DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny of the Pacific Trouts and Salmons (<I>Oncorhynchus</I>)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny of the Pacific Trouts and Salmons (<I>Oncorhynchus</I>) TRANSACTIONS E AMERICATH F O N FISHERIES SOCIETY Volume 122 January 1993 Number 1 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:1-33. 1993 Copyrigh© thy tb e American Fisheries Society 1993 Phytogen Pacifie th f yo c Trout Salmond san s (Oncorhynchus) and Genera of the Family Salmonidae . STEARLEYF . R '. SMITANR . DG H Museum of Paleontology and Museum of Zoology University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Michigan 48109. USA Abstract.— Seven genera—Brachymystax. Acantholingua. Salmothymus, Hucho. Salvelinus. Sal- mo, and Oncorhynchus—make up the living Salmoninae. Relationships of 33 extant and 4 fossil salmonid specie subspecied san s were studie basie th f 11 so n d9o characters analyze parsimony db y algorithms. Twelve equally parsimonious trees each requirin step3 g25 s were calculated. Mono- phyly of recognized genera is consistent with all 12 estimates. The earliest branch of the family Salmonidae is the subfamily Coregoninae. Its sister group is the clade including the Thymallinae and Salmoninae. Within the Salmoninae, Eosalmo, from the Eocene of British Columbia, is the sister group of all living genera, as previously shown by Mark Wilson. The living Asian species Brachymystax lenok is the sister species of all other living Salmoninae, as documented by Carroll Norden. Three species of archaic trouts from the Mediterranean area—Acantholingua ohridana. Salmothymus obtusirostris, and Salmothymus (Platysalmo) platycephalus—branch off after Brachymystax but before diversification of all other salmonines. Platysalmo platycephalus Behnke sistee isth r species of Salmothymus obtusirostris places i d Salmothymus.n di an clade Th e beyond the archaic trouts includes four genera in two clades: (1) Hucho plus Salvelinus and (2) Salmo plus Oncorhynchus. Atlantie Th c trout salmond san monophyleti a e sar c group, e Salmo.th d an Pacific trouts and salmons are a monophyletic group, Oncorhynchus. The terms "trout" and "salmon" refer roughl lifo yt e history modesphylogenetio t t no , c relationships. Morphological mitochondriad an l DNA data disagree regardin relationshie gth p of Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat trout Oncorhynchuso )t mykiss (rainbow, California golden redband an , d relation e troutsth d )an - shi Oncorhynchusf po gorbuscha (pink salmon Oncorhynchuso t ) keta (chum salmon). Parsimony analysis suggests that Oncorhynchus Pacifie mykiss sistee th th f . o clarki,s cri O salmon f o t no , thoug mykiss. clarki. O h O d an hybridize. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha sistee th s ri specie . nerka0 f so (sockeye salmon), not of keta. though O. gorbuscha and O. keta hybridize. Mitochondrial DNA is interprete s havina d g been transferre introgressioy db n betwee . gorbuschanO . keta,O d an providing misleading evidenc relationshipf eo . Fossil specie Oncorhynchusf so documen minia t - millio6 f o mu e nmmodere ag year th r sfo n specie Pacifif o s c trout salmonsd san . The family Salmonidae includes three subfam- vica, huchen, taimen, chars, trouts d salman , - ilies—Coregoninae (whitefishes), Thymallinae ons)—widely distributed in the northern hemi- (graylings), and Salmoninae (lenok, mekous, bel- sphere (Norden 1961). Ther strons i e g evidence that eac thesf ho monophyletia s ei c clade nata , - 1 Present address: Department of Geology, Geogra- ural group tha tdescendant e containth f o l sal f o s phy, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 its most recent common ancestor Salmonie Th . - Burton Avenue, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, USA basae ar .le Euteleosteda i relateEsocoideie th o dt , 1 STEARLEY AND SMITH Ostariophysi, Argentinoidei, and Osmeroidei fishes, such as osmerids, now placed outside the (Lauder and Liem 1983; Fink 1984; Begle 1991). family Salmonidae). centurieDurino tw e gth s since Previous salmonid phylogenies (e.g., Norden 1961; Linnaeus's classification, ichthyologists have Wilson 1974; Kendall and Behnke 1984; Sanford thoroughly documente classified dan d salmonine 1990) have interpreted the Salmoninae and Thy- diversity. Following is a brief summary of the tax- mallina s sisteea r group f eaco s e h th othe d an r onomic histories of three salmonine assemblages: Coregoninae as the sister group of the