DOCSLIB.ORG

Endocrine System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Endocrine System Endocrine system MUDr. Hisham El Falougy, PhD. [email protected] Thyroid gland • Brownish-red • C5 – T1 • Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia • Right lobe, left lobe, isthmus • 25g Thyroid gland • Lobes are conical • Apex – oblique line of thyroid lamina • Base – 4th or 5th tracheal cartilages • 5cm long, transverse 3cm, anteroposterior 2cm • Isthmus (1.25 transverse and vertical) • Pyramidal lobe – towards the hyoid bone Thyroid gland • Lateral surface is covered by • Sternothyroid • Sternohyoid • Superior belly of omohyoid • Sternocleidomastoid • Medial surface is adapted to • Larynx • Trachea Thyroid gland • Superior pole contacts • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor • cricothyroid • External laryngeal nerve – medially • Recurrent laryngeal nerve and oesophagus – posteriorly • Posterolateral surface of the gland - carotid sheath Thyroid gland • Highly vascular • Arteries • Superior thyroid artery • Inferior thyroid artery • Arteria thyroidea ima • Veins • Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins Thyroid gland • Capsule • Irregularly sized and shaped lobules • Follicles – functional units • Spherical and cyst-like (0.02 – 0.9 mm) • Colloid sorrounded by epithelium • Precursor of thyroid hormons T3, T4 Thyroid gland • Stroma • Parafollicular cell • C (clear)cells • Thyrocalcitonin • Lowers blood calcium • Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system (APUD) • TSH Parathyroid glands • Yellowish-brown, ovoid structures • Between posterior lobar borders and capsule of the thyroid gland • 6mm long, 3-4 mm across, 1-2mm posteroanterior • 50mg • 2 superior, 2 inferior glands Parathyroid glands • Chief (principal) cells • Parathyroid hormone • Oxyphil cells • Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Superior renal pole • Golden yellow • Two functional and structural areas • Cortex (outer) • Medulla (inner) • Enclosed in the renal fascia • Sorrounded by the perinephric fat • Seperated from kidneys by fibrous tissue Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Mean Transverse dimensions – 61 mm (right), 79 mm (left) • Each weigh 5g • Right gland – pyramidal shape with 2 limbs • Left gland - semilunar Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • The right gland • Posterior to inferior vena cava, right hepatic lobe, • Anterior to right crus of diaphragm • The left gland • Anterior to left crus of diaphragm Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Arteries • Superior suprarenal artery • Middle suprarenal artery • Inferior suprarenal artery • Veins • Right and left suprarenal veins Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Cortex • Yellowish • Main mass • Medulla • Dark red or greyish • Completely enclosed by cortex except at the hilum Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Cortex • Zona glomerulosa – mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) • Zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids (cortisol) • Zona reticularis – sex hormones (progesterone, oestrogens, androgens) Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • Medulla • Chromaffin cells • Catecholamines – adrenalin (epinephrine), noradrenalin (norepinephrine) Testicular interstitial tissue • The tissue between the seminiferous tubules • Connective tissue • Myoid cells • Leydig cells • Polyhedral cells • Androgens (testosterone) • Stimulated by LH, prolactin • Fetal life – development of genital tract • Growth and and division of germinal cells • Adult primary and secondary sexual characteristics Female endocrine structures • Ovarian medulla • Rich of blood vessels • Nerve fibers • Endocrine hilar cells - androgens Female endocrine structures • Corpus luteum • Remainder of the tertiary follicle • Granulosa lutein cells • Progesterone and oestradiol • Receptors for human chorionic gonadotropin • Corpus luteum of menstruation – 12 to 14 days • Corpus albicans – scar like body after 2 months • Corpus luteum of pregnancy - 25 mm at 8th week of gestation • Largely replaced by placenta after 8th week Female endocrine structures • Placenta • Chorion frondosum (embryonic/fetal) • Decidua basalis (maternal ) • Discoid structure (20 cm diameter, 3-4 cm thick) • Weighs 350 – 700g • Placental barrier Endocrine pancreas • Pancreatic islets of Langerhans • Spherical clusters of cells • More than 1 million islets • Mainly in the tail • Rich blood supply and autonomic innervation • Alpha cells – glucagon • Beta cells – insulin • Delta cells – gasterin and somatostatin • F cells – pancreatic polypeptide Diffuse endocrine cells • 40 different types • Absorb and decarboxylate the amine precursors (APUD) • Open-type cells • Closed-type cells Diffuse endocrine cells • Gastroenterpancreatic system • Stomach – closed type cells • Small intestine – crypts and intestinal villi • Large intestine – base of the crypts • Respiratory system • Epithelium of trachea and bronchi • Neuroepithelial bodies • Urogenital system – urethra and urethral glands .