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Označování Audiovizuálních Obsahů V České Republice

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Označování Audiovizuálních Obsahů V České Republice Označování audiovizuálních obsahů v České republice Irena Ryšánková Praha 2009 -1- Obsah Obsah................................................................................................................................................ 2 Anotace ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Annotation........................................................................................................................................ 6 Klíčová slova .................................................................................................................................... 8 Keywords.......................................................................................................................................... 8 Citát namísto předmluvy...................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Analýza stávajícího stavu v ČR, historie a současnost „hvězdičky“ ........................................ 10 1.1. RRTV – státní regulátor....................................................................................................................11 1.2. Kritéria „nemravnosti“ a „škodlivosti“.............................................................................................11 1.3. Zájmová lobby..................................................................................................................................15 2. Evropská legislativa – směrnice EU a národní implementace labellingu ................................ 16 2.1.1. Úmluva o právech dítěte...................................................................................................................17 2.2. Úmluva Rady Evropy Evropská úmluva o přeshraniční televizi .....................................................18 2.3. Další dokumenty...............................................................................................................................20 2.4. Směrnice Evropského parlamentu a Rady Audiovizuální mediální služby bez hranic......................21 2.4.1. Ochrana mládeže ..............................................................................................................................22 2.4.2. Subsidiarita .......................................................................................................................................24 2.4.3. Věková hranice .................................................................................................................................24 2.4.4. Přípustnost cenzury...........................................................................................................................25 2.5. Implementace....................................................................................................................................26 3. Limity stávající národní legislativy .............................................................................................. 28 3.1.1. Ústavní pořádek................................................................................................................................29 3.1.2. Zákonné normy.................................................................................................................................29 3.1.3. Paradoxy Hlavy XXII.......................................................................................................................30 3.1.4. Právní neuchopitelnost internetu ......................................................................................................31 3.1.5. Paragrafovaná nezkušenost a důvěřivost ..........................................................................................31 3.1.6. Rozdílnost termínů vysílání a lineární audiovizuální mediální služby .............................................31 3.1.7. Hranice státu a hranice EU ...............................................................................................................32 3.1.8. Daňový domicil vysílatele ................................................................................................................32 3.1.9. Různost výpočtů pokrytí signálem ...................................................................................................33 3.1.10. Vstup neziskového sektoru do vysílání.............................................................................................33 3.1.11. Definice reklamy a obchodních sdělení............................................................................................33 3.1.12. Audiovizuální představení................................................................................................................33 3.1.13. Judikáty – rozsudky vykládající zákon.............................................................................................34 4. Hraniční oblasti konvergence mediálních technologií................................................................ 35 4.1.1. Multimediální obsah veřejné služby.................................................................................................38 4.2. Odlišnosti systému mediální regulace ..............................................................................................39 4.3. Klasifikované hodnoty......................................................................................................................39 4.3.1. Věkové kategorie..............................................................................................................................40 4.3.2. Tématické kategorie..........................................................................................................................40 4.3.3. Pohled psychologie na klasifikované kategorie................................................................................41 4.3.3.1. „Negativní“ jevy pro účely klasifikace............................................................................................ 41 5. Pohled sociologie na klasifikované hodnoty ................................................................................ 42 5.1. Sociologické souvislosti důvodů mediální klasifikace a jejich účinku ............................................43 5.1.1. Mládež na české křižovatce ..............................................................................................................44 5.2. Další sledované kategorie: násilí, strach, nenávist a jiné formy asociálního a sociopatického chování a rozhodování......................................................................................................................45 6. Organizace labellingu obecné a konkrétní modely .................................................................... 47 7. Závěr............................................................................................................................................... 49 Přílohy 8. Historie „hvězdičky“ v ČR............................................................................................................ 51 8.1. RRTV ...............................................................................................................................................51 8.1.1. Postup RRTV – některé příklady......................................................................................................51 8.1.2. Judikáty – rozsudky vykládající zákon.............................................................................................54 8.2. Hvězdičky s hvězdičkou...................................................................................................................55 8.3. Rozdílnost přístupu komerčních televizí ..........................................................................................56 -2- 8.4. Pornoobsah „pro celou rodinu“.........................................................................................................58 8.5. Expanze videoher s prvky násilí .......................................................................................................59 8.6. Import videoobsahu pro děti.............................................................................................................59 8.6.1. MGM, Tom a Jerry...........................................................................................................................59 8.6.2. Cenzura Looney Tunes a Merrie Melodies.......................................................................................62 8.7. Videoklipy pro náctielté ...................................................................................................................63 9. Mezinárodní smlouvy a předpisy upravující oblast televizního vysílání a související témata ............................................................................................................................................. 64 10. Přenosové technologie, postupy a jejich odlišnosti ..................................................................... 66 10.1. Broadcasting .....................................................................................................................................66 10.1.1. Narrowcasting...................................................................................................................................67 10.2. Unicasting.........................................................................................................................................67 10.3. Multicasting......................................................................................................................................68
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