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St. Valentine , S 50 ФЕВРАЛЬ 2019 ПЕРВАЯ МЕЖВУЗОВСКАЯ МЕЖШКОЛЬНАЯ МОЛОДЕЖНАЯ ГАЗЕТА В номере: ТРАДИЦИИ ПРАЗДНОВАНИЯ РОЖДЕСТВА В РОССИИ с. 2-3 Рождественские традиции (на английском языке) с. 4-6 ЧЕТЫРЕ РАССКАЗА «МОИ НОВОГОД- НИЕ КАНИКУЛЫ» с. 7-8 ПОГОВОРИМ О СВОБОДЕ (НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ) с. 11-12 , St. VALENTINE S DAY c.13 XIV МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ «ЯЗЫК И МИР» c. 15 «МОСТ-BRIDGE – St. Valentine,s Day МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ДИАЛОГ» с.16 February traditionally marks the transition from Winter to Spring, despite the fact is alleged that he wrote her a letter signed “From that we often feel the chill well into April, and the middle of this month many Western , your Valentine,” an expression that is still in use to- countries celebrate Love on St. Valentine s Day. So, what’s that all about? day. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends Valentine’s Day least three different saints named Valen- is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as a Every February 14, across the United tine or Valentinus, all of whom were mar- sympathetic, heroic and–most importantly–romantic States and in other places around the tyred. One legend contends that Valen- figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to this world, candy, flowers and gifts are ex- tine was a priest who served during the reputation, Valentine would become one of the most changed between loved ones, all in the third century in Rome. When Emperor popular saints in England and France. name of St. Valentine. But who is this Claudius II decided that single men made Продолжение на стр. 13 mysterious saint, and where did these better soldiers than those with wives and traditions come from? Find out about the families, he outlawed marriage for young history of this centuries-old holiday, from men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of ancient Roman rituals to the customs of the decree, defied Claudius and contin- r e e Victorian England. ued to perform marriages for young lov- v v ers in secret. When Valentine’s actions y t o a The Legend of St. Valentine were discovered, Claudius ordered that a n l The history of Valentine’s Day–and he be put to death. l d i e the story of its patron saint–is shrouded Other stories suggest that Valentine W y in mystery. We do know that February may have been killed for attempting to n has long been celebrated as a month of help Christians escape harsh Roman p t romance, and that St. Valentine’s Day, prisons, where they were often beaten p as we know it today, contains vestiges of and tortured. According to one legend, i a both Christian and ancient Roman tradi- an imprisoned Valentine actually sent n tion. But who was Saint Valentine, and the first “valentine” greeting himself after h e how did he become associated with this he fell in love with a young girl–possibly ancient rite? his jailor’s daughter–who visited him dur- The Catholic Church recognizes at ing his confinement. Before his death, it february 2 наши Традиции ТРАДИЦИИ ПРАЗДНОВАНИЯ РОЖДЕСТВА В РОССИИ Материал подготовлен ученицей 10 класса горианский календарь, введенный Анной Уткиной в XVI в. и ведший летоисчисление «от Рождества Христова». Поэто- СЕГОДНЯ НОВЫЙ ГОД И РОЖДЕСТВО - ЭТО му в русских дореволюционных га- ПРИВЫЧНЫЕ РАДОСТНЫЕ ПРАЗДНИКИ, зетах на первой странице ставили ЛОГИЧНОЕ КАЛЕНДАРНОЕ ОКОНЧАНИЕ две даты: русскую – по юлианско- ОДНОГО ОТРЕЗКА ЖИЗНИ И НАЧАЛО ДРУ- му календарю и европейскую – по ГОГО, БОЛЕЕ УДАЧНОГО. ОДНАКО СЕГОД- григорианскому. Переход в России НЯ ПРАЗДНОВАНИЕ РОЖДЕСТВА И НОВОГО на григорианский календарь прои- ГОДА СУЩЕСТВЕННО ОТЛИЧАЕТСЯ ОТ ВОС- зошел только в январе 1918 года. ПРИЯТИЯ ЭТИХ ПРАЗДНИКОВ В ДОРЕВО- При этом все церковные праздники ЛЮЦИОННОЙ РОССИИ. по сей день продолжают отсчиты- ваться по юлианскому календарю. Поэтому в нашу жизнь таких открыток была довольно высока, и поэто- прочно вошло чисто русское, му к ним относились очень бережно. Многие странное понятие «старый Новый даже обращались к каллиграфам, чтобы ничто год». не могло омрачить их рождественское поздрав- Традиция шумного празднова- ление. Тематика новогодних и рождественских ния Рождества и Нового года су- открыток в дореволюционной России была раз- ществовала на Руси издавна. При нообразна. На них изображали детей, ангелов, Петре I, «по-немецкому» образцу, библейских персонажей, животных и даже сол- в атрибутику праздника вошли дат Первой мировой войны. еловые ветки, которыми украша- лись дома и кабаки. РОЖДЕСТВЕНСКИЕ ТРАДИЦИИ А традицию украшать новогод- Празднование Рождества также сопрово- нюю (в те времена рождествен- ждалось пышным ужином и игрой в лото, на скую) ёлку принесла в 1817 году в которой разыгрывались разнообразные доро- Российскую империю из Германии гие подарки. Но до всеобщего веселья, рожде- императрица Александра Фёдо- ственские праздники начинались со всенощ- ровна, жена Николая І. На ёлке, ной службы в малой дворцовой церкви. чтобы она была по-настоящему Простые жители также переняли традицию волшебной, зажигались свечи. украшения ёлок. И, что было очень важным, Рождественская ёлка также чтоб сделать детям сюрприз, родители