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies Anouk Scholten, MD; Robin M. Cisco, MD; Menno R. Vriens, MD, PhD; Wen T. Shen, MD; Quan-Yang Duh, MD Importance: Knowing the types and frequency of ad- Results: Variant venous anatomy was encountered in renal vein variants would help surgeons identify and con- 70 of 546 adrenalectomies (13%). Variants included no trol the adrenal vein during laparoscopic adrenalec- main adrenal vein identifiable (n=18), 1 main adrenal tomy. vein with additional small veins (n=11), 2 adrenal veins (n=20), more than 2 adrenal veins (n=14), and vari- Objectives: To establish the surgical anatomy of the main ants of the adrenal vein drainage to the inferior vena cava vein and its variants for laparoscopic adrenalectomy and and hepatic vein or of the inferior phrenic vein (n=7). to analyze the relationship between variant adrenal ve- Variants occurred more often on the right side than on nous anatomy and tumor size, pathologic diagnosis, and the left side (42 of 250 glands [17%] vs 28 of 296 glands operative outcomes. [9%], respectively; P=.02). Patients with variant anatomy compared with those with normal anatomy had larger Design, Setting, and Patients: In a retrospective re- tumors (mean, 5.1 vs 3.3 cm, respectively; PϽ.001), more view of patients at a tertiary referral hospital, 506 patients pheochromocytomas (24 of 70 [35%] vs 100 of 476 [21%], underwent 546 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalecto- respectively; P=.02), and more estimated blood loss mies between April 22, 1993, and October 21, 2011. Pa- (mean, 134 vs 67 mL, respectively; P=.01).
    [Show full text]
  • Double Inferior Vena Cava Associated with Double Suprarenal and Testicular Venous Anomalies: a Rare Case Report
    THIEME Brief Communication 221 Double Inferior Vena Cava Associated with Double Suprarenal and Testicular Venous Anomalies: A Rare Case Report Kimaporn Khamanarong1 Jarupon Mahiphot1 Sitthichai Iamsaard1,2 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Khon Kaen Address for correspondence Sitthichai Iamsaard, PhD, Department University, Khon Kaen, Thailand of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 2 Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Thailand, 40002 (e-mail: [email protected]). Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand J Morphol Sci 2018;35:221–224. Abstract Introduction The variant courses of blood vessels are very important in considera- tions for retroperitoneal surgeries or interventional radiology. The present study attempted to describe a very rare case of double inferior vena cava (IVC) associated with double left suprarenal veins (LSRVs) and double right testicular veins (RTVs) in a Thai male embalmed cadaver. Material and Methods A 70-year-old Thai male cadaver was systemically dissected and observed for the vascular distributions during gross anatomy teaching for medical students at the anatomy department of the faculty of medicine of the Khon Kaen University. Keywords Results We found that the double IVCs were connected with the transverse interiliac ► double inferior vena vein. While the upper LSRV is a tributary of the IVC, the lower LSRV is a tributary of the cava left renal vein. The RTV bifurcates at about the height of the iliac cristae to form the ► double suprarenal medial and lateral RTVs, which drain into the right IVC at different heights. veins Conclusion All these duplications and associated anomalies are assumed to occur ► double right during the embryological development.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Vessels
