What kinds of animals make the news? Are wildlife issues addressed in editorial and letters to the editor column? Who speaks on behalf of wildlife? Are state wildlife officials dominating the news coverage or wildlife experts or NGO‟s? Although species diversity is an important concept to help public understand the issues related to the wildlife, such an approach is evident in coverage or not? Whether the stories reported by its own correspondent or through agency? Which segment of news (local, state, national or international) is getting more importance? In order to find the amount of coverage given by newspapers, the researcher initially counted the number of news reports that were published along with the number of photo-texts, editorials and letters to the editor. The researcher measured the coverage by following column inches measurement that is commonly used by newspapers across the world. A column inch is the standard measurement used to find the amount of content in published works. A column inch is a unit of space one column wide by one inch high. During the content analysis the researcher found that Kannada Prabha, one of the popular Kannada newspapers of Bengaluru topped the list with a coverage of 0.94 % followed by Deccan Herald with 0.83% and The Hindu with 0.80% of coverage. The least coverage was given by Times of India and Deccan Chronicle with coverage of 0.23%. The researcher also compared all the five Kannada newspapers namely, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijayavani, Vijaya Karnataka, Prajavani. The researcher found Kannada Prabha to have given more coverage compared to other four newspapers with a percentage of 0.94% and it was followed by Vijaya Karnataka

61 with coverage of 0.78%. Prajavani gave 0.68% coverage while, Samyukta Karanataka gave 0.59% and Vijayavani gave 0.24% coverage. While similar comparison was done among five different English newspapers namely, Deccan Herald, Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express and Deccan Chronicle, the researcher found Deccan Herald to have given more coverage compared to other four newspapers with a percentage of 0.83% and it was followed by The Hindu with a coverage of 0.80%. Deccan Chronicle and Times of India gave 0.23% of coverage, while The New Indian Express gave 0.25% coverage.

5.3 Discussion of the Results

During content analysis of individual publications for 30 days, the researcher found that the total number of items that were published in Deccan Herald for 30 days is 44 and the coverage given is 786.3 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.834 %. As many as 28 news reports appeared in Deccan Herald for 30 days and the total coverage given is 605.3 column inches. As many as 16 photo-texts appeared in Deccan Herald for 30 days and the total coverage given is 181 column inches. The researcher found no letters to editor or editorial about wildlife issues in Deccan Herald for all 30 days. Looking at the animals that received coverage, the research shows that stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage in Deccan Herald were Asiatic Lions, Leopards, Chimps, Macaques, Whales, Wild Bees, and different species of birds like Cooper‟s Hawk etc.,Out of the 44 news items that appeared in Deccan Herald, 25 items were agency reports, while the newspaper covered 19 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers. In terms of placement of the stories, the findings reveals that all the 44 news items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and none of the news items got coverage on page one. And, in terms of importance to local, state, national and international wildlife issues, the analysis reveals that out of 44 items, 2 items were city based, while eight items got statewide attention, 14 nationwide coverage and 22 items of International wildlife issues. When it comes to Times of India, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 19 and the coverage given is 298.1 column inches. The total 62 percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.225%. As many as 18 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 293.1 column inches. And, only one photo-text appeared in the newspaper for all the 30 days and the total coverage given is only 5 column inches. The researcher found no letters to editor or editorial about wildlife issues for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list followed by Asiatic elephants. Other animals that got coverage are Leopards, Sharks, Pangolin, Chital Deer, Macaques, Frogs, Bear, Fishes and Dolphin. Out of the 19 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 5 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 14 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers. All the 19 news items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and none of the news items got coverage on page one. Out of 19 items, 7 items were city based, while zero items got statewide attention, 7 nationwide coverage and 5 items of International wildlife issues. In The Hindu, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 40 and the coverage given is 736.6 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.803%. As many as 31 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 657.5 column inches. As many as 8 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 73.9 column inches. Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 5.2 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are Leopard, Bison, Chestnut Breasted Pastridge, Tortoise, Giraffe, Slot Bear, Sea Turtle, Parakeet, Frog species, Chinkara, Crocodile, Grey Hypocolius, Brahmini Kite and different Fish species. Out of the 40 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 3 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 36 items and one Letters to the Editor from its reader. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers. About 36 news items and one letters to the editor was published in the inside pages of the newspaper and three news items got coverage on page one. And, out of 40 items, 7 items were city based, while 10 items got statewide attention, 19 nationwide coverage and 4 items of International wildlife issues. 63

