CLINICAL INQUIRIES From the Family Practice Inquiries Network

Are self-exams or clinical exams effective for screening ? Sean Gaskie, MD Sutter Family Practice Residency Program, University of California, San Francisco Joan Nashelsky, MLS Family Physicians Inquiries Network

EVIDENCE- BASED ANSWER Breast self-examination has little or no impact [RCTs]). Clinical breast examination is an important on breast cancer mortality and cannot be means of averting some deaths from breast cancer, recommended for cancer screening (strength of but demands careful attention to technique and recommendation [SOR]: A, based on a systematic thoroughness (SOR: B, extrapolating from a review of high-quality randomized, controlled trials high-quality RCT).

CLINICAL COMMENTARY We might better serve our patients by improving their look and feel in order to recognize our examination skills than by urging self-exams and report any anomalies. But we might better We should inform women who choose to practice serve our patients by improving our clinical breast self-examination that they run a higher risk breast examination skills than by urging them of having a breast that does not reveal a to perform regular self-exams; clinicians who cancer and that it is not known whether self- spend 3 minutes per breast and use proper examination reduces a woman's chance of dying technique (vertical strip search pattern, from breast cancer.1 is neither thoroughness, varying palpation pressure, perfectly sensitive nor universally available, and 3 fingers, circular motion, finger pads) have many women detect breast cancer themselves; significantly better sensitivity and specificity it remains important for women to know how than those who do not.2

■ Evidence summary as a patient-centered, inexpensive, non- Breast cancer is the second leading cause invasive procedure that empowers women of cancer death among American women; and is universally available. However, a 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with recent Cochrane review found no evidence breast cancer in her lifetime, and 1 in 30 of benefit from self-screening. will die of it.3 and Two large RCTs, conducted in St mammography have become almost Petersburg, Russia (122,471 women) and synonymous. But physical examinations Shanghai, China (266,064 women), by clinicians or women themselves were found. Both studies used cluster remain important methods of screening to randomization (by worksite) and involved consider. large numbers of women who were Breast self-examination is appealing meticulously trained in proper breast

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self-examination technique and had exams,6 and women who choose to do numerous reinforcement sessions. Study self-examination should receive instruc- compliance and follow-up were excellent. tion and have their technique reviewed Outcomes assessment was explicitly during periodic health examinations; it blinded in the Shanghai study. Neither is acceptable for women to choose not trial demonstrated a reduction in breast to do self-examinations. The American cancer mortality or improvement in the Academy of Family Physicians concludes number or stage of cancers detected that the evidence is insufficient to during 9 to 11 years of follow-up, but recommend for or against breast self- there is evidence for harm: a nearly 2-fold examination.9 The American College of increase in false-positive results, physician Obstetricians and Gynecologists recom- visits, and for benign disease.4 mends both.10 No trials comparing screening clinical breast examinations alone to no screening REFERENCES have been reported, but good indirect 1. Thomas DB, Gao DL, Ray RM, et al. Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: final results. evidence of efficacy comes from the J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1445–1457. results of the Canadian National Breast 2. Barton MB, Harris R, Fletcher SW. Th erational clinical Screening Study-2 (CNBSS-2).5 A total of examination. Does this patient have breast cancer? The screening clinical breast examination: Should it be 39,405 women aged 50 to 59 years were done? How? JAMA 1999; 282:1270–1280. randomized to screening with clinical 3. Humphrey LL, Helfand M, Chan BKS, Woolf SH. Breast cancer screening: a summary of the evidence for the exams plus mammography or clinical US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med exams alone. Other large RCTs have 2002; 137:347–360. 4. Kosters JP, Gotzsche PC. Regular self-examination or shown a consistent benefit to mammo- clinical examination for early detection of breast can- graphy screening for women of this age cer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2):CD003373. (in-depth independent reviews of recent 5. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a random- criticism of the trials have concluded that ized trial in women aged 50-59 years. J Natl Cancer their flaws do not negate mammogra- Inst 2000; 92:1490–1499. 6. Elmore JG, Armstrong K, Lehman CD, Fletcher SW. phy’s efficacy in reducing breast cancer Screening for breast cancer. JAMA 2005; FAST TRACK mortality).3,6 The CNBSS-2 trial showed 293:1245–1256. no mortality advantage when mammo- 7. Baxter N; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Clinicians who Care. Preventive health care, 2001 update: Should graphy was added to an annual, women be routinely taught breast self-examination to spend 3 minutes standardized 10- to 15-minute breast screen for breast cancer? CMAJ 2001; 164:1837–1846. 8. Smith RA, Saslow D, Sawyer KA, et al. American per breast and use examination, implying that careful, Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: proper technique detailed, annual clinical breast examina- update 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53:141–169. tions may be as effective as a mammo- 9. American Academy of Family Physicians. Summary of Policy Recommendations for Periodic Health have better 3 graphy screening program. Examinations. Revision 5.6, August 2004. Leawood, sensitivity and Kansas: AAFP; 2004. 10. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. specificity than Recommendations from others Breast cancer screening. ACOG practice bulletin No. those who do not The US Preventive Services Task Force 42). Washington, DC: ACOG, 2003. found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine clinical exams alone to screen for breast cancer, or to recom- mend for or against teaching or perform- ing routine breast self-examination.3 The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Services recommends against teaching self-examination to women aged 40 to 69 years due to “fair evidence of no benefit and good evidence of harm.”7,8 The American Cancer Society contin- ues to recommend periodic clinical

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