    Exercise 21 – Anatomy of blood vessels 1. Fig 21.1 – pay attention to structure of arteries, capillaries and veins. 2. Major arteries In Fig 21.2 – read and remember organs supplied by these arteries 3. aorta left and right coronary artery 4. aortic arch 1 brachiocephalic 2 left common carotid 3 left subclavian 5. Brachiocephalic 1 right subclavian 2 right common carotid 6. Thoracic aorta esophagus, inter costal muscles and diaphragm 7. Abdominal aorta 1 celiac trunk 2 superior and inferior mesenteric arteries 3 suprarenals 4 gonadial 8. Abdominal aorta divides into 2 common iliacs that supply blood to pelvis and leg of its side. 9. Main veins – fig 21.6 – External jugular from head and neck, axillary from the arm, both join to form subclavian veins. 10. Subclavians open into Brachicephalic veins that also receive vertebral and internal jugular veins. 11. 2 brachiocephalic veins form Superior Vena cava that receive Azygos system – collects blood from chest. Superior vena cava opens into right atrium. 12. Femoral and other veins of leg form Common Iliac vein on each side. 13. Common Iliac veins join to form Inferior vena cava. 14. Inferior vena cava receives blood from 4 veins. 1. suprarenal veins adrenal gland 2. gonadial from ovary or testis 3. renal veins from kidney on each side 4. hepatic veins from liver. 15. Hepatic Portal System : Note that Inferior vena cava does not receive blood from any digestive organs other than liver. Hepatic Portal Vein is formed of 2 main veins, Superior Mesenteric and Splenic vein. 1. Superior Mesenteric collects blood from small intestine, and parts of colon and stomach.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-Major Veins of the Body
    Color Code Important Major Veins of the Body Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: ü Define veins and understand the general principle of venous system. ü Describe the superior & inferior Vena Cava: formation and their tributaries ü List major veins and their tributaries in: • head & neck • thorax & abdomen • upper & lower limbs ü Describe the Portal Vein: formation & tributaries. ü Describe the Portocaval Anastomosis: formation, sites and importance Veins o Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart. o All veins carry deoxygenated blood except: o Pulmonary veins1. o Umbilical veins2. o There are two types of veins*: 1. Superficial veins: close to the surface of the body NO corresponding arteries *Note: 2. Deep veins: found deeper in the body Vein can be classified in 2 With corresponding arteries (venae comitantes) ways based on: o Veins of the systemic circulation: (1) Their location Superior and inferior vena cava with their tributaries (superficial/deep) o Veins of the portal circulation: (2) The circulation (systemic/portal) Portal vein 1: are large veins that receive oxygenated blood from the lung and drain into the left atrium. 2: The umbilical vein is a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus. Only on the boys’ slides The Histology Of Blood Vessels o The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Retroaortic Left Renal Vein in a Female Cadaver
    This is “Advance Publication Article” Kurume Medical Journal, 64, 103-107, 2017 Case Report A Retroaortic Left Renal Vein in a Female Cadaver YOSHIKO FUJISHIMA, KOICHI WATANABE*, YOKO TABIRA*, JOE IWANAGA*,**, †, YUI ODO, TSUYOSHI SAGA*, R. SHANE TUBBS**, ‡ AND KOH-ICHI YAMAKI* Medical student, Kurume University School of Medicine, *Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011 Japan, **Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, 98122 United States, †Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan, ‡Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada. Received 4 October 2017, accepted 23 November 2017 J-STAGE advance publication 21 May 2018 Edited by TOSHI ABE Summary: We encountered a case of retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) during an anatomical dissection course at our medical school in 2017. The case was a female cadaver who was 88 years old at death. Six roots of the left renal vein (RV) arose from the hilus of the kidney and joined to form one left renal vein, crossed dorsal to the abdominal aorta (AA) at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, and then drained into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Two roots joined at the right renal hilus to become the right RV to then drain into the IVC at the level of the first lumbar vertebral body. The reported frequency of RLRV is approximately 2%. Embryologically, the normal anastomosis of the left and right sub-cardinal veins results in the left RV traveling on the ventral surface of the AA. However, in the case presented here, the left RV traveled on the dorsal side of the AA due to the anastomosis of the left and right supra-cardinal veins and regression of the anastomosis between the left and right sub-cardinal veins.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of an Aberrant Testicular Vein Draining the Right Kidney
