OIL AND NATURAL GAS
CORPORATION LIMITED
Draft EIA/EMP and RA/DMP for Drilling of Exploratory wells in 23 Blocks of Western Onshore Basin, Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat Districts of Gujarat
JUNE 2013
Kadam Environmental Consultants www.kadamenviro.com
Environment f or Development EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED
Draft EIA/EMP and RA/DMP for Drilling of Exploratory Wells in 23 Blocks of Western Onshore Basin in Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat Districts of Gujarat © Kadam Environmental Consultants (‘Kadam’), June 2013
This report is released for the use of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, regulators and relevant stakeholders solely as part of the subject project’s Environmental Clearance process. Information provided (unless attributed to referenced third parties) is otherwise copyrighted and shall not be used for any other purpose without the written consent of Kadam.
QUALITY CONTROL M/s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited: Draft EIA/EMP and RA/DMP for Drilling of Name of Exploratory Wells in 23 Blocks of Western Onshore Basin in Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat Publication Districts of Gujarat Project Number 1212340206 Report No. 1 Version 1 Released June, 2013
DISCLAIMER Kadam has taken all reasonable precautions in the preparation of this report as per its auditable quality plan. Kadam also believes that the facts presented in the report are accurate as on the date it was written. However, it is impossible to dismiss absolutely, the possibility of errors or omissions. Kadam therefore specifically disclaims any liability resulting from the use or application of the information contained in this report. The information is not intended to serve as legal advice related to the individual situation.
Cover page from top left
Dhadhar River in the Study Area, Temple at Kayavarohan, Cattle Egret in the Study Area, Railway line in the Study Area
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION BY EXPERTS CONTRIBUTING TO THIS REPORT
“I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed this Report”.
EIA Sector Number Name of Sector Offshore and onshore oil and gas exploration, 2 as per NABET as per NABET development and production
EIA COORDINATOR
Name Sameer Kadam Period of involvement From: December 2012 – Ongoing Address: 871/B/3, GIDC Makarpura, Mobile No: +91 7698099111 Contact Information Vadodara, Gujarat - 390010 Landline No.: +91-265-3001-003 Project Co ordinator Jayesh Makwana (Team Member)
FUNCTIONAL AREA EXPERTS
Name of the Functional Areas Involvement (Period & Task**) Expert Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Air Pollution Tasks: Monitoring & Control Site visit, finalization of monitoring locations, checking air quality Sameer Kadam (AP) and Air Quality data, evaluation of results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (FAE) Modeling and (AAQM), supervision of air quality modeling and prediction, Prediction (AQ) identification of impacts, suggestion and finalization of mitigation measures with client, and contribution to EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Landuse (LU) Jessica Karia (FAE) Development of landuse maps of study area using GIS / related tools, site visit for ground truth survey, finalization of landuse maps, contribution to EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Site Visit, Finalization of sampling locations for surface water Sameer Kadam Water Pollution (WP) sampling, water balance for the project, evaluation of water (FAE) pollution control management, identification of impacts, suggestion and finalization of mitigation measures, contribution to EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Solid and Hazardous Tasks: Sameer Kadam Waste Management Identification of waste generated from the industry, studying (FAE) (SHW) adequacy of mitigation measures for management of hazardous waste, contribution to the EIA documentation
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Name of the Functional Areas Involvement (Period & Task**) Expert Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Solid and Hazardous Harsh Yadav Assistance in Identifying solid and Hazardous generated during Waste Management (AFAE) drilling activities, Site visit at existing drilling site to identify waste, (SHW) identifying impacts and measures for management of hazardous waste Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Risk and Hazards Jitixa Upadhyay Tasks: (RH) (FAE) Coordinating safety studies Developing & interpreting consequence contours Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Risk and Hazards Harsh Yadav Collecting data for RH studies through site visits and interaction (RH) (AFAE) with client Developing & interpreting consequence contours, suggesting mitigation measures Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Hydrogeology and Pradeep Pofali Understanding and representing groundwater conditions, Water Conservation (FAE) finalization of groundwater sampling locations, finalization of (HG) survey findings, identification of impacts, suggestion of mitigation measures and contribution to the EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: N. Madhukara Geology (GEO) Geology and geomorphologic analysis based on secondary data (FAE) Finalization of soil sampling locations, analysis of the data collected, contribution to EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Socio-Economics Dr. C N Ray Tasks: (SE) (FAE) Site Visit/ Field Survey, Assessment of the possible changes to socio-economic issues arising out of the proposed project activity Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Tasks: Socio-Economics Anil Vishwakarma Site Visit/ Field Survey, Primary data collection, (SE) (FAE- Category B) evaluation of Socio–Economic status of the study area, assessment of the possible changes to socio-economic issues arising out of the proposed project activity, contribution to the EIA documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Ecology and Bio- Dr. Manoj Eledath Tasks: diversity (FAE) Site Visit, Supervision of work done by Deputy FAE, finalization of Conservation (EB) survey findings and contribution to the FAE documentation Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Ecology and Bio- Mitali Khuman Tasks: diversity (AFAE) Site Visit, analysis of Biological Samples, Contribution to FAE Conservation (EB) documentation
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Name of the Functional Areas Involvement (Period & Task**) Expert Period of Involvement: December 2012- ongoing Noise and Vibration Chintan Athalye Tasks: (NV) (FAE) Analysis of data, noise modeling, identification of impacts and mitigation measures, and contribution to EIA documentation
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CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 19
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 19 1.1.1 About ONGC ...... 19 1.1.2 About 23 Blocks ...... 19 1.1.3 Regulatory Framework ...... 20 1.1.4 Project Chronology till Date ...... 20 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 20 1.2.1 Location of the Project ...... 20 1.2.2 The Drilling Process ...... 20 1.2.3 Workforce Management ...... 21 1.2.4 Power Requirement ...... 21 1.2.5 Water Requirement ...... 21 1.2.6 Waste Water Generation ...... 21 1.2.7 Air Emissions...... 21 1.2.8 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management ...... 22 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 22 1.3.1 Study Area ...... 22 1.3.2 Landuse of the Study Area ...... 22 1.3.3 Climatology ...... 23 1.3.4 Ambient Air ...... 24 1.3.5 Noise ...... 26 1.3.6 Soil ...... 27 1.3.7 Surface Water Quality ...... 28 1.3.8 Groundwater Quality ...... 31 1.3.9 Biological Environment ...... 32 1.3.10 Social Environment ...... 36 1.4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION ...... 37 1.4.1 Ambient Air ...... 37 1.4.2 Noise Environment ...... 38 1.4.3 Surface Water /Ground water ...... 39 1.4.4 Land ...... 40 1.4.5 Soil ...... 40 1.4.6 Socio Economic ...... 41 1.4.7 Flora and Fauna ...... 41 1.4.8 Occupational Health and Risks to Surrounding community ...... 41 1.5 ADDITIONAL STUDIES ...... 42 1.5.1 Consequence Assessment Due to HSD Spillage / Ignition ...... 42 1.5.2 Disaster Management Plan ...... 42 1.6 PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 43 1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 43 1.7.1 Expenditure on Environmental Matters ...... 43
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1.7.2 Environmental Mitigation ...... 43 1.7.3 Environmental Monitoring ...... 44 1.8 CONCLUSIONS ...... 44
2 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 45
2.1 ABOUT OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED...... 45 2.2 ABOUT THE 23 BLOCKS AND PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 45 2.3 LOCATION OF PROJECT ...... 45 2.3.1 Proposed Project ...... 46 2.3.2 Approach to Site ...... 46 2.4 ABOUT THE EIA REPORT ...... 47 2.4.1 Regulatory Framework ...... 47 2.4.2 Project Chronology ...... 48 2.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ...... 48 2.6 METHODOLOGY ...... 49 2.6.1 Objective 1: Describing / Assessing Baseline Environmental and Socio – Economic Conditions ...... 49 2.6.2 Objective 2: Describing/ Assessing the Project ...... 50 2.6.3 Objective 3: Understanding Project Impacts on Environment, Ecology, Workers and Community ...... 51 2.6.4 Objective 4: Mitigation Measures ...... 51 2.6.5 Objective 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Formulation ...... 52 2.7 NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY AND REGION ...... 52 2.7.1 Reserves ...... 54 2.7.2 Consumption ...... 54 2.7.3 Production ...... 54 2.7.4 Net Imports ...... 54 2.7.5 Synopsis of the above Discussion – Importance of the project to the Company .... 54 2.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 54
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 60
3.1 DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY WELLS ...... 60 3.1.1 Overview ...... 60 3.1.2 Drilling Site Selection ...... 60 3.1.3 Site Clearance ...... 60 3.1.4 Access and Transport ...... 61 3.1.5 Drilling Site Layout ...... 61 3.1.6 Drilling and Testing Operation at Well Site ...... 65 3.1.7 Workforce Arrangements ...... 68 3.1.8 Power Requirements ...... 68 3.1.9 Water Requirement ...... 68 3.1.10 Air Emissions...... 69 3.1.11 Noise Generation ...... 70 3.1.12 Safety and Environment ...... 70
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3.1.13 Abandonment of Operations ...... 71 3.2 COST OF THE PROJECT ...... 71
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 72
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 72 4.2 METHODOLOGY ...... 72 4.2.1 Study Area Included in Environmental Setting ...... 72 4.2.2 Primary Data Collection by Environmental Monitoring ...... 72 4.2.3 Secondary Data Collection ...... 72 4.3 LAND USE ...... 72 4.3.1 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover ...... 72 4.3.2 Landuse Classification Synopsis ...... 76 4.3.3 Study Methodology ...... 77 4.3.4 Landuse Pattern Studies ...... 77 4.3.5 Land use and Land Cover Pattern of Study Area ...... 78 4.3.6 Class wise Area Statistics ...... 82 4.3.7 Final Map Preparation ...... 82 4.3.8 Important Features within the Study Area ...... 85 4.3.9 Major Water Bodies in Study Area ...... 86 4.3.10 Archeological Sites within Study Area ...... 86 4.4 METEOROLOGY ...... 86 4.4.1 Long Term Meteorology – Vadodara District ...... 86 4.4.2 Site Specific Meteorology – Vadodara District ...... 88 4.4.3 Baseline Meteorological Data - Vadodara District ...... 89 4.4.4 Long Term Meteorology – Bharuch District ...... 92 4.4.5 Site Specific Meteorology – Bharuch District ...... 93 4.4.6 Baseline Meteorological Data – Bharuch District ...... 94 4.4.7 Long Term Meteorology – Surat District ...... 97 4.4.8 Site Specific Meteorology – Surat District ...... 98 4.4.9 Baseline Meteorological Data – Surat District ...... 99 4.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ...... 102 4.5.1 Season and Period for Monitoring ...... 102 4.5.2 Selected Sampling Stations ...... 102 4.5.3 Sampling Frequency ...... 105 4.5.4 Parameters Monitored and Methods Used ...... 105 4.5.5 Result of Ambient Air Monitoring ...... 106 4.6 NOISE AND VIBRATION ...... 110 4.6.1 Season and Period for Monitoring ...... 111 4.6.2 Noise Sampling and Analysis Methodology ...... 111 4.6.3 Noise Level Sampling Locations ...... 111 4.6.4 Noise Level Results ...... 113 4.6.5 Vibration ...... 115 4.7 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ...... 115 4.7.1 Topography ...... 115
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4.7.2 Geology ...... 116 4.7.3 Seismicity ...... 122 4.8 SOIL ...... 123 4.8.1 Regional Soil Profile ...... 124 4.8.2 Methodology of Soil Sampling ...... 127 4.8.3 Soil Sampling Locations ...... 128 4.8.4 Sampling and Analysis Methodology ...... 129 4.8.5 Quality of Soil ...... 133 4.9 HYDROLOGY AND GROUNDWATER ...... 133 4.9.1 Hydrology ...... 133 4.9.2 Groundwater ...... 152 4.10 ECOLOGY AND BIO-DIVERSITY ...... 164 4.10.1 Introduction ...... 164 4.10.2 Period of the Study and Study area ...... 166 4.10.3 Methodology ...... 166 4.10.4 Aquatic Eco System of Study Area ...... 166 4.10.5 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Vadodara District ...... 167 4.10.6 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Bharuch District ...... 175 4.10.7 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Surat District ...... 182 4.10.8 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Vadodara District ...... 190 4.10.9 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Bharuch District ...... 197 4.10.10 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Surat District ...... 201 4.10.11 Aquatic Ecology Vadodara District ...... 206 4.10.12 Aquatic Ecology Bharuch District ...... 208 4.10.13 Aquatic Ecology Surat District ...... 212 4.11 SOCIO-ECONOMICS ...... 215 4.11.1 Study Methodology Adopted ...... 215 4.11.2 Social Profile ...... 215 4.11.3 Economic Profile ...... 236 4.11.4 Infrastructure Development ...... 237 4.11.5 Cultural Profile ...... 238
5 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 240
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 240 5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 240 5.2.1 Key Definitions ...... 240 5.2.2 Identification of Impacts ...... 240 5.2.3 Component Wise Environment Risk Assessment and Mitigation ...... 241 5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 249 5.4 AIR ENVIRONMENT ...... 255 5.4.1 Diesel Engines / Generators Sets ...... 256 5.4.2 Fugitive Emissions ...... 257 5.4.3 Flaring ...... 257 5.4.4 Emission from Vehicle /Machinery ...... 258
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5.4.5 Blowouts ...... 258 5.4.6 Mitigation Measures ...... 258 5.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT ...... 259 5.5.1 Noise from drilling rig ...... 259 5.5.2 Noise from Machinery/ Equipment ...... 260 5.5.3 Noise from vehicle / traffic ...... 260 5.5.4 Assessment of noise levels using Model ...... 260 5.5.5 Mitigation Measure ...... 263 5.6 HYDROLOGY ...... 264 5.6.1 Impact on water resources ...... 264 5.6.2 Impact on Water Quality ...... 264 5.6.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 265 5.7 GROUND WATER ...... 266 5.7.1 Effect on Ground water regime ...... 266 5.7.2 Contamination of Subsurface Groundwater ...... 266 5.7.3 Mitigation Measure ...... 266 5.8 LAND ENVIRONMENT ...... 267 5.8.1 Impact on land Environment during Site preparation ...... 267 5.8.2 During Drilling Operation ...... 267 5.8.3 Mitigation Measures ...... 267 5.9 SOIL QUALITY ...... 269 5.9.1 Topsoil Contamination ...... 269 5.9.2 Compaction of Soil ...... 269 5.9.3 Soil Contamination ...... 269 5.9.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 270 5.10 SOCIO- ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 271 5.10.1 Mitigation Measures ...... 272 5.11 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY ...... 273 5.11.1 Mitigation Measures ...... 273 5.12 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND RISK TO SURROUNDING COMMUNITY ...... 274 5.12.1 Risk and Hazards ...... 274 5.12.2 Hazard Identification ...... 274 5.12.3 Event Classification and Modes of Failure ...... 275 5.12.4 MCLS Selected for Consequence Assessment ...... 276 5.12.5 Consequence Analysis ...... 278 5.12.6 Consequence of Containment Failure and release of Material into Environment ... 278 5.12.7 Release of HSD ...... 279 5.12.8 Safety Consideration while Installation of Drilling Site Facilities ...... 281 5.12.9 Mitigation Measures ...... 282 5.13 LAND SUBSIDENCE DUE TO EXPLORATION OF OIL & GAS ...... 283
6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 285
6.1 ALTERNATIVE DRILLING LOCATIONS ...... 285 6.2 ALTERNATIVE DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES ...... 285
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6.3 ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES ...... 285 6.4 ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS ...... 285
7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES ...... 286
7.1 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 286 7.1.1 Objective of DMP ...... 286 7.1.2 Disaster management Plan: Structure ...... 286 7.1.3 Types of Anticipated Hazard ...... 287
8 PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 295
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 296
9.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 296 9.1.1 Purpose of the Environmental Management Plan ...... 296 9.1.2 Role of ONGC and its Contractor ...... 296 9.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 302 9.2.1 Objectives ...... 302 9.2.2 Classification of Waste ...... 302 9.2.3 Disposal Options ...... 302 9.2.4 Waste Reduction ...... 303 9.2.5 Special Concern ...... 303 9.3 SITE RESTORATION PLAN ...... 303 9.4 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMME ...... 303 9.4.1 Social Management ...... 304 9.4.2 Noise Management ...... 305 9.4.3 Management to Arrest Chemicals & Petroleum Products Spillage and Gas release 306 9.4.4 Starage and Handling of Material and Spoils ...... 307 9.4.5 Identification and Compliance with Legislative Requirements ...... 307 9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 309 9.6 PROJECT EXPENDITURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL MATTER ...... 314
10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 315
10.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT ...... 315 10.2 CONCLUSION ...... 316
11 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ...... 317
11.1 BRIEF RESUME AND NATURE OF CONSULTANCY RENDERED BY KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS ...... 317 11.2 EIA TEAM MEMBERS ...... 318
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Area Statistics of Identified Landuse / Landcover Categories in the Study Area ...... 23 Table 1-2: Ambient Air Sampling Locations ...... 25 Table 1-3: Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 26 Table 1-4: Soil Sampling Locations ...... 27 Table 1-5: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Ponds and Canals) ...... 28 Table 1-6: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Coastal Samples) ...... 29 Table 1-7: Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples)...... 30 Table 1-8: Groundwater Sampling Locations ...... 31 Table 2-1: Taluka and Districts of the Mining Lease and No of proposed wells ...... 46 Table 2-2: Methods Used for Impact Identification and Prediction ...... 51 Table 2-3: Petroleum Goods – Reserves, Consumption, Production and Imports ...... 53 Table 2-4: Compliance Statement of Terms of Reference ...... 55 Table 3-1: Chemical Used for Water Based Mud Preparation ...... 66 Table 3-2: Water Requirement ...... 68 Table 4-1: Synopsis of Landuse/ Land cover Classification used for the Project ...... 76 Table 4-2: Land use /Land Cover Pattern of the Study Area ...... 78 Table 4-3: Area Statistics for Land use/Land Cover Categories in Study Area ...... 82 Table 4-4: Important Features in the Study Area ...... 85 Table 4-5: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Vadodara ...... 87 Table 4-6: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Vadodara (1961-1990) ...... 88 Table 4-7: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data ...... 88 Table 4-8: Mean Meteorological Data for Winter Season 2012 – 13 (Vadodara District) ...... 89 Table 4-9: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Bharuch...... 92 Table 4-10: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Broach (Bharuch) (1961-1990) ...... 93 Table 4-11: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data ...... 94 Table 4-12: Mean Meteorological Data for winter season 2012-13 (Bharuch District) ...... 95 Table 4-13: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Surat ...... 97 Table 4-14: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Surat (1961-1990) ...... 98 Table 4-15: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data ...... 99 Table 4-16: Mean Meteorological Data for winter season 2012-13 (Surat District) ...... 100 Table 4-17: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location Details ...... 102
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Table 4-18: Methodology of Ambient Air Monitoring...... 105 Table 4-19: Ambient Air Monitoring Results ...... 106 Table 4-20: Monitoring Methodology of noise ...... 111 Table 4-21: Noise Level Sampling Locations ...... 111 Table 4-22: Noise Level Readings ...... 113 Table 4-23: General Succession of Vadodara District ...... 116 Table 4-24: General Succession of Bharuch District ...... 118 Table 4-25: General Succession Surat District ...... 120 Table 4-26: Surface Soil Sampling Locations ...... 128 Table 4-27: Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring ...... 129 Table 4-28: Soil Analysis Results ...... 131 Table 4-29: Soil Analysis Results ...... 132 Table 4-30: Analysis Methodology of Ground Water, Surface Water ...... 133 Table 4-31: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Ponds & Canal) ...... 137 Table 4-32: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Marine Samples) ...... 137 Table 4-33: Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples) ...... 138 Table 4-34: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Ponds and Canal) ...... 139 Table 4-35: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Ponds and Canal) ...... 141 Table 4-36: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Marine Samples) ...... 144 Table 4-37: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Marine Samples) ...... 146 Table 4-38: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (River Water) ...... 150 Table 4-39: Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations ...... 153 Table 4-40: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples ...... 155 Table 4-41: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples ...... 158 Table 4-42: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples ...... 161 Table 4-43: List of Trees in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 168 Table 4-44: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 170 Table 4-45: List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 171 Table 4-46: List of Climbers in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 174 Table 4-47: List of Trees in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 176 Table 4-48: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 178 Table 4-49: List of Herbs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 179
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Table 4-50: List of Herbs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 181 Table 4-51: List of Trees in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 183 Table 4-52: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 185 Table 4-53: List of Herbaceous Species Observed in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 187 Table 4-54: List of Climbers Observed in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 188 Table 4-55: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status (Vadodara District) 190 Table 4-56: Butterflies in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 193 Table 4-57: Reptiles in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 194 Table 4-58: Mammals in the Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 194 Table 4-59: Threatened and Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Vadodara District ...... 195
Table 4-60: Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in Study Area (Vadodara District) ...... 195 Table 4-61: Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Bharuch District ...... 197 Table 4-62: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status (Bharuch District) .. 197 Table 4-63: Butterflies in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 200 Table 4-64: Reptiles in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 200 Table 4-65: Mammals in the Study Area (Bharuch District) ...... 200 Table 4-66: Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Surat District ...... 202
Table 4-67: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its Distribution and Migratory status (Surat District) ...... 202 Table 4-68: Butterflies in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 204 Table 4-69: Reptiles in the Study Area (Surat District) ...... 204 Table 4-70: Mammals in the Buffer Zone (Surat District) ...... 204 Table 4-71: Details of Sampling Location (Vadodara District) ...... 207 Table 4-72: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x 103/lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Vadodara District) 207 Table 4-73: Diversity of Phytoplankton across Sampling Location (Vadodara District) ...... 207 Table 4-74: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Vadodara District) ...... 208 Table 4-75: Diversity of Zooplankton across Sampling Location (Vadodara District) ...... 208
Table 4-76: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Vadodara District) ...... 208 Table 4-77: Details of Sampling Location (Bharuch District) ...... 210 Table 4-78: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x 103/lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Bharuch District) .. 210 Table 4-79: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Bharuch District) ...... 211
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Table 4-80: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Bharuch District) ...... 211 Table 4-81: Sub Tidal Benthic Diversity Index (Bharuch District) ...... 211 Table 4-82: Details of Sampling Location (Surat District) ...... 213 Table 4-83: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) ...... 213 Table 4-84: Diversity of Phytoplankton Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) ...... 214 Table 4-85: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Surat District) ...... 214 Table 4-86: Diversity of Zooplankton Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) ...... 214
Table 4-87: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Surat District) ...... 214 Table 4-88: List of Villages, Population and Households in the Study Area ...... 216 Table 4-89: Population and Households in the Study Area ...... 233 Table 4-90: Scheduled Cast / Scheduled Tribe Population Distribution in the Study Area ...... 233 Table 4-91: No. of villages having Eductaional facilities within the study area ...... 234 Table 4-92: Literacy within the Study Area ...... 234 Table 4-93: No. of villages having Health Facilities within the Study Area ...... 235 Table 4-94: No. of villages having Drinking Water Facilities within the Study Area ...... 235 Table 4-95: Occupational Pattern within the Study Area ...... 237 Table 4-96: No. of Villages having Basic Infrastructure within the Study Area ...... 237 Table 4-97: No. of Villages having Basic Infrastructure within the Study Area ...... 238 Table 5-1: Impact Scoring System – Consequence Assessment ...... 243 Table 5-2: Probability of Occurrence ...... 248 Table 5-3: Environmental Impact Significance Criteria ...... 248 Table 5-4: Environmental Risk Categorization ...... 249 Table 5-5: Aspect – Impact Identification ...... 250 Table 5-6: Stack Details ...... 256 Table 5-7: Emission of Pollutants ...... 256 Table 5-8: Impact Scoring of Air Environment ...... 258 Table 5-9: Predicted Exposure Levels at Day and Night Time ...... 261 Table 5-10: Impact Scoring of Noise ...... 263 Table 5-11: Impact Scoring of Surface water ...... 265 Table 5-12: Impact scoring Ground water ...... 267 Table 5-13: Impact Scoring Land ...... 268
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table 5-14: Impact scoring of soil ...... 270 Table 5-15: Impact scoring of socio economic ...... 272 Table 5-16: Impact Scoring of Ecology and Bio diversity ...... 274 Table 5-17: Key Plant Equipment with Quantities, Material Contained & Operating Conditions ...... 275 Table 5-18: Event Classification ...... 275 Table 5-19: Event Classification ...... 277 Table 5-20: Damage due to Radiation Intensity ...... 278 Table 5-21: Radiation Level and Effect Distance Due to Release of HSD ...... 279 Table 5-22: Impact Scoring of Occupational Health, Community Health & Safety ...... 283 Table 7-1: Standard Operating Procedure for Blow Out ...... 288 Table 9-1: Environmental Management Plan ...... 298 Table 9-2: Key Environmental Legislation ...... 307 Table 9-3: Applicable EHS Regulatory Requirements – Drilling Activities ...... 308 Table 9-4: Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 310 Table 9-5: Expenditure on Environmental Matters ...... 314 Table 10-1: Salient Features of the Proposed Project ...... 315 Table 11-1: EIA Team Members ...... 318
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1: Typical Layout of Drilling Site ...... 64 Figure 3-2: Drilling Fluid Circulation System ...... 67 Figure 3-3: Water Balance Diagram ...... 69 Figure 4-1: Wind Rose Diagram Vadodara District ...... 91 Figure 4-2: Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District ...... 96 Figure 4-3: Wind Rose Diagram for Surat District ...... 101 Figure 4-4: Geology of Vadodara Region ...... 117 Figure 4-5: Geology of Bharuch District ...... 119 Figure 4-6: Geology of Surat District ...... 121 Figure 4-7: Seismic Map of Gujarat State ...... 123 Figure 4-8: Soil of Vadodara District ...... 125 Figure 4-9: Soil of Bharuch District ...... 126 Figure 4-10: Soil of Bharuch District ...... 127
Figure 5-1: Risk Contours for Jet Fire Due to 25 mm Equivalent Diameter Leak in HSD tank at Weather Condition 1.9/C ...... 280
Figure 5-2: Risk Contours for Late Pool Fire Due to 25 mm Equivalent Diameter Leak in HSD tank at Weather Condition 1.9/ C ...... 280
Figure 5-3: Risk Contours for Late Pool Fire Due to Catastropic rupture of HSD Tank at Weather Condition 4.0/D ...... 281 Figure 7-1: Organogram for Offsite Emergencies ...... 287
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs 4-1: Various Land uses of Study Area ...... 83 Photographs 4-2: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Vadodara ...... 91 Photographs 4-3: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Bharuch ...... 96 Photographs 4-4: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Surat ...... 101 Photographs 4-5: Photographs of AAQ Sampling Stations ...... 103 Photographs 4-6: Photographs of Noise Level Sampling ...... 112 Photographs 4-7: Photographs of Soil Sampling Locations ...... 129 Photographs 4-8: Photographs of Surface water Sampling Locations ...... 135 Photographs 4-9: Photographs of Groundwater Sampling Locations ...... 152 Photographs 4-10: Photographs of Aquatic Sampling ...... 167 Photographs 4-11: Photo Documentation Vadodara District ...... 196 Photographs 4-12: Photo Documentation Surat District ...... 205
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: Lease Co ordinates of Mining Lease ...... 319 Annexure 2: ToR Letter ...... 324 Annexure 3: Long Term Meteorological Data {Climatological Tables (1961 – 1990)} – IMD ...... 329 Annexure 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 335 Annexure 5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results ...... 336 Annexure 6: Dispersion Modeling Results for Diesel Engines and D.G Sets ...... 353 Annexure 7: Certificate of Kadam Environmental Consultants from QCI / NABET ...... 381 Annexure 8: TSDF Membership Certificates ...... 383 Annexure 9: ONGC Periodical Medical Examination Policy ...... 385 Annexure 10: Corporate Environment Policy ...... 386
Annexure 11: List of Documents and records related to safety Environment and Health maintained by ONGC ...... 387
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF MAPS
Map 2.1: Location Map
Map 2.2: Well Location Map
Map 4.1: Land use Map of the Study Area
Map 4.2: Sampling Location Map
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF PERSONS AND INSTITUTIONS MET
1. Mr. Rameshbhai B Patanwala (Sarpanch, Sundarpura) 2. Mr. Arjunbhai Melabhai (Umaraya) 3. Mr. Saiyedbhai Habibmiya (Sarpanch, Sejakuva) 4. Mr. Chiragbhai Patel (Sarpanch, Kural) 5. Mr. Ismail M Malek (Sarpanch, Dehgam) 6. Mrs. Laxmiben R Gohil (Sarpanch, Nada) 7. Mr. Ganpatbhai M Makwana (Dy. Sarpanch, Tankari) 8. Mr. Makwana S Bhagvanbhai (Sarpanch, Gandhar) 9. Mr. Ajitsing D Raj (Sarpanch, Pakhajan) 10. Mr. Chandubhai C Gohil (Talati, Chanchvel) 11. Mr. Suleman M Patel (Sarpanch, Jolva) 12. Mr. Rameshbhai A Yadav (Sarpanch, Kaladara) 13. Mr. B. K. Parmar (Talati, Kosamba) 14. Mrs. Laxmiben B Patel (Sarpanch, Kim) 15. Mr. Baldevsing B (Olpad) 16. Mr. Bhikhabhai M Vaghela (Gandhar) 17. Mr. Natvan D Rana (Padra) 18. Mr. Javed M Malik – Pandvai 19. Mr. Gaurav G. Varia (Talati-cum-mantri) – Juna Diva 20. Mrs. Gangaben (Sarpanch) – Amod 21. Mr. B.K. Parmar (Talati, Kosamba) 22. Mrs. Laxmiben B Patel (Sarpanch, Kim) 23. Mr. Baldevsing B (Talati, Olpad) 24. Mr. Iqbal Gulam Manek (Dahej) 25. Mr. Saiyed Ismail (Motaji) 26. Mr. Irfan Adam Patel (Muller ) 27. Mr. Ramanbhai Murjibhai Patel (Umra) 28. Mr. Amitbhai Solanki (Dora) 29. Mr. Munnabhai Rambhai (Suva) 30. Mr. Meheshbhai Kamleshbhai Vasava (Kantiazal) 31. Mr. Natwarlal T Sidhpura (Kunwa) 32. Mr. Patel Ramesh Chandra (Nandav) 33. Mr. Mafatbhai (Gavasad) 34. Mr. Hasmukhbhai Ramabhai Solanki (Mahapura) 35. Mr. Bipenbhai Shadu (Varnama) 36. Mr. Sanabhai C Gohil (Matar) 37. Mr. Ismailbhai Patel (Cholad) 38. Mr. Raj Amarsing Rai (Khojbal) 39. Mr. Ajitsing Rai (Sarpanch, Pakhajan) 40. Mr. Chandansing (Akhod) 41. Mr. Hitendrabhai Thakar (Kadodara) 42. Mr. Yakub Musa Patel (Itola)
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
43. Mrs. Shirinben Patel (Sarpanch, Machchasara) 44. Mr. Yunush Patel (Amod) 45. Mr. Diwan Mohammad (Machchasara) 46. Mr. Ahmed Musa Patel (Mangrol) 47. Mr. Vijaybhai Gohil (Nada) 48. Mr. Hasim A Diwan (Khojbal) 49. Mr. Farukhbhai (Mahi river, Kamboi) 50. Mr. Chandrakant (Pakhajan)
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
BLEVE : Boiling Liquid Evaporating Vapour Explosion BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand BOE : Barrel of Oil Equivalent BOP : Blow-out Preventer CAGR : Compounded Annual Growth Rate CC&A : Common Consent and Authorization (Consent to Operate (for water and air emissions) and Authorization (for management of hazardous wastes)) CEC : Cation Exchange Capacity CGWA : Central Ground Water Authority COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board DG : Diesel Generator DGH : Directorate General of Hydrocarbons DMP : Disaster Management Plan EC : Environmental Clearance EC : Electrical Conductivity ECC : Emergency Control Centre EHS : Environmental Health and Safety EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan EOR : Enhanced oil Recovery FAE : Functional Area Expert FMECA : Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis GGS : Group Gathering Stations GLC : Ground Level Concentration GoI : Government of India GPCB : Gujarat Pollution Control Board HAZOP : Hazard and Operability Study HDPE : High Density Polyethylene HSD : High Speed Diesel HSE : Health, Safety and Environment IMD : Indian Meteorological Department INR : Indian Rupees KEC : Kadam Environmental Consultants KLD : Kilo Liter per Day LECC : Local Emergency Coordination Team LU : Land Use MCLS : Maximum Credible Loss Scenarios ML : Mining Lease MoEF : Ministry of Environment and Forest MSDS : Material Safety Data Sheet MSIHC : Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ABBREVIATIONS
MSL : Mean Sea Level MT : Metric Tonnes NABET : National Accreditation Board for Education and Training NDT : Non Destructive Testing NMHC : Non Methanated Hydrocarbons NOC : No-Object Certificates (Consent to Establish) NOx : Nitrogen Oxides OOIP : original oil in-place ONGC : Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited OMR : Oil Mines Regulation PDCR : Plan, Do, Check and Review PEL : Petroleum Exploration License PM : Particulate Matter PPE : Personal Protective Equipment PSC : Production Sharing Contract SAR : Sodium Absorption Ratio SC : Soil Conservation
SO2 : Sulfur Dioxide TDS : Total Dissolved Solids TSDF : Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility USEPA : United States Environment Protection Agency VOCs : Volatile Organic Compounds
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED
ABANDONED WELL: A dry hole in which no producible oil or gas was present, or a well that has stopped producing. Abandoned wells must be plugged to prevent seepage of oil, gas, or water from one formation to another.