clade in- (1) the four genera of morphologically plesiomor- cluding those two (Figure la, b, c). phic "archaic trouts, huchee th ) "(2 n (Hucho)d an subfamile Th y Salmoninae comprises between chars (Salvelinus), more th ) e (3 derive d an d salm- fivd ninan e e extant genera (Figure 1) containing troutd an Salmon s si on Oncorhynchus.d an approximatel specie0 y3 s (Norden 1961; Behnke 1968; Kendall and Behnke 1984). The best known Archaic Trouts genera are Hucho, Salvelinus, Salmo, and Onco- At least four species of archaic trouts in Brachy- rhynchus, which are relatively advanced salmonid mystax, Salmothymus, Acantholingua, Pla-d an fishes. Four other laxa—Brachymystax. Platysal- tysalmo are native to Siberia, China, Korea, Ar- mo, Salmothymus, and Acantholingua—are mor- menia drainaged an ,northease th n so t periphery phologically primitive and their relationships have of the Mediterranean Sea from Dalmatia to Tur- been problematic. The last three are often includ- key. They possess short, broad maxilla shord ean t Salmo.n i d e additionn I , four fossil generd aan dentaries with high coronoid processes, and they several fossil species belongin extano gt t genera have small teeth. The phylogenetic relationships have been recognized. Withou phylogena t y based of these archaic trouts have bee nproblea - mbe on broad evidence fro l speciesmal directioe th , n cause they share primitive character- s ge wit e hth of evolution and the positions of the fossils and nus Salmo. Norden (1961) recognized that problematic taxa relative to the more advanced Brachymystax is morphologically and phyloge- genera canno knowne tb relationshipe .Th charf so s netically intermediate between Thymallusd an (Salvelinus) to other salmonines are also crucial more derived salmonines, base severan do l fea- classificatioe th o t f troutno salmonsd san . Some tures. However, other systematists have placed systematists (e.g., Norden 1961) have considered Brachymystax as the sister group of Hucho, be- Salvelinus sistee th s ra lineag clada f eo e including cause they share a unique vomerine tooth pattern Salmo d Oncorhynchus,an whereas others (e.g., (discussed below). Kendal Behnkd an l e 1984) have placed Salvelinus Salmothymus is sometimes considered to in- close Huchoo rt Brachymystax.d an clude two species, 5. obtusirostris (Heckel), the Although salmonid biologists agree that Atlan- Dalmation trout or "mekous," and S. (Acantho- tic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo lingua) ohridanus (Steindachner), the "belvica," trutta are closely related to Pacific trouts and endemic to Lake Ohrid in Yugoslavia. Behnke salmons, they have disagreed about the classifi- (1968:10) noted: "although vital to any compre- catio f Pacifino c trouts. Regan (1914 d Vlaan ) - hensive phylogenetic study of salmonid fishes, the dykov (1963) drew attention to the closer rela- statu Salmothymusf so neves ha r been firml- yes tionshi f Pacifio p c trout o Pacifit s c salmons tablished." Steindachner's classifications of Sal- (Oncorhynchus) tha Atlantio nt c trou salmod tan n mothymus obtusirostris demonstrate the ambigu- (Salmo). Traditionally, however, Pacific trouts ity indicate morphologys it y db firse h : t classified have been classified in Salmo, thus making Salmo the mekous as a grayling, Thymallus microlepis an unnatural group—paraphyletic—because it does (1874) t latebu , r place Salmon i t di (Steindachner no s descendantt it includ f o l al e s (Smitd an h 1882). Berg (1908:505) calle Salmothymust di - ob Stearley 1989). In the present paper, the relation- tusirostris. remarking that its features were inter- ships of the species of Pacific trouts and salmons mediate between Brachymystax and Salmo: "Sie eaco t h othe treatee contexe r ar phy e th th n d i -f to bildet eine besondere Gattung, welch n Bineei - logen l fossi al Recend f yan lo t gener f salmonao - deglied zwische eben nde n genannten Gattungen ines. [i.e., Salmo and Brachymystax] darstellt." Had- zisce (1961) first recognize fundamentae dth l dif- Histor Salmof yo Troud nan t Classification ferences between obtusirostris ohridanusd an d an Salmo, as proposed by Linnaeus in 1758, in- allocated the two species to two monotypic gen- cluded all salmonines then known, as well as thy- era— Salmothymus obtusirostris and Acantholin- mallines and coregonines (and some groups of gua ohridana. Behnke (1968) considered Sal- SALMONID PHYLOGENY FIGURE 1 .