School of Biological Sciences The Survey: Citizen science for improving fungal identification

Oliver Ellingham Linnean Society & Systematics @PowderyM Committee Plenary Session #PowderyM Thursday 7th September 2017 1

Copyright University of Reading LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Presentation outline

The powdery mildews The powdery mildew citizen science survey Similar schemes

Future directions

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT on Malus domestica

Erysiphe trifoliorum on Trifolium arvense Erysiphe on alphitoides on Wisteria sinensis Phyllactinia guttata Quercus robur on Carpinus betulus

Leveillula taurica on Phlox on Rosa sp. paniculata LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Erysiphe aquilegiae Erysiphe berberidis Erysiphe catalpae on Aquilegia vulgaris on Berberis on Catalpa thunbergii bignonioides

Unidentified PM on on Monarda didyma Pisum sativum

Neoerysiphe galeopsidis on Acanthus spinosus

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT on Triticum aestivum

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Erysiphe necator on Vitis vinifera

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Mori et al., 2000

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Phylogeny and Taxonomy

1 order: 1 family: Erysiphaceae 5 tribes 16 holomorph genera and one asexual morph ca. 900

Braun & Cook, 2012 Schematic phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences of the Erysiphales

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Powdery Mildew Survey

A powdery mildew identification service available to anyone within the UK.

Aiming to:

Communicate science to the masses.

Augment public knowledge and interest.

Increase range and diversity of powdery mildew sampling.

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Launched on 21st May 2014 via blog

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media @PowderyM

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Promoted via array of media

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Received via post

Year Samples received

2014 160

2015 353

2016 167

Total 680

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Species Concepts BSC: Biological Species Concept, emphasizes reproductive isolation (Wright, 1940, Mayr, 1947).

MSC: Morphological Species Concept, emphasizes morphological divergence.

ESC: Ecological Species Concept, emphasizes adaptation to a particular ecological niche (Van Valen, 1976).

PSC: Phylogenetic Species Concept, emphasizes nucleotide (non) divergence (Hennig, 1966)

GCPSR: Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition, (an adaptation of the PSC) uses the phylogenetic concordance of unlinked genes to indicate a lack of genetic exchange and thus, evolutionary independence of lineages (De Queiroz, 2007) LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT CSC: Consolidated Species Concept Quaedvlieg et al., 2014

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Morphological identification techniques

Morphological analyses Host Teleomorph (sexual) Anamorph (asexual)

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Teleomorphic (sexual stages)

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Anamorphic (asexual stages)

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Molecular analyses for species identification

BLAST

Phylogenetics

DNA extraction Sanger sequencing Barcoding

Powdery mildew specific primers developed

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Citizen Science Scheme 2014-2016 Distribution and Identifications

Identification with previously used methods 94% to genus level

80% samples to species level

Identification with newly developed methods 98% to species level

Data contributed to: National Biodiversity Network, British Mycological Society, NCBI GenBank

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT First report of Podosphaera macrospora On Heuchera in the UK

Heuchera leaves with powdery mildew. Heuchera ‘Caramel’ (A), Heuchera ‘Marmalade’ (B)

Heuchera ‘Caramel’ chasmothecia on adaxial leaf Conidiophore of Podosphaera macrospora on Heuchera (A), surface. Bar = 500 µm chasmothecia of Podosphaera macrospora (B) and ascus with fully developed ascospores (C). Bar = 100 µm Identified morphologically and using ITS region Ellingham et al., 2016 LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Battling Phytophthora in South Africa

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Battling Phytophthora in South Africa

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Conclusions Expert knowledge of powdery mildews and other fungal species is present but difficult to build on and spread. Non-specialists can perform collections in their local areas, referring further analyses to specialists; saving researchers time and money. Previously used combination of morphological and ITS can identify to species level ca. 80% of the time. Improved to 98% using newly sequenced region Mcm7. Sequence data generated from established and new regions will help to increase accuracy and efficiency of future diagnostics, providing more targeted disease control in the field and in the movement of plants in trade; saving $ €¥£.

LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT Future of fungal surveys in the UK: The Lost & Found Fungi Project

LIMITLESS http://POTENTIALfungi.myspecies.info | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES/content/lost-found-fungi-project | LIMITLESS IMPACT Future of fungal surveys in the UK The Lost & Found Fungi Project

http://fungi.myspecies.infoLIMITLESS POTENTIAL/content/lost-found-fungi-project-larger- | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESSbasidiomycota IMPACT Thanks to my supervisors: - Alastair Culham, University of Reading - John David, Royal Horticultural Society Thanks to the RHS, British Mycological Survey, Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland, and British Society of Plant Pathology

Oliver Ellingham Linnean Society Taxonomy & @PowderyM Systematics Committee Plenary Session #PowderyM Thursday 7th September 2017 31

Copyright University of Reading LIMITLESS POTENTIAL | LIMITLESS OPPORTUNITIES | LIMITLESS IMPACT