    CASE REPORT Identification of an aberrant testicular vein draining the right kidney Randy Kulesza, Leah Labranche, Stephen Sweeney, Samantha Storti, Jonathan Kalmey Kulesza R, Labranche L, Sweeney S, et al. Identification of an aberrant testicular testicular veins. The medial two veins terminated by joining the IVC. The vein draining the right kidney. Int J Anat Var. 2018;11(1): 15-17. third, lateral testicular vein coursed superiorly and laterally, received a tributary from the lateral aspect of the right kidney, and then joined the right SUMMARY subcostal vein. Histological examination of the vein emerging from the lateral The Venous drainage of the testicles is asymmetric. The left testicular vein aspect of the kidney revealed this vessel penetrated beyond the renal capsule drains into the left renal vein while the right vein drains into the inferior into the renal cortex. Such a variation appears to be extremely rare, but has vena cava (IVC). However, this textbook pattern is commonly complicated clinical application in surgical approaches and might provide an additional by anatomical variations in the number of veins draining each testicle and route for metastasis of testicular cancer. their sites of termination. Herein, we describe a specimen with three right Key Words: Variant; Renal; Subcardinal vein INTRODUCTION penetrated the renal cortex (Figure 1B). A block of tissue including the vein was dissected from the kidney, processed for routine histology and stained evelopment of mature venous networks that serve the abdominal wall, with hematoxylin and eosin. Histological examination of the vein emerging Dkidneys, and gonads are complex and intimately intertwined. During from the lateral aspect of the kidney confirmed that this vessel extended embryogenesis there are a number of symmetric, longitudinally running well past the renal capsule, penetrating deep into the renal parenchyma.
    [Show full text]
  • Session I - Anterior Abdominal Wall - Rectus Sheath
    ABDOMEN Session I - Anterior abdominal wall - Rectus sheath Surface landmarks Dissection Costal margins- right & left S u p e r f i c i a l f a s c i a ( f a t t y l a y e r, Pubic symphysis, tubercle membranous layer) Anterior superior iliac spine External oblique muscle Iliac crest Superficial inguinal ring Umbilicus, linea semilunaris Linea alba Mid-inguinal point & Lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of lower intercostal nerves Midpoint of inguinal ligament Anterior wall of rectus sheath Transpyloric & transtubercular planes Rectus abdominis & pyramidalis Right & left lateral (vertical) planes Superior & inferior epigastric vessels Nine abdominal regions – right & left hypochondriac, epigastric, right & left Posterior wall, arcuate line lumbar, umbilical, right & left iliac fossae, Internal oblique & transversus abdominis hypogastric muscles Region of external genitalia (tenth region) Fascia transversalis Terms of common usage for regions in the abdomen — Self-study Abdomen proper, pelvis, perineum, loin, Attachments, nerve supply & actions of groin, flanks external oblique, internal oblique, t r a n s v e r s u s a b d o m i n i s , r e c t u s abdominis, pyramidalis Bones Formation, contents and applied Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx anatomy of rectus sheath Nerve supply, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of anterior abdominal wall ABDOMEN Session II - Inguinal Canal Dissection Self-study Aponeurosis of external oblique Boundaries of inguinal canal Superficial inguinal ring Contents of inguinal canal (in males and Inguinal
    [Show full text]
  • Persisting Subcardinal Vein Associated with Unilateral Ectopic Pelvic Kidney
    Case Report https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.19.071 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Persisting subcardinal vein associated with unilateral ectopic pelvic kidney Rajesh Bhargavan, Santhi Venkatapathy, Anandaramajayan Nallathambi Department of Anatomy, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India Abstract: Absence of left kidney was noted during routine anatomy dissection of a male cadaver of South Indian origin. On examination of the abdomen and pelvic cavities; an ovoid mass of tissue was found in the pelvis, anterolateral to the sacrum. Further dissection revealed the presence of an ectopic left side kidney. The ectopic kidney was lying inferior to the sigmoid colon and anterior to the bifurcation of left common iliac vessel. It was supplied by numerous aberrant vessels from the terminal part of abdominal aorta. One of the renal veins which drain the ectopic kidney was