—The major phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the Salmonidae (rearranged to comparable format): (a) Norden (1961) Wilso) (b , n (1974) Kendal) (c , Behnkd an l e (1984) Dorofeyev) (d , a (1989) daggee Th . r indicatesa fossil taxon; dotted lines indicate uncertainty. mothymus Acantholinguad an subgenere b o t f ao Huchen Charsand Salmo. Svetovidov (1975) placed Acantholingua ohridana in Sal mothymus, a classification that has huchee Th describes nwa Linnaeuy db s (1758) been widely followed. as Salmo hucho and placed in the subgenus Hucho Behnke (1968) described another species of ar- by Gunther (1866). Jordan and Snyder (1902) el- chaic trout, Salmo (Platysalmo) platycephalus, evated Hucho to generic rank and described a sec- from Turkey. He saw evidence that Platysalmo, ond species, H. perryi. Vladykov (1963) created like Salmothymus and Acantholingua, had di- the subgenus Parahucho for Hucho perryi. Lindsey verged from European Salmo long before differ- (1964) called attention to broad similarities be- entiation of modern Salmo salarand S. trutta had tween Hucho Salvelinus.d an huchet Bu n wer- ere occurred classifiee h t bu , d the Salmo.mn i Simi- garde closs da e relatives of Brachymystax Shay b - larly, "Salmo" ischan from Armenia and "Sal- poshnikova(1968, 1975), Holdik (1982a, 1982b), " carpiomo fro mArchaie b Italy yma c trout- sre d Holcian t ale k . (1988). Kendal d Behnkan l e late o Salmothymust d obtusirostris. S d an (1984) treated Brachymystax plus Hucho clada s a e platycephalus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic
    water Review Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic Valentina S. Artamonova 1, Ivan N. Bolotov 2,3,4, Maxim V. Vinarski 4 and Alexander A. Makhrov 1,4,* 1 A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Phylogenetics, Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; [email protected] 3 Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia 4 Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Analysis of zoogeographic, paleogeographic, and molecular data has shown that the ancestors of many fresh- and brackish-water cold-tolerant hydrobionts of the Mediterranean region and the Danube River basin likely originated in East Asia or Central Asia. The fish genera Gasterosteus, Hucho, Oxynoemacheilus, Salmo, and Schizothorax are examples of these groups among vertebrates, and the genera Magnibursatus (Trematoda), Margaritifera, Potomida, Microcondylaea, Leguminaia, Unio (Mollusca), and Phagocata (Planaria), among invertebrates. There is reason to believe that their ancestors spread to Europe through the Paratethys (or the proto-Paratethys basin that preceded it), where intense speciation took place and new genera of aquatic organisms arose. Some of the forms that originated in the Paratethys colonized the Mediterranean, and overwhelming data indicate that Citation: Artamonova, V.S.; Bolotov, representatives of the genera Salmo, Caspiomyzon, and Ecrobia migrated during the Miocene from I.N.; Vinarski, M.V.; Makhrov, A.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of Brachymystax Lenok Microsatellite Loci and Cross-Species Amplification in Hucho Spp
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2004) 4, 150–152 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00594.x PRIMERBlackwell Publishing, Ltd. NOTE Isolation and characterization of Brachymystax lenok microsatellite loci and cross-species amplification in Hucho spp. and Parahucho perryi E. FROUFE,*† K. M. SEFC,‡ P. ALEXANDRINO*† and S. WEISS‡ *CIBIO/UP, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4480–661, Vairão, Portugal, †Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4009–002 Porto, Portugal, ‡Karl-Franzens University Graz, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria Abstract We isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773) from genomic libraries enriched for (GATA)n, (GACA)n and (ATG)n microsatellites. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 17. Heterozygosity ranged from 0.2 to 0.95. In addition, cross-species amplification was successful for seven loci in Hucho hucho, eight in H. taimen and seven in Parahucho perryi. Keywords: Brachymystax lenok, Hucho hucho, Hucho taimen, microsatellite, Parahucho perryi, Salmonids Received 29 October 2003; revision accepted 12 December 2003 Brachymystax lenok is a freshwater resident salmonid present and fragments in a size range of 500–1000 bp were isolated throughout eastern Siberia and portions of northern from a 2% agarose gel using the Nucleospin kit (BD Mongolia, China and Korea. Despite its wide distribution, Biosciences, Clonetech). Oligonucleotide adaptors (RBgl24, populations of this species are currently declining through 5′-AGCACTCTCCAGCCTCTCACCGCA-3′, and RBgl12, overexploitation, environmental pollution and other causes, 5′-GATCTGCGGTGA-3′) were ligated to the genomic DNA and information about them is still very scarce. Currently, fragments using T4 DNA ligase (Promega) overnight at two forms of lenok are distinguished — blunt and sharp- 4 °C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Oncorhynchus (Euteleostei: Salmonidae) Based on Behavioral and Life History Characters