ACCIDENT: An accident may be defined as ’an undesirable and unplanned event with or without or major or minor damage consequence to life and/or property.’
ACTIVE WELL: A well in mechanical condition for production or service use (i.e., in active production or service use).
API: It is the short form of American Petroleum Institute. It is the oil industry’s trade organization. API’s research and engineering work provides a basis for establishing operating and safety standard issues; specifications for the manufacturing of oil field equipment; and furnishes statistical and other information to related agencies.
ASSOCIATED GAS: Gas combined with oil or dissolved in crude oil. Known also as cap gas and solution gas, it provides the drive mechanism needed to force oil to the surface of a well. Associated gas is normally present in an oil reservoir in the early stages of production.
BARREL: The standard unit of measure of liquids in the petroleum industry. It is equivalent to 42 U.S. standard gallons or 159 liters of oil.
BARREL OF OIL EQUIVALENT (BOE): The amount of energy resource that is equal to one barrel of oil on an energy basis. The conversion is based on the assumption that one barrel of oil produces the same amount of energy when burned as 5,620 cubic feet of natural gas.
BASIN: A depression of the earth’s surface into which sediments are deposited, usually characterized by sediment accumulation over a long interval; a broad area of the earth beneath which layers of rock are inclined, usually from the sides toward the center.
BED: A layer of rock, usually sediments, which is homogeneous (the same) in composition. One bed is separated from another by a bedding plane.
BID: An offer for an lease submitted by a potential lessee in the form of a cash bonus dollar amount or other commitments as specified in the final notice of sale.
BLEVE: (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOUR EXPLOSION): This is a type of explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured. Such explosions can be extremely hazardous.
BLOWOUT: An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other fluids from a well to the atmosphere. A well may blow out when formation pressure exceeds the pressure overburden of a column of drilling fluid.
BLOWOUT PREVENTER: A special assembly of heavy-duty valves, commonly called the BOP stack, installed on top of a well which can be closed to prevent high-pressure oil or gas from escaping (a blowout) from the well hole during drilling operations.
BOREHOLE: The hole in the earth made by the drill; the uncased drill hole from the surface to the bottom of the well.
Bulk Density, Soil: The mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. The bulk volume is determined before drying to constant weight at 1050C
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN GLOSSARY
Cation Exchange Capacity: The total quantity of Cation which a soil can absorb by Cation exchanges usually expressed as mille equivalent per 100g soil.
CASING: Steel pipe used in oil wells to seal off fluids in the rocks from the bore hole and to prevent the walls of the hole from caving.
CASING HEAD: The top of the casing set in a well; the part of the casing that protrudes above the surface and to which the control valves and flow pipes are attached.
CASING HEAD GAS: Gas produced from an oil well as distinguished from gas from a gas well. The casing head gas is taken off at the top of the well or at the separator.
COMMERCIAL WELL: A well of sufficient net production that it could be expected to pay out in a reasonable time and yield a profit from the operation.
COMPLETED WELL: A well that has been mechanically completed for production or service use. There may be more than one completed zone in the well.
CONDENSATE: A natural gas with a low vapor pressure compared with natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas. It is produced from a deep well where the temperature and pressure are high. Gas condenses as it rises up the well bore and reaches the surface as condensate. Similarly, condensate separates out naturally in pipelines or in a separation plant by the normal process of condensation.
DEVELOPMENT: Activities following exploration including the installation of facilities and the drilling and completion of wells for production purposes.
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING: The technique of drilling at an angle from the vertical by deflecting the drill bit. Directional wells are drilled to develop an offshore lease from one drilling platform; to reach a pay zone where drilling cannot be done, such as beneath a shipping lane.
DISASTER: Is a catastrophic consequence of a major emergency/accident that leads to, not only extensive damage to life and property but also disrupts all normal human activity for a long time and requires a major national and international effort for rescue and rehabilitation of those affected.
DISCOVERY: A find of significant quantity of gas or oil.
DRILL CUTTINGS: Chips and small fragments of drilled rock that are brought to the surface by the flow of the drilling mud as it is circulated.
DRILL PIPE: Heavy, thick walled, hollow steel pipe used in rotary drilling to turn the drill bit and to provide a conduit for the drilling mud.
DRILLING CONTRACTOR: A person or company whose business is drilling wells. Wells are drilled on several contract specifications: per foot, day rate, or turnkey (that is, upon completion). Most major oil companies do not own drilling rigs. Exploration and development drilling is contracted. Personnel manning the rigs work for the contractor.
DRILLING MUD: A special mixture of clay, water, or refined oil, and chemical additives pumped down through the drill pipe and drill bit. The mud cools the rapidly rotating bit; lubricates the drill pipe as it turns in the well bore; carries rock cuttings to the surface; serves as a plaster to prevent the wall of the borehole from crumbling or collapsing; and provides the weight or hydrostatic head to prevent extraneous fluids from entering the well bore and to control down hole pressures that may be encountered.
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN GLOSSARY
DRY HOLE: A well drilled to a certain depth without finding commercially exploitable hydrocarbons.
DRY GAS: Natural gas from the well that is free of liquid hydrocarbons; gas that has been treated to remove all liquids; pipeline gas.
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP): The degree of saturation of the soil exchange complex with sodium.
Exchangeable Sodium (meq/100g soil) ESP = Cation exchange capacity (meq/100g soil)
EMERGENCY: Is a situation of process deviation that if uncontrolled may lead to a major accident/disaster with potential short term and/or long term risk damage consequence to life and property in and/or around the facility.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A statement required under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 or similar regulations by other bodies in relation to any action significantly affecting the environment, including certain exploration and drilling activities.
EXPLORATION: The process of searching for minerals preliminary to development. Exploration activities include (1) geophysical surveys, (2) drilling to locate an oil or gas reservoir, and (3) the drilling of additional wells after a discovery to delineate a reservoir. It enables the lessee to determine whether to proceed with development and production.
EXPLOSION: An explosion is a sudden increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases.
FIELD: A geographical area in which one or more oil or gas wells produce. A field may refer to surface area only or to underground productive formation. A single field may include several reservoirs separated either horizontally or vertically.
FIREBALL: The burning of a flammable gas cloud on being immediately ignited at the edge before forming a flammable/explosive mixture.
FLAMMABLE LIMIT: Flammable limits refer to the conditions under which a mixture of a flammable material and air may catch fire or explode. When vapour s of a flammable or combustible liquid are mixed with air in the proper proportions in the presence of a source of ignition, rapid combustion or an explosion can occur. The proper proportion is called the flammable range and is also often referred to as the explosive range. The flammable range includes all concentrations of flammable vapour or gas in air, in which a flash will occur or a flame will travel if the mixture is ignited.
FLASH FIRE: A flammable gas release getting ignited at the farthest edge resulting in flash-back fire.Gas Lost: Natural gas which is flared or vented (i.e., natural gas not retained in the production system for sale or use).
Gypsum Requirement: The quantity of gypsum or its equivalent required to reduce the exchangeable sodium fraction of a given amount of soil to an acceptable level where dispersion of soil colloids does not take place.
HAZARD: Is the potential of an Accident.
Hydraulic Conductivity (HC): An expression of the readiness with which a liquid such as water flows through a solid, such as soil in response to given potential gradient.
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN GLOSSARY
Illuvial Horizon: A soil layer or horizon in which material carried from overlying layers has been precipitated from solution or deposited from suspension. This is called layer of accumulation.
INCIDENT: Is an emergent situation of any critical deviation in the process control or otherwise that may lead to a major accident/potential emergency and disaster. Lease: A legal document executed between a landowner (as lessor) and a company or individual (as lessee) that conveys the right to exploit the premises for minerals or other products for a specified period of time over a given area.
INJURY ZONE: Zone of injury in any hazardous event.
MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD (MAH) INDUSTRY: If the quantity of any chemical as listed in MSIHC Rules’ Schedule-2 or Schedule-3 is equal to or greater than the Threshold Quantity given therein.
MAJOR ACCIDENT: Loss of life or 10 or more injuries on-site or 1 or more injuries off-site (as defined in MSIHC Rules).
OIL LOST: Oil that is spilled or burned (i.e., oil not retained in the production system for sale).
OPERATOR: The individual, partnership, firm, or corporation having control or management of operations on a leased area or a portion thereof. The operator may be a lessee, designated agent of the lessee, holder of rights under an approved operation agreement, or an agent of an operating rights holder.
Permeability: The ease with which gases, liquids or plant roots penetrate or pass through a bulk mass of soil or a layer of soil.
PLUGGED AND ABANDONED: Wells in which casings have been removed, and the well bore sealed with mechanical or cement plugs.
PLUMES: Plumes are continuous release of hazardous gases and vapours. Smoke from a chimney is an example. Plumes can cause FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS as secondary scenarios, in case the gases are flammable & ignition occurs.
PRODUCIBLE LEASE: A lease where one well or several wells have discovered hydrocarbons in paying quantities, but for which there is no production during the reporting period.
PRODUCIBLE ZONE COMPLETION: The interval in a well bore that has been mechanically prepared to produce oil, gas or sulphur. There can be more than one zone completed for production in a well bore.
PRODUCING LEASE: A lease that is producing oil, gas, or sulphur in quantities sufficient to generate royalties.
PRODUCTION: The phase of oil and gas operations involved with well fluids extraction, separation, treatment, measurement, etc.
PROVEN RESERVES (SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS): Reserves that can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be recovered under current economic conditions. Current economic conditions include processing costs prevailing at the time of the estimate. Proved reserves must either have facilities that are operational at the time of the estimate to process and transport those reserves to market, or a commitment of reasonable expectation to install such facilities in the future. Proved reserves can be subdivided into undeveloped and developed Reserves.
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN GLOSSARY
PUFFS: Puffs are instantaneous release of hazardous gases and vapors. Puffs can give rise to FIRE BALLS and vapour cloud explosions (VCE). A special case of vapour cloud explosion is the Boiling Liquid Evaporating Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).
RENT: Periodic payments made by the holder of a lease, during the primary lease term for the right to use the land or resources for purposes established in the lease.
ROYALTY: Payment, in value (money) or in kind, of a stated proportionate interest in production from mineral deposits by the lessees to the Government.
SALES VALUE: The proceeds received for the sale of the mineral.
SERVICE ZONE COMPLETION: The interval in a well bore that has been mechanically prepared for service use, usually water or gas injection to stimulate production from other wells or for water or other waste disposal.
SESMIC SURVEY: The seismic survey is one form of geophysical survey that aims at measuring the earth’s (geo-) properties by means of physical (-physics) principles such as magnetic, electric, gravitational, thermal, and elastic theories
SPILLS: Spills are liquid pools created by leaking liquid chemicals. Spills may cause evaporation and dispersal of toxic gases and if the spilled liquid is flammable, then it can catch fire creating a pool fire, or the vapour can cause explosion.
SUSPENDED WELL: A well on which operations have been discontinued. The usual context is an uncompleted well in which operations ceased during drilling but which has not been plugged and abandoned permanently.
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (UEL)/ UPPER FLAMMABILE LIMIT (UFL): Upper flammable limit (UEL) or the upper explosive limit is the maximum concentration of vapour or gas in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. The mixture is said to be too rich.
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)/ LOWER FLAMMABILE LIMIT (LFL): Lower flammable limit (LEL) or the lower explosive limit is the minimum concentration of vapour or gas in air above which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. The mixture is said to be too lean.
VCE: (VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION); Explosion resulting from vapour clouds formed from flashing liquids or non-flashing liquids and gases. Sometimes also referred to as unconfined vapour cloud explosion.
VULNERABILITY ZONE: Zone of Exposure leading to Fatality or recoverable injury in any hazardous event.
WELL: A hole drilled or bored into the earth, usually cased with metal pipe, for the production of gas or oil. A hole for the injection under pressure of water or gas into a subsurface rock formation
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This executive summary follows the general arrangement of topics as required by the EIA Notification dated September 14, 2006 and is for the subject study, namely EIA / EMP and RA/DMP for proposed exploratory drilling operations in 23 Blocks in the Districts of Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat within ONGC’s Western Onshore Basin (WOB).
1.1 Introduction and Background
1.1.1 About ONGC
Founded on August 14th, 1956, as Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and converted to Corporation in 1992, is the largest Indian public sector company. It is also the second largest Indian company in terms of net profit and the third largest Indian company by market capitalization. ONGC has been conferred the Maharatna1 status by the Central Government on 16th November 2010.
ONGC is engaged in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities. Major functions of ONGC are to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for exploration, development of petroleum resources and the production. It is involved in exploring and exploiting hydrocarbons in about 26 sedimentary basins of India. ONGC produces crude oil which is 64% of India’s crude oil production. It owns and operates more than 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in India.
1.1.2 About 23 Blocks
The proposed project falls in a fairly well explored, productive hydrocarbon basin of Cambay Basin. Operational areas for the 23 Blocks covered in this study within ONGC’s Western Onshore Basin include an area of ~1800 Km2.
The 23 blocks that are the focus of this study are spread over three districts in Gujarat covering:
Four Taluka in Vadodara District Five Taluka in Bharuch District, and Two Taluka of Surat District
Most of the oil and gas discovered in cambay basin is restricted to shallow conventional (i.e. sand) reservoir of middle Ecocene age overlying older Cambay shale formation.
1
1 The Maharatna status gives a public sector enterprise the financial and managerial autonomy to invest up to INR 5,000 crores in a new venture without seeking government approval. Only a handful of public sector companies have been conferred the Maharatna status.
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1.1.3 Regulatory Framework
As per the Schedule attached to the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date, the proposed project is covered under Project or Activity, 1(b), namely Offshore and Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production. Such activities are also listed as Category A under the said Notification, requiring prior Environment Clearance (EC) from the Impact Assessment Authority (IAA), i.e. the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi.
1.1.4 Project Chronology till Date
1. As part of its EC process, ONGC submitted relevant documents, namely Form-1 (as per the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date) along with a Pre-feasibility Report and proposed Terms of References (ToRs) for carrying out environmental studies, to the Expert Appraisal Committee (Industrial Projects-2) MoEF (‘EAC, Industry-2’), vide letter No. ONGC/CHSE/EC/2011 dated 17th August 2011 2. A presentation to the EAC, Industry-2, to finalize the ToR for the EIA study was held on 17th – 18th October 2011 at New Delhi. The EAC, Industry-2 prescribed ToR vide its letter F. No. J- 11011/431/2011-IA II (I) dated 14th November 2011. The ToR letter is attached as Annexure 2. 3. Thereafter ONGC awarded the work of undertaking relevant environmental and other studies required as part of the EC process to Kadam Environmental Consultants (‘Kadam’). 4. Kadam undertook the study during the winter season 2012-13, for drilling of 67 exploratory wells and presented the preliminary study findings in its draft report released for the purpose of public consultation as per the EIA Notification.
1.2 Project Description
1.2.1 Location of the Project
Location details are as follows:
Taluka: Olpad and Mangrol Taluka of Surat District, Jambusar, Amod, Vagra, Ankleshwar and Hansot Taluka of Bharuch District, Vadodara, Dabhoi, Padra and Karjan Taluka of Vadodara District District: Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat State: Gujarat
1.2.2 The Drilling Process
Drilling operations shall be carried out round-the-clock for 24 hrs. The time taken to drill a well depends on the depth of the hydrocarbon bearing formation and the geological conditions. ONGC intends to drill wells to a depth up to 4500 m. This would typically take ~30 - 40 days for each well – however drilling period may increase depending on well depth.
In the process of drilling, drilling fluid is used to lift the cutting from the hole to the surface. Drilling fluid mainly consist of water, and Bentonite. Various types of bio-degradable polymers are also added to maintain the specific parameters of the mud. After completion of production casing the well is tested to determine & analyze various parameters of producing fluid.
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Water based mud, will be used and all drilling activities will be carried as per the requirements of the Oilfield and Mineral Development Rules, 1984 as amended till date. Guidelines issued by the Oil Mines Regulation (OMR) will be followed throughout the drilling process.
1.2.3 Workforce Management
During the drilling operations, about 15 to 16 persons may be working in 8/12 hour shifts at site. No permanent camping is required at or near the well site as exploratory drilling is carried out during ~30 – 45 days during drilling temporary camping will be done at site. Once drilling is over, no person is required at site, except security cover through a contractor.
1.2.4 Power Requirement
The power required for driving the drilling rig, circulation system and for providing lighting shall be generated by DG sets of 1250 KVA (four nos., out of which one is on standby). Each DG set will consume ~290litres/hour High Speed, Low Sulphur Diesel conforming to Bharat Stage IV norms including a sulfur content of <50 mg/kg (<0.005%).
1.2.5 Water Requirement
The drilling operation and maintenance of the drill site facilities have various water requirements. The most significant of these requirements in terms of quantity is that for mud preparation. The other requirements would be for engine cooling, floor / equipment / string washing, sanitation, fire-fighting storage / make-up and drinking. Water for emergency fire-fighting would be stored in a pit of 200 m3capacity and make-up of the same will have to be made on a regular basis. For this project, it is anticipated that a total requirement of ~35m3/day will be required for drilling purposes, out of which 8 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of ~27 m3/day.
The requirement of water expected for sanitation and drinking purposes of the workers shall be insignificantly low in terms of quantity. ONGC has planned to meet the requirement of water at the drilling site through water supplied by tankers and sourced from nearest ONGC installation, which in turn obtain water from the Narmada River at Jhanor, Bharuch.
Since, there is no quality criterion for usage of raw water for the various uses mentioned above (other than drinking), the tanker water shall be directly used without any treatment. The potable water requirements shall be met by procuring adequately treated water from off-site locations.
1.2.6 Waste Water Generation
The drilling operations would generate waste water in the form of wash water due to washing of equipment, string etc. This waste water along with spent mud will be diverted to a waste water mud pit whose bottom would be lined with HDPE sheet so as to avoid percolation of water contaminants into the soil. Approximately 3 m3 per day of waste water will be discharged into the HDPE lined evaporation pit. The domestic sewage generated from the drill site operations will be treated in a septic tank–soak pit system. The septic tank would be adequately sized so as to cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.
1.2.7 Air Emissions
The emissions to the atmosphere from the drilling operations shall be from the D.G set and flaring of associated gas during testing operation in case of hydrocarbon is discovered.
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Adequate stack height will be provided for the exhaust of D.G set.
In accordance with the Oil Mines Regulations Rules, a flare stack of 9 m height or higher as required by the Regional Inspector (Inspector of mines in charge of the region or local area) will be provided at a distance of 30 m from well, given the fact that, flaring is a temporary activity which will not last for more than a few days.
1.2.8 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by the drill bit, will be removed from the drilling mud by the shale shakers (vibrating screens) and centrifuges and transferred to the HDPE lined pit. Drilling mud will be returned to the fluid tank and pumped down the drill string again.
It is estimated that ~300 MT of formation cuttings will be generated in the form of solid waste, during the drilling operation from one well.
Drill cuttings and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with the Gazette Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E), Section C ‘Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cuttings and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation’. Under these guidelines:
Drill cuttings separated from Water Based Mud (WBM) will be properly washed and unusable drilling fluids will be allowed to evaporate in a HDPE lined pit. In case the drill cuttings have oil and grease level in excess of 10 gm/kg, these will be sent to a GPCB authorized Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF). ONGC has membership from two such TSDFs at Ankleshwar, Bharuch and Naroda, Ahmedabad. In case, oil and grease levels in drill cuttings are <10 gm/kg, these will be spread within the HDPE lined pit, covered with native soil and remediated as per ONGC’s site restoration plan. To save cost and natural resources, WBM will be re-used at the next drill site, where feasible. If this is not feasible, the WBM will be disposed off in a HDPE lined pit or sent to a GPCB authorized TSDF for disposal. Waste oils generated during the drilling process, if any, will be sent to authorized re-cyclers.
1.3 Description of the Environment
Baseline environmental studies were carried out during winter season (December 2012-February 2013) of 2012– 13, i.e. during the non-monsoon season, as per the TOR received from the EAC- Industry 2 / MoEF. Key findings are described in this Section.
1.3.1 Study Area
The study area covers a distance equal to 10 km from the boundary of each Block covered in this project. No National Park/Wild life Sanctuary/Eco sensitive area is present in the study area.
1.3.2 Landuse of the Study Area
A recent satellite image for the study area was collected using the high resolution imagery service provided by Google Inc.®, namely Google Earth Pro®. The image was interpreted through Kadam’s system of manual supervised classification based on the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY classification system. Ground truthing was done to confirm and edit the interpreted landuse / land cover classes.