found to be persisting subcardinal vein and it is a novel finding. Such ectopic pelvic kidneys are susceptible to blunt trauma, iatrogenic injuries as well as pathologic manifestations. Key words: Ectopic pelvic kidney, Aberrant renal arteries, Subcardinal vein, Suprarenal gland Received March 25, 2019; Revised April 25, 2019; Accepted May 16, 2019 Introduction such association. In humans, metanephric kidney development begins at day Case Report 28 after fertilization, when the ureteric bud sprouts from the distal part of the mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct [1-3]. The Absence of left kidney was noticed during routine anatomy fetal metanephros-mesenchymal cells that originate from the dissection of a male cadaver of South Indian origin. On fur- intermediate mesoderm [3] is located at vertebral level S1– ther examination of the abdomen and pelvic cavities; an ovoid S2, whereas the definitive adult kidney is located at vertebral mass of tissue was found in the pelvis, covered with perito- level T12–L3.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Study of Incidence and Patterns of Adrenal Haemorrhage in All Death Cases”
    “THE STUDY OF INCIDENCE AND PATTERNS OF ADRENAL HAEMORRHAGE IN ALL DEATH CASES” Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of The requirements for the degree M.D. (Forensic Medicine) BRANCH- XV INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC MEDICINE MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE CHENNAI – 600003 THE TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 2015 - 2018 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled “THE STUDY OF INCIDENCE AND PATTERNS OF ADRENAL HAEMORRHAGE IN ALL DEATH CASES” has been carried out by Dr. G. AMRITHA SULTHANA, M.B.B.S, a Post Graduate student under my supervision and guidance for her study leading to Branch XV M. D. Degree in Forensic Medicine during the period of May-2015 to May-2018. Prof. Dr. R. Narayana Babu M.D., Prof. Dr. P. Parasakthi M.D., DEAN DIRECTOR AND PROFESSOR Madras Medical College & Institute of Forensic Medicine Rajiv Gandhi Govt. General Madras Medical College Hospital Chennai-3 Chennai-3 Date: Place: DECLARATION I, Dr. G. AMRITHA SULTHANA, solemnly declare that this dissertation entitled “THE STUDY OF INCIDENCE AND PATTERNS OF ADRENAL HAEMORRHAGE IN ALL DEATH CASES” is the bonafide work done by me under the expert guidance and supervision of Dr.P.Parasakthi, M.D., Professor and Director, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai–3.This dissertation is submitted to the Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University towards partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of M.D., Degree (Branch XV) in Forensic Medicine. Place: Dr. G.AMRITHA SULTHANA Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am greatly obliged to the Dean, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Terminal Bifurcation and Unusual Communication of Left Testicular Vein with the Left Suprarenal Vein
    Jornal Vascular Brasileiro ISSN: 1677-5449 [email protected] Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular Brasil Badagabettu Nayak, Satheesha; Aithal Padur, Ashwini; Kumar, Naveen; Reghunathan, Deepthinath Terminal bifurcation and unusual communication of left testicular vein with the left suprarenal vein Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, vol. 16, núm. 2, abril-junio, 2017, pp. 174-177 Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular São Paulo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=245052148013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative CASE REPORT Terminal bifurcation and unusual communication of left testicular vein with the left suprarenal vein Bifurcação terminal e comunicação atípica de veia testicular esquerda com veia suprarrenal esquerda 1 1 1 1 Satheesha Badagabettu Nayak , Ashwini Aithal Padur *, Naveen Kumar , Deepthinath Reghunathan Abstract Variations of the testicular veins are relevant in clinical cases of varicocele and in other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. We report herein on a unique variation of the left testicular vein observed in an adult male cadaver. The left testicular vein bifurcated to give rise to left and right branches which terminated by joining the left renal vein. There was also an oblique communication between the two branches of the left testicular vein. A slender communicating vein arose from the left branch of the left testicular vein and ascended upwards in front of the left renal vein and terminated into the left suprarenal vein.