всегда украшалась позолоченными и по- украшали ёлку в их отсутствие. Поздравления серебренными фруктами и елоч- сочиняли, как правило, в стихотворной форме, ными украшениями. Стоит отме- после чего вручались подарки. Трапеза в день тить, что, помимо отдельных ёлок перед Рождеством была лишь одна – ужин. Все для подарков и пушистой красави- собирались у стола с первой звездой. Празд- цы в Большом Дворцовом зале, нование сопровождалось зажиганием бенгаль- для каждого из членов император- ских огней, хлопаньем хлопушек и хороводами ской семьи также стояла своя соб- вокруг ёлки. Также было принято приглашать ственная ёлка в покоях. Но даже в в гости одиноких знакомых, так как считалось, царской семье подарки были до- что никто не должен быть на Рождество оди- вольно скромны – всевозможные нок. игрушки и сладости. Как известно, перенос начала календарного ХОРОВОД ВОКРУГ ЁЛКИ года на 1 января произошел по указу Петра I в ПОЗДРАВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ОТКРЫТКИ Хотя на празднование Рождества царская декабре 1699 г., когда на смену древнеславян- Еще одним важным атрибутом празднова- семья приглашала самую приближенную к скому календарю с точкой отсчета летоисчис- ния Рождества стали поздравительные открыт- себе знать, что всё равно составляло немалое ления «от сотворения мира» пришел юлиан- ки. Традиция дарить к Рождеству красочные количество людей, этот праздник считался сре- ский календарь. При этом надо заметить, что в открытки родилась в Англии в конце IX века. ди них семейным. А вот простой люд отмечал Европе в это время уже прочно утвердился гри- В России первая поздравительная открытка его больше в стиле народных гуляний. Было появилась в 1897 году. По тем временам цена распространено хождение ряженых с разноо- 3 наши Традиции Из полузерна - пирог. чали всем миром, переходя из хаты в хату, но Наделил бы вас Господь и в городах рождественские гулянья славились И житьем, и бытьем, размахом. Простой люд веселился на площа- И богатством... дях, где устанавливали балаганчики, карусели, Колядовать начинали с рожде- рынки, чайные. Купцы катались на тройках. ственского сочельника. Молодежь Доброй традицией на Рождество было так- надевала самодельные маски, бо- же посещение болящих, щедрая милостыня роды из льна и шутливые костюмы, узникам со своего стола. Христиане делились состоящие из самых худых зипу- рождественской радостью с бедными и убоги- нов, вывороченных шерстью нару- ми, памятуя о том, что Христос пришел на зем- жу. Обычно четверо парней несли лю не в царские чертоги, а в простые ясли. И чучело кобылы, связанное из со- первыми Его приветствовали бедные пастухи. ломы. Верхом на “кобылу” сажали мальчика-подростка, одетого в ко- РОЖДЕСТВЕНСКИЕ ПРИМЕТЫ стюм горбатого старичка с предлин- И в заключение мы расскажем о некоторых ной бородой. Коляду, как правило, рождественских приметах. изображал ряженый в образе коз- Когда Рождество приходилось на воскресе- ла. Рядились также в коня, корову нье, то ждали обильного и урожайного лета, а и других животных, воплощавших если на понедельник, тоже неплохо – жди до- плодородие. Шумной веселой ва- брой зимы и мокрой весны – всё равно к уро- тагой парни и девушки врывались жаю. Тёплый день на Рождество к богатому в дома, пели, плясали, предлагали урожаю, таяние снега и капель – к урожаю гре- погадать. Хозяевам полагалось не чихи, а метель – пчёлы роиться будут. Как ви- отпускать гостей без подарков и дим, всё опять к прибыли и доходам. И к тому угощения. За что ряженые сулили же – звёздное небо, означающее, что скот бу- им полное благополучие и счастье. дет плодиться, и будет богатый урожай ягод. Скупым, которые ничего не дава- Запрещающие приметы тоже были, и за их ли, могли пропеть и такое: нарушение могли строго наказывать, особенно Коляда, коляда, в крестьянских семьях. Например, нельзя было Уродилась коляда! именно в Рождество надевать чистую рубаш- Кто подает пирога - ку – к неурожаю; шить и вышивать – к слепоте; бразными народными песнями и стихами, бо- Тому двор живота, охотиться на зверей – к несчастью, можно за- лее известное сейчас как колядование. Суще- Еще мелкой скотинки мёрзнуть в лесу. Вообще в Рождество запре- ствует версия, что слово “колядки” произошло Числа бы вам не знать! щались все работы по хозяйству, а приветство- от слова “календы”, которым римляне называ- А кто не дает ни вались добрые помыслы и дела. ли начало нового года. Коляда - славянский ми- копейки - Рождество всегда считалось в России до- фологический персонаж, связанный с началом Завалим лазейки, машним праздником, спокойным и тихим. За весеннего солнечного цикла, “бог торжеств и Кто не дает лепешки - праздничным столом собиралась только се- мира”, по словам историка Н. М. Карамзина. Завалим окошки, мья, друзья и близкие родственники: много го- Обряды колядок были направлены на то, что- Кто не дает пирога - стей не приглашали. бы рос хлеб и плодился скот, чтобы в доме был Сведем корову за рога, Хочется пожелать всем. Пусть этот празд- достаток, в семье - счастье, но прежде всего - Кто не даст хлеба - ник в кругу семьи и близких людей будет для чтобы не прекратилась жизнь. Об этом пелось Уведем деда, вас светлым и радостным. и в колядных песнях: Кто не даст ветчины - Счастливого Рождества! ..
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