The key landuse landcover classes identified during the study are reproduced in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: Area Statistics of Identified Landuse / Landcover Categories in the Study Area S. Primary Secondary Area, Secondary Class Area, Primacy Class No. Classification Classification ~km2 Ha ~% ~km2 Ha ~% Residential / Built-up Land or 1. Commercial 198.375 19837.5 2.47 271.97 27197.3 3.38 Habitation Industrial 73.598 7359.8 0.92 Crop Land/Fallow 2. Agricultural Land Land 4344.763 434476.3 54.04 4369.34 436934.1 54.35 Plantations 24.578 2457.8 0.31 Land without Scrub 92.874 9287.4 1.16 Salt Affected Land 5.041 504.1 0.06 3 Wastelands 1013.21 101321.3 12.60 Mud flat 907.906 90790.6 11.29
Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09
Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks 42.994 4299.4 0.53 4. Water Bodies 1183.73 118373.3 14.72 River Beds 371.797 37179.7 4.62 Sea 768.942 76894.2 9.56 Scrub 678.687 67868.7 8.44 Open Vegetation 266.786 26678.6 3.32 5. Vegetation Cover 1036.76 103675.5 12.89 Close Vegetation 25.028 2502.8 0.31 Mangroves 66.254 6625.4 0.82 6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02 7. Others Salt pan 162.517 16251.7 2.02 162.517 16251.7 2.02
The predominant landuse / landcover class in the area is Agricultural Land, with a ~54% component of the total landuse. Water Bodies come next with ~15% followed by Vegetation cover, Wastelands and Built-up Land/Habitation.
1.3.3 Climatology
The climate of the study area is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except in the south-west monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season from December to February is followed by summer season from March to middle of June. The period from
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY middle of June to September is the south-west monsoon season. October and November constitute the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season2.
Weather stations were set up during the study period at three separate locations in study area for each District, namely at Padra (Vadodara), Gandhar (Bharuch) and Kosamba (Surat). The observations of the 3 meteorology stations in study area are:
Vadodara District
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23.3°C with mean maximum temperature of 30.5°C and mean minimum of 15.1°C. Predominant wind direction during the study period is observed to be from north-east direction. Mean average wind speed was observed to be 1.8 m/s. The mean average relative humidity recorded was 49.9% with mean maximum humidity of 69.8% and mean minimum of 35.1%. There was no rainfall recorded during the study period
Bharuch District
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23°C with mean maximum temperature of 28.31°C and mean minimum of 18.05°C. Predominant wind direction during study period is observed to be from NW direction. Mean average wind speed was observed to be 6.5 km/Hr. The mean average relative humidity recorded was 51.6% with mean maximum humidity of 67.5% and mean minimum of 35.4%. There was no rainfall recorded during the study period
Surat District
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23.6°C with mean maximum temperature of 31.2°C and mean minimum of 17.1°C. Predominant wind direction during study period is observed to be from NE direction. Mean average wind speed was observed to be 5.1 km/Hr. The mean average relative humidity recorded was 44.7% with mean maximum humidity of 57.8% and mean minimum of 30.8%. There was no rainfall recorded during the study period.
1.3.4 Ambient Air
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out during winter season 2012 -13. The ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up at 15 different locations covering the Study Area. These are shown in Table 1-2.
1
2 District Gazetteers, Vadodara, Surat and Bharuch.
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Table 1-2: Ambient Air Sampling Locations S. No. Village Taluka District 1. Sundarpura Vadodara Vadodara 2. Umaraya Padra Vadodara 3. Sejakuva Padra Vadodara 4. Kural Padra Vadodara 5. Degam Jambusar Bharuch 6. Nada Jambusar Bharuch 7. Tankari Jambusar Bharuch 8. Gandhar Vagra Bharuch 9. Pakhajan Vagra Bharuch 10. Chanchvel Vagra Bharuch 11. Jolva Vagra Bharuch 12. Kaladara Vagra Bharuch 13. Kosamba Mangrol Surat 14. Kim Olpad Surat 15. Olpad Olpad Surat
The results when compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2009 give:
th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of PM2.5 recorded at 15 locations ranged between 31 µg/m (Chanchvel Village) and 54 µg/m3 (Gandhar Village). All these values are within the specified limits of CPCB (60 µg/m3). The higher value at Gandhar may be due to the rural activities and heavy vehicular movement. th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of PM10 recorded at 15 locations ranged from 63 µg/m (Chanchvel Village) to 122 µg/m3 (Jolva Village). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (100 µg/m3) except for Kosamba Village (107 µg/m3) and Jolva Village (122 µg/m3). The higher values near Jolva AAQM station may be due to its close vicinity to the State Highway -6 which connects Dahej industrial area to Bharuch city and many existing and upcoming industries in close vicinity to the monitoring station.On the other hand the higher values at AAQM station Kosamba are due to the residential areas surrounding the station and heavy traffic around the AAQM station. th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of SO2 was found in range of 9.9 µg/m (Kaladara Village) to 10.8 µg/m3 (Olpad and Jolva Villages). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (80 µg/m3). th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of NOX was found in range from 19.7 µg/m (Degam Village) to 31.8 µg/m3 (Jolva Village). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (80 µg/m3).
In addition, samples were collected and analyzed for carbon-monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total hydrocarbons (THCs) and non-methanated hydrocarbons (NMHCs). These parameters were observed to be consistently low. CO was found to be below the permissible limit of 2000 µg/m3.
The results infer that air quality in the study area is of fairly good quality in the rural area, PM10 was observed to be higher at a few monitoring stations due to proximity to industrial and urbanized area
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and heavy vehicular movement around theses locations. Slightly higher SO2 and NOx concentration at Jolva can be attributed to its proximity to Dahej industrial area.
1.3.5 Noise
Noise levels were recorded at 30 different locations within the study area. The sampling locations are given in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3: Noise Monitoring Locations S. No. Village Taluka District 1. Pinjrat Olpad Surat 2. Ankalwa Hansot Bharuch 3. Kantiazal Hansot Bharuch 4. Kosamba Mangrol Surat 5. Nandav Mangrol Surat 6. Suva Vagra Bharuch 7. Dahej Vagra Bharuch 8. Nr Dahej Vagra Bharuch 9. Paniadra Vagra Bharuch 10. Nr Nada Jambusar Bharuch 11. Muller Vagra Bharuch 12. Kerwada Amod Bharuch 13. Acchod Amod Bharuch 14. Dora Amod Bharuch 15. Kalam Vagra Bharuch 16. Umra Jambusar Bharuch 17. Kamboi Jambusar Bharuch 18. Sopla Padra Vadodara 19. Nr Sampa Karjan Vadodara 20. Mobha Padra Vadodara 21. Kahanva Jambusar Bharuch 22. Pimpali Padra Vadodara 23. Padra Padra Vadodara 24. Shihor Padra Vadodara 25. Sangma Padra Vadodara 26. Chapad Vadodara Vadodara 27. Maretha Vadodara Vadodara 28. Itola Vadodara Vadodara 29. Karali Vadodara Vadodara 30. Mahmadpur Dabhoi Vadodara
The noise was monitored in three different categories as specified by CPCB it can be inferred that:
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Residential Area
Noise levels during day time were observed to be in range with a low of 53 dB (A) at Nandav and Karali Villages to a high of 68.7 dB (A) at Sangma Village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB standards for residential areas, i.e. 55 dB (A), except for Nandav, Suva, Nada, Acchod, Kamboi, Sampa, Mobha, Kahanva, Shihor, Chapad, kareli and Memadpura Villages. Night time noise levels were observed to lie within a range of 44.6 dB (A) at Sampa Village to 53.5 dB (A) at Sangma. Readings were marginally above the CPCB standards for residential areas, i.e. 45 dB (A), except for Sampa Village.
Commercial Area
During day time, the noise levels at Padra Town were observed to be 76.4 dB (A) which is beyond the CPCB standards for commercial area (65 dB (A)). Night time noise level was observed to be 51.1 dB (A) which is within the CPCB standards for commercial area (55 dB (A)).
Padra town has higher noise then CPCB standards for commercial area level during day time, due to high urbanization of Padra town and the commercial area where sampling was done is very near to the Bus stand and the main market of Padra town. On the other hand at night time due to limited human activities noise levels were within limits at the sampling location.
Industrial area
During day time, the noise level for Dahej was observed to be 70.6 dB (A) which is well within the CPCB standards for industrial area (75 dB (A)). Night time noise level was observed to be 53.6 dB (A) which is within the CPCB standards for industrial area (70 dB (A)).
1.3.6 Soil
Soil sampling was carried out during winter season 2012-13. Soil samples were collected from 15 different locations as shown in Table 1-4.
Table 1-4: Soil Sampling Locations S. No. Location Taluka District 1 Dabhasa Padra Vadodara 2 Bamangam Karjan Vadodara 3 Intola Amod Bharuch 4 Navi Karali Vadodara Vadodara 5 Vasna Amod Bharuch 6 Jambusar Jambusar Bharuch 7 Nada Jambusar Bharuch 8 Muller Vagra Bharuch 9 Khojbal Vagra Bharuch 10 Jolva Vagra Bharuch 11 Degam Jambusar Bharuch 12 Cholad Bharuch Bharuch
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S. No. Location Taluka District 13 Kosamba Mangrol Surat 14 Nandav Mangrol Surat 15 Kuvad Olpad Surat
Analysis of the samples collected show that:
Porosity of soil samples were in the range of 49% (Jolva Village) to 60% (Muller Village) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Soil samples were in the range of 58.3% (Cholad Village) to 81.6% (Khojbal Village). The high porosity and WHC is on account of clay nature of soil, however these soils have lower permeability in range from 0.361 X 10-4 cm/sec (Nada Village) to 7.98 X 10-4 cm/sec (Jolva Village) due to vertic nature of soil and predominant clay mineral been smectite (2:1) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil samples were in range of 16.20 meq/100gm (Vasna Village and Degam Village) to 20.80 meq/100gm (Jolva Village) Electrical Conductivity of Soil samples were in range of 0.172 dS/m (Cholad Village) to 0.793 dS/m (Kosamba). These results indicate that the soil EC (1:2, soil: water ratio) is less that the critical limit of 0.8 dS/m. Hence these soils are classified normal soils based on Values of EC and pH (Range from 7.31(Navi Kareli Village) to 8.53 (Nada and Muller Villages).
The physico- chemical analysis of soil samples collected from 15 locations of the project area indicate that soils are normal for growth and development of crops. Majority of soils have originated from trap popularly known as block cotton soils (Vertisol) and falls under silty clay loam in texture. Majority of soils in the study area are calcareous in nature. As the soil slope varies from 1 to 3 %, the soils are classified as slightly to moderately erodible.
1.3.7 Surface Water Quality
Surface water Samples were collected from 25 different locations within the study area and analyzed. The surface water was collected from ponds and canals in the study area as given in Table 1-5.
Table 1-5: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Ponds and Canals)
Sr. No. Location Source Taluka District
1 Chitral Pond Padra Vadodara 2 Padra Pond Padra Vadodara 3 Samiyala Pond Padra Vadodara 4 Raipura Pond Vadodara Vadodara 5 Sadhi Pond Padra Vadodara 6 Itola Pond Vadodara Vadodara 7 Cholad Pond Bharuch Bharuch 8 Khojbal Pond Vagra Bharuch 9 Pakhajan Pond Vagra Bharuch 10 Pakhajan Canal Vagra Bharuch 11 Akhod Pond Vagra Bharuch 12 Kadodara Pond Vagra Bharuch 13 Jolva Pond Vagra Bharuch
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Sr. No. Location Source Taluka District
14 Machchasara Pond Amod Bharuch 15 Amod Pond Amod Bharuch 16 Nada Pond Jambusar Bharuch 17 Degam Pond Jambusar Bharuch
Quality of Surface Water (Ponds and Canal)
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.92 (Cholad Village) to 9.01 (Samiyala Village, marginally beyond the specified limit). Other than at Samiyala, samples were found to be within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5). As evident from the pH values the alkalinity was also found to be higher at Samiyala Village (440mg/l), it was highest among the 17 samples done but it is within the permissible limit (600mg/l). Higher pH in Samiyala village pond may be due phytoplankton growth observed in the pond during sampling as expected due to
photosynthesis during the day time done by these phytoplankton CO2 decreases (which is
reflected in the high pH results) and O2 increases (which reflects as lower BOD). TDS of sample was found to vary from a low of 168 mg/l (at Canal near Pakhajan) to 3056 mg/l (Nada Village). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) except at Machchasara and Nada. High TDS values at Nada may be due to its proximity to the sea Nada village is more or less at sea level. At Machchasara Village the high TDS may be due to the urban, industrial and municipal discharge done into the Dhadhar River on the banks of which Machchasara village is situated. Total Hardness of all samples was found to vary from 130 mg/l (at Narmada Canal near Pakhajan) to 560 mg/l (Machchasara Village). Total Hardness of All Samples were below the permissible limit (600 mg/l). Magnesium content of sample was found to vary from 9.23 mg/l (Narmada) to 89.91 mg/l (Amod Village). Magnesium in all samples were below the permissible limit (100 mg/l) Iron content of sample was found to vary from 0.016 mg/l (Narmada) to 1.791 mg/l (Padra Village). Iron in all samples was below the permissible limit (1.0 mg/l) except at Padra, Samiyala, Sadhi and Degam. Total coliforms and faecal coliforms are exceeding the permissible limit at all locations. Village ponds are used for domestic activities such as washing of clothes, and washing cattle to some extent. Presence of coliforms in such waters is expected and confirmed.
Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be concluded that water from these ponds is not fit for drinking purposes unless it is treated and disinfected.
Quality of Surface Water (Coastal Samples)
The Coastal samples were collected from 5 major rivers flowing in the study area during high tide (H.T) and low tide (L.T) these are given in Table 1-6.
Table 1-6: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Coastal Samples)
Sr. No. Location Taluka District
Mahi River Near Kamboi(L.T) 18 Jambusar Bharuch Mahi River Near Kamboi(H.T)
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Sr. No. Location Taluka District
Dadhar River Near Mangrol (L.T) 19 Amod Bharuch Dadhar River Near Mangrol (H.T) Bhukhi river Near Bhesali (L.T) 20 Vagra Bharuch Bhukhi river Near Bhesali (H.T) Suva Narmada river Near Bhesali (L.T) 21 Vagra Bharuch Suva Narmada river Near Bhesali (H.T) Kim river Near Elav (L.T) 22 Hansot Bharuch Kim river near Elav (H.T)
The analysis results of surface water were compared with Coastal Water Marine (CPCB) standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.5 (Mahi river during Low Tide (L.T)) to 8.08 (Dadhar during High Tide (H.T)). All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5) Suspended solids vary from 10 mg/l (Mahi River during H.T) to 46 mg/l (Bhukhi River during H.T). Bhukhi river was observed to be the most polluted river having high suspended solids, and it was also observed that the dissolved oxygen is very low in Bhukhi river due to high pollution. Total Dissolved Oxygen varies from 3.4 mg/l (Bhukhi river during H.T) to 4.4 mg/l (Narmada river during H.T) Oil & greases are found to be less than 0.4 mg/l in all the places.
Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be suggested that the marine water is classified under class SW-II and hence it can be used for bathing, contact water sports and commercial fishing.
Quality of Surface Water (River Water)
The river water samples were collected from 3 different rivers in the study area. The sampling location are given in Table 1-7.
Table 1-7: Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples)
Sr. No. Location Source Taluka District
23 Jambusar to Amod road Dhadhar River Amod Bharuch 24 Umetha Mahi River Padra Vadodara 25 Near Dayadara Bhukhi River Amod Bharuch
The analysis results of river water were compared with Inland Surface Water (CPCB) Standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:
pH of sample was found to be 7.89 (Bhukhi River) and 8.74 for (Mahi River). TDS was also within the prescribed range which was around 216 mg/l (Mahi River) and 580 mg/l (Dadhar River). Total coliforms were 170 MPN/100 ml for Mahi River and 1700 MPN/100 ml for Dadhar River. Iron content in Mahi River is 0.038 mg/l for Mahi River and 0.021 mg/l for Bhuki River.
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Based on the analysed parameters, rivers are classified under class C and hence they can be used for drinking purpose but only after treating and disinfecting the water.
1.3.8 Groundwater Quality
Groundwater samples were collected from 23 different locations within the study area; sampling locations are shown in Table 1-8.
Table 1-8: Groundwater Sampling Locations S.No. Location Taluka District 1. Pakhajan Vagra Bharuch 2. Akhot Vagra Bharuch 3. Kadodara Vagra Bharuch 4. Jolva Vagra Bharuch 5. Amod Amod Bharuch 6. Nada Jambusar Bharuch 7. Degam Jambusar Bharuch 8. Acchod Amod Bharuch 9. Itola Vadodara Vadodara 10. Machchasara Amod Bharuch 11. Tankaria Jambusar Bharuch 12. Cholad Bharuch Bharuch 13. Khojbal Vagra Bharuch 14. Nandav Mangrol Surat 15. Kunwad Olpad Surat 16. Kosamba Mangrol Surat 17. Olpad Olpad Surat 18. Umaraya Padra Vadodara 19. Gavasad Padra Vadodar 20. Nr.Vedach Jambusar Bharuch 21. Methad Padra Vadodara 22. Goriad Padra Vadodara 23. Mahapura Vadodara Vadodara
Samples were analyzed for parameters mentioned in the Indian Standard IS 10500:1991, and the following are the observations:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.62 (Machchasara Village) to 9.15 (Mahapura Village). All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5) except Mahapura and Umaraya. Higher value of pH at Mahapura and Umaraya Village may be due to depletion in the quality of groundwater due to industries in Padra region. TDS of sample was found to vary from 404 mg/l (Degam Village) to 32504 mg/l (Khojbal Village). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) except Jolva, Amod, Nada, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal villages. Higher TDS at these locations is due to formational salinity in the western region of the study area this is further confirmed by high hardness, chloride, Fluorides and sulphates.
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Chlorides content of sample were found to vary from 46 mg/l (Kunvad Village) to 15362 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Chlorides in all samples were below the permissible limit (1000 mg/l) except at Jolwa, Nada, Machchasara and Khojbal Village. Sulphates content of sample were found to vary from 15 mg/l (Degam Village) to 3343 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Sulphates in all samples were below the permissible limit (400 mg/l) except at Jolwa, Amod, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal Village. Total Hardness of samples was found to vary from 120 mg/l (Cholad Village) to 6040 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Total Hardness in all samples was below the permissible limit (600 mg/l) except at Pakhajan, Jolwa, Nada, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal village. Fluoride content of sample was found to vary from <0.01 mg/l (Gavasad Village) to 2.24mg/l (Goriad Village). Fluoride in all samples was below the permissible limit (1.5 mg/l) except at Khojbal, Jolwa, Kadodara, Amod, Nada, Mahapura and Goriad Village.
It can be concluded that the western region of the study area near the sea has depleted groundwater quality due to formation salanity. Analysis of collected samples revealed that all other parameters are satisfying the permissible limits as per IS 10500 specified for drinking water.
1.3.9 Biological Environment
The variety and variability of organisms and ecosystems is referred to as biological diversity or Bio diversity. Natural flora and fauna are important features of the environment. Study of biological environment is one of the most important components for Environmental Impact Assessment, in view of the need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological impact assessment (EcIA) is used to predict and evaluate the impacts of development activities on ecosystems and their components, thereby providing the information needed to ensure that ecological issues are given full and proper consideration in development planning.
The baseline study in the 10 km radius was conducted for assessment of floral and faunal biodiversity of the terrestrial environment of the study area during January- February 2013. During the present survey, habitats of floristic and faunal assemblage were only surveyed. As the blocks are spread around a large area, and absence of the predetermined well locations at the time of survey, the main aim of the present biological assessment was to collect the biological data from the ecologically sensitive and from the region with good assemblage of Floral and faunal diversity. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the suitable habitats within the Block area. The methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies. Also, the samples for biological analysis were mainly collected from the Narmada River and Dhadhar River during low tide and high tide period. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare, endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972. The status of individual species was assessed using the revised IUCN category system.
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Vadodara District
Floral Diversity
Total 55 species of trees were observed in study area. Among these Mangifera indica (Keri), Azadirachta indica (Limbado), Salvadora persica (Piludo), Salvadora oleoides (Piludi), Pithecellobium dulce (Gorasmli) and Acacia nilotica (Bavalal) were dominant.
Total 27 species of shrubs were observed in study area. Among these Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado), Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi) and Lantana camara (Ganthai).
Total 82 species of herbs were observed in study area but no dominant species were recorded.
For climbers, 25 species were recorded in study area. Among these, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi), Ipomea pes-caprae (Dariani vel), Ipomea aquatica (Nali ni Bhaji), Coccinia grandis (Ghiloda), Luffa cylindrica (Galku), and Abrus precatorius (Chanothai) were dominant.
The major crops during the sampling period (post monsoon) were cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) and Paddy (Oryza sativa) but as winter crop Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is normally practiced. As minor crops, Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis) are popular.
Horticulture activity is not much developed in this region of Vadodara district but Keri (Mangifera indica L.) and Chikoo (Manilkara zapota (L.) are considered as major horticulture crops.
No natural forest land was observed in the study area except few scattered scrub cover in the barren lands and area demarcated for grazing.
Faunal Diversity
Total 71 species of birds were recorded in study area. Among these most commonly spotted were Cattle Egret, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Red-naped Ibis, Black-headed Ibis and White-breasted Water hen. Apart from that 19 species of butterflies, 12 species of reptiles and 5 species of mammals (apart from domestic animal) were recorded in study area.
As per IUCN Red list (2012), three birds species were grouped under near threatened category namely Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) and Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) from the sighted fauna.
As per Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 only one bird species (Pavo cristatus) considered as Schedule I fauna which is very common in Gujarat state. Other sighted birds fall into Schedule IV category. Two reptile species (Naja naja and Ptyas mucosus) are considered as Schedule II. Among mammals, one species (Herpestes edwardsi) considered as Schedule II and two species (Funambulus pennanii and Lepus sp.) were considered as schedule IV.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton sampling was done for aquatic assessment. Nine genera of phytoplankton were found from both the station of Mahi River in which Cladophora, Pediastrum and Anabaena were dominant. Six genera of zooplankton were found from both the station of Mahi River in which Daphnia, Cyclops and Branchionus were dominant in the Mahi River during winter season.
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Bharuch District
Floral Diversity
The study area of the allocated blocks falls under Bharuch District of Gujarat state was covered during the present baseline study. Western part of the study area is occupied by the vast mud flats and Saltpans along the shores of Gulf of Khambhath. Mangroves of Avceina alba were observed along the right side of Dahej jetty, and the creeks along the shore of Gulf of Khambhath and along the mouth of Daharriver. The land ward portion of the mangrove patches were occupied by Salvadora persica and Prosopis juliflora.
Totally 43 species of trees belonging to 21 families were recorded from the study area. The dominant trees in the study area were Borassus flabellifer L, Prosopis cineraria (Khijado.), Azadirachta indica (Limbado), Mangifera indica (Keri), Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica (Piludo). Overall 28 shrub species belonging to 18 families were reported from study area. The dominant shrub community in this area was represented by Prosopis Juliflora (Gandobaval), Balanites aegyptiaca (Ingorio), Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado), Thevetia peruviana (Pilikarean), Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi), Abutilon indicum (Khapat) and Lantana camara (Ganthai). Herbs / grass were recorded with 48 species wile climbers / twinners were reported with 9 species only. Major crops in the study area are Tuver (Cajanus indica), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Minor crops includes are Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis). Vegetables grown in the study area are Ringan (Solanum melongena), Tomato (Lycopersiconly copersicum) and Val, Valpapadi (Lablab purpureus). Horticulture activity was found to be restricted to very few pockets near Hansot and sajod. Major horticultural crops of the study area includes Keri (Mangifera indica), Chikoo (Manilkara zapota), Papaya (Carica papaya), and Banana (Musa Paradisiaca).
Faunal Diversity
Among fauna, only 6 species of butterflies were reported from the study area. Overall 51 species of birds were recorded from the study area. Totally 8 species of herpetofauna were inventoried on the basis of information provided by villagers during the interaction with them with pictorial presentation. Overall 6 species of mammals were recorded from the study area.
Zooplankton and phytoplankton were sampled from 10 different locations i.e. Dhadhar River near Asasra, Dhadhar River near Mangrol, Narmada River near Jageshwar (SW-HT), Narmada River near Jageshwar (BW- HT), Narmada River near Jageshwar (SW- LT), Narmada River near Jageshwar (BW- LT), Narmada River near Suva (SW-HT), Narmada River near Suva (BW-HT), Narmada River near Suva (BW-HT) and Narmada River near Suva (BW-HT). Total 12 no. of phytoplankton genera was reported in all sampling location of the study area in which the highest cell count of phytoplankton was reported at Bottom water of Narmada river near jageshwar during low tide and Dhadhar River near Asasrawhere as lowest cell count of phytoplankton was reported in bottom water of Narmada river near jageshwar village during low tide. Total 10 no. of zooplankton group was recorded in all sampling locations of the study area in which highest population of zooplankton was reported in surface water sample of Narmada River near jageshwar village during high tide where as lowest population of zooplankton was recorded in bottom water of Narmada River near jageshwar village during low tide. The highest population and biomass of sub tidal macro benthos were reported in bottom water of Narmada River near suva village during high tide where as lowest population and biomass of sub tidal benthos was reported in Narmada river near Jhagadia during low tide. The
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Status of Endemic, Rare, Endangered and Schedule Species
Among recorded plant species none can be assigned the status of endemic plant of this region. Similarly, none of them were assigned any threat category, by RED data book of Indian Plants. (Nayar and Sastry, 1990) and Red list of threatened Vascular plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003).
None of the sighted animal can be assigned endemic category of the study area. As per IUCN Red list of threatened species (2010), Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), grouped under near threatened birds. Similarly, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I of Wild life protection Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV. Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972). While among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) and Jungle cat (Felis Chaus) are a schedule –II animals. Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is protected as Schedule-III animal and all Hares are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
Surat District
Floral Diversity
Minimal areas of the blocks where saline ingression was observed to be colonized by good population of Salvidora persica and Prosopis juliflora. In Kantiyazal area near along the mouth of the Kim River, few patches of mangroves were present. Most of the land area in the allocated blocks is covered by agricultural land. No natural forest area as such was observed within the 5 km radius proposed block area. The vegetation types encountered in the study area can be broadly classified as costal, inland and exotic vegetation.
Overall 55 species of trees, 26 species of shrubs, 54 species of herbs/grass and 14 species of climbers/twinners, were reported from the study area. The dominant trees growing in this area are Borassus flabellifer, Mangifera indica, Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Acacia auriculiformis,Prosopis cineraria, and Pithecellobium dulce. While dominant Shrubs are, represented mainly by, Prosopis juliflora, Lawsonia inermis, Calotropis procera, C. gigantea, Zizyphus nummularia,Tecoma stans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa, and Lantana camara.