    [Show full text]
  • 132 Supernumerary Right Renal Vein Draining Inferior
    Case Report SUPERNUMERARY RIGHT RENAL VEIN DRAINING INFERIOR TO THE MAIN RENAL VEIN: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Paul Bundi Karau Lecturer, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kenya Methodist University, P.O. BOX 267-60200, Meru. [email protected] ABSTRACT With recent increase in renal transplantations, renovascular reconstructions and imaging advances, meticulous knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the renal vasculature is important to avoid potential pitfalls. We report a case of an accessory renal vein arising from the right kidney, and draining into the inferior vena cava about 3.5 cm inferior to the right renal vein. It was a large vein, coursing at an acute angle from the renal hilum in the same direction as the ureter, and emptying into the inferior vena cava just proximal to its formation by the common iliac veins. The importance of this occurrence in surgery and therapeutics, as well as the embryological basis is reviewed. Key words: Renal veins, multiple INTRODUCTION The right kidney is commonly drained by Vaghela et al (2013) did not encounter any one renal vein which lies in front of the variations in the renal venous system. The renal artery and passes medially to drain incidence of variations is 0.8-6%, with most into the inferior vena cava. The right renal occurring on the right side (Sykes, 1963, vein is approximately 2.5 cm long, being a Williams et al., 1995). Three categories of third the length of the left renal vein, which variations have been observed in the renal courses anterior to the aorta to empty into venous system.
    [Show full text]
  • Veins of the Systemic Circulation
    O.L. ZHARIKOVA, L.D.CHAIKA VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Minsk BSMU 2020 0 МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ КАФЕДРА НОРМАЛЬНОЙ АНАТОМИИ О. Л. ЖАРИКОВА, Л.Д.ЧАЙКА ВЕНЫ БОЛЬШОГО КРУГА КРОВООБРАЩЕНИЯ VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION Учебно-методическое пособие Минск БГМУ 2018 1 УДК 611.14 (075.8) — 054.6 ББК 28.706я73 Ж34 Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом в качестве учебно-методического пособия 21.10.2020, протокол №12 Р е ц е н з е н т ы: каф. оперативной хирургии и топографической анатомии; кан- дидат медицинских наук, доцент В.А.Манулик; кандидат филологических наук, доцент М.Н. Петрова. Жарикова, О. Л. Ж34 Вены большого круга кровообращения = Veins of the systemic circulation : учебно-методическое пособие / О. Л. Жарикова, Л.Д.Чайка. — Минск : БГМУ, 2020. — 29 с. ISBN 978-985-21-0127-1. Содержит сведения о топографии и анастомозах венозных сосудов большого круга кровообраще- ния. Предназначено для студентов 1-го курса медицинского факультета иностранных учащихся, изучающих дисциплину «Анатомия человека» на английском языке. УДК 611.14 (075.8) — 054.6 ББК 28.706я73 ISBN 978-985-21-0127-1 © Жарикова О. Л., Чайка Л.Д., 2020 © УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет», 2020 2 INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and numerous blood and lymphatic vessels carrying blood and lymph. The major types of the blood ves- sels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries conduct blood away from the heart; they branch into smaller arteries and, finally, into their smallest branches — arterioles, which give rise to capillaries. The capillaries are the smallest vessels that serve for exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues.
    [Show full text]