    Copeia, 2007(3), pp. 520–533 The Phylogeny of Oncorhynchus (Euteleostei: Salmonidae) Based on Behavioral and Life History Characters MANU ESTEVE AND DEBORAH A. MCLENNAN There is no consensus between morphological and molecular data concerning the relationships within the Pacific basin salmon and trout clade Oncorhynchus. In this paper we add another source of characters to the discussion. Phylogenetic analysis of 39 behavioral and life history traits produced one tree structured (O. clarki (O. mykiss (O. masou (O. kisutch (O. tshawytscha (O. nerka (O. keta, O. gorbuscha))))))). This topology is congruent with the phylogeny based upon Bayesian analysis of all available nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, with the exception of two nodes: behavior supports the morphological data in breaking the sister-group relationship between O. mykiss and O. clarki, and between O. kisutch and O. tshawytscha. The behavioral traits agreed with molecular rather than morphological data in placing O. keta as the sister-group of O. gorbuscha. The behavioral traits also resolve the molecular-based ambiguity concerning the placement of O. masou, placing it as sister to the rest of the Pacific basin salmon. Behavioral plus morphological data placed Salmo, not Salvelinus, as more closely related to Oncorhynchus, but that placement was only weakly supported and awaits collection of missing data from enigmatic species such as the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. Overall, the phenotypic characters helped resolve ambiguities that may have been created by molecular introgression, while the molecular traits helped resolve ambiguities introduced by phenotypic homoplasy. It seems reasonable therefore, that systematists can best respond to the escalating biodiversity crisis by forming research groups to gather behavioral and ecological information while specimens are being collected for morphological and molecular analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Lohenkalastus Lutto- Ja Nuorttijoella Kalamiesten Muisteluksia Koilliskairasta
    Metsähallituksenluonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. Sarja A, No 64 Lohenkalastus Lutto- ja Nuorttijoella Kalamiesten muisteluksia Koilliskairasta Jarmo Pautamo METSÄHALLITUS Luonnonsuojelu Julkaisun sisällöstävastaa tekijä, eikä julkaisuun voida vedota Metsähallituksenvirallisena kannanottona. ISSN 1235-6549 ISBN 951-53-1166-7 Oy Edita Ab Helsinki 1997 2. painos Kansikuva: KalastusretkelläLutto- ja Suomu jokien yhtymäkohdan kosket kierrettiin Rupisuolijärvienja niidenvälisten pikkuojien kautta, mutta järviltävene oli vedettävä harjun ylitse Suomujokeen. PiirrosHellevi Salonen. KUVAILULEHTI JulkaisijaMetsähallitus 30.12.1996Julkaisun päivämäärä Tekijät (toimielimestä: toimielimen nimi, puheenjohtaja, sihteeri) SelvitysJulkaisun laji Jarmo Pautamo ToimeksiantajaMetsähallitus Toimielimen asettamispvm Julkaisun nimi Lohenkalastus Lutto- ja Nuorttijoella - kalamiesten muisteluksia Koilliskairasta Julkaisun osat Tiivistelmä Kuolavuonon kautta Jäämereen laskevan Tuulomajoen latvavedet Lutto- ja Nuorttijoki olivat aikoinaan hyviä lohi­ jokia, mutta lohi katosi näistä joista 1960-luvulla. Tuulomajoen lohta käsittelevä selvitys on jaettu kahteen osaan. Tä­ mä osa käsittelee lohenkalastuksen historiaa kirjallisuuslähteiden ja haastattelujen avulla. Haastatteluja kerättiin vuosina 1987-1995 yhteensä 55 henkilöltä, jotka ovat kalastaneet Lutto- ja Nuorttijokien alueella ennen 1960-lukua. Julkaisuun on kerätty tärkeimmät haastattelutiedot lohen esiintymisestä, kalastustavois­ ta ja -rajoituksista sekä saaliista. Haastattelut sisältävät myös muistelmia muiden
    [Show full text]
  • Dominance and Predator Avoidance in Domesticated and Wild Masu Salmon Oncorhynchus Masou