The crop occupies the highest percentage of the sown area of this region. Among crops, Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), is the dominant crop at Jahangirpur, and Bheasan villages. Tuver (Cajanus indica) is the pulse cultivated in the study area especially at, Kukni village, Ambheta village, Sethana village. Bindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) is dominant vegetable crop of this area; Bhandut, Pinjarat, Admor, Masama and Sethanavillages are actively engaged in Bhindi cultivation. Few of the fields were also used for Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolor). Major crops in the study area are Rice (Oryza sativa), Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), and Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides). While minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon is Jowar (Sorghum bicolor), and Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). The pulses cultivated in this region are Tuver (Cajanus cajan) and among Vegetables, Bindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) is dominant vegetable crop of this area. Mango (Mangifera indica) orchards and Chikko (Manilkara zapota) plantation and papaya (Carica papaya) cultivation were observed in the study area
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Faunal Diversity
Among fauna detail survey was conducted to sample birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species. Overall, 8 species of butterflies were reported from the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) were restricted to few places where Lantana camara and Calotropis procera was growing. Among birds, 40 species were reported from different habitats of the study area. Both, Herpetofauna and mammals were reported with equal number of 4 species each. No species from these groups were reported from the core zone. All these species are included in the list on the basis of secondary information provided by local residents of the area.
Status of Endemic, Rare, Endangered and Schedule Species:
None of the sighted animal can be assigned endemic category of the study area. Among birds reported form the study area falls under Schedule-IV category. However Pavo cristatus (Common Peafowl) a Schedule-I (as per IWPA, 1972) species is very common in many parts of the study area and mainly associated with the agro-ecosystem and human habitation. Moreover, 2 species i.e. Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and Black headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) belongs to near threatened category of IUCN. Among the reptiles, one species i.e. Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis) falls under Schedule-I category as per IWPA, 1972 while, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972). Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) and Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are a schedule –II animals and Hares are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled in the four different locations i.e. Kim River near Pinjroli LT (Kosamba Block), Kim River near Pinjroli HT (Kosamba Block), Kim River near Khatiyazal LT (Khatiyajal Block) and Kim River near Khatiyazal HT (Khatiyajal Block). Total 10 nos. of phytoplankton genera were found in all sampling locations in which highest cell count of phytoplankton was reported at station 4 where as lowest at station 1. Total 8 nos. of zooplankton genera were observed in all sampling locations in which the highest population was reported at station 3 where as lowest at station 1. The lowest diversity index of phytoplankton and zooplankton was reported at station 3 where as highest phytoplankton diversity index at station 2 and zooplankton diversity index at station 1. The diversity index of all sampling locations is showing moderate aquatic environmental condition in the study area.
1.3.10 Social Environment
The core area consists of 202 villages and the buffer area consists of 499 villages across four districts – Anand, Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat. According to the Census of India 2001, the core area (1 km. surrounding the proposed exploratory wells) depicted 86,407 households and population of 4,30,455, while the buffer area showed 5,88,116 households and population of 28,10,233.
The scheduled caste population in the study area, as per the Primary Census Abstract 2001, is 26,934 and scheduled tribe population is 58,978. Male scheduled caste population is 13,900 and female scheduled caste population is 13,034. The male scheduled tribe population is 30,542 and female scheduled tribe population is 28,436. The study area consists more of tribal people than people belonging to scheduled castes.
The study area has a good amount of educational facilities at both primary and secondary levels. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) scheme encourages children to regularly attend school for free and
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS LIMITED OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY compulsory education up to class 8, and also provides nutritious meal under the Mid-day Meal scheme of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).
The average literacy rate within the core area is 63 percent of which male literacy is 59 percent and female literacy is 41 percent while in the buffer area, the literacy rate is 71 percent of which male literacy rate is 58 percent and female literacy rate is 42 percent. Average literacy rate of the study area, on the whole, is roughly around 67 percent.
1.4 Anticipated Environmental Impact Identification, Prediction and Mitigation
1.4.1 Ambient Air
At a drill site, sources that cause potential impacts on air quality are:
Emissions from DG sets used as part of the drilling rig; Flaring of gases primarily during the testing phase will contribute to additional air pollution; Fugitive emissions during site preparation and closure phases; Emissions from vehicular movement;
Impacts of emissions from DG sets on the Ground Level Concentration (GLC) at various distances were predicted using air modeling dispersion software, AERMOD, and analyzed for their impact on the ground level concentrations for various distances.
Based on SO2 emission rate in kg/hr, the stack height was determined using the formula
Q = 14 Q 0.3
The stack height predicted using above formula was about 6 meter for given rate of SO2 emission and dispersion modeling was performed for it.
At this stack height, the resultant SO2 and PM concentration were coming within NAAQ standard; however the NOX GLC concentration was obtained above the NAAQS standard, Therefore various simulations were performed by increasing the stack height, so that the resultant concentration of NOx comes within the NAAQ standard. The optimum stack height of 18 m was obtained using various simulations for which NAAQS for NOx was within limit.
GLC for dispersion modeling using stack height 18 m are provided below
Vadodara District
3 3 3 Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.5 µg/m , 53.83 µg/m and 0.5 µg/m for SO2,
NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 100 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Bharuch District
Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m3 , 30.13 µg/m3 and 0.28 µg/m3 for
SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Surat District
Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m3 , 29.49 µg/m3 and 0.28 µg/m3 for
SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SW Direction.
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The predicted impact level due to the operation of DG sets (after considering baseline) indicate that results are within the limit prescribed in National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Suggested mitigation measures for air quality impacts are:
The exhaust of the DG set will be at sufficient height to allow dispersion of the pollutants and DG sets will be properly maintained so that emissions will be under statutory limits; The flaring system will be properly managed at all times; Location of the flare stack will be decided in accordance with the Oil Mines Regulation Rules, 1984 (Chapter 9, Section 96 – Protection against Pollution of Environment), a flare stack of 9 m height or higher as required by the Regional Inspector (Inspector of mines in charge of the region or local area) will be provided at a distance of 30 m from well taking into consideration nearest habitations, campsite location and prevailing wind direction; Water spraying will be done on the access roads to control re-entrained dust during dry season (if required); The engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used in this project will be maintained as such, that exhaust emissions are low and do not breach National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS); Ensuring the availability of valid Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUCC) for all vehicles used on site.
1.4.2 Noise Environment
The proposed drilling operations and related activities will lead to emission of noise that may have significant impact on the surrounding communities in terms of increase in noise levels and associated disturbances.
Following activities would result in increase in noise level
Noise from rig and associated machinery Noise from vehicular movement Noise from DG sets
The noise generated due to the diesel engines operating the rig along with the mud circulation system is considered to be the most significant of the noise generating equipment. Generally, the noise sources in a drilling well are scattered within an area of about 110 m x 110 m. Kadam undertook the noise monitoring at an existing Electrical rig of ONGC (E-1400) in the study area, it was observed that the noise levels at the site boundary were ~ 65 - 67 dB(A).
For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient from the source point, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The sound pressure level generated by noise sources decreases with increasing distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path.
For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogeneous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations at different sources using model based on first principle.
Lp2 = Lp1 - 20 log (r2/r1) - Ae1, 2
Where:
Lp1 & Lp2 are sound levels at points located at distances r1 & r2 from the source.
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Ae1, 2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions. Combined effect of all sources can be determined at various locations by logarithmic addition.
Lptotal = 10 log {10(Lp1/10) + 10(Lp2/10) + 10(Lp3/10) +……}.
Noise propagation modeling performed for noise generation due to operation of the equipments and engines in terms of the occupational and human settlement exposure levels. The noise level at source was considered to be 67dB (A).
It was observed from the results of modeling that there is no significant change in the baseline noise levels of the villages nearest to the drill site.
Mitigation measures for noise will include the following:
Sufficient engineering control during installation of equipments and machineries (like mufflers in DG sets) is to be ensured to reduce noise levels at source; Proper and timely maintenance of machineries and preventive maintenance of vehicles is to be adopted to reduce noise levels; All noise generating operations, except drilling are to be restricted to daytime only to the extent possible; Personnel Protective Equipments (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are wore by everybody during their shift;
1.4.3 Surface Water /Ground water
Quantity
Drilling operations require the use of water for operations as well as for domestic requirements, but the use will be of temporary nature and limited to a few days for each well (35 m3 per day per well out of which 8 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of ~27 m3/day), averaged over the drilling period. Water will be sourced from nearest ONGC installation which in turn will source water from Narmada River. Hence these impacts are not considered to be significant.
Quality
Wastewater discharged from the drilling/other operations will be collected in HDPE lined pit for evaporation. Waste water generated from domestic activities will be treated in a septic tank system. The septic tank adequately sized to cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.
Following mitigation measures will be implemented for water pollution control:
Efforts shall be made to reduce water requirements, through recycling and reuse and affixing of magnetic flow water meters on inlet and outlet of water tank to keep a track of water consumption. Proper treatment of discharged wastewater will be made by disposing waste water in an impervious HDPE lined pit for evaporation; The domestic waste water will be discharged into the soak pits; All chemical and fuel storage areas will have proper bunds so that contaminated run-off cannot meet the storm-water drainage system; ONGC will ensure proper spill control at site
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ONGC will use best engineering techniques during drilling operation and also during the cementing job and installation of casing so that drilling mud does not contaminate the ground water
1.4.4 Land
Impact on land environment, due to site preparation shall be loss of vegetation or change in land use from agriculture land use to industrial land use for a parcel of land of 110 m X 110 m. This impact shall be for a period of 30 – 45 days only.
In case of discovery of commercial quantity of hydrocarbons an area of 30 m X 30m shall be retained and rest shall be restored to its original condition. In other case full area shall be restored and returned to the owner, and signature of the owner will be taken that he/she has received land in acceptable condition.
Mitigation measures
Necessary efforts will be made during selection of drill site to minimize disruption of current land use to the extent possible; On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes will be completely removed; Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads may be improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as materials and machineries;
1.4.5 Soil
During site preparation at the drill site the topsoil will be removed from the project site and the approach road. Topsoil contains nutrients and organisms that give soil productivity. This will in turn result in minor changes of topsoil structure
Soil quality may be affected by setting up of rig and associated machinery and will continue till the site is restored to its original condition
Contamination of soil can result from the project activities if certain operations like storage of chemicals and fuels, cement and mud preparation, spent oil and lubricants are not managed efficiently and allowed to get in contact with soil.
Improper storage of drilling waste and return/unused drilling mud at the on-site waste disposal facility can also result in contamination of the soil
Mitigation measures
The following mitigation measures will be implemented
Will Store, preserve and protect topsoil separately to use it during restoration period; Will carry out adequate restoration of soil at the drilling site, to the extent possible using the soil stored from piling and excavation activities; Dispose drilling mud and drill cutting temporarily in an impervious HDPE lined pit for evaporation carefully so that there is no spillage. The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by the drill bit, will be removed from the fluid by the shale shakers (vibrating screens) and centrifuges and
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transferred to the cuttings containment area and will be disposed off in accordance with Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E); Management of contaminants such as oil from equipment, cement, drilling mud, and etc. on the soil by enforcement of the soil quality management plan Proper arrangement of soak pits provided at the drilling site for disposal of domestic waste water;
1.4.6 Socio Economic
The proposed drilling project will have positive impact on socio economic status of the area due to
Generation of indirect employment in the region due to the requirement of workers, supply of raw material, auxiliary and ancillary works, which would marginally improve the economic status of the people. Result in an increase in local skill levels through exposure to activities. As the existing loose / soft surface roads, shall be upgraded to facilitate the movement of the heavy equipment required, the project in turn would lead to improvement in transport facilities. As well as CSR activities carried out by ONGC will improve facilities in the area.
1.4.7 Flora and Fauna
Possible Biological Impacts due to the proposed Project
Impact on terrestrial fauna due to noise Project infrastructure and well development may disturb agriculture land near site. Drilling activity may increase deposition of dust and dust settling on the vegetation may alter or limit plants' abilities to photosynthesize and/or reproduce
Mitigation Measures
Flaring will be done through a vent as per OMR standard to minimize effect on nocturnal avifauna. Acoustic enclosure shall be provided to D.G. set to reduce the noise intensity during the drilling operation Since, the activity is temporary wastewater discharged from the drilling operations shall be collected in HDPE lined collection pit and allowed to evaporate thus protecting bio diversity. There is no ecologically important area (e.g. National Park, Sanctuary) in the study area so impact on such areas is not expected. ONGC will implement its spill management plan if required. Use existing facilities (e.g. Access Roads) to the extent possible to minimize the amount of new disturbance Avoid use of unnecessary lighting at night to avoid attracting avifauna
1.4.8 Occupational Health and Risks to Surrounding community
Site preparation, drilling and post drilling activities involve occupational health hazards to the workers at site such as:
Noise generated during drilling operation may affect the workers and staff members
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Handling of chemicals, fuel, may cause health hazard if not handled properly
Uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbon or other fluids during blow out may cause serious health injuries including fatality of workers as well as surrounding communities
Risk and hazard to the nearby community include:
Uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbon or other fluids during blow out may cause serious health injuries including fatality of workers as well as surrounding communities
In case of catastrophic rupture of the HSD storage tank risk to surrounding community is likely
Mitigation measures
As per ONGC policy period medical checkup would be carried out for all employees in two stages which include clinical examination and laboratory test if required During site preparation proper care would be taken by ONGC, proper PPE will be provided to site workers and staff members Site preparation work will be carried out during day time only Acoustic enclosures will be provided to DG sets and other noise generating equipment ONGC will implement a spill management plan to prevent risk of spill which may cause health problem Blow out preventer of sufficient capacity will be used to mitigate risk of blow out Impervious HDPE lined pit of sufficient depth will be provided for storage of waste water to prevent risk of contamination of immediately surrounding area
1.5 Additional Studies
1.5.1 Consequence Assessment Due to HSD Spillage / Ignition
Hazards are identified for release of HSD from storage tank (40KL) at drilling site. Consequence analysis of all possible containment scenarios was carried out using DNV Technica Software (PHAST).
Result of Consequence Assessment
The result of consequence analysis indicates that the risk contours for fatality are confined within the drilling site only.
1.5.2 Disaster Management Plan
The development of a DMP is to ensure effective control of an emergency to minimize loss to human life and property. First objective of a DMP is to save human life and then comes minimizing damage to property. The DMP describes the role and responsibilities of various authorities under the emergency organization. Specifically, the DMP contains the following:
Major emergencies likely to happen Prevention plan of an impending emergency by control of incidents; Internal emergency reporting and communication system; Offsite plan components;
It is recommended that the DMP be integrated into the actual operations prior to commencement of project work. Mock drills should be conducted at periodic intervals to check the efficacy of the DMP.
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ONGC has well developed DMP/ERP integrated with district and national level Disaster Management Plans.
1.6 Project Benefits
The project benefits are summarized as follows:
New oil/gas finds in 23 Blocks will lead to reduction in India’s dependence on imported crude oil and thereby result in considerable savings in foreign exchange, especially in light of increasing oil prices and fall in value of the Indian Rupees vis –a-vis the USD. There will be a beneficial effect of a flourishing production unit that will directly and indirectly boost the living standards of the people, save foreign exchange and with increase in industrial activities, create more jobs in the local economy. The activities would result in an increase in local skill levels through exposure to drilling technology. In the event of discovery of commercial quantity of hydrocarbon reserves, more long-term employment opportunities shall be created. Besides, the hydrocarbons brought to the surface shall help in contributing the ongoing efforts of the government to meet the national demand of petroleum resources. Development of ancillary activities resulting into indirect jobs and skills of local manpower.
1.7 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works. For each stage of the programme, the EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective mitigation of significant biophysical and socio-economic impacts identified in the EIA. The EMP covers the following:
Role of ONGC and its contractors; A comprehensive listing of the mitigation measures (actions) that ONGC will implement; The parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the action; The timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met.
1.7.1 Expenditure on Environmental Matters
The one-time expenditure for environmental management and mitigation is estimated to be Rs. 3, 81,530 per well.
1.7.2 Environmental Mitigation
The drilling program will be designed to avoid or minimize impacts to the environment and local communities wherever practicable & desirable. Where residual impacts remain, which may have moderate or significant effects on the environment, mitigation measures have been described in this EIA (Chapter 5) which will either reduce the impact to an acceptable level or adequately offset it. Some major mitigation measures are:
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Disposal of drill cuttings and drilling mud as per G.S.R. 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation”; Acoustic insulation of Diesel Generating Sets; Controlling air emission from Diesel Generating Sets to limiting values as per NAAQS, 2009; Post-project restoration of site
1.7.3 Environmental Monitoring
The following will be monitored on a regular basis during Drilling operation to ensure a high level of environmental performance being maintained:
Chemicals used in drilling fluid make up; Fluid losses; Post project sampling and effect on baseline data generated during preparation of EIA report The general effectiveness of pollution control measures shall also be monitored
1.8 Conclusions
The study brings out the following points:
The sources of air emissions include diesel generator sets, flaring of natural gas at drilling site during well testing. It was observed that the impact on ambient air quality due to proposed activities is not expected to cause an effect on vegetation and human settlements in the vicinity of the sites. The noise generated due to the diesel engines operating the rig along with the mud circulation system is considered to be significant in the vicinity of the noise generating equipment only. This can be mitigated satisfactorily by the workers wearing ear protection while working. This noise is temporary and lasts for a short period. The proposed drilling activities shall generate indirect employment in the region due to the requirement of workers in supply of raw material, auxiliary and ancillary works, which shall marginally improve the economic status of the people. The hardening of existing loose/soft surface roads to facilitate the movement of the heavy equipment required for drilling shall lead to improvement in transport facilities / infrastructure in the area. In the event that commercial quantities of hydrocarbon reserves are discovered, more long- term employment opportunities would be generated. Besides, the hydrocarbons brought to the surface shall help in contributing the ongoing efforts of the government to meet the national demand of petroleum resources. The risk of occupational hazards, personal injuries, accidents during rig building and operation shall be very less as safety measures shall be adequately implemented by ONGC.
Thus, it can be concluded on a positive note after the implementation of the mitigation measures as suggested in EMP/DMP, the proposed activities of ONGC shall have overall beneficial impact on local population.
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2 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
2.1 About Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Founded on August 14th, 1956, as Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and converted to Corporation in 1992, is the largest Indian public sector company. It is also the second largest Indian company in terms of net profit and the third largest Indian company by market capitalization. ONGC has been conferred the Maharatna3 status by the Central Government on 16th November 2010.
ONGC is engaged in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities. Major functions of ONGC are to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for exploration, development of petroleum resources and the production. It is involved in exploring and exploiting hydrocarbons in about 26 sedimentary basins of India. ONGC produces crude oil which is 64% of India’s crude oil production. It owns and operates more than 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in India.
2.2 About the 23 Blocks and Proposed Project
The proposed project falls in a fairly well explored, productive hydrocarbon basin of Cambay Basin. Operational areas for the 23 Blocks covered in this study within ONGC’s Western Onshore Basin include an area of ~1800 Km2.
The 23 blocks that are the focus of this study are spread over three districts in Gujarat covering:
Two talukas of Surat District Five talukas in Bharuch District, and Four taluka in Vadodara District
Most of the oil and gas discovered in cambay basin is restricted to shallow conventional (i.E sand) reservoir of middle Ecocene age overlying older Cambay shale formation.
2.3 Location of Project
Location details are as follows:
Taluka: Olpad and Mangrol Taluka of Surat District, Jambusar, Amod, Vagra, Ankleshwar and Hansot Taluka of Bharuch District, Vadodara, Dabhoi, Padra and Karjan Talukas of Vadodara District District: Surat, Bharuch and Vadodara State: Gujarat
1
3 The Maharatna status gives a public sector enterprise the financial and managerial autonomy to invest up to INR 5,000 crores in a new venture without seeking government approval. Only a handful of public sector companies have been conferred the Maharatna status.
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The 23 blocks are shown in Map 2.1. The co-ordinates of various leases boundary are also presented in Annexure 1.
2.3.1 Proposed Project
ONGC proposes drilling of 67 exploratory wells, depth ranging from 500 meter to 3000 meter in the mining leases of the 23 blocks, out of these 67 wells 4 wells will be drilled to a higher depth of upto 4500 meter for shale gas study. The drilling technology used will be the same that is used for drilling conventional wells.
Table 2-1: Taluka and Districts of the Mining Lease and No of proposed wells S. No. Name of Block (ML) Area in sqkm No of wells 1 Dabka and Dabka Ext-I to V 39.2325 3 2 Umra and Umra EXT- I and II 52.795 4 3 Nada and Nada EXT- I 15.97 1 4 Gandhar and Gandhar EXT-I to XII 609.708 12 5 Dahej, EXT-I and South Dahej 136.42 3 6 Pkhajan and Pkhajan EXT I & II 72.246 4 7 Kudara 2.6 2 8 Sanaokhurd 23.29 2 9 Motwan 42.20 2 10 Kosamba and Kosamba EXT I & II 77.87 3 11 Olpad and Olpad Dandi EXT-I 97.150 2 12 Elav 10.37 1 13 Kasaiabet 5.06 1 14 Kharach 0.7210 1 15 Kim and Kim EXT-1 74.437 3 16 Kural 83.485 2 17 Malpur 1.0 1 18 Padra and Padra EXT I to X 172.23 7 19 Degam 15.47 3 20 Jambusar – Dabka 48.00 3 21 Karjan 62.9 3 22 Matar 36.0 2 23 Karvan 127.0 2 Total 67
Well locations are shown in Map 2.2.
2.3.2 Approach to Site
Available options of roads, railway lines and air transport to approach various leases passing through study area (10km surrounding area of all leases) are mentioned below,
Road
Major roads passing through the study area are
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National Highway (NH-8) from Surat to Vadodara State Highway (SH-11) from Borsad to Dabhoi State Highway (SH-87) from Vadodara to Vaghodia State highway (SH-158) from Vadodara to Savli State Highway (SH-6) from Vagra – Jambusar - Vadodara JambusarState Highway (SH-160) from Padra to Karjan State Highway (SH-161) from Amod to Karjan State Highway (SH-64) Amod to Bharuch State Highway (SH-6) from Olpad - Hansot to Ankleshwar State Highway (SH-64) from Ankleshwar to Jhagadia State Highway (SH- 76) from Bharuch to Ankleshwar State Highway (SH-166) from Hansot to Kosamba State Highway (SH-65) Olpad to Mandvi State highway (SH-169) to Surat
By Rail
Broad Gauge railway line from Mumbai -Surat – Bharuch- Vadodara to Delhi and Ahmedabad Broad Gauge railway line from Ankleshwar to Rajpipla Broad Gauge railway line from Bharuch – Samni and Narrow Gauge from Samni to Jambusar - Kavi Broad Gauge railway line from Bharuch- Samni- Dahej Narrow Gauge railway line from Jambusar to Vadodara Narrow Guage railway line from Karjan to Sinor Narrow Guage railway line from Karjan to Dabhoi
By Air
Nearest airport is at Vadodara, which is well connected to other major city through domestic flights.
2.4 About the EIA Report
2.4.1 Regulatory Framework
As per the Schedule attached to the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date, the proposed project is covered under Project or Activity, 1(b), namely Offshore and Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production. Such activities are also listed as Category A under the said Notification, requiring prior Environment Clearance (EC) from the Impact Assessment Authority (IAA), i.e. the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi.
Purpose of this EIA Report
This report factually documents the findings of the environmental and related studies as part of the EC process.
The Consultant
The studies were undertaken by The Consultant namely, Kadam Environmental Consultants (‘Kadam’). Kadam is a National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) Accredited Consultant
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Organization (ACO) and is qualified to prepare EIA reports for Project / Activity 1(b) (Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production only), a mandatory requirement for agencies submitting such studies to regulators for the purpose of seeking EC. Kadam’s current NABET accreditation certificate is attached as Annexure 7.
2.4.2 Project Chronology
As part of its EC process, ONGC submitted relevant documents, namely Form-1 (as per the EIA Notification 2006, as amended till date) along with a Pre-feasibility Report and proposed Terms of References (ToRs) for carrying out environmental studies, to the Expert Appraisal Committee (Industrial Projects-2) MoEF (‘EAC, Industry-2’), vide letter No ONGC/CHSE/EC/2011 dated 17th August 2011 A presentation to the EAC, Industry-2, to finalize the ToR for the EIA study was held on 17th – 18th October 2011 at New Delhi. The EAC, Industry-2 prescribed ToR vide its letter F. No. J- 11011/431/2011-IA II (I) dated 14th November 2011. The ToR letter is attached as Annexure 2. Thereafter ONGC awarded the work of undertaking relevant environmental and other studies required as part of the EC process to Kadam Environmental Consultants (‘Kadam’). Kadam undertook the study during the winter season 2012-13, in accordance with the ToR issued by the EAC-Industry 2 / MoEF and presented the preliminary study findings in its draft report released for the purpose of public consultation as per the EIA Notification.
2.5 Objective of the Study
Broadly, the following objectives are intended to be covered as part of this study report, within the overall framework of the prescribed ToRs:
To Describe and Assess
The prevailing baseline environmental and socio-economic condition of the study area through baseline studies and secondary data collection The proposed project (i.e. drilling) methodology, including equipment, procedures and processes, based on interactions with project owners / managers
To Determine
Impacts of the project on the environment, ecology, workers and community, due to the proposed project Formulation of mitigation measures for the impacts identified Alternatives in terms of project location and project technology
To Recommend
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with action plans covering specific areas and a management system covering timing, responsibilities and costs and considering the existing regulatory framework, for implementing the selected alternatives and mitigation measures covering: water use and quality, wastes, hazardous materials, landuse and bio-diversity, air quality, noise and vibration, energy use and visual impacts, as also remedial measures when deviations occur.
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2.6 Methodology
2.6.1 Objective 1: Describing / Assessing Baseline Environmental and Socio – Economic Conditions
This was done by for different parameters, mentioned as follows:
Landuse (by Kadam’s FAE, Landuse)
Identifying and delineating the study area, i.e., an aerial distance of 10.0 km around the outer boundary of each ML on a recent satellite image, and undertaking a desktop interpretation of the landuse, followed by a ground truth survey of the study area for confirming the interpreted landuse.
Meteorology and Air Quality (by Kadam’s FAE, Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction)
Meteorology
Review of meteorological data for study period using Kadam’s archives / information from the nearest IMD meteorological Station, and identifying the predominant downwind direction based on this exercise, Collection of meteorological data by setting up meteorological station within the study area, covering wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and manual records of cloud cover
Air Quality
Identifying and setting up 15 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations for collecting ambient air quality data for the Study Period
Monitoring of AAQ, which entailed sampling and analysis of PM10, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Total Hydrocarbons, and VOC for the study period, using standard monitoring methods and equipment for selected AAQM stations.
Noise Quality (by Kadam’s FAE, Noise and Vibration)
Identifying as suitable number of noise quality monitoring locations considering drilling activity and ToR. Monitoring background noise level in dB(A) in day and night at the selected locations
Surface Water (by Kadam’s FAE, Hydrology, Ground Water, and Water Conservation)
Identification of surface water resources, including rivers and other surface water bodies in the Study Area, based on the landuse maps and through site visits Sampling at relevant locations, considering human settlements as well as spatial spread across the study area, for parameters covered in the EIA Manual, along with additional parameters covering portability requirements, followed by testing using standard methods and equipments in NABL approved laboratory of Kadam.
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Ground Water (by Kadam’s FAE, Hydrology, Ground Water, and Water Conservation)
Description of ground water resources in the study area, based on site surveys and available secondary information, including:
District Resource Map, Vadodara, Bharuch, and Surat prepared by the Survey of India Sampling at relevant locations, in the study area, for parameters covered in the EIA Manual, along with additional parameters covering portability requirements, followed by testing using standard methods and equipments.