The New Indian Express published 23 items for 30 days and the coverage given is 198.7 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.254%. As many as 20 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 187 column inches. As many as 2 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 8 column inches. Only one letters to the editor is published with coverage of 3.7 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are Leopard, Great Indian Bustard, Mouse Deer, Cooper Hawk, and Migratory birds. Out of the 23 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 4 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 18 items and one letters to the editor from its reader. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got very less attention from the newspapers. All the 23 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one. Out of 23 items, zero items were city based, while 13 items got statewide attention, 7 nationwide coverage and 3 items of International wildlife issues. In Deccan Chronicle, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 10 and the coverage given is 179.8 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.2323%. As many as 8 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 159.8 column inches. As many as 2 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 20 column inches. No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. The newspaper gave no prominence to single species of animal. The animals that were got coverage include Royal Bengal Tiger, Chestnut Breasted Partridge, Mountain Lion, Giant Whale, Chital Deer, Kites and Imperial Pigeons. Out of the 10 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 2 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered 8 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. All the 10 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one. Out of 10 items, one item was city based, while 6 items got statewide attention, 2 nationwide coverage, and one item of International wildlife issues. 64

When, it comes to Kannada language newspapers, Kannada Prabha one of the popular newspapers in the state of Karnataka published 31 news items for 30 days and the coverage given is 672 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.94%. As many as 22 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 601.3 column inches. As many as 8 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 61.7 column inches. Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 9 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants and Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Cobra, Leopard, Peacock, Chinkara, Tortoise, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhino, Bison etc., Out of the 31 news items that appeared in the newspaper, only one item was sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered remaining 29 items and received one Letters to the Editor from its reader. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got no attention from the newspapers. About 30 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and only one news items got coverage on page one. Out of 31 items, 2 items were city based, while 19 items got statewide attention, 8 nationwide coverage and 2 items of International wildlife issues. In Samyukta Karnataka, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 22 and the coverage given is 344.9 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.594%. As many as 15 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 248.9 column inches. As many as 7 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 96 column inches. No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list followed by Asiatic elephants. Other animals that got coverage are Asiatic Lion, wild rats, Rhesus Macaque and water birds. Out of the 22 news items that appeared in the newspaper, only two items was sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered remaining 20 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got zero attention from the newspaper. About 18 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and four news items got coverage

65 on page one. Out of 22 items, 1 item was city based, while 11 items got statewide attention, 9 nationwide coverage and 1 items of International wildlife issues. In Vijayavani, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 10 and the coverage given is 151.7.9 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.243%. As many as 7 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 126.1 column inches. As many as 2 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 16.4 column inches. Only one letters to editor was published with coverage of 9.2 column inches and no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Sambar Deer, Bison, Chital deer, black buck and a few endemic birds. Out of the 10 news items that appeared in the newspaper, no items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered all the 10 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. Meanwhile, NGO‟s got zero attention from the newspaper. All the 10 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one. Out of 10 items, 4 items was city based, while 6 items got statewide attention, zero nationwide and International. In Vijaya Karntaka, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 21 and the coverage given is 357.26 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.780%. As many as 16 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 322.16 column inches. As many as 5 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 35.1 column inches. No letters to the Editor or editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants and Royal Bengal Tiger topped the list. Other animals that got coverage are Slot Bear, Bison, Peacock, Leopard and a few species of fish. Out of the 21 news items that appeared in the newspaper, no items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered all the 21 items. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts. All the 21 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one. Out of 21 items, no item was city based, while 18 items got statewide attention, 3 nationwide coverage, and no item of International wildlife issues. 66

And, finally in Prajavani, the total number of items that were published for 30 days is 29 and the coverage given is 409.6 column inches. The total percentage coverage given by the newspaper for 30 days is 0.6816%. As many as 15 news reports appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 278.2 column inches. As many as 12 photo-texts appeared in the newspaper for 30 days and the total coverage given is 123.9 column inches. Two letters to the Editor with coverage of 7.5 column inches appeared in newspapers. Meanwhile, no editorial on wildlife issues appeared in the newspapers for all the 30 days. Stories regarding Asiatic elephants topped the list followed by and Royal Bengal Tiger. Other animals that got coverage are King Cobra, Indian Sandboa, Asiatic Lion, Chimpanzee, Leopard, Indian Gazelle, Slot Bear, Asian Koel, Pelican, Frog Species, Kites, Flamingoes, Common Peafowl, Cattle Egret and a few species of insects. Out of the 21 news items that appeared in the newspaper, 7 items were sourced from agency, while the newspaper covered the remaining 20 items and published two letters to the editor received from its readers. When it came to representation, people from the government got the highest coverage compared to NGO‟s and wildlife experts.