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UK FISFisheries Science0919-92682003 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd 691February 2003 591 Behavior of domesticated salmon T Yamamoto and UG Reinhardt 10.1046/j.0919-9268.2002.00591.x Original Article8894BEES SGML FISHERIES SCIENCE 2003; 69: 88–94 Dominance and predator avoidance in domesticated and wild masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou Toshiaki YAMAMOTO* AND Ulrich G REINHARDTa Laboratory of Conservation Biology, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809, Japan ABSTRACT: Dominance, aggression and predator avoidance were compared among farmed, sea- ranched and wild juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in laboratory experiments. Domesti- cated fish (farmed and sea-ranched), which had been exposed to artificial selection, were not dominant against wild fish in pairwise contests, nor did they show greater aggressiveness. Farmed fish did show greater feeding than wild fish. Under chemically simulated predation risk, farmed fish were more willing to leave cover and feed than wild fish, indicating reduced predator avoidance in the farmed fish. Our results indicate that selection for fast growth (domestication) in masu salmon favors fish that respond to food quickly and ignore predation risk. KEY WORDS: aggressive behavior, hatchery, masu salmon, predator avoidance. INTRODUCTION impacts the growth of individuals.9 In other salmo- nids, aggressiveness of domesticated juveniles has Numerous studies on salmonids have investigated been shown to increase.10 Therefore, introduced the differences in morphology, genetics and masu juveniles may influence wild populations behavior between domesticated and wild fish of directly through aggressive contests for territories. the same species.1–4 It has become clear that the As masu salmon show strong local adaptations,11,12 introduction of cultured fishes into rivers may there is concern that the introduction of domesti- have negative effects on wild fish populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo of Western North America
    CItiEt'SW XHPYTD: RSOTLAITYWUAS 4 Monograph of ha, TEMPI, AZ The Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo Of Western North America Robert J. Behnke "9! August 1979 z 141, ' 4,W \ " • ,1■\t 1,es. • . • • This_report was funded by USDA, Forest Service Fish and Wildlife Service , Bureau of Land Management FORE WARD This monograph was prepared by Dr. Robert J. Behnke under contract funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service. Region 2 of the Forest Service was assigned the lead in coordinating this effort for the Forest Service. Each agency assumed the responsibility for reproducing and distributing the monograph according to their needs. Appreciation is extended to the Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, for assistance in publication. Mr. Richard Moore, Region 2, served as Forest Service Coordinator. Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 11177 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. Rocky Mountain Region September, 1980 Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 11177 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. it TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................... Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Researches on the Effect of Essential Oils on Moulds Isolated
    Popa G. O. et al./Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2018, 51 (2) SaMSTNb23 and SaMSTNb33: Emerging Markers for Growth Traits in Huchen (Hucho hucho, Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 1, 1 1 Gina–Oana Popa ‡, *, Ramona Nechifor ‡, Alexandru Burcea , Maria Samu , Andreea Dudu1, Marieta Costache1, Marilena Maereanu2, Sergiu Emil Georgescu1 1University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței, 050095, Bucharest, Romania 2S.C. Danube Research-Consulting S.R.L., 89bis Câmpia Libertății Street, 825200, Isaccea, Romania ‡The first two authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract Huchen or Danube salmon (Hucho hucho, Linnaeus, 1758) is an economically and ecologically valuable salmonid species, among the most endangered fish species inhabiting the Danube basin. Consequently, appropriate conservation measures are required to prevent the species extinction. Although H. hucho is a poorly studied species, there are several studies on other salmonid species regarding fast growth markers. Following these studies, the main purpose of the current study was to determine growth-related SNPs in myostatin gene in H. hucho. Therefore, we analysed 20 aquaculture individuals of same age separated in two groups according length and weight, by sequencing the amplification product of SaMSTNb23 and SaMSTNb33 primers pairs. We also statistically analysed the differences in the development of individuals over time regarding total length, weight and head length. Significantly variations were observed (p < 0.001) for the measured traits in both groups. Regarding the genetic analysis, we observed nine SNPs in the mstn gene structure. Considering these results, it appears that the analysed markers are not appropriate for genetic analysis of growth traits in H.