Soil Quality (by Kadam’s FAE, Geology)
Collection of background information on soil types within the Region, based on secondary sources of information Identifying the different soil types in the Study Area Sampling of different soil types available in the Study Area for parameters mentioned in the EIA Manual
Ecology and Bio-diversity (by Kadam’s FAE, Ecology and Bio-diversity)
Collection of authenticated list of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) from Forest Department (considering ToR) Site survey of flora and fauna within study area
Road and Transportation (by Kadam’s FAE, Socio-Economic)
Inventorisation of road network in the Study Area by type of road (national highways, state highways, district road, other district roads and village roads) Collecting socio-economic data regarding population and dwelling units, Collecting information about the occupational pattern, education and health & medical infrastructure, Collecting information about the general facilities like drinking water facilities or communication facilities etc. within the study area.
2.6.2 Objective 2: Describing/ Assessing the Project
(By Kadam’s EC, Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production)
Review of the project details covering the following aspects
Justification of project Promoters and their background Site location map and Location of proposed drilling sites Drilling Process Description Workforce requirement Power requirement Water requirement and Waste water generation Air emissions Solid Waste Management Noise Generation Abandonment of Operation
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2.6.3 Objective 3: Understanding Project Impacts on Environment, Ecology, Workers and Community
This will include:
Identification of impacts on: landuse, air quality, ambient noise, surface water, ground water, soil quality, ecology and bio-diversity and local community. Prediction of intensity of impacts on the above biotic and abiotic receptors Analysis of the impacts on the environmental baseline as reported in Objective 1 The work, with inputs from individual FAE’s covered the key areas that were likely to get impacted due to the project related activities.
A brief summary of the methodology adopted for identification, prediction and analysis of impacts is provided in Table 2-2
Table 2-2: Methods Used for Impact Identification and Prediction S. No. Parameter Identification Prediction and Analysis Preparation of land use map using 1 Landuse Logical deduction Satellite Imagery From project details covering air Air quality dispersion modeling 2 Ambient Air Quality pollution generating equipment using the dispersion model such as flue gas stacks Airmod, logical deduction Using noise attenuating Project details, especially noise 3 Noise Quality algorithms, followed by logical generating equipment deduction Collection of surface water 4 Surface Water Logical deduction samples in study area Understanding of ground water 5 Ground Water Logical deduction quality of study area Collection of soil samples within 6 Soil Quality Logical deduction the study area Logical deduction, information Study of available flora and fauna 7 Ecology and Bio-diversity from available research, in the study area professional judgment Consequence Assessment using 8 Risk and Hazards Hazard Identification (HAZID) software PHAST Professional (Version 7.0)
2.6.4 Objective 4: Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures were prepared to reduce the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts, were suggested by individual FAEs and covered the following areas:
Air quality management Air pollution control Land use Water pollution prevention monitoring and control Ecology and bio-diversity Risk and hazards management Solid and hazardous waste management
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Noise and vibration Geology and soil Socio-economics
The broad methodology to arrive at this covered the following actions, in the following order:
Discussions with regulators, experts, project owner, line managers and resource persons to identify possible alternatives for mitigating impacts Identifying the most suitable options for mitigation Checking the feasibility of implementing the measures at site considering relevant concepts such as Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
2.6.5 Objective 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Formulation
Once the mitigation measures were selected, EMP formulation was carried out. EMPs cover the following:
The control action Responsibility for implementing the action Timing Post-implementation review of the EMPs Redressal mechanism to check deviations, when they occur
Budgetary Allocation
A budget will be provided to implement the EMPs, and the budget will cover both capital and operational costs.
2.7 Need for the Project and its Importance to the Country and Region
Existing information on the status of hydrocarbon reserves, consumption, production and imports are presented in Table 2-3.
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Table 2-3: Petroleum Goods – Reserves, Consumption, Production and Imports4 Reserves Item Unit CAGR5 2007-8 2008-9 2009-10 2010-11 2011- 126 Million Crude Oil Metric 770.12 773.29 774.66 757.44 760 -0.26 Tonnes Billion Natural Gas Cubic 1090 1115 1149 1278 1330 4.06 meter Consumption Crude Oil Million 156.10 160.77 192.77 206.00 211.42 6.25 Metric Petroleum Products Tonnes 128.95 133.60 138.20 141.04 148.00 2.79 Production Crude Oil 34.12 33.51 33.69 37.68 38.09 2.23 Million Petroleum Products 144.93 150.52 179.76 190.32 196.71 6.30 Metric LPG from Natural Tonnes 2.06 2.16 2.24 2.17 2.21 1.42 Gas Gross Imports Crude Oil 121.67 132.78 159.26 163.59 172.11 7.18 LNG Million 8.32 8.06 8.83 8.95 9.70 3.12 Metric Petroleum / Oil / Tonnes Lubricant (POL) 22.46 18.52 14.66 17.34 14.92 -7.85 Products Exports Petroleum / Oil / Million Lubricant (POL) Metric 40.78 38.90 50.97 59.13 60.52 8.22 Products Tonnes Net Imports Crude Oil 121.67 132.78 159.26 163.59 172.11 7.18 Petroleum / Oil / Million Lubricant (POL) Metric -18.32 -20.38 -36.31 -41.80 -45.60 20.00 Products Tonnes Total 111.67 120.46 131.78 130.75 136.22 4.05
1
4 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, “Basic Statistics on Petroleum and Natural Gas, 2010-11”, Table 2, pp-5. 5 Compound Annual Growth Rate 6 Provisional
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2.7.1 Reserves
Refer Table 2-3. India’s Crude oil reserves have shown an marginal increase from 770 to 775 from 2007 to 2008, but crude oil reserves have decreased to 757 from 775 in the year 2010 – 11 and it is again showing an marginal increase from 757 to 760 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) over five years ending FY 2012, a CAGR of only -0.26%.
On the other hand natural gas reserves have seen a steady increase from ~ 1090 to 1330 Billion cubic meters (BCM) over five years ending FY 2012, a CAGR of 4.06%.
This is because existing onshore reserves located at Gujarat, Assam, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Nagaland and Offshore reserves in the East and West Coast have not grown to meet growing demand. Therefore, India is largely dependent on import of petroleum goods to meet its requirements.
ONGC’s proposed exploratory drilling project could possibly result in the discovery of hydrocarbon and in that case, would help in reducing India’s dependence on imports.
2.7.2 Consumption
The demand for petroleum has recorded a considerable increase over the last few years. Available statistics presented in Table 2-3, indicate considerable increase in consumption of petroleum products due to the development activities in the country in the last few years. Consumption of crude oil has grown from 156.10 to 211.42 million metric tones over the 5 year period ending FY 2012, a CAGR of 6.25 %. Similarly petroleum products have also shown an increase in last five years from 128.95 to 148.00 million metric tones, a CAGR of 2.79%.
2.7.3 Production
Crude oil production has shown an steady increase over the past five years from ~34.12 to 38.09 Million Metric tones (MMT), a CAGR of 2.23%. Similarly production of petroleum products has also shown a healthy increase from ~144.93 to 196.71 over the past five years with a CAGR of 6.30%
2.7.4 Net Imports
Net imports have grown from ~111.67 to ~136.22 MMT, a CAGR of 4.05%.
2.7.5 Synopsis of the above Discussion – Importance of the project to the Company
Facing an environment of increasing consumption, static reserves, increasing imports and increasing costs of crude as well as decreasing value of the Indian Rupee vis-à-vis the US Dollar, it follows that any accretion of hydrocarbon reserves in the country, is welcome.
Consequently, the need for the project is evident.
2.8 Scope of the Study
The scope of work is to carry out EIA studies per the requirement set in the ToR issued by MoEF to ONGC. The Tor Letter is attached as Annexure 2.
A compliance statement of ToR is given in Table 2-4.
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Table 2-4: Compliance Statement of Terms of Reference S. No. TORs Covered in EIA Executive Summary is given as Chapter 1, Page 1. Executive Summary of Project No. 19 Project Description is given in Chapter 3, Page No. Project Description, Project Objectives and 60, Project Objectives is given in Section 2.5, Page 2. Project Benefits No. 48, and Project Benefits are given in Chapter 8, Page No. 295 48 exploratory wells are proposed to be drilled in Site details within 1 km of the each proposed well, 23 blocks, landuse map prepared is attached as any habitation, any other installation/activity, flora Map 4.1, Flora and Fauna are given in Chapter 4, 3. and fauna, approachability to site, other activities Section Page No. 164, Approachability to site is including agriculture/land, satellite imagery for 10 given in Section 2.3.2, Page No. 46, Satellite km area. imagery for 10 km area around the 23 blocks is attached as Map 3.2 Details of Forest land involved in the proposed There is no forest land involved in the proposed 4. project. A copy of forest clearance letter, if project so forest clearance letter is not required applicable. Permission from the State Forest Department There is no National Park/ Wild life Sanctuary/ regarding the impact of the proposed plant on the reserve Forest/ Eco sensitive area in the study surrounding National Park/Wild life area so permission from state forest department 5 Sanctuary/Reserve Forest/Eco sensitive area, if regarding the impact is not required also approval any. Approval obtained from the State/Central from State/ Central Government under Forest Government under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980 Conservation Act, 1980 for the forestland is not for the forestland should be submitted required Distance from nearby critically/severally polluted 6 area as per Notification dated 13th January, 2010, GIDC Ankleshwar is inside the area of 23 blocks. if applicable Exploratory drilling in 23 blocks of Western Environment Clearance for the existing drilling Onshore Basin is a new and fresh project. No issued by the ministry (reasons, if not obtained), exploratory drilling has been carried out in these 7 consent to operate and authorization accorded by blocks in recent past i.e after September 2006. the GPCB along with point wise compliances The proposed project does not require compliance certificate. Does the proposal involve rehabilitation and No the proposal involve rehabilitation and 8 resettlement? If yes details thereof resettlement 9 Details of project cost Project cost is given in Section 3.2, Page No. 71 Environmental consideration in selection of the There is no National Park/ Wild life Sanctuary/ drilling locations for which environment clearance reserve Forest/ Eco sensitive area in the study is being sought for, present any analysis 10 area. Safe distance will be kept from nearest suggested for minimizing the foot print, give receptor. Analysis of alternatives is given in details of drilling and development option Chapter 6, Page No. 285 considered Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for one season leaving the monsoon season in an 11 area of 10 km radius with centre of oil field as its centre covering the area of all seven proposed drilling wells
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S. No. TORs Covered in EIA
i Topography of the Project site. Topography is given in Section 4.7, Page No. 115
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at Ambient air quality monitoring at 8 locations for 15 locations to adequately cover the 23 blocks, ii PM10, SO2, Nox, VOC, Methane and Non Methane Ambient air quality is given in Section 4.5, Page HC No.102 Soil sample Monitoring was carried out at 15 locations to cover the area of 23 blocks, Discussion Soil sample analysis (Physical and Chemical iii about the soil is give in Section 4.8, Page No. 123, properties) at the area located at 5 locations Soil sample analysis is given in Table 4-28 and Table 4-29, Page No. 131 Groundwater and Surface water sampling was Ground water and surface water quality in the done at 23 locations, surface water is discussed in iv vicinity of proposed well site Section 4.9.1, Page No. 133, Groundwater is given in Section 4.9.2, Page No. 152 Climatology and Meteorology including wind Climatology and Meteorology including wind speed, v speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall, wind direction, temperature, rainfall and Relative Relative humidity etc. humidity is given in Section 4.4, Page No. 86 Noise level monitoring was done at 30 locations near the proposed wells it is given in Chapter 4, Measurement of noise levels within 1 km of vi Section 4.6 Page No.110, Sampling locations are proposed wells given in Table 4-21, Page No.111, Noise level results are given in Table 4-22, Page No. 113 Vegetation and landuse is given in Section 4.3, vii Vegetation and Landuse; Animal resources Page No. 72, Animal resources are given in Section 4.10, Page No. 164
Incremental GLC results are given in Chapter 5 12 Incremental GLC as results of DG set operations Section 5.4.1, Page No. 256
Potential environmental impacts envisaged during Potential environmental impacts envisaged during various stage of project activity such as site various stage of project activity such as site 13 activation, development, operation/maintenance activation, development, operation/maintenance and decommissioning and decommissioning is given in Chapter 5 Water will be sourced from ONGC installation which in turn will source water from Narmada River, Actual source of water and Permission for the Water balance diagram for drilling is given as drawl of water from the Competent Authority. Figure 3-3, Page No.69. 14 Detailed water balance, wastewater generation, Waste water generation and discharge is described and discharge in section 0, Page No. 68 Waste water will be collected in HDPE lined evaporating pit and will be allowed to evaporate naturally Noise abatement measures and measures to Noise abatement measures for noise arising due to 15 minimize the disturbance due to light and visual drilling work is given in Section 5.5.5, Page No. intrusion in case coastally located 263.
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S. No. TORs Covered in EIA Waste water will be collected in HDPE lined 16 Treatment and Disposal of waste water evaporating pit and will be allowed to evaporate naturally Solid waste generation, collection, segregation, 17 Treatment and disposal of solid waste generation recycling, reuse, treatment and disposal for drilling is given in Section 3.1.5, Page No. 61 Spent oil will be sent to GPCB approved re 18 Disposal of spent oil and loose processors. Chemicals used for drilling mud make up will be 19 Storage of chemicals and diesel at site. stored on a paved platform under shed. Diesel will be stored in a 40 KL tank at site.
20 Commitment for the use of WBM only ONGC is committed to use Water based mud
Mud make up and mud and cutting disposal? all Mud composition is given in Table 3-1, Page No. 21 options considered should be listed with selective 66, Disposal of cutting is given in Section 3.1.5, option Page No. 61
Hazardous material usage, storage, accounting Hazardous material usage, storage, accounting and 22 and disposal disposal given in Section 3.1.5, Page No. 61
Packaging waste will be disposed as per ONGC 23 Disposal of packaging waste from site policy. Oil spill emergency plans in respect of recovery/ Oil spill emergency plans are given in Chapter 7 24 reclamation Section 7.1.3, Page No. 287
H2S emission control is given in Chapter 7 Section 25 H S emissions control 2 7.1.3, Page No. 287 N.A as this project is only for exploratory drilling of 26 Produced oil handling and storage wells
Details of scheme for oil collection system along N.A as this project is only for exploratory drilling of 27 with process flow diagram and its capacity wells
Details of control of air, water and noise pollution N.A as this project is only for exploratory drilling of 28 in oil collection system wells
N.A as this project is only for exploratory drilling of 29 Disposal of produced/formation water wells Whether any burn pits being utilized for well test No burn pits will not be utilized for well test 30 operation operations Restoration and decommissioning plan which should include mud pits and wastage restoration Restoration and decommissioning plan is given in 31 also and documentation and monitoring of site Table 9-4, Page No. 310 recovery
Measure to protect ground water and shallow 32 ONGC has propoer cementing and Casing Policy aquifer from contamination
Risk assessment and disaster management plan Risk assessment is given in Section 5.12.1, Page 33 for independent reviews of well designed No. 274, Disaster Management Plan is given in construction etc for prevention of blow out Chapter 7, Page No. 286
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S. No. TORs Covered in EIA Environment Management Plan is given in Chapter 34 Environment Management Plan 9, Page No. 296 Documentary proof of membership of common Documentary proof of membership of common 35 disposal facilities is given in Annexure 8, Page No. disposal facilities, if any 383 Details of environmental and safety related Details of environmental and safety related documentation within the company including documentation within the company are given in documentation and proposed occupational health 36 Annexure 11, Page No. 387, ONGC periodical and safety Surveillance Safety Programme for all examination policy is given in Annexure 9, Page personnel at site. This should also include No. 385 monitoring programme for the environmental Total capital and recurring cost for environmental Total capital and recurring cost for environmental 37 control measures is given in Table 9-5, Page No. control measures 314 A Copy of Corporate Environment Policy of the A Copy of Corporate Environment Policy of the ONGC as per the Ministry’s O.M No. J- ONGC as per the Ministry’s O.M No. J- 38 11013/41/2006-IA.II (I) dated 26th April, 2011 11013/41/2006-IA.II (I) dated 26th April, 2011 is available on the Ministry’s website. given as Annexure 10, Page No. 386 Any litigation pending against the project and or No litigation pending against the project and or 39 any direction/order passed by any court of law any direction/order passed by any court of law against the project. If so details thereof against the project. Public hearing issues raised and commitment made by the project proponent on the same 40 should be included separately in EIA/EMP report in To be incorporated the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitment made
A tabular chart with index for point-wise 41 compliance of above ToRs.
All documents should be properly indexed, Page All documents are properly indexed, Page I numbered numbered
Period/date of data collection should be clearly II Period/date of data collection is clearly indicated indicated
Authenticated English translation of all material III Complied provided in Regional Languages
The letter/application for EC should quote the IV Complied MoEF file No. and also attach a copy of the letter.
The copy of the letter received from the Ministry V should be also attached as an annexure to the ToR letter is attached as Annexure 2, Page No. 324 final EIA-EMP report.
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S. No. TORs Covered in EIA The final EIA/EMP report submitted to the ministry must incorporate the issues in this letter. The index of the final EIA/EMP report must indicate the VI Will be Complied specific chapter and page number of the EIA/EMP report where the above issues have been incorporated While preparing the EIA report, the instruction for the proponents and the instruction for the consultants issued by MoEF vide office VII Complied memorandum O.M. J-11013/41/2006 IA II (I) dated 4th August 2009, which are available on the website of the ministry should also be followed The consultant involved in the preparation of EIA/EMP report after accreditation with Quality Council of India (QCI)/ National Accreditation Board of Education and Training NABET) would need to include a certificate in this regard in the Kadam certificate is attached as Annexure 7, Page VIII EIA/EMP reports preared by them and data No. 381 provided by other organization/ Laboratories including their status of approval etc. in this regard, circular No. J-11013/77/2004 – IA II (I) dated 2nd December 2009 posted on the Ministry’s website http://www.moef.nic.in may be referred. Status of approval of Accreditation with quality Council of India/ National Accreditation Board of Education and Training (QCI/NABET) as per Kadam certificate is attached as Annexure 7, Page IX circular No. F No. J-11013/77/2004 – IA II (I) No. 381 dated 30th September 2011 available on the ministry’s website http://www.moef.nic.in
‘Certificate of Accreditation issued by the QCI to Kadam certificate is attached as Annexure 7, Page X the environmental consultant should be included No. 381
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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter provides a condensed description of those aspects of the project likely to cause environmental effects. Details are described in the chapter with regards to type, need, location, size or magnitude of project operations, technology and other related activities.
3.1 Drilling of Exploratory Wells
3.1.1 Overview
To exploit hydrocarbon in sub-surface, an oil well is drilled by deploying a drill rig. Drilling operations are conducted round-the-clock. The time taken to drill a well depends on the depth of the hydrocarbon bearing formation and the geological conditions. ONGC intends to drill wells to the depth up to 4500 m. This would typically take ~30 - 45 days for each well – however drilling period may change depending on well depth.
In the process of drilling, drilling fluid is used to lift the cutting from the hole to the surface. Drilling fluid is formulated by earth clay and barites. Various types of bio-degradable polymers are also added to maintain the specific parameters of the mud. After completion of production casing the well is tested to determine & analyze various parameters of producing fluid.
Where a hydrocarbon formation is found, initial well tests are conducted to establish flow rates of oil & gas and formation pressure along with other reservoir parameters. These tests may then generate oil, gas and formation water. On completion of testing, the well would be declared oil / gas producer or dry.
3.1.2 Drilling Site Selection
The proposed well locations will be selected based on the following considerations:
Identified at a place so that drill site is located at a safe distance away from the nearest village habitat & existing rain water catchment tanks; Natural drainage channels are avoided or drainage channels rerouted to ensure unhindered flow of rain / flood water. Where necessary adequate erosion control measures will be provided;
All practicable means will be followed to avoid or minimize detrimental effects on the surrounding environment by virtue of the construction at the location or the operation of the drilling rig. Maximum care will be taken to avoid the cutting of the trees.
3.1.3 Site Clearance
The site selected for proposed drilling activity shall be first surveyed topographically and site boundaries shall be marked. Land clearance for site construction at each drilling site shall practicably be minimum in order to safely accommodate the facilities required for installation. The area of land required would be approximately of the order of 110 m x 110 m.
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Earth moving equipment typically a bull dozer armed with a grader blade / ripper teeth and scoop bucket will be used for the leveling / grading and excavation work. The natural contours will be worked on to minimize off-site disposal of excavated earth. The site area (except the pit areas) will be provided with hard-standing by providing a layered base of coarse aggregate covered with murrum. This is done to provide sufficient load- bearing capacity to enable all construction and drilling operations to be executed safely.
The earthwork to be carried typically involves approximately 450 m³ of excavation and about 1000 m³ of rolling and compaction of aggregate and morrum for the hard standing base. The civil works related to the construction of foundation, pits and paving would involve about 50 MT (for mobile rig site, mechanical rig) and 90 MT cement (for electrical rig site). During the construction phase approximately 6-7 truck loads per day of material movement would take place. The drill site construction would be done largely employing local labour.
3.1.4 Access and Transport
Access roads will be prepared to provide access to drilling site wherever required for movement of drilling machinery, equipment, supply vehicles etc. Existing infrastructure will be used to the extent possible, however where it is not possible ONGC may construct suitable route. These roads will be constructed as far as possible as overlays on existing roads, by strengthening and broadening the roads, and made with the consent of the local village administration and the concerned regulatory authorities. This would result in an added advantage to the local community, since the existing roads would be converted to heavy duty all weather roads. In case new roads are to be made, compensation for right of way will be provided. The choice to leave these newly constructed roads or to restore them back to original land use condition will depend on the requirements of the local authorities.
3.1.5 Drilling Site Layout
Each development well drill site has the following facilities:
Portable office cabins / rest rooms; Drilling rig foundation and cellar pit; Foundation / pits for ancillary equipments; Space for drill rig equipment, working area and materials lay down area; Cutting disposal (impervious lined) pits; Solar evaporation pits (waste drilling fluid disposal); Water storage pit; Sewage treatment system (septic tank with soak away pits); Paved and contained chemical storage area; Above ground diesel storage tanks with paved and bunded area; Storm water drainage system; Internal roads and fencing
The drill site is restricted access area and is fenced all round with round the clock watch & ward facility. Entry of vehicles into the drilling site area is prohibited except for material movement.
Figure 3-1 provides a typical layout for such a drilling site. It should be noted however, that the final configuration and layout would in part be determined by ONGC.
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Instillation of Facilities
Within the cleared site, construction will be taken up. This would include the impermeable layer lined for drilling fluid, drill cuttings, waste and water storage pits as required, foundations for the drilling rig and accessories, inter-connecting drains, secure storage provision for chemical, oil and waste oil, portable-cabins and a sewage treatment system (septic tank and soak away pits and piping). The mobilization of the drill site involves transportation of drilling rig in modules and erected by means of mobile cranes. The drill site equipments are designed as modular / skid mounted type, which facilitates quick demobilization and re- mobilization. The installation of the drill site equipments / facilities involves about 50 trailer loads spread over 5-6 days. Once the site is prepared, drilling equipment, supplies and drilling personnel will be mobilized and the drilling rig will be erected.
Other Utilities
The drill site area will be fenced by high barbed wire. The drilling rig will be positioned almost in the middle of this area, when mobilized. Excavation work shall be carried out under the permit-to-work system and in such a manner that the collapse of sidewalls is precluded. Measures shall be taken to prevent persons and livestock from accidentally falling into an excavation pit.
Surface Drainage
Drilling sites will have an adequate drainage and wastewater conveyance system, so that all wastewater are contained and can be disposed as per the GPCB discharge norms. The drilling rig location will be connected with paved drains to the lined drilling fluid collection pits. Storm water flows will be conveyed through surface drainage system. Surface drains will be adequately graded and maintained and kept debris free to ensure quick disposal of their contents.
Waste Oil Collection, Storage & Disposal System
Waste oil from pumps or other machinery will be trapped and manually collected and stored in a paved waste oil storage area. The storage area will be provided with paved flooring, containment bunding and covered roofing. The storage facility shall be designed based on the CPCB guidelines for hazardous waste storage. The waste oil will be recycled as per GPCB & MoEF authorized waste oil recyclers at the end of the drilling operations.
Spill Containment System
Containment systems and oil traps will be provided to trap any escape of oil before it can leave the drilling site. All potential sources of spillage will be equipped with drainage facilities or drip pans in order to contain spills.
Waste Water Storage Pit
The waste water storage pit (Size 45 m X 25 m X 1.5 m) will collect waste water, which come from the drilling operations. The waste water present in the waste pits will be recycled and reused during drilling phase. Water based drilling fluids, which are of an environmentally acceptable nature with regards to current Indian legislation and which are non- hazardous, will be used. The residual wastewater and the drilling fluid from the drilling operation will be collected in waste pits for solar drying. The pit will be lined with HDPE sheet and the overlaps welded together with the edges brought
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Drill Cuttings Disposal Pit
The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by the drill bit, will be removed from the fluid by the shale shakers (vibrating screens) and centrifuges and transferred to the cuttings containment area. Once the drilling fluid / mud have been cleaned it will be returned to the fluid tank and pumped down the drill string again.
Drill Cutting and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation”.
Domestic Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
The domestic sewage generated from the drill site operations will be treated in a septic tank– soak pit system. The septic tank would be adequately sized so as to cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.
Fuel & Chemical Storage Area
The fuel (Diesel) will be received in bulk quantity through road tankers and stored in above ground steel diesel tanks (~ 40 KL capacity). The tanks will be operated and maintained as per the applicable rules. The tank area will be provided with secondary containment of adequate capacity to impound any accidental leaks.
Chemicals will be stored on a paved platform with kerb walls and protected against weather through an impervious covering. Separate storages are earmarked for liquid and solid chemicals. All the storages are identified with tags and sign boards. All required safety precautions such as display of the MSDS, provision of fire extinguishers are followed.
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Figure 3-1: Typical Layout of Drilling Site
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3.1.6 Drilling and Testing Operation at Well Site
Once the cellar has been excavated, the drill pad constructed and equipments in place, drilling would commence. Based upon the drilling methodology adopted by ONGC, the sizes of drill bits, casings (surface / conductor / production) and other equipment would vary.
Typically for the first 100m or so a large diameter bit is used. A length of pipe, the casing, is cemented into the shallow borehole produced to support the walls, which can be weak and porous and can potentially collapse. The first drilling fluid used is quite often water alone. Drilling will then continue for several hundreds of meters. At this depth smaller diameter casing is usually cemented into the hole. This intermediate casing protects the well by sealing potentially weak zones. At this stage low density drilling fluids will be used and although it is unlikely that gases or fluids under pressure might be encountered, a blow-out preventer is typically installed as part of secondary well control to prevent fluid from the formation gushing to the surface. Drilling continues using progressively smaller bits and incrementally decreasing casing diameters. Air will also be used as drilling media wherever required. Changes in fluid composition, and drill bit, are also likely to occur according to the different strata encountered.