5.4 Discussion in Relation to the Literature and Field Limitations

The Literature that the researcher came across all highlighted the importance of newspapers in wildlife and its conservation. But majority of the literatures were mostly western and hardly any research to study the coverage the Indian newspapers on wildlife issues were carried out. The researcher has come to conclude through his research analysis that majority of the researchers through have worked on wildlife and human conflict has completely neglected the role of newspapers in mitigation such issues. It was evident that the researchers in the western countries have identified this problem and have carried out such studies to identify the coverage pattern and its impact. More such similar research work needs to be done in India and there has to be equal voice of government and wildlife experts in such coverage.

5.4.1 Limitations

The researcher admits that the manner in which the study has been conducted is not free from the limitations. The researcher has made an in-depth analysis of five popular Kannada and English newspapers of Bengaluru to find out the coverage given 67 to local, state, national and international wildlife issues. The researcher could also have made an in-depth study of newspapers national importance, but was unable to do because of time constrain. This was also one reason for limiting the research study for one month duration. Also, the study would become very comprehensive and general if newspapers of National importance were considered.

5.5 Recommendations for Further Study

The researcher recommends that there is much scope for further study as the limitations mentioned above could be addressed in the new study that is made. In a country like India where newspapers are still a popular media for communication, researchers can come up with studies to find how each newspaper give importance to wildlife issues and how each coverage differs from one to another for various political and other reasons. It would really be an academically interesting and socially awakening, if a study is carried out on the role of newspapers in creating public perception about wildlife issues. Such a study should comprise of a large population of India and also many newspapers. The study should also be conducted for one year so many interesting factors can be highlighted.

5.6 Conclusion

All the 29 items were published in the inside pages of the newspaper and no news items got coverage on page one. Out of 29 items, 3 items was city based, while 17 items got statewide attention, 6 nationwide coverage, and 3 items of International wildlife issues. It is clear from the content analysis that both the popular English and Kannada language newspapers of Bengaluru are giving a negligible space for coverage of wildlife issues relating to local, state, national and international. It is also clear from the Wildlife expert‟s interview that the newspapers should give more importance to the wildlife issues both local and global. It is important to create awareness and also to mitigate the problems that the country is facing. On the other hand, it is also proved by an expert from the print industry that the newspapers are focusing more on the flagship species as they are of the opinion that if the flagship species are protected all the species in the food chain are protected. It‟s also clear from the expert interview

68 that the newspapers do not given more weight age to research or general issues regarding the wildlife and its conservation. To sum up, wildlife protection and conservation is a challenging task a country like India is facing with developing worries of illegal trade and misuse of wildlife resources. This objective of protecting and conserving wildlife cannot be achieved until and unless newspapers start giving enough importance to both local and global wildlife issues. In this regard, the newspapers should provide considerably more coverage, than following the current pattern of less than one percent of coverage on wildlife issues.

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Appendix A: Expert Interview Questions for Wildlife Expert

1. What is your take on coverage of wildlife issues by English and Kannada newspapers? 2. How can newspapers mitigate wildlife issues and help in wildlife conservation? 3. It is observed that newspapers give importance to only certain species of animals. Not much balance is seen in representation of people (Govt, Experts, and NGO‟s) and issues of local and global importance. What is your take on this? 4. Have you come across any impact of coverage of wildlife issue in a newspaper?

Expert Interview Questions for Print Industry Expert

1. Why does English and Kannada newspapers of Bengaluru give less coverage for local, national and international wildlife issues? 2. On what basis do you select wildlife issues for publication? 3. Is there any policy that newspapers follow for covering wildlife issues? 4. Why do newspapers give more importance to Elephants and Tigers than focusing on species diversity?

Appendix B: Data Sheet prepared during content analysis