    [Show full text]
  • Huchen (Hucho Hucho) ERSS
    Huchen (Hucho hucho) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, April 2011 Revised, January 2019, February 2019 Web Version, 4/30/2019 Photo: Liquid Art. Licensed under CC-SA 4.0 International. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danube_Salmon_-_Huchen_(Hucho_hucho).jpg. (January 2019). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Europe: Danube drainage [Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Ukraine].” “Population has declined [in Slovenia] due to pollution and river regulation. Conservation measures include artificial propagation and stocking [Povz 1996]. Status of threat: Regionally extinct [Bianco and Ketmaier 2016].” 1 “Considered locally extinct (extirpated) in 1990 [in Switzerland] [Vilcinskas 1993].” “Extinct in the wild in 2000 [in Czech Republic] [Lusk and Hanel 2000]. This species is a native species in the basin of the Black Sea (the rivers Morava and Dyje). At present, its local and time- limited occurrence depends on the stocking material from artificial culture. Conditions that will facilitate the formation of a permanent population under natural conditions are not available [Lusk et al. 2004]. […] Status of threat: extinct in the wild [Lusk et al. 2011].” From Freyhof and Kottelat (2008): “The species is severely fragmented within the Danube drainage, where most populations exclusively depend on stocking and natural reproduction is very limited due to habitat alterations and flow regime changes.” From Grabowska et al. (2010): “The exceptional case is huchen (or Danubian salmon), Hucho hucho. The huchen’s native range in Poland was restricted to two small rivers (Czarna Orawa and Czadeczka) of the Danube River basin, […]” Status in the United States Froese and Pauly (2019) report an introduction to the United States between 1870 and 1874 that did not result in an established population.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Spring Creek, Utah
    Spring Creek Population History of the Pyramid Lake Rediscovery (Again) Unfortunately, given its small size, the trout Lahontan Cutthroat population at Spring Creek has a very low In October 2009, a team from Weber State probability of survival. It lacks the numbers The Lahontan cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus University in conjunction with personnel and space necessary to maintain sufficient clarkii henshawi, is native to the Lahontan Basin from the DWR identified several specimens genetic diversity. It is believed that for a on the border between California and Nevada. believed to be of a pure or hybrid strain of mountain stream cutthroat population to For thousands of years it thrived and played the Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout survive it must have a minimum of 3.3 km an important economic and cultural role in Spring Creek in Uintah, Utah. Using of habitat and an abundance in the area of among the Native American tribes of the electrofishers and dip nets, a 600 m stretch 0.3 fish per meter.3 Based on our region. The largest strain of this fish of the stream was sampled. A maximum observations, the Spring Creek population originated in Pyramid Lake, in western of 16 different individuals was collected in A Unique Environment has a maximum abundance of 0.1 fish/m Nevada and has reached recorded weights of two sampling trips. The fish appeared to Spring Creek’s unique vegetation and only 200 m of habitat. However, against up to 41 pounds, making it the largest “The Fish that Won’t Die” be restricted to a 200 m stretch.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Huron Spawning
    Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Habitat: feeding - large cold deep lakes - Lake Huron spawning - gravel substrate in rivers - female prepares and guards nest until death 0 5 10 Miles Alpena Hillman Atlanta Thunder Bay Lake Huron 98 Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Habitat: feeding - adults: Lake Huron - young: shallow gravel substrate in cold streams, later into pools spawning - cold streams and rivers - swifter water of shallow gravelly substrate 0 5 10 Miles Alpena Hillman Atlanta Thunder Bay Lake Huron 99 Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Habitat: feeding - cold clear water of rivers and Lake Huron - moderate current spawning - gravelly riffles above a pool - smaller tributaries 0 5 10 Miles Alpena Hillman Atlanta Thunder Bay Lake Huron 100 Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha) Habitat: feeding - adults: Lake Huron - young: shallow gravel substrate in cool streams, later into pools spawning - gravelly substrate in cool streams 0 5 10 Miles Alpena Hillman Atlanta Thunder Bay Lake Huron 101 Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) Habitat: feeding - lakes, rivers, and streams spawning - shallows of lakes and rivers - gravel or rock substrate 0 5 10 Miles Alpena Hillman Atlanta Thunder Bay Lake Huron 102 Thunder Bay River Assessment Appendix Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Habitat: feeding - young: gravel substrate streams - adults: Lake Huron
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon Fact Sheet
    THE WILD SALMON SEAFOOD MARKET’S GUIDE TO W I L D P A C I F I C S A L M O N Salmon Pacific Salmon occur from northern California along the Pacific Coast throughout the Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean waters adjacent to Alaska. Salmon are anadromous, that is, they spawn in fresh water and the young migrate to the sea where they mature. The mature Salmon returns to the stream of their birth to spawn. Nutrition Few single foods bring as many valuable contributions to the table as Salmon. An excellent source of high-quality protein, containing all the essential amino acids. The fats in Salmon are predominately unsaturated. These fats are evidenced to reduce the risk of heart disease. Availability Although each species has a particular season, small fisheries of wild salmon occur periodically, making fresh salmon (often hard to find and expensive) available throughout the year. Your best values will come during peak salmon season, May through September. Frozen salmon (often frozen at sea) is available during the off season. Also known as Chinook Salmon. Also known as Silver Salmon. Highly desired for King The largest of the species and the most Coho both table use and smoking. Coho salmon offers prominent of the salmon known for its high oil firm meat with excellent flavor slightly milder than content and distinctive, rich flavor. King and Sockeye. Average size from 5 to 40 lbs. Average size from 4 - 9 lbs. Available May - September Available June - September Copper River & Yukon River King Also known as Chum Salmon.
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarkii Pleuriticus): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project October 10, 2008 Michael K. Young, Ph.D USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula, Montana 59801 Peer Review Administered by American Fisheries Society 1 Young, M.K. (2008, October 10). Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/coloradorivercutthroattrout.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Todd Allison, Warren Colyer, Greg Eaglin, Noah Greenwald, Paula Guenther-Gloss, Christine Hirsch, Jessica Metcalf, Dirk Miller, Kevin Rogers, and Dennis Shiozawa for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. My thanks also to Claire McGrath, Bruce Rosenlund, and Dave Winters for their reviews of a similar manuscript on a related subspecies. I appreciate the assistance of Dennis Shiozawa, Brigham Young University; Bill Wengert, Wyoming Game and Fish Department; and Dan Brauch, Colorado Division of Wildlife, for sharing a number of unpublished reports. This work was funded by the Species Conservation Project for Region 2 and the Rocky Mountain Research Station, both part of the USDA Forest Service. AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY Michael Young has been a Research Fisheries Biologist with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station since 1989. His work focuses on the ecology and conservation of native coldwater fishes and the effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on stream ecosystems. COVER ILLUSTRATION CREDIT Illustration of the Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) by © Joseph Tomelleri.
    [Show full text]