Drilling Mud
During drilling, a fluid known as “drilling fluid” or mud is pumped through the drill string, through the drill bit and then returns up the annulus between the drill string and bore hole. Driling fluid serves a number of important functions.
Drilling Fluid Function
Drilling fluid serves the following essential functions:
The removal of drilled solids (i.e. cuttings) from the bottom of the hole and their transport to the surface for separation from the mud; Lubrication and cooling of the drill bit and string; Deposition of an impermeable cake on the well bore wall to seal the formation being drilled; Suspension of drilling cuttings in the fluid during the interruption of drilling; and Countering the natural formation pressures and preventing uncontrolled flow of fluid from the formations
The role of the drilling fluids in pressure control is especially important. If the drill bit penetrates a formation containing oil, gas or water under pressure these fluids are prevented from flowing into the borehole by ensuring that the drilling mud is of sufficient density to the natural formation pressures. The density of the mud can be increased by the addition of barytes (weighting material). Bentonite is employed to improve the rheological properties and enable the drill cuttings to be transported from the hole, while drilling and also be suspended in the fluid, while the drill bit is being changed. The barytes used in the drilling mud would be as per API standard specifications.
Water based drilling fluids, which are of an environmentally acceptable nature with regards to current Indian legislation will be used. The drilling fluids are non- hazardous in nature and are normally re- used as much as is possible while drilling the well.
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Drilling Mud Composition
The main components of drilling mud are slurry of inert solids suspended in a liquid phase. ONGC will use water-based mud. The main constituents of the water-based mud are bentonite and barytes, both of which are natural minerals.
The chemicals used for mud preparation are given in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1: Chemical Used for Water Based Mud Preparation Chemical Percentage Bentonite, 15cps 6 Potassium chloride 15 Polyanionic cellulose 0.5 (w/v) Lignite 4.0 Caustic potash 1.0 (w/v) Sulphonated Asphalt 2.0 (w/v) Resinated Lignite 2.0 (w/v) Biopolymer 1.5 (w/v)
Drilling Fluid Circulation System
During drilling operations mud is pumped through the drill string down to the drilling bit and returns between the drill pipe casing annulus up to surface back into the circulation system after separation of drill cuttings / solids through solids control equipment.
The mud used during the operation will flush out formation cuttings from the well hole. These cuttings will be separated from the drilling mud using a solids-control and waste management package. This will comprise a stepped system of processes consisting of linear motion vibrating screens called shale shakers and centrifuges to mechanically separate cuttings from the mud fluid. The mud from the hole is first screened in the shakers through a mud flow line which separates 100 micron size of cuttings. The solids up to 2 micron are separated in a centrifuge. The mud is then collected in mud tanks. Both the cuttings from the shale shakers and centrifuge are collected in a solid discharge pit and then removed to a specially designed pit lined with 1-1.5 mm thickness of HDPE. This cuttings pit has a certain slope to drain off water in the adjacent waste pit. This pit after being filled up shall be covered with an impervious liner over which a thick layer of native top-soil with proper top slope will be provided.
The whole process by which the drilling fluid will be reused during the drilling operation is commonly known as a “closed loop system”. This system is ideal for drilling operations in sensitive environments as it cuts down immensely on the total water consumption for the formulation of drilling mud and also saves on the consumption of chemicals.
The circulating system is essentially a self contained, closed system as shown in Figure 3-2
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CHEMICAL STORAGE AREA MUD MIXING LOADING PLATFORM WATER TANK WATER TANK
MUD PUMP TANK SUCTION RESERVE TANK RESERVE
WELL CUTTINGS
SOLID CONTROL
WASTE PIT
DRILLING WELL CUTTINGS WELL TANK SETTLING
Figure 3-2: Drilling Fluid Circulation System
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3.1.7 Workforce Arrangements
During the drilling operations, about 15 to 16 persons may be working in 8/12 hour shifts at site. No permanent camping is required at or near the well site as exploratory drilling is carried out during ~30 – 45 days during drilling temporary camping will be done at site. Once drilling is over, no person is required at site, except security cover through a contractor.
3.1.8 Power Requirements
The power required for driving the drilling rig, circulation system and for providing lighting shall be generated by DG sets of 1250 KVA (four nos., out of which one is on standby). Each DG set will consume ~290litres/hour High Speed, Low Sulphur Diesel conforming to Bharat Stage IV norms including a sulfur content of <50 mg/kg (<0.005%).
3.1.9 Water Requirement
The drilling operation and maintenance of the drill site facilities have various water requirements. The most significant of these requirements in terms of quantity is that for mud preparation. The other requirements would be for engine cooling, floor / equipment / string washing, sanitation, fire-fighting storage / make-up and drinking. Water for emergency fire-fighting would be stored in a pit of 200 m3capacity and make-up of the same will have to be made on a regular basis. For this project, it is anticipated that a total requirement of ~35m3/day will be required for drilling purposes, out of which 8 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of ~27 m3/day.
The requirement of water expected for sanitation and drinking purposes of the workers shall be insignificantly low in terms of quantity. ONGC has planned to meet the requirement of water at the drilling site through water supplied by tankers and sourced from nearest ONGC installation, which in turn obtain water from the Narmada River at Jhanor, Bharuch.
Since, there is no quality criterion for usage of raw water for the various uses mentioned above (other than drinking), the tanker water shall be directly used without any treatment. The potable water requirements shall be met by procuring adequately treated water from off-site locations.
The potable water requirement shall be met by procuring adequately treated water from off-site. Table 3-2 gives a quantitative break-up of the peak water requirement on daily basis for the drilling period at each site. Actual consumption figures if averaged on daily basis are likely to be lower.
Table 3-2: Water Requirement Peak water required during Drilling S. No. Purpose period (KLD) per well Drilling Operation 1 Mud preparation 10 2 Drill cutting washing, Floor and Equipment Washing 15 3 Engine Cooling 5 4 Domestic requirement 5.0
Total Water requirement for Drilling (KLD) 35
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Total Water Required 35 m3/day 8 m3/day
Mud Preparation Drill Cuttings General Rig Misc., Drinking, Cooling Washing Toilet Etc. Processing Washing 3 3 3 5 m /day 3 10 m /day 10 m /day 5 m3/day 5 m /day
3 3 3 2 m /day 5 m /day 3 1 m /day 2 m3/day 2 m /day
Waste Pit Soak Pit 3 (Water recd. 11 m /day)
Net Waste Water Quantity: 3 m3/day
Figure 3-3: Water Balance Diagram
3.1.10 Air Emissions7
The emissions to the atmosphere from the drilling operations shall be from the D.G set and flaring of associated gas during testing operation in case of hydrocarbon is discovered.
Adequate stack height will be provided for the exhaust of D.G set.
In accordance with the Oil Mines Regulations Rules, a flare stack of 9 m height or higher as required by the Regional Inspector (Inspector of mines in charge of the region or local area) will be provided at a distance of 30 m from well, given the fact that, flaring is a temporary activity which will not last for more than a few days.
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7 In accordance with the Oil Mines Regulation Rules, 1984 (Chapter 9, Section 96 – Protection against Pollution of Environment), a flare stack of minimum 9 m height or higher as required by the Regional Inspector (Inspector of mines in charge of the region or local area) will be provided at a distance of 30 m from well
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3.1.11 Noise Generation
The source of noise generation during this phase of operations would be the operation of rig and diesel-generating sets. The expected noise generation at source, due to operation of rig is 101 dBA (Source: "Control of Noise Pollution from Diesel Generator sets", Programme Objective Series; PROBES/71/1998-99, Central Pollution Control Board). Besides, certain pumps are expected to be in operation during this phase, for mud circulation. The noise generation work however is transient and limited to the drilling period only.
Consultants from Kadam visited a typical ONGC drill site within the Cambay Basin; Noise levels were measured near various noise generating equipment and at site boundary. The noise levels for a mechanical rig were observed as follows
Near Well head ~ 80 to 85 dB (A) Near mud pump ~ 80 to 85 dB (A) Near DG Set ~ 70 to 75 dB (A) Near Shale Shaker ~70 to 75 dB (A) Near Site Boundary ~ 65 to 70 dB (A)
3.1.12 Safety and Environment
Adequate safety measures such as fire-fighting equipment shall be provided at the site in accordance with the norms of OISD 189. A high-pressure influx of formation fluids (water and/or gas) into the well bore is commonly known as a 'kick'. Well control is aimed at preventing the kick and a possible blowout. The function of well control can be conveniently sub-divided into two main categories, namely primary well control and secondary well control. These categories are briefly described below.
Primary Well Control
This is the maintenance of sufficient hydrostatic head of fluid in the well bore to balance the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation being drilled. This means that the pressure exerted by the density of the drilling fluid should be greater than the pressure of the formation fluids. It should be noted that balancing formation pressure is a theoretical minimum requirement; good drilling practice dictates that a sufficient excess of hydrostatic head over the formation pressure be maintained at all times to allow for contingencies.
Secondary Well Control
If, for any reason, the effective hydrostatic head in the well bore should fall below formation pressure, an influx of formation fluids (kick) into the well bore would occur. If this situation occurs, the Blowout preventer (BOP's) must be closed to prevent the loss of fluid from the well. The purpose of secondary well control is to rectify the situation by closing the well in and circulating the invading fluid out of the well, while at the same time increasing the fluid weight to prevent any further influx.
The drilling personnel of the selected contractor are expected to be experienced in the above procedures and the key personnel will be required to hold certificates to prove competence in well control procedures. They will be trained and regular drills held to ensure that they will know how to act in such events. Furthermore, they will be aware of the safety aspects associated with the drilling operation, through training and experience. It must be also noted that blowouts are rare events during drilling operations conducted by experienced operators.
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3.1.13 Abandonment of Operations
At the conclusion of the drilling program at each drilling site, an orderly withdrawal of all personnel and the removal of all drilling and testing equipment and non-fixed items from the drilling site will be undertaken.
Temporary Suspension of Activities
In the event that economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, all empty drums, wastes, used and unused drilling fluids, fuel and lubricants will be removed from the drilling site. Water supply and effluent discharge hoses and associated equipment will be removed. All solids & liner will be removed and sent to an authorized TSDF site.
Decommissioning upon Abandonment
In the event that no economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, a full abandonment plan will be implemented for the drilling sites in accordance with the applicable Oil Mines Regulation, 1984. The activities mentioned in the above section would apply to decommissioning upon abandonment as well, but abandonment would be more permanent.
The overriding principle being that the environment should, with time, be reinstated to broadly its original condition. Until such time as this is achieved, ONGC would actively manage the reinstatement process. All concrete or steel parts would be removed to at least 1 m below ground level, so as to ensure that there are no protruding surface structures. In the unlikely event that soil is found to be contaminated, measures would be taken to remove or treat appropriately all contaminated topsoil to promote its remediation.
3.2 Cost of the Project
Total Project Cost of INR 800 Crores
Well cost includes the cost incurred under the following heads
Preparatory cost, which includes land (lease rent/ crop compensation) and civil works Drilling cost, which includes Rig movement/ rig building & rig operations Production testing cost, which includes production testing & well completion cost Other direct cost, which includes cementing, drilling fluid cost, logging cost, geology and reservoir cost etc. Depreciation
The data has been taken from the past wells drilled, which may vary due to various variable factors not under control.
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4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Introduction
This chapter of the report provides an overview of the environmental baseline conditions within the study area that might be affected by the proposed activities. An environmental baseline survey was conducted as part of the EIA study for the subject drilling operations and it included collection of primary and secondary data.
4.2 Methodology
The methodology for conducting the baseline environmental survey considered the guidelines given in the EIA Manual of the MoEF and standard methods and techniques. Baseline information with respect to air, noise, water, and land quality in the study area was collected by conducting primary sampling/field studies during winter season December 2012 to February 2013 as mandated by the ToR issued by the EAC (Industrial projects – II) of the MoEF. The characteristics of baseline status of study area with respect to the parameters are discussed in subsequent sections of this chapter.
4.2.1 Study Area Included in Environmental Setting
The study area is considered to be the combined area within a radius of 10 km around 23 Blocks.
4.2.2 Primary Data Collection by Environmental Monitoring
Primary data collected include:
Ambient air quality Noise Ground Water/Surface water quality Soil quality Land use pattern Flora and Fauna
4.2.3 Secondary Data Collection
This includes review of secondary/published information on:
Socio-economic profile Sensitive areas such as biosphere reserve, forests, sanctuaries, places of historical, archeological, tourist importance, etc.
4.3 Land Use
4.3.1 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover
The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Government of India, conducted a land use survey using Remote Sensing Techniques in the year 1988-89 at the behest of the Planning Commission for classifying land by visual interpretation techniques and digital techniques. NRSA’s output resulted in a
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This system of classification has been the basis for Kadam’s landuse / landcover studies. Whilst these categories are generally found relevant with respect to describing landuse and landcover classes in the Indian context, sometimes modifications are required, and made, to include additional sub-categories which are more relevant in describing the landuse and landcover for a particular study. Such sub- categories are defined, in any case.
The definitions for the primary and secondary categories are as follow.
Built up Land or Habitation
It is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and that which has a cover of buildings, transport, communication utilities in association with water vegetation and vacant lands.
Kadam has chosen to further define this primary landuse category into additional categories, namely residential and industrial.
Residential / Commercial
Structures used by humans for living and working, but not including structures used exclusively for manufacturing.
Industrial
Structures used for manufacturing products.
Agricultural Land
It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of food, fibre, and other commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and un-irrigated), fallow land and plantations. These are further defined.
Crop Land
It includes those lands with standing crop (per se) as on the date of the satellite imagery. The crops may be of either Kharif (June-September) or Rabi (October – March) or Kharif Rabi seasons.
Fallow Land
It is described as agricultural land which is taken up for cultivation but is temporarily allowed to rest un-cropped for one or more seasons, but not less than one year. These lands are particularly those which are seen devoid of crops at the time when the imagery is taken during Rabi and Kharif.
Plantations
Plantations are described as an area under agricultural tree crops (for e.g. mango plantations) planted adopting certain agricultural management techniques. It includes tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, arecanut, citrus, orchards and other horticultural nurseries.
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Forests
It is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly of trees and other vegetation types capable of producing timber and other forest produce. Forests can be further divided into sub-categories mentioned as follows.
Evergreen / Semi-Evergreen Forests
These are forests which comprise thick and dense canopy of tall trees, which predominantly remain green throughout the year. Such forests include both coniferous and tropical broad-leaved evergreen trees. Semi-evergreen forests are often a mixture of both deciduous and evergreen trees but the latter predominate.
Deciduous Forests
These are described as forests which predominantly comprise of deciduous species and where the trees shed their leaves once in a year.
Degraded Forest or Scrub
It is described as a forest where the vegetative (crown) density is less than 20% of the canopy cover. It is the result of both biotic and abiotic influences. Scrub is a stunted tree or bush/shrub.
Forest Blank
A forest blank is an opening amidst forests without any tree cover. It includes openings of assorted size and shapes as seen on the imagery.
Forest Plantations
It is described as an area of trees of species of forestry importance and raised on notified forest lands. It includes eucalyptus, casuarinas, bamboo, etc.
Mangroves
Mangroves are described as a dense, thicker or woody, aquatic vegetation or forest cover occurring in tidal waters near estuaries and along the confluence of delta in coastal areas. Mangroves include species of the genera Rhizophora and Aviccunia.
Wastelands
Wastelands are described as degraded lands which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from internal / imposed constraints such as by location, environment, chemical and physical prosperities of the soil or financial or management constraints.
Different types of wastelands include salt-affected lands, waterlogged lands, marshy/swampy lands, mud lands, gullied / ravenous lands, land with or without scrub, sandy areas and barren rocky / stony waste / sheet rock areas.
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Salt-Affected Land
The salt-affected land is generally characterized as the land that has adverse effects on the growth of most plants due to the action or presence of excess soluble or high exchangeable sodium. Alkaline land has an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of about 15, which is generally considered as the limit between normal and alkali soils. The predominant salts are carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium. Coastal saline soils may be with or without ingress or inundation by seawater.
Waterlogged Land
Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at/or near the surface and water stands for most of the year. Such lands usually occupy topographically low-lying areas. It excludes lakes, ponds and tanks or in the context of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management Rules, 2010) such areas that could be considered as ‘protected wetlands’.
Marshy / Swampy Land / Mud Land Area
Marshy land is that which is permanently or periodically inundated by water and is characterized by vegetation, which includes grasses and weeds. Marshes are classified into salt/brackish or fresh water depending on the salinity of water. These exclude Mangroves.
Gullied / Ravenous Land
The ‘gullies’ are formed as a result of localized surface runoff affecting the friable unconsolidated material in the formation of perceptible channels resulting in undulating terrain. The gullies are the first stage of excessive land dissection followed by their networking which leads to the development of ravenous land. The word ‘ravine’ is usually associated not with an isolated gully but a network of deep gullies formed generally in thick alluvium and entering a nearby river, flowing much lower than the surrounding high grounds. The ravines are extensive systems of gullies developed along river courses.
Land with / without Scrub
They occupy (relatively) higher topography like uplands or high grounds with or without scrub. These lands are generally prone to degradation or erosion. These exclude hilly and mountainous terrain.
Sandy Area (Coastal and Desertic)
These are the areas, which have stabilized accumulations of sand in-site or transported in coastal riverine or inland (desert) areas. These occur either in the form of sand dunes, beaches, channel (river/stream) islands, etc.
Barren Rocky / Stony Waste / Sheet Rock Area
It is defined as the rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil cover and vegetation and not suitable for cultivation. They occur amidst hill forests as openings or scattered as isolated exposures or loose fragments of boulders or as sheet rocks on plateau and plains. It includes quarry or gravel pit or brick kilns.
Water Bodies
It is an area of impounded water, areal in extent and often with a regulated flow of water. It includes man-made reservoirs/lakes/tank/canals, besides natural lakes, rivers/streams and creeks.
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River / Stream
It is a course of flowing water on the land along definite channels. It includes from a small stream to a big river and its branches. It may be perennial or non-perennial.
Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks
It is a natural or man-made enclosed water body with a regulated flow of water. Reservoirs are larger than tanks/lakes and are used for generating electricity, irrigation and for flood control. Tanks are smaller in areal extent with limited use than the former. Canals are inland waterways used for irrigation and sometimes for navigation.
Others
It includes all those landuse and landcover classes which can be treated as miscellaneous because of their nature of occurrence, physical appearance and other characteristics.
Shifting Cultivation
It is the result of cyclic land use practice of felling of trees and burning of forest areas for growing crops. Such lands are also known as jhoom lands and cultivation called jhoom cultivation.
Grassland / Grazing Land
It is an area of land covered with natural grass along with other vegetation, often grown for fodder to feed cattle and other animals. Such lands are found in river beds, on uplands, hill slopes, etc. Such lands can also be called as permanent pastures or meadows. Grazing lands are those where certain pockets of land are fenced for allowing cattle to graze.
Snow Covered / Glacial Area
These are snow-covered areas defined as a solid form of water consisting of minute particles of ice. It includes permanently snow covered areas as on the Himalayas. Glacier is a mass of accumulated ice occurring amidst permanently snow-covered areas.
Vegetation Cover
It is a land area predominantly covered with vegetation and is not part of Protected / Reserved Forests.
4.3.2 Landuse Classification Synopsis
A synopsis of the above discussion is summarized and presented in Table 4-1
Table 4-1: Synopsis of Landuse/ Land cover Classification used for the Project S. No. Primary Classification Secondary Classification Residential / Commercial 1. Built-up Land or Habitation Industrial Crop Land 2. Agricultural Land Fallow Land Plantations 3. Forests Evergreen / Semi-Evergreen Forests
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S. No. Primary Classification Secondary Classification Deciduous Forests Degraded Forest or Scrub Forest Blank Forest Plantations Mangroves Salt-Affected Land Waterlogged Land Marshy / Swampy Land / Mud Land Area 4. Wastelands Gullied / Ravenous Land Land without Scrub Sandy Area (Coastal and Desertic) Barren Rocky / Stony Waste / Sheet Rock Area River / Stream 5. Water Bodies Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks River Beds Shifting Cultivation Grassland / Grazing Land 6. Others Snow Covered / Glacial Area Vegetation Cover
4.3.3 Study Methodology
As already discussed, the project area comprises 23 blocks situated in the districts of Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat.
The study area covers a distance equal to 10 km from the nearest field boundary for each field.
Kadam placed all the fields, based on co-ordinates provided by ONGC on satellite imagery and determined the combined study area for all the fields by projecting the field boundaries by 10 km from their appropriate baselines.
The resulting mosaic of satellite data of study areas was interpreted through onscreen visual interpretation using basic elements of interpretation resulting in the combined land use/cover map for all 23 blocks.
To accomplish the objective the following steps were undertaken:
Study and collection of relevant documents and maps Checking of interpreted Google Earth imagery Field survey / ground truthing Generation of final land use / cover map
4.3.4 Landuse Pattern Studies
The methodology employed for preparation of Land use/ cover map included:
Data Collection Interpretation of satellite data
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Ground truth study Final map preparation
Data Collection
This covered:
Downloading of remote sensing data using the licensed software, Google Earth Pro having high resolution (<1.0m) imagery Topographical maps as base map Quick reconnaissance survey of the study area by Kadam staff to get a general feel of the entire ground area which can aid in the preliminary interpretation of the data
Interpretation of Satellite Data
The downloaded satellite imagery was interpreted considering the basic elements of interpretation such as size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association, shadow, aspect and resolution along with ground truth and ancillary information collected during the preliminary reconnaissance survey the interpretation was accomplished. The classification scheme followed in the project has been described earlier in Section 4.3.1.
Ground Truth Studies
The aim of ground truth studies is to confirm whether the interpreted landuses are correct thus improving the quality of the output.
Field Survey
Ground truth was carried out to check the discrepancy of the interpreted data. The survey consisted of traversing the study area, cross-checking of identified features with those represented on the map. Field notes were kept in the form of log sheets that recorded information pertaining to co-ordinates, photographs and identified landuses. Additional features identified or remarks made against existing interpretation were also recorded.
The field survey was carried out around radial distance of 10 km from the block boundary. Kadam’s land use and land cover functional area expert visited the site for quality check of the map.
GPS readings were taken during the surveys wherever it was felt that additional confirmation in interpretation of the data and also observations of land features were noted. Additionally, spot checks were also done to confirm the land use / land cover interpretation even where confidence of interpretation was high
4.3.5 Land use and Land Cover Pattern of Study Area
The land use and land cover of the above mentioned study area covering 4 districts comprises various categories. The features identified have been presented, considering the discussion provided in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2: Land use /Land Cover Pattern of the Study Area
S. No. First Level Classification Second Level Classification
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S. No. First Level Classification Second Level Classification
Residential / Commercial 1. Built-up Land or Habitation Industrial Crop Land8 2. Agricultural Land Plantations Land without Scrub Salt Affected Land 3. Wastelands Mud flat Sandy Area Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks River / Stream / Canal 4. Water Bodies Sea
Scrub Open Vegetation 5. Vegetation Cover Close Vegetation Mangroves 6. Others Salt pan
It was observed that the landuses generally exhibit similar characteristics across the Region, whilst certain landuses namely agriculture, vegetation cover and rivers exhibit certain differences across the Districts.
All landuses are discussed in the subsequent sub-sections
Built-up Land
Residential / Commercial
The habitation class covered 198 km2 of land.
Industrial Area
Vadodara District
Major industries in study area in Vadodara district are Reliance Petrochemical Complex, Koyali Refinery, GSFC, Part of GIDC of Ranoli, Part of GIDC of Nandesar, Gorwa Industria Area, Makarpura GIDC, Industries on Padra Jambusar Road, Pratap nagar Industrial Area, Wadi Industrial Area, Por GIDC
Bharuch District
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8 Fallow land was not separately identified owing to its seasonal nature.
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Major Industriies in study area include GNFC, Bharuch Industrial Area, Palej GIDC, GIDC Dahej, GGS/EPS of ONGC, CPF, Gandhar, Botteling Plant of Gail India Limited, GIDC Ankleshwar, and GIDC Panoli.
Surat District
Hazira Industrial belt, Industries cluster near Olpad, Kim and Kosamba
Agricultural Land
Crop Land
The most observed category in the area was agriculture land covering 54.04 per cent of the study area. It was observed that there was some variation in the cropping pattern within district. Details are as described below. This description is of part of district coming under study area.
Vadodara District
The major crop cultivated in the study area were mostly Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), Castor (Ricinus communis), Tuver (Cajanus cajan), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) and Paddy (Oryza sativa), and in some area tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), also in Padra region vegetables were grown. The cultivation in this region is through canal water and bore well which goes upto 300 feets.
Bharuch District
The crops cultivated in this region are mainly sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), wheat, tuver and other crops are cotton, castor, jowar (Sorghum vulgare), bajra. The irrigation is essentially through canal and ground water which was 60 feets deep.
Surat District
The major crops cultivated are sugarcane, paddy and others are wheat, bajra, Jowar and in some area cotton, castor. Agriculture here is through canal and bore wells.
Plantation
The plantation class covered 24.58 km2 of land covering.
The plantation were mostly of Drumstick (Moringa olefeira), Banana (Musa paradisiaca) and Lemon sp., Guava (Psidium guajava) and timber trees like Teak (Tectona grandis) in Padra region. While there was plantation of Banana and Mango (Mangifera indica) in Bharuch district. Surat region has plantation of mostly Mango and timber trees like Eucalyptus sp.
Wastelands
Land without Scrub
The class Land without Scrub denotes land having no or sparse vegetation. This class covered 1.16 % of the area.
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Salt Affected Land
The area having top layered covered with salt due to waterlogging problem was delineated as salt affected land this covered 0.06 % of land.
Mud Flat
The mud flat was second most observed category near the coast covering 907 km2 of area.
Sandy Area
The sandy area in the study area was seen on the coast on Mahi river which covered 7.4 km2 of area.
Water Bodies
This class covered 1883.73 km2 of land.
Rivers
Vadodara District
The major river Mahi and the Dhadhar river flows through the study area as shown in map.
Bharuch District
Fiver rivers they are Mahi on the northern region, Dhadhar, Bhadhar, Bhukhi rivers and major being Narmada river in the central region.
Surat District
The river Kim and Tapi flows through the study area towards westerly direction.
Sea
Gulf of Khambhat area was about 9.56 per cent of study area which is third class ranking as per area covered.
Vegetation Cover
The scrub, open and closed vegetation classes are included in this category, total of which was 12.1 % of the study area and highest among this was scrub class.
The vegetation cover region was the same for all the districts which was wide spread along the river and near the habitation. They were dominated by ravenous vegetation like Capparis deciduas, Cassia tora, Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora etc. Along the habitation it was dominated by Prosopis juliflora.
Mangroves
The mangroves forest was observed near the Dahej, Kim river and Tena creeks. They were dominated by Avicennia sp.
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Forest
Close Forest
The notified forest having dense canopy cover area was near Dahej having 2 km2 of area.
Others
Salt Pan
The salt pan along the coast had covered 162 km2 of the land.
