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Use of Diatoms for Evaluating Ecological Status in UK Freshwaters

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Use of Diatoms for Evaluating Ecological Status in UK Freshwaters Use of diatoms for evaluating ecological status in UK freshwaters Science Report: SC030103/SR4 SCHO0907BNFW-E-P The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It's our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today's society, so that tomorrow's generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry's impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned and funded by the Environment Agency's Science Programme. Published by: Authors: Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Kelly, M.G., Juggins, S., Bennion, H., Burgess, A., Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Yallop, M., Hirst, H., King, L., Jamieson, B.J., Guthrie, Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 R., Rippey, B. www.environment-agency.gov.uk Dissemination Status: ISBN: 978-1-84432-816-1 Publicly available / released to all regions © Environment Agency April 2008 Keywords: Diatoms, fresh water, ecological status, uncertainty, All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced Water Framework Directive, phytobenthos with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Research Contractor: The views and statements expressed in this report are Bowburn Consultancy those of the author alone. The views or statements 11 Monteigne Drive, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5QB: expressed in this publication do not necessarily 0191 377 2077 represent the views of the Environment Agency and the Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for Environment Agency's Project Manager: such views or statements. B. J. Jamieson, Environmental Biology, Science, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol This report is printed on Cyclus Print, a 100% recycled stock, which is 100% post consumer waste and is totally Collaborators: chlorine free. Water used is treated and in most cases EHS, SEPA, SNIFFER returned to source in better condition than removed. Science Project Number: Further copies of this report are available from: SC030103 The Environment Agency's National Customer Contact Centre by emailing: Product Code: [email protected] SCHO0907BNFW-E-P or by telephoning 08708 506506. ii Science Report – Use of diatoms for evaluating ecological status in UK freshwaters Science at the Environment Agency Science underpins the work of the Environment Agency. It provides an up-to-date understanding of the world about us and helps us to develop monitoring tools and techniques to manage our environment as efficiently and effectively as possible. The work of the Environment Agency's Science Group is a key ingredient in the partnership between research, policy and operations that enables the Environment Agency to protect and restore our environment. The science programme focuses on five main areas of activity: • Setting the agenda, by identifying where strategic science can inform our evidence-based policies, advisory and regulatory roles; • Funding science, by supporting programmes, projects and people in response to long-term strategic needs, medium-term policy priorities and shorter-term operational requirements; • Managing science, by ensuring that our programmes and projects are fit for purpose and executed according to international scientific standards; • Carrying out science, by undertaking research – either by contracting it out to research organisations and consultancies or by doing it ourselves; • Delivering information, advice, tools and techniques, by making appropriate products available to our policy and operations staff. Steve Killeen Head of Science Science Report – Use of diatoms for evaluating ecological status in UK freshwaters iii Executive summary This report describes the development and testing of a diatom-based tool to fulfil UK obligations to include phytobenthos in the assessment of ecological status of freshwaters. Separate tools have been developed for lakes and rivers, although they share many features, including a conceptual underpinning, in common. The new tool is based on the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), a metric already in use with UK statutory agencies to monitor eutrophication in rivers. The conceptual framework for the model is based around a quantitative and qualitative 'visualisation' of the state of biofilms in UK rivers and lakes in the absence of anthropogenic pressures. This recognises that such biofilms are dynamic, with both composition and abundance of the taxa present changing over relatively short periods of time. The hydrological regime and grazing pressure, in particular, will influence the phytobenthos and, as a result, there is a considerable amount of within-site variability, particularly in flowing waters. Reference sites for rivers were defined by an iterative series of screening stages that included nutrient concentrations (N and P) and the presence of a healthy invertebrate fauna. In addition, samples with TDI values that suggested anthropogenic enrichment were purged, even if other screening factors did not indicate this. Two systems for predicting 'expected' TDI values in rivers were tested, one based on type-specific predictions and the other on site-specific predictions. The former used multivariate regression trees (MRT) to define four 'types' of diatom assemblage found in UK running waters, separated on the basis of alkalinity and altitude. The latter predicted the 'expected' TDI value for individual sites, using a multiple regression equation that incorporated alkalinity and seasonality. The latter explained 33% of the variance in the reference samples, compared to 10% using type-specific predictions. Site-specific predictions also had a lower prediction error and this system is recommended for future use. Using site-specific predictions of expected TDI values enabled EQRs (Ecological Quality Ratios) to be calculated for all samples in the database. The high/good status boundary was defined as the 25th percentile of the EQRs of all reference sites; good/moderate as the point at which the proportions of valves belonging to nutrient sensitive and nutrient tolerant taxa were approximately equal (the 'crossover') and lower status class boundaries were determined as equal divisions of the remaining EQR scale. Lakes were divided into three types, based on their alkalinity, and reference sites were established using a combination of palaeoecological techniques and expert judgement. A separate index – the Lake Trophic Diatom Index (LTDI) – was established via re- calibration of the TDI and EQR values were calculated in the same manner as for rivers except that a separate reference LTDI value was defined for each lake type. Again, the high/good status class boundary was defined as the 25th percentile of reference samples and good/moderate as the 'crossover'. This approach worked well for High Alkalinity (HA) lakes and, to a lesser extent, for those at Medium Alkalinity (MA). However, for Low Alkalinity (LA) lakes, there were very few samples whose EQR values fell below the 'crossover' and, even though there is evidence from other sources of change within the lake biota at higher EQRs, the littoral phytobenthos seems to be relatively resistant to change. Aspects of spatial and temporal variability associated with these values were explored and from these estimates of the uncertainty associated with EQR predictions for rivers were developed (there were too few data for a similar exercise to be performed for lakes). Spatial variability in diatom assemblages in rivers is higher than that in lakes iv Science Report – Use of diatoms for evaluating ecological status in UK freshwaters and temporal variability is also substantial. Converting these measurements of variability into estimates of uncertainty suggests that six temporal replicates are required to get estimates of status with > 95% confidence at mid-class. Whereas the lake tool can be validated using a combination of spatial and palaeoecological studies, the river tool was developed using only contemporary spatial data. In order to establish that there have, in fact, been changes in diatom assemblages over time and that these are driven by nutrients, we removed diatoms from herbarium specimens of common aquatic macrophytes collected before 1930. In some cases, specimens were > 100 years old. Compared with the contemporary diatom flora, almost all the herbarium samples had assemblages that suggested much lower nutrient concentrations. Both tools have been tested extensively, and results of tests of the river tool on the Rivers Wye and Axe, and the lakes tool on the Lake District lakes are also reported. Science Report – Use of diatoms for evaluating ecological status in UK freshwaters v Acknowledgements We owe an enormous debt of gratitude to the ecology staff of the Environment Agency, SEPA and EHS who collected all the samples and associated environmental data and sent them to us for processing. Chris Adams (Environment Agency), Gina Clarke (UCL), Sarah Pritchard (Beacon Biological) and Gayle Reddihough (University of Bristol) all helped to count samples. Ellie Liptrot, Liam Macrae, Sophie Theophile and Simon Turner all helped with sample preparation at UCL and Maggie Gamble helped with sample preparation at the University of Bristol. Lesley Batty (University of Newcastle) helped with the early stages of compiling the DARES database. Tim Colborn (University of Bristol) helped with video photography for
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