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The Powdery Mildew Survey: Citizen Science for Improving Fungal Identification

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The Powdery Mildew Survey: Citizen Science for Improving Fungal Identification School of Biological Sciences The Powdery Mildew Survey: Citizen science for improving fungal identification Oliver Ellingham Linnean Society Taxonomy & Systematics @PowderyM Committee Plenary Session #PowderyM Thursday 7th September 2017 1 Copyright University of Reading LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Presentation outline The powdery mildews The powdery mildew citizen science survey Similar schemes Future directions LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Podosphaera leucotricha on Malus domestica Erysiphe trifoliorum on Trifolium arvense Erysiphe Erysiphe alphitoides on alphitoides on Wisteria sinensis Phyllactinia guttata Quercus robur on Carpinus betulus Leveillula taurica on Phlox Podosphaera pannosa on Rosa sp. paniculata LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Erysiphe aquilegiae Erysiphe berberidis Erysiphe catalpae on Aquilegia vulgaris on Berberis on Catalpa thunbergii bignonioides Unidentified PM Erysiphe pisi on on Monarda didyma Pisum sativum Neoerysiphe galeopsidis on Acanthus spinosus LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Blumeria graminis on Triticum aestivum LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Erysiphe necator on Vitis vinifera LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Mori et al., 2000 LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Phylogeny and Taxonomy 1 order: Erysiphales 1 family: Erysiphaceae 5 tribes 16 holomorph genera and one asexual morph genus ca. 900 species Braun & Cook, 2012 Schematic phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences of the Erysiphales LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Powdery Mildew Survey A powdery mildew identification service available to anyone within the UK. Aiming to: Communicate science to the masses. Augment public knowledge and interest. Increase range and diversity of powdery mildew sampling. LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Launched on 21st May 2014 via blog LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media @PowderyM LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Received via post Year Samples received 2014 160 2015 353 2016 167 Total 680 LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Species Concepts BSC: Biological Species Concept, emphasizes reproductive isolation (Wright, 1940, Mayr, 1947). MSC: Morphological Species Concept, emphasizes morphological divergence. ESC: Ecological Species Concept, emphasizes adaptation to a particular ecological niche (Van Valen, 1976). PSC: Phylogenetic Species Concept, emphasizes nucleotide (non) divergence (Hennig, 1966) GCPSR: Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition, (an adaptation of the PSC) uses the phylogenetic concordance of unlinked genes to indicate a lack of genetic exchange and thus, evolutionary independence of lineages (De Queiroz, 2007) LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT CSC: Consolidated Species Concept Quaedvlieg et al., 2014 LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Morphological identification techniques Morphological analyses Host Teleomorph (sexual) Anamorph (asexual) LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Teleomorphic (sexual stages) LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Anamorphic (asexual stages) LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Molecular analyses for species identification BLAST Phylogenetics DNA extraction Sanger sequencing Barcoding Powdery mildew specific primers developed LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Citizen Science Scheme 2014-2016 Distribution and Identifications Identification with previously used methods 94% to genus level 80% samples to species level Identification with newly developed methods 98% to species level Data contributed to: National Biodiversity Network, British Mycological Society, NCBI GenBank LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT First report of Podosphaera macrospora On Heuchera in the UK Heuchera leaves with powdery mildew. Heuchera ‘Caramel’ (A), Heuchera ‘Marmalade’ (B) Heuchera ‘Caramel’ chasmothecia on adaxial leaf Conidiophore of Podosphaera macrospora on Heuchera (A), surface. Bar = 500 µm chasmothecia of Podosphaera macrospora (B) and ascus with fully developed ascospores (C). Bar = 100 µm Identified morphologically and using ITS region Ellingham et al., 2016 LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Battling Phytophthora in South Africa LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Battling Phytophthora in South Africa LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Conclusions Expert knowledge of powdery mildews and other fungal species is present but difficult to build on and spread. Non-specialists can perform collections in their local areas, referring further analyses to specialists; saving researchers time and money. Previously used combination of morphological and ITS can identify to species level ca. 80% of the time. Improved to 98% using newly sequenced region Mcm7. Sequence data generated from established and new regions will help to increase accuracy and efficiency of future diagnostics, providing more targeted disease control in the field and in the movement of plants in trade; saving $ €¥£. LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Future of fungal surveys in the UK: The Lost & Found Fungi Project LIMITLESS http://POTENTIALfungi.myspecies.info | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES/content/lost-found-fungi-project | LIMITLESS IMPACT Future of fungal surveys in the UK The Lost & Found Fungi Project http://fungi.myspecies.infoLIMITLESS POTENTIAL/content/lost-found-fungi-project-larger- | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESSbasidiomycota IMPACT Thanks to my supervisors: - Alastair Culham, University of Reading - John David, Royal Horticultural Society Thanks to the RHS, British Mycological Survey, Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland, and British Society of Plant Pathology Oliver Ellingham Linnean Society Taxonomy & @PowderyM Systematics Committee Plenary Session #PowderyM Thursday 7th September 2017 31 Copyright University of Reading LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT .
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