4.3.6 Class wise Area Statistics
The statistics of these classes presented in Table 4-3
Table 4-3: Area Statistics for Land use/Land Cover Categories in Study Area
S. Primary Secondary Area, Secondary Class Area, Primacy Class No. Classification Classification ~km2 Ha ~% ~km2 Ha ~% Residential / Built-up Land or 1. Commercial 198.375 19837.5 2.47 271.97 27197.3 3.38 Habitation Industrial 73.598 7359.8 0.92 Crop Land/Fallow 2. Agricultural Land Land 4344.763 434476.3 54.04 4369.34 436934.1 54.35 Plantations 24.578 2457.8 0.31 Land without Scrub 92.874 9287.4 1.16 Salt Affected Land 5.041 504.1 0.06 3 Wastelands 1013.21 101321.3 12.60 Mud flat 907.906 90790.6 11.29
Sandy Area 7.392 739.2 0.09
Reservoir / Lakes / Ponds / Tanks 42.994 4299.4 0.53 4. Water Bodies 1183.73 118373.3 14.72 River Beds 371.797 37179.7 4.62 Sea 768.942 76894.2 9.56 Scrub 678.687 67868.7 8.44 Open Vegetation 266.786 26678.6 3.32 5. Vegetation Cover 1036.76 103675.5 12.89 Close Vegetation 25.028 2502.8 0.31 Mangroves 66.254 6625.4 0.82 6. Forest Close Forest 2.009 200.9 0.02 2.009 200.9 0.02 7. Others Salt pan 162.517 16251.7 2.02 162.517 16251.7 2.02
4.3.7 Final Map Preparation
The proportional presence of different land uses and land cover in terms of statistical percentages was derived for the study area. Appropriate legends were used to represent the various categories of land use and land cover, and were then written on the prepared land use and land cover maps.
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The images classified into the above-mentioned classes for different regions of interest are given in Map 4.1.
Photographs 4-1: Various Land uses of Study Area
Tuver crop of Tena village Wheat Crop towards Hansot Village
Castor Crop of Badol Village Vegetable Crop
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Tobbaco at Pavda village Banana plantation at Hansot Village
Canal Prosopis Vegetation near Suwali Beach
Marshy Vegetation near Badodara Village Chitral village Pond
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Mangroves on the coast of Tapi River Creek at Tankaria Village
Mahi Ravenous region Barren land at Suwali Village
4.3.8 Important Features within the Study Area
There is no Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Sanctuary or Reserved Forest within the study area. However, details of the important features in the study area are provided in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4: Important Features in the Study Area
S. No. Features Details falling within study area
1 National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary No 2 Reserve Forest No 3 Tiger Reserve/Elephant Reserve / Turtle Nesting Ground No 4 Core Zone of Biosphere Reserves No Migratory Birds were obsereved in 5 Habitat for migratory birds some water bodies of study area
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S. No. Features Details falling within study area
6 Estuary/Sea/Lakes/Reservoir/Dams/streams/River Details given Section 4.3.9 7 Mangroves Yes, Provided in Land Use Map 8 Mountains/Hills No 9 Archaeological sites/Monuments Details given in Section 4.3.10 10 Defence Installation No 11 Industries Provided above in Section 4.3.5 12 Airports Voadodara airport 13 Railway Lines Provided in Section 2.3.2 14 National/ State Highway Provided in Section 2.3.2
4.3.9 Major Water Bodies in Study Area
The major surface water bodies other than village ponds in study area are listed below
River/Canal/Sea
Mahi River Vishwamiri River Jambuva River Dhadhar River River Rupkhadi River Bhadhar River Bhukhi River Narmada River Kim River Tapi Narmada Canal Gulf of Cambay
4.3.10 Archeological Sites within Study Area
The following archeological sites are located in study area
Ancient Site (Excavated ) at Kayavarohan Gate way of Toran at Kayavarohan
4.4 Meteorology
4.4.1 Long Term Meteorology – Vadodara District
Temperature
The period from December to February seems to be the winter season for a particular calendar year. January is generally the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 30.3°C and mean daily minimum at about 12.7°C. The minimum temperature sometimes drops down to 8.6°C, the lowest temperature recorded at Vadodara is – 1.1°C on 15th January 1935.
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March onwards, both day and night temperatures increases rapidly. March to May is usually the summer period and May being the hottest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of about 40.7°C and mean daily minimum of about 26.7°C. The weather is intensely hot in summer and the highest temperature recorded at Vadodara is 46.7°C on 11th May 1960.
Wind
Long term wind direction data is presented in Table 4-5. During June to September, that is during the monsoon season wind blows mostly from south-west. During the period from October to February, the winds blowing in the morning are mostly CALM and those in the evening are either CALM or blow from NW. During the period of March to May too, the wind mostly blows from south-west predominantly.
Table 4-5: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Vadodara Predominant Wind Month First Second Third Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening January NE NW CALM NE N CALM February CALM NW NE NE N W March CALM NW SW SW NE W April SW NW CALM W/SW NW CALM May SW SW W W S NW June SW SW W W S S July SW SW S S/W W/CALM CALM August SW SW W W S/CALM S September SW SW CALM W W NW October CALM CALM NE NW SW NE November CALM CALM NE NE N NW December NE NE CALM N/NW/CALM N W
Rainfall
The distribution of rainfall in the region, which includes the study area, is uneven. Average mean rainfall in the region is 841.8 mm. About 93 percent of the annual rainfall in the region is received during the southwest monsoon months i.e. June to September. July is the rainiest month.
Maximum rainfall in any one month was recorded in the month of July in year 1950 which was about 899 mm. July is having maximum number of rainy days i.e. 12.6.
Cloud Cover
The area remains cloudy between June - September, which is the active period of the monsoon season. During this time all clouds cover is between 4.1 to 6.6 Oktas during day time and 3.3 to 6.4 Oktas during night time.
Humidity
Most humid conditions are found in the monsoons, followed by post-monsoons, winter and summer in that order. Mornings are more humid than evenings and humidity ranges from a high of 75-89% in
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Table 4-6: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Vadodara (1961-1990) Mean Daily Temperature Rainfall Relative Relative (mm) No. of Humidity Humidity Month Max Min Monthly Rainy days (%), (%), Total Morning Evening January 30.3 12.7 0.9 0.1 66 32 February 32.7 14.6 0.5 0.1 60 25 March 36.9 19.0 1.8 0.1 53 20 April 40.0 23.5 2.5 0.2 56 21 May 40.7 26.7 4.5 0.3 64 28 June 37.4 27.3 125.5 4.8 75 49 July 32.8 25.9 277.1 12.6 86 70 August 31.6 25.1 264.4 11.3 89 73 September 33.6 24.6 116.1 6.2 85 61 October 36.4 21.9 17.1 0.8 71 40 November 34.1 17.5 26.7 0.8 64 38 December 31.2 14.2 4.7 0.3 68 38 Total - - 841.8 37.6 - - Average 34.5 20.6 70 41
4.4.2 Site Specific Meteorology – Vadodara District
Baseline meteorological data representing the winter season December 2012-February 13 has been collected near project site. The parameters for which data has been collected are:
Wind Speed Wind direction Temperature Relative Humidity Cloud Cover
Methodology for Collection of Meteorological Parameters
Hourly meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity) were collected during winter season 2012-13 by installing mechanized meteorological station near project site, cloud cover was collected at interval of four hour. Methodology for meteorological data collection is given in Table 4-7.
Table 4-7: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data
Sampling Range of Sensitivity/ Parameters Methodology equipment measurement Detection Limit
Cup Counter (0 to 65) Wind Speed 0.25 m/s IS 8829 - 1978 Anemometer in m/s
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Sampling Range of Sensitivity/ Parameters Methodology equipment measurement Detection Limit
(0° to 357°) degree Wind vane Wind Direction with respect to North 1°
direction Thermometer (-40° to 60°) Temperature 0.1°C in degree Celsius Relative Humidity (0 to 99 %) Relative Humidity 3% meter in percent Visual Inspection by Cloud Cover - - - the observer
4.4.3 Baseline Meteorological Data - Vadodara District
As per requirement of Terms of Reference, the hourly baseline meteorological data were collected by setting up meteorological station at the following address:
Mr. Natvan D Rana, Ghanshyam Park Society, Near S.T Depot Padra, Vadodara
A photograph of meteorological station is shown in
Photographs 4-2.
Meteorological data shows that mean average wind speed during study period are 6.5 km/hr.
Wind rose prepared for study period is shown as Figure 4-1. It can be observed that during study period wind blows mostly from North East direction.
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23.3°C with mean maximum temperature of 30.5°C and mean minimum of 15.1°C.
The mean average relative humidity recorded was 49.9% with mean maximum humidity of 69.8% and mean minimum of 35.1%.
The data obtained during the study period using mechanized meteorological data collection instrument has then been compiled to obtain average data. Compiled mean meteorological data is represented in Table 4-8.
Table 4-8: Mean Meteorological Data for Winter Season 2012 – 13 (Vadodara District) Wind Speed Wind Speed Cloud Wind Time Temp °C Humidity % (km/hr) (m/sec) Cover Direction 0:00 21.3 52.2 6.5 1.8 0 NE 1:00 20.1 56.1 5.7 1.6 0 NE 2:00 18.9 60.7 5.2 1.4 0 NE 3:00 17.8 63.3 4.8 1.3 0 NE 4:00 16.9 66.1 4.4 1.2 0 NE
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Wind Speed Wind Speed Cloud Wind Time Temp °C Humidity % (km/hr) (m/sec) Cover Direction 5:00 16.1 68.2 4.2 1.2 0 NE 6:00 15.4 69.8 4.1 1.1 0 NNE 7:00 15.1 68.1 3.9 1.1 0 NE 8:00 17.6 61 4 1.1 0 NE 9:00 20.9 54.3 4.8 1.3 0 NE 10:00 23.5 49.6 4.7 1.3 0 NE 11:00 26 45.3 5.7 1.6 0 NE 12:00 27.9 42.9 6.3 1.7 0 NE 13:00 29.4 39.9 6.6 1.8 0 NE 14:00 30.3 37.6 7.4 2.1 0 NE 15:00 30.5 35.1 7.8 2.2 0 NE 16:00 30.1 35.2 8.3 2.3 0 NE 17:00 29.2 36.7 8.8 2.4 0 NE 18:00 28.1 36.6 9.6 2.7 0 NE 19:00 26.9 39.1 9.7 2.7 0 NE 20:00 25.8 42.2 9.1 2.5 0 NE 21:00 24.6 43.4 9.1 2.5 0 NE 22:00 23.5 45.5 8.2 2.3 0 NE 23:00 22.6 48 7.5 2.1 0 NE Average/ 23.3 49.9 6.5 1.8 0 NE Predominant
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Photographs 4-2: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Vaadodara
Meteorological Station at Vadodara
Figure 4-1: Wind Rose Diagram Vadodara District
NOTE: Frequencies indicate directions from which the wind is blowing.
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4.4.4 Long Term Meteorology – Bharuch District
The interpretation of climatic data is based on the long-term climatological tables (1961 – 1990) published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the climatological interpretations provided in the District Gazetteer of Bharuch (Published in 1984). A copy of the long-term climatological data of Bharuch district is enclosed as Annexure 3.
Temperature
The period from December to February is usually the winter period among all the months with January being the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 31.2°C and mean daily minimum at about 11.3°C. The minimum temperature sometimes drops down to 7.5°C, the lowest temperature recorded at Bharuch is 4°C on 22nd January 1962.
March onwards, both day and night temperatures increases rapidly. March to May is usually the hottest season. The month of April being the hottest month among all with a mean daily maximum temperature of about 39.9°C and mean daily minimum of about 23.1°C. The temperature usually reaches up to 43.8°C in May. The summers are intensely hot and the highest temperature recorded at Bharuch is 47.8°C on 20th May 1955.
Wind
Long term wind direction data is presented in Table 4-9. During June to September, that is during the monsoon season wind blows mostly from south-west. During the period from October to February, both the morning and evening winds are mostly from northeast. During March to May wind mostly blows from north-west predominantly.
Table 4-9: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Bharuch Predominant Wind Month First Second Third Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening January NE NE SW SW SE NW February NE NE NW SW SW NW March SW SW NE NW NW NE April SW SW NW NW SE NE May SW SW NW NW SE SE June SW SW SE NW W/NW SE July SW SW S SE W S/NW August SW SW W NW S/NW W/SE September SW SW NW NW W W October SW SW NE NE SE SE November NE NE SW SW SE SE December NE NE SE SE/SW SW NW
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Rainfall
The distribution of rainfall in the region, which includes the study area, is uneven. Annual average rainfall in the region is 912.1 mm. About 93 percent of the annual rainfall in the region is received during the southwest monsoon months i.e. June to September. July is the rainiest month.
Maximum rainfall in any one month was recorded in the month of September in year 1954 which was about 790.1 mm. July is having maximum number of rainy days i.e. 13.5.
Cloud Cover
The area remains cloudy between June - September, which is the active period of the monsoon season. During this time all clouds cover is between 4.3 to 6.7 Oktas during day time and 3.1 to 6.1 Oktas during night time.
Humidity
Most humid conditions are found in the monsoons, followed by post-monsoons, winter and summer in that order. Mornings are more humid than evenings and humidity ranges from a high of 81-90% in monsoon mornings to a low of 29-39% in summer evenings. During post-monsoon season, in morning humidity remains between 76-90% and in the evening it remains between 46-79%.
Table 4-10: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Broach (Bharuch) (1961-1990) Mean Daily Temperature Rainfall Relative Relative (mm) No. of Humidity Humidity Month Max Min Monthly Rainy days (%), (%), Total Morning Evening January 31.2 11.3 1.2 0.2 71 38 February 33.5 14.0 1.4 0.1 64 34 March 37.7 18.6 0.2 0.0 65 29 April 39.9 23.1 0.5 0.1 66 31 May 39.6 25.8 9.2 0.4 74 39 June 35.7 26.3 108.5 4.9 81 58 July 32.1 25.3 290.4 13.5 89 74 August 31.4 24.9 279.1 12.7 90 79 September 32.5 24.4 182.7 7.8 87 68 October 35.9 21.9 16.8 0.8 76 46 November 34.7 16.7 21.9 0.7 73 42 December 31.5 12.6 0.2 0.0 74 44 Total - - 912.1 41.2 - - Average 34.6 20.4 - - 76 49
4.4.5 Site Specific Meteorology – Bharuch District
Baseline meteorological data representing the winter season December 2012-February 2013 has been collected near project site. The parameters for which data has been collected are:
Wind Speed Wind direction
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Temperature Relative Humidity Cloud Cover
Methodology for Collection of Meteorological Parameters
Hourly meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity) were collected during winter season 2012-13 by installing automatic meteorological station near project site, cloud cover was collected at interval of four hour. Methodology for meteorological data collection is given in Table 4-11.
Table 4-11: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data
Sampling Range of Sensitivity/ Parameters Methodology equipment measurement Detection Limit
Cup Counter (0 to 65) Wind Speed 0.25 m/s Anemometer in m/s (0° to 357°) degree Wind vane Wind Direction with respect to North 1°
direction IS 8829 - 1978 Thermometer (-40° to 60°) Temperature 0.1°C in degree Celsius Relative Humidity (0 to 99 %) Relative Humidity 3% meter in percent Visual Inspection by Cloud Cover - - - the observer
4.4.6 Baseline Meteorological Data – Bharuch District
Baseline meteorological data representing the winter season December 2012 – February 2013 has been collected inside the block area in Bharuch district by setting up mechanized meterlogical station at the following address:
Mr. Bhikhabhai M Vaghela, Gandhar Village, Bharuch
A photograph of meteorological station is shown in
Photographs 4-3.
Meteorological data shows that mean average wind speed during study period are 6.5 km/hr.
Wind rose prepared for study period is shown as Figure 4-2. It can be observed that during study period wind blows mostly from North-West direction.
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23°C with mean maximum temperature of 28.31°C and mean minimum of 18.05°C.
The mean average relative humidity recorded was 51.6 % with mean maximum humidity of 67.5% and mean minimum of 35.4 %.
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The data obtained during the study period using mechanized meteorological data collection instrument has then been compiled to obtain average data. Compiled mean meteorological data is represented in Table 4-12.
Table 4-12: Mean Meteorological Data for winter season 2012-13 (Bharuch District) Wind Speed Cloud Wind Time Temp °C Humidity % (km/hr) Cover Direction 0:00 21.55 55.5 5.6 0 NW 1:00 20.88 57.2 6.2 0 NW 2:00 20.24 58.6 5.4 0 NE 3:00 19.57 60.3 3.1 0 NE 4:00 18.98 62.7 3.3 0 NE 5:00 18.6 64.9 5.2 0 NE 6:00 18.22 67.1 5.8 0 NE 7:00 18.05 67.5 6 0 NW 8:00 18.06 67.5 5.5 0 NE 9:00 19.85 61.8 6.3 0 NW 10:00 22.34 51.8 8.2 0 N 11:00 24.41 45.9 8.3 0 NE/NW 12:00 26.04 41.4 8.5 0 NW 13:00 27.28 38.6 9 0 N/NW 14:00 27.82 37.7 10.1 0 NE 15:00 28.11 37.2 10.8 0 NE 16:00 28.31 35.4 10.6 0 NW 17:00 28.03 35.9 8.8 0 NW 18:00 26.93 40.7 4 0 NW 19:00 25.55 46.3 5 0 NW 20:00 24.68 48.9 3.1 0 NW 21:00 23.8 51.1 5.5 0 NW 22:00 23.02 51.8 5.5 0 NW 23:00 22.39 52.4 5.5 0 NE Average/ 23 51.6 6.5 0 NW Predominant
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Photographs 4-3: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Bharuch
Figure 4-2: Wind Rose Diagram for Bharuch District NOTE: Frequencies indicate directions from which the wind is blowing
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4.4.7 Long Term Meteorology – Surat District
The interpretation of climatic data is based on the long-term climatological tables (1961 – 1990) published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the climatological interpretations provided in the District Gazetteer of Surat (Published in 1984). A copy of the long-term climatological data of Bharuch district is enclosed as Annexure 3.
Temperature
The period from December to February is usually the winter period among all the months with January being the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 31.4°C and mean daily minimum at about 14.4°C. The minimum temperature sometimes drops down to 10.2°C, the lowest temperature recorded at Surat is 4.4°C on 31st January 1929.
March onwards, both day and night temperatures increases rapidly. March to May is usually the summer season. The month of April being the hottest month among all with a mean daily maximum temperature of about 37.3°C and mean daily minimum of about 23.6°C. The temperature usually reaches upto 42.1°C in May. The weather is intensely hot in summer and the highest temperature recorded at Surat is 45.6°C on 15th April 1952, 01st May 1956 and 10th June 1901.
Wind
Long term wind direction data is presented in Table 4-13. During June to September, that is during the monsoon season wind blows mostly from south-west. During the period from October to February, the winds blow in the morning from northeast and in evening mostly from northwest direction. During March to May wind mostly blows from south-west predominantly.
Table 4-13: Predominant Wind Direction IMD Surat Predominant Wind Month First Second Third Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening January NE NW N NE NW N/SW February NE NW N SW SE/NW NE March NE NW SE SW NW W April SW SW NW NW SE W May SW SW W W S/NW S June SW SW W S SE/S W July SW SW W W S/CALM S August SW SW W W CALM S September SW SW W W/NW NW S October SE SW NE NW E/CALM NE/W November NE NW SE NE E E December NE NW E NE N N
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Rainfall
The distribution of rainfall in the region, which includes the study area, is uneven. Annual average rainfall in the region is 1172.8 mm. About 93 percent of the annual rainfall in the region is received during the southwest monsoon months i.e. June to September. July is the rainiest month.
Maximum rainfall in any one month was recorded in the month of July in year 1988 which was about 1614 mm. July is having maximum number of rainy days i.e. 14.6.
Cloud Cover
The area remains cloudy between June - September, which is the active period of the monsoon season. During this time all clouds cover is between 4.9 to 6.8 Oktas during day time and 3.9 to 6.1. Oktas during night time
Humidity
Most humid conditions are found in the monsoons, followed by post-monsoons, winter and summer in that order. Mornings are more humid than evenings and humidity ranges from a high of 78-87% in monsoon mornings to a low of 32-55% in summer evenings. During post-monsoon season, in morning humidity remains between 62-84% and in the evening it remains between 44-69%.
Table 4-14: Average Meteorological Condition at IMD Surat (1961-1990) Mean Daily Temperature Rainfall Relative Relative (mm) No. of Humidity Humidity Month Max Min Monthly Rainy days (%), (%), Total Morning Evening January 31.4 14.4 0.1 0.0 65 40 February 33 16.1 0.4 0.0 62 34 March 35.9 20.1 1.3 0.2 63 32 April 37.3 23.6 0.3 0.0 67 40 May 36.1 26.2 6.9 0.4 68 55 June 33.9 26.5 242.9 7.1 78 69 July 31.3 25.3 430.3 14.6 86 78 August 30.7 24.9 286.9 12.7 87 78 September 32.4 24.6 167.4 7.1 84 69 October 35.9 23.2 19.6 0.8 71 48 November 34.8 19.6 14.7 0.8 62 44 December 32.4 16.2 2.0 0.1 64 43 Total - - 1172.8 43.8 - - Average 33.8 21.7 71 53
4.4.8 Site Specific Meteorology – Surat District
Baseline meteorological data representing the winter season 2012-13 has been collected near project site. The parameters for which data has been collected are:
Wind Speed Wind direction
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Temperature Relative Humidity Cloud Cover
Methodology for Collection of Meteorological Parameters
Hourly meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity) were collected during winter season 2012-13 by installing automatic meteorological station near project site, cloud cover was collected at interval of four hour. Methodology for meteorological data collection is given in Table 4-15.
Table 4-15: Monitoring Methodology of Meteorological data
Sampling Range of Sensitivity/ Parameters Methodology equipment measurement Detection Limit
Cup Counter (0 to 65) Wind Speed 0.25 m/s Anemometer in m/s (0° to 357°) degree Wind vane Wind Direction with respect to North 1°
direction IS 8829 - 1978 Thermometer (-40° to 60°) Temperature 0.1°C in degree Celsius Relative Humidity (0 to 99 %) Relative Humidity 3% meter in percent Visual Inspection by Cloud Cover - - - the observer
4.4.9 Baseline Meteorological Data – Surat District
Baseline meteorological data representing the winter season 2012 – 13 has been collected inside the block area in Surat district by setting up meterlogical station at the following address:
GramPanchayat Office, Kosamba, Surat
A photograph of meteorological station is shown in Photographs 4-4.
Meteorological data shows that mean average wind speed during study period are 5.1 km/hr.
Wind rose prepared for study period is shown as Figure 4-1. It can be observed that during study period wind blows mostly from North-East direction.
Mean average temperature recorded during study period was 23.6°C with mean maximum temperature of 31.15°C and mean minimum of 17.14°C.
The mean average relative humidity recorded was 44.7 % with mean maximum humidity of 57.8% and mean minimum of 30.8%.
The data obtained during the study period using mechanized meteorological data collection instrument has then been compiled to obtain average data. Compiled mean meteorological data is represented in Table 4-16.
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Table 4-16: Mean Meteorological Data for winter season 2012-13 (Surat District) Wind Speed Wind Speed Cloud Wind Time Temp °C Humidity % (km/hr) (m/sec) Cover Direction 0:00 19.94 44.8 4.9 1.4 0 NE 1:00 19.37 46.5 4.6 1.3 0 NE 2:00 18.69 49.4 4.4 1.2 0 NE 3:00 17.84 51.2 4.2 1.2 0 NE 4:00 17.34 52.4 4.2 1.2 0 NE 5:00 17.17 54 4 1.1 0 NE 6:00 17.14 54.3 3.9 1.1 0 NE 7:00 17.81 55.3 4 1.1 0 NE 8:00 20.51 57.8 4 1.1 0 NE 9:00 22.83 57.1 4.6 1.3 0 NE 10:00 25.05 52.5 4.7 1.3 0 NE 11:00 27.26 45.2 5.3 1.5 0 NE 12:00 28.95 40.2 5.8 1.6 0 NE 13:00 30.6 37.7 5.6 1.5 0 NE 14:00 30.86 34.6 5.8 1.6 0 NE 15:00 31.15 30.8 6 1.7 0 NE 16:00 30.4 32.2 5.8 1.6 0 NE 17:00 29.15 34.8 6.1 1.7 0 NE 18:00 27.38 35.1 6.1 1.7 0 NE 19:00 25.86 38.1 6.2 1.7 0 NE 20:00 24.57 41.3 6.1 1.7 0 NE 21:00 23.36 41.6 5.7 1.6 0 NE 22:00 22.23 42.4 5.4 1.5 0 NE 23:00 21.26 43.5 5 1.4 0 NE Average/ 23.6 44.7 5.1 1.4 0 NE Predominant
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Photographs 4-4: Photographs of Meteorological Station set up at Surat
Figure 4-3: Wind Rose Diagram for Surat District NOTE: Frequencies indicate directions from which the wind is blowing
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4.5 Ambient Air Quality
4.5.1 Season and Period for Monitoring
The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was carried out for winter season 2012-13 as mandated by ToR issued by EAC (Industry II). Ambient Quality Monitoring was taken at 15 different locations within the study area.
4.5.2 Selected Sampling Stations
The locations for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring were decided based on the guidelines given in the EIA manual prepared by MoEF. For this EIA, the purpose is to ascertain the baseline pollutant concentrations in ambient air. Accordingly, the criterion was selected to ascertain quality of air at important human settlements (residential areas). Fourteen locations were selected for carrying out ambient air quality monitoring within study area which are presented in Table 4-17.
Table 4-17: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location Details Location where AAQM Name of Contact Location AAQ station were Taluka District Station Person set up Gram Panchayat Rameshbhai B AA 1 Sundarpura Vadodara Vadodara Office Patanwala (Sarpanch) Terrace of AA 2 Umaraya Arjunbhai’s home, Arjunbhai Melabhai Padra Vadodara Umaraya village Gram Panchayat Saiyedbhai Habibmiya AA 3 Sejakuva Padra Vadodara Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Chiragbhai Patel AA 4 Kural Padra Vadodara Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Ismail M Malek AA 5 Dehgam Jambusar Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Laxmiben R Gohil AA 6 Nada Jambusar Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Ganpatbhai M Gram Panchayat AA 7 Tankari Makvana (Dy. Jambusar Bharuch Office Sarpanch) Makvana S Gram Panchayat AA 8 Gandhar Bhagvanbhai Vagra Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Ajitsing D Raj AA 9 Pakhajan Vagra Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Chandubhai C Gohi AA 10 Chanchvel Vagra Bharuch Office (Talati) Gram Panchayat Suleman M Patel AA 11 Jolva Vagra Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat Rameshbhai A Yadav AA 12 Kaladara Vagra Bharuch Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat AA 13 Kosamba B. K. Parmar (Talati) Mangrol Surat Office
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Location where AAQM Name of Contact Location AAQ station were Taluka District Station Person set up Gram Panchayat Laxmiben B Patel AA 14 Kim Olpad Surat Office (Sarpanch) Gram Panchayat AA 15 Olpad Baldevsing B Olpad Surat Office
Photographs 4-5: Photographs of AAQ Sampling Stations
AAQ station at Sundarpura AAQ station at Kural
AAQ station at Dehgam AAQ station at Nada
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AAQ station at Gandhar village AAQ station at Pakhajan village
AAQ station at Chanchvel village AAQ station at Jolwa village
AAQ station at Kosamba village AAQ station at Kim
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4.5.3 Sampling Frequency
The frequency of monitoring was 24 hrs twice a week at each station spread over the entire season with gaseous samples being changed six times (at 8-hour intervals).
4.5.4 Parameters Monitored and Methods Used
The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), CO, Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These parameters have been selected based on the guidelines given by the MoEF. The detailed monitoring methodology for ambient air is given in Table 4-18.
Table 4-18: Methodology of Ambient Air Monitoring
Sampling Sampling Analytical Sensitivity/Detection Methodology Parameters equipment Equipment Limit
Respirable Dust Sampler with Gravimetric IS: 5182 PM10 Electronic balance Cyclone & Flow 5 µg/m3 (Part 23) 2006 measurement Guideline for the measurement of Fine Particulate PM Electronic balance 3 µg/m3 ambient air pollutant 2.5 Sampler Volume -1 by CPCB, 2011, Gravimetric Gaseous Flow Spectro 3 Colorimetric IS: 5182: SO2 attachment with 1.7 µg/m photometer (Part II) 2001 RDS Sampler
Gaseous Flow Spectro Colorimetric IS: 5182: NOx attachment with 0.5 µg/m3 photometer (Part VI) 2006 RDS Sampler
Gas As per equipment HC Grab samples 1ppm Chromatograph manual
Gas As per equipment VOC Grab samples 1ppm Chromatograph manual
Gas As per equipment CO Grab samples 1ppm Chromatograph manual
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4.5.5 Result of Ambient Air Monitoring
Result of ambient air monitoring are given in Table 4-19.
Table 4-19: Ambient Air Monitoring Results Station Code, Location Parameters & Results
Note: All units are in ug/Nm3 except VOCs, which are in mg/m3 . Figures in brackets indicate CPCB 3 3 3 All stations are in Industrial, limits. Minimum Reportable Readings are 8 ug/Nm for SO2, 10 ug/Nm for NOx, 800µg/Nm for Residential, Rural & Other THCs, 10 ug/Nm3 for NMHCs, and <0.25 mg/m3 for VOC Areas (CPCB)
SO2 NOX NMHC PM10 (100) PM2.5 (60) HC (400) CO (2000) VOC (80) (80) (1.0) Remarks 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 8 hrs (NS) Grab 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs
AA-1, Sundarpura Village Address: Gram Panchayat office ; Contact Person - Rameshbhai B Patanwala - Sarpanch [Base Station] Maximum 76 44 9.9 23.8 15 1030 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 33 15 < 8.0 < 10 <10 980 <1145 <0.25 - Average 54 29 8.9 18.2 11 1002 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 76 43 9.8 23.6 15 1030 <1145 <0.25 AA-2, Umaraya Village Address: Terrace of contact person's home ; Contact Person - Arjunbhai Melabhai Maximum 101 46 10.6 25.1 34 1020 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 41 13 < 8 < 10 <10 990 <1145 <0.25 - Average 73 31 8.7 17.2 14 1009 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 99 45 10.6 24.6 30 1020 <1145 <0.25 AA-3, Sejakuva Village Address: Gram Panchayat office ; Contact Person : - Saiyadbhai Habibmiya - Sarpanch Maximum 89 38 10.1 24.9 17 1030 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 38 17 < 8 10.1 <10 980 <1145 <0.25 - Average 63 29 8.8 18.2 11 993 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 88 38 10.1 24.1 17 1030 <1145 <0.25
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Station Code, Location Parameters & Results
Note: All units are in ug/Nm3 except VOCs, which are in mg/m3 . Figures in brackets indicate CPCB 3 3 3 All stations are in Industrial, limits. Minimum Reportable Readings are 8 ug/Nm for SO2, 10 ug/Nm for NOx, 800µg/Nm for Residential, Rural & Other THCs, 10 ug/Nm3 for NMHCs, and <0.25 mg/m3 for VOC Areas (CPCB)
SO2 NOX NMHC PM10 (100) PM2.5 (60) HC (400) CO (2000) VOC (80) (80) (1.0) Remarks 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 8 hrs (NS) Grab 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs
AA-4, Kural Village Address: Gram Panchayat office ; Contact Person : - Chiragbhai Patel - Sarpanch [U/W I Station] Maximum 78 47 10.2 24.5 25 1010 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 37 21 < 8 < 10 <10 981 <1145 <0.25 - Average 59 33 9.0 17.1 15 993 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 77 47 10.2 24.3 25 1010 <1145 <0.25 AA5, Dehgam Village Address: Gram Panchyat office ; Contact Person: Ismail M Malek - Sarpanch Maximum 66 43 10.0 19.7 17 1032 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 31 17 < 8 < 10 <10 990 <1145 <0.25 - Average 53 30 8.6 15.0 11 1005 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 66 42 9.9 19.7 17 1030 <1145 <0.25 AA6, Nada Village Address: Gram Panchayat office ; Contact Person: Laxmiben R Gohil - Sarpanch [D/W II Station] Maximum 68 38 10.6 21.6 <10 1017 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 30 19 < 8 < 10 <10 980 <1145 <0.25 - Average 51 29 8.6 17.3 <10 998 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 68 38 10.4 21.4 <10 1007 <1145 <0.25 AA7, Tankari Village Address: Gram Panchayat office; Contact Person - Ganpatbhai M Makvana - Sarpanch Maximum 79 48 10.6 23.8 12 1015 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 41 15 <8 <10 <10 985 <1145 <0.25 - Average 59 34 8.9 16.9 <10 999 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 79 47 10.4 23.5 12 1012 <1145 <0.25
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Station Code, Location Parameters & Results
Note: All units are in ug/Nm3 except VOCs, which are in mg/m3 . Figures in brackets indicate CPCB 3 3 3 All stations are in Industrial, limits. Minimum Reportable Readings are 8 ug/Nm for SO2, 10 ug/Nm for NOx, 800µg/Nm for Residential, Rural & Other THCs, 10 ug/Nm3 for NMHCs, and <0.25 mg/m3 for VOC Areas (CPCB)
SO2 NOX NMHC PM10 (100) PM2.5 (60) HC (400) CO (2000) VOC (80) (80) (1.0) Remarks 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 8 hrs (NS) Grab 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs
AA8, Gandhar Village Address: Gram Panchayat office ; Contact Person - Makvana S Bhagvanbhai - Sarpanch Maximum 105 55 10.8 27.6 33 1012 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 52 31 <8 10.5 <10 976 <1145 <0.25 - Average 71 45 8.7 17.2 13 992 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 100 54 10.3 26.6 28 1010 <1145 <0.25 AA9, Pakhajan Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - Ajitsing D Raj - Sarpanch Maximum 67 46 10.6 20.5 27 1023 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 41 20 <8 <10 <10 980 <1145 <0.25 - Average 57 35 9.0 14.6 14 998 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 67 46 10.5 19.9 27 1022 <1145 <0.25 AA10, Chanchvel Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - Chandubhai C Gohil - Talati Maximum 64 32 10.9 24.2 15 998 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 38 19 <8 <10 <10 985 <1145 <0.25 - Average 49 24 8.9 17.1 11 993 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 63 31 10.7 23.8 15 998 <1145 <0.25 AA11, Jolva Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - Suleman M Patel - Sarpanch
Maximum 122 45 10.9 32.4 41 1085 <1145 <0.25 This village is on the state Highway SH-6 and Minimum 61 35 < 8 19.0 11 992 <1145 <0.25 also in the close vicinity of the fast emerging Dahej Industrial area, Average 108 41 9.3 24.4 23 1037 <1145 <0.25 construction activities are going in full swing in 98%tile 122 45 10.8 31.8 39 1083 <1145 <0.25 the area around this
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Station Code, Location Parameters & Results
Note: All units are in ug/Nm3 except VOCs, which are in mg/m3 . Figures in brackets indicate CPCB 3 3 3 All stations are in Industrial, limits. Minimum Reportable Readings are 8 ug/Nm for SO2, 10 ug/Nm for NOx, 800µg/Nm for Residential, Rural & Other THCs, 10 ug/Nm3 for NMHCs, and <0.25 mg/m3 for VOC Areas (CPCB)
SO2 NOX NMHC PM10 (100) PM2.5 (60) HC (400) CO (2000) VOC (80) (80) (1.0) Remarks 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 8 hrs (NS) Grab 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs village AA12, Kaladara Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office; Contact Person - Rameshbhai A Yadav - Sarpanch Maximum 61 43 10.1 24.7 19 1010 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 48 19 <8 <10 <10 976 <1145 <0.25 - Average 55 26 8.4 16.3 11 993 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 60 39 9.9 24.6 16 1010 <1145 <0.25 AA13, Kosamba Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - B.K Parmar - Talati Maximum 108 49 11.1 24.8 30 1023 <1145 <0.25 The area is densely Minimum 40 25 <8 <10 <10 995 <1145 <0.25 populated and is Average 90 37 8.9 16.9 15 1005 <1145 <0.25 surrounded by residential areas 98%tile 107 48 10.9 24.5 29 1021 <1145 <0.25 AA14, Kim Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - Laxmiben B Patel - Sarpanch
Maximum 103 53 10.5 22.7 47 1081 <1145 <0.25 The area is densely Minimum 43 22 < 8 10.4 <10 990 <1145 <0.25 populated and is Average 86 41 8.8 18.5 17 1018 <1145 <0.25 surrounded by 98%tile 100 51 10.4 22.6 40 1076 <1145 <0.25 residential areas AA15, Olpad Village Address: Gram Panchayat Office ; Contact Person - Baldevsing B Maximum 85 42 10.9 25.8 35 1023 <1145 <0.25 Minimum 54 19 < 8 < 10 <10 985 <1145 <0.25 - Average 75 35 9.3 20.7 20 1000 <1145 <0.25 98%tile 85 42 10.8 25.7 35 1023 <1145 <0.25
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The results when compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2009 give:
th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of PM2.5 recorded at 15 locations ranged between 31 µg/m (Chanchvel Village) and 54 µg/m3 (Gandhar Village). All these values are within the specified limits of CPCB (60 µg/m3). The higher value at Gandhar may be due to the rural activities and heavy vehicular movement. th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of PM10 recorded at 15 locations ranged from 63 µg/m (Chanchvel Village) to 122 µg/m3 (Jolva Village). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (100 µg/m3) except for Kosamba Village (107 µg/m3) and Jolva Village (122 µg/m3). The higher values near Jolva AAQM station may be due to its close vicinity to the State Highway -6 which connects Dahej industrial area to Bharuch city and many existing and upcoming industries in close vicinity to the monitoring station.On the other hand the higher values at AAQM station Kosamba are due to the residential areas surrounding the station and heavy traffic around the AAQM station. th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of SO2 was found in range of 9.9 µg/m (Kaladara Village) to 10.8 µg/m3 (Olpad and Jolva Villages). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (80 µg/m3). th 3 The 98 percentile concentration of NOX was found in range from 19.7 µg/m (Degam Village) to 31.8 µg/m3 (Jolva Village). All these values are within the specified limit of CPCB (80 µg/m3).
In addition, samples were collected and analyzed for carbon-monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total hydrocarbons (THCs) and non-methanated hydrocarbons (NMHCs). These parameters were observed to be consistently low. CO was found to be below the permissible limit of 2000 µg/m3.
The results infer that air quality in the study area is of fairly good quality in the rural area, PM10 was observed to be higher at a few monitoring stations due to proximity to industrial and urbanized area and heavy vehicular movement around theses locations. Slightly higher SO2 and NOx concentration at Jolva can be attributed to its proximity to Dahej industrial area.
National Ambient air quality standards are given in Annexure 4. The detailed ambient air quality monitoring results are given in Annexure 5.
4.6 Noise and Vibration
Ambient noise level is the background sound pressure level at a given location, normally specified as a reference level to study a new intrusive sound source.
Examples of background noises are environmental noises such as waves, traffic noise, alarms, people talking, bio acoustic noise from animals or birds and mechanical noise from devices such as refrigerators or air conditioning, power supplies or motors.
The objective of monitoring background noise level in study area is to establish baseline noise level to identify impact due to proposed drilling activity.
Based on site visit of existing drilling operation in cambay basin, it is observed that drilling would not have impact on noise environment beyond site boundary or in close vicinity.
Hence, nearest habitations or other important locations to proposed wells were selected for baseline noise monitoring.
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4.6.1 Season and Period for Monitoring
The ambient nois quality monitoring was carried out for winter season 2012-13 as mandated by ToR issued by EAC (Industry II). Monitoring was carried out at 30 different locations within the study area.
4.6.2 Noise Sampling and Analysis Methodology
Methodology for monitoring of noise levels is given in Table 4-20
Table 4-20: Monitoring Methodology of noise
Env. Sample collection Sampling Sampling Sampling Compo- Methodology location Parameter Frequency Sampling Detection nent equipment Limit Once during Ambient the study 30 Decibels – Noise Level Noise Hourly reading 0.1 dB (A) ISLM 100 Locations dB (A) Meter levels for 24 hours at each location
4.6.3 Noise Level Sampling Locations
Thirty locations were selected for carrying out ambient noise monitoring within study area which are presented in Table 4-21.
Table 4-21: Noise Level Sampling Locations
Location Code Location Taluka District
NL 1 Pinjrat Olpad Surat NL 2 Ankalwa Hansot Bharuch NL 3 Khatiazal Hansot Bharuch NL 4 Kosamba Mangrol Surat NL 5 Nandao Mangrol Surat NL 6 Suva Vagra Bharuch NL 7 Dahej Vagra Bharuch NL 8 Nr Dahej Vagra Bharuch NL 9 Paniadra Vagra Bharuch NL 10 Nr Nada Jambusar Bharuch NL 11 Muler Vagra Bharuch NL 12 Kerwada Amod Bharuch NL 13 Acchod Amod Bharuch NL 14 Dora Amod Bharuch NL 15 Kalam Vagra Bharuch NL 16 Umra Jambusar Bharuch NL 17 Kamboi Jambusar Bharuch NL 18 Sopla Padra Vadodara NL 19 Nr Sampa Karjan Vadodara NL 20 Mobha Padra Vadodara NL 21 Kahanva Jambusar Bharuch
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Location Code Location Taluka District
NL 22 Pimpali Padra Vadodara NL 23 Padra Padra Vadodara NL 24 Shihor Padra Vadodara NL 25 Sangma Padra Vadodara NL 26 Chapad Vadodara Vadodara NL 27 Maretha Vadodara Vadodara NL 28 Itola Vadodara Vadodara NL 29 Karali Vadodara Vadodara NL 30 Mahmadpur Dabhoi Vadodara
Photographs 4-6: Photographs of Noise Level Sampling
NV station at Pipli NV station at Padra
NV station at Sangma NV station at Maretha Gram Panchayat
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NV station at Itola village NV station at Maretha Bus station
4.6.4 Noise Level Results
The average noise levels are presented in Table 4-22.
Table 4-22: Noise Level Readings
CPCB Limits in Noise Levels in dB(A) leq dB(A) leq
Category Day Night Day Night Location Noise Monitoring Date of of Time Time Time Time Code Location Monitoring Area/Zone Hours Hours Hours Hours [06:00 [22:00 [06:00 [22:00 to to to to 22:00] 06:00] 22:00] 06:00] NL 1 Pinjrat 2/20/2013 Residential 55 45 55.2 47.1 NL 2 Ankalwa 2/20/2013 Residential 55 45 55.5 46.6 NL 3 Khatiazal 2/16/2013 Residential 55 45 56.0 45.9 NL 4 Kosamba 2/16/2013 Residential 55 45 59.0 47.5 NL 5 Nandao 2/16/2013 Residential 55 45 53.0 47.2 NL 6 Suva 2/16/2013 Residential 55 45 53.4 45.3 NL 7 Dahej 2/14/2013 Industrial 75 70 70.6 53.6 NL 8 Nr Dahej 2/14/2013 Residential 55 45 56.4 47.1 NL 9 Paniadra 2/14/2013 Residential 55 45 55.7 49.5 NL 10 Nr Nada 2/16/2013 Residential 55 45 54.1 45.4 NL 11 Muler 2/17/2013 Residential 55 45 57.3 49.8 NL 12 Kerwada 2/17/2013 Residential 55 45 57.1 49.8 NL 13 Acchod 2/17/2013 Residential 55 45 54.6 47.1 NL 14 Dora 2/17/2013 Residential 55 45 55.6 49.6 NL 15 Kalam 2/18/2013 Residential 55 45 62.8 49.0 NL 16 Umra 2/18/2013 Residential 55 45 57.0 51.0
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CPCB Limits in Noise Levels in dB(A) leq dB(A) leq
Category Day Night Day Night Location Noise Monitoring Date of of Time Time Time Time Code Location Monitoring Area/Zone Hours Hours Hours Hours [06:00 [22:00 [06:00 [22:00 to to to to 22:00] 06:00] 22:00] 06:00] NL 17 Kamboi 2/15/2013 Residential 55 45 53.3 47.1 NL 18 Sopla 2/12/2013 Residential 55 45 55.3 46.8 NL 19 Nr Sampa 2/12/2013 Residential 55 45 52.6 44.6 NL 20 Mobha 2/23/2013 Residential 55 45 54.3 46.6 NL 21 Kahanva 2/23/2013 Residential 55 45 54.0 45.9 NL 22 Pimpali 2/23/2013 Residential 55 45 55.2 46.4 NL 23 Padra 2/25/2013 Commercial 65 55 76.4 51.1 NL 24 Shihor 2/25/2013 Residential 55 45 53.3 46.3 NL 25 Sangma 2/25/2013 Residential 55 45 68.7 53.5 NL 26 Chapad 2/25/2013 Residential 55 45 53.4 47.7 NL 27 Maretha 2/26/2013 Residential 55 45 55.5 45.9 NL 28 Itola 2/26/2013 Residential 55 45 57.9 48.4 NL 29 Karali 2/26/2013 Residential 55 45 53.0 46.3 NL 30 Mahmadpur 2/26/2013 Residential 55 45 53.8 48.1
Noise levels were recorded at thirty different locations within the study area.
Residential Area
Noise levels during day time were observed to be in range with a low of 53 dB (A) at Nandav and Karali Villages to a high of 68.7 dB (A) at Sangma Village. Readings were observed to be marginally above the CPCB standards for residential areas, i.e. 55 dB (A), except for Nandav, Suva, Nada, Acchod, Kamboi, Sampa, Mobha, Kahanva, Shihor, Chapad, kareli and Memadpura Villages. Night time noise levels were observed to lie within a range of 44.6 dB (A) at Sampa Village to 53.5 dB (A) at Sangma. Readings were marginally above the CPCB standards for residential areas, i.e. 45 dB (A), except for Sampa Village.
Commercial Area
During day time, the noise levels at Padra Town were observed to be 76.4 dB (A) which is beyond the CPCB standards for commercial area (65 dB (A)). Night time noise level was observed to be 51.1 dB (A) which is within the CPCB standards for commercial area (55 dB (A)).
Padra town has higher noise then CPCB standards for commercial area level during day time, due to high urbanization of Padra town and the commercial area where sampling was done is very near to the Bus stand and the main market of Padra town. On the other hand at night time due to limited human activities noise levels were within limits at the sampling location.
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Industrial area
During day time, the noise level for Dahej was observed to be 70.6 dB (A) which is well within the CPCB standards for industrial area (75 dB (A)). Night time noise level was observed to be 53.6 dB (A) which is within the CPCB standards for industrial area (70 dB (A)).
4.6.5 Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.
Major sources of vibration are blasting due to mining activities, vibration caused by motions of engines, electric motors, or any mechanical device in operation theses are typically unwanted. Such vibrations can be caused by imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, the meshing of gear teeth, etc. such vibrations can be reduced by proper designing.
In the study area there are indusrial area where possible vibration may be occurring, however would not have major impact on surrounding area
4.7 Topography and Geology
4.7.1 Topography
Vadodara District
The Vadodara district can be divided in two main geomorphic units – the eastern hilly, medium to high relief terrain and the western plain area. The eastern portion of the district comprises the Chhota Udepur, Jambugam and Nasvadi talukas. The hilly areas have two types of topography. In the north there are irregular hills and ridges with intervening valleys forming a high relief whereas in the south the low flat topped hills of Deccan Traps along with rolling mounds give rise to a medium relief. The western plain has got a flat, low lying surface and a thick pile of alluvium. The Narmada and the Mahi are the major rivers of the district. Besides these two rivers, the Jambuva, the Surya, the Vishwamitri and the Dhadhar flow through the district and end into the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat)
Bharuch District
The terrain of the district is flat level plain except for small hilly tract in the eastern part covering the talukas of Jhagadiya and valia where eleveaion ranges between 200 m to 400 m above msl in remaining areas altitude varies between 5 m to 100 m above msl. The slope of the district is generally from north west to south west
Surat District
The topography of the district can be described as tilting one from towering hills and plateau in east to rolling plains in the middle part and further to flat coastal ‘Kharland’ in west. The eastern part is hilly which is an extension of Sahyadri hills, followed in the west by highly cultivable alluvial plain
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4.7.2 Geology
Geology of Vadodara District9
Western portion of Vadodara district comprises of alluvium of recent origin, while in the eastern lithology consist part of granite, quartz pegmatite, granitoid, gneiss, schist, dolomite, phyllite and sand stone. The general succession of rocks found in the district is given in Table 4-23.
Table 4-23: General Succession of Vadodara District Soils, young and older alluvium etc Quaternary Unconformity Deccan trap Complex Lower Eocene to Upper Cretaceous Unconformity Infra-trappean beds Nimar sandstone Bagh beds & Lametas Mesozoic Middle to upper Cretaceous Unconformity Granites and Gneisses Post-Delhi Champaner group of Rocks Aravali Super Group of Rocks Pre-Cambrian Granitic gneisses
1
9 District Resource Map, Vadodara District
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Figure 4-4: Geology of Vadodara Region
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Geology of Bharuch District10
The oldest rock found in the area is the Bagh Beds and cretaceous age. They are comprised of limestone and sandstone which occurs as small pockets standing out within the younger traps. Deccan traps occupy quite a large area forming the entire high relief zone. Several flows of varying nature occur in thick hikes. They are intersected by numerous dykes.
The tertiary rock occure over quite an extensive area in the from of isolated outcrops. The lowest formation is laterite which rests over Deccan traps. This is followed by Nummulite limestone. The Tarkeshwar, Balaguru, Kand and Jhagadiya formations consist of clay and claystone, calcareous sandstone, limestone, shale and occasionally Snad beds. These formations along with the over lying agate conglomerate, occure around and south of Jhagadiya. The agate conglomerate is the sole source of Agate.
The over laying alluvium at the top is called older alluvium because of its long antiquity. This is highly weathered forming lime kaukar, sale crust etc. at places, there are a few brown sand pockets also.
The stratigraphic sequence as given by Geological Survey of India is given in Table 4-24
Table 4-24: General Succession of Bharuch District Lithology Formation/Group Age Soils brown sands, younger alluvium Holocene Quaternary Older alluvium Pleistocene Agate conglomerate Pleistocene Tertiary Jhagadia formation Upper Miocene Kand formation Middle Miocene Balaguru formation Lower Miocene Nummulitive limestone Oligocene laterite Palaeocene Deccan trap basalts with dykes Lower Eocene to upper cretaceous Bagh beds Cretaceous
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10 District Resource Map Bharuch District
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Figure 4-5: Geology of Bharuch District
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Geology of Surat District11
The district is occupied by the rock types belonging to the Deccan Volcanics of Upper Creataceous to Eocene age and sediments of Tertiary and Quarternary period.
Basalt is locally capped by laterite belonging to the salod formation (Palaeocene) and is successively overlain by the sediments of Vagadkhol, Nummulite, Tarkeshwar, Babaguru and kand formation and Jhagadia formation of Tert+ iary period. These sediments are fossiliferous and comprise clay, sandstone, limestone, marl, claystone, siltstone and conglomerate. Tidal flat deposits and shoal deposits belong to the marine Rann Clay and Mahuva formations, respectively. Flood plain and channel fill deposits are grouped under Katpur and Varahi formations, respectively. Coastal dunes deposits belong to Akhaj formations.
The soil in the district are fine, loamy, clayey, mixed, montmorillonittic and calcareous. Groundwater prospects are good to excellent in alluvial plains, flood plains, pediplains and vegetation anomaly geomorphologic domains.
Table 4-25: General Succession Surat District Lithology Formation/Group Age Channel-fill deposits, tidal flat, shoal deposits, Varahi, Mahuva, Akhaj, Katpur Coastal dune deposits, flood plain and older tidal Holocene and rann clay deposits Calcareous sandstone with intraformational Middle Miocene to Jhagadia conglomerate and clay Pilocene Clay,fossiliferous marl, limestone, sandstone, Kand Lower Miocene siltstone and conglomerate Ferruginous sandstone, Clay, pebbly sandstone, Babaguru Lower Miocene conglomerate Lower Eocene to Bentonitic clay and claystone with sandstone Tarkeshwar Oligocene Argillaceous limestone and clay containing Nummulite Lower to Upper Eocene nummulites Clay, friable sandstone, pebbly sandstone, Vagadkhol Lower Eocene conglomerate Laterite Salod Palaeocene Unconformity Upper Cretaceous to Basalt flow, Rhyolite, Dolerite Deccan Volcanics Eocene
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11 District Resource Map Surat District
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Figure 4-6: Geology of Surat District
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Geology of the Study Area12
The study area comprise of
Vadodara District
The study are in Western part of Vadodara district has Holocene sediments and are represented by sands of Akhaj formation, Tidal flat and Marsh diposits of Rann clay formation, flood plains and delta deposits of Katpur formation, younger Tidal flat and Marsh deposits of the Mahuva formation, and Chnnel fill and flood plain deposits of Varahi formation.
Bharuch District
The study area in Bharuch district comprise older tidal flat and tidal marsh deposit of Rann Clay formation and younger tidal flat diposits (spit/bar and shoal) of Mahuva formation, representing marine environment of deposition. Flood plain deposit of Katpur formation, representating fluvial environment of deposition and coastal dunes and sand dune deposit of Akhaj formation representing aeolin envrionemt of deposition.
Surat District
The study area in surat district has Babaguru and Kand formation (lower Miocene) and Jhagadia formation (Middle Miocene to Pliocene) of tertiary period. These sediments are fossiliferous and comprise clay, sandstone, limestone, marl, clay stone, siltstone and conglomerate. The Quaternary (Holocene) sediments of study are have been deposited by different agencies. Older tidal flat deposits and spit/bar, younger tidal flat and shoal deposts belong to the marine Rann clay and Mahuva formation respectively.
4.7.3 Seismicity
Study Area is categorized in the seismic zone III, which is classified as having a fairly high probability of earthquake shocks measuring 5 or 6 on the Richter scale, low probability of shocks of 6 or 7 on the Richter scale and Seismic Zone IV which is referred as High damage risk Zone.
Source: Seismic Map of Gujarat from Institute of Seismological Research (Government of Gujarat. http://www.isr.gujarat.gov.in/Seismic_Zoning_Gujarat.shtm)
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12 Extract from District Resource Map, Mehsana, Patan, Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Districts
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Project Site
Figure 4-7: Seismic Map of Gujarat State
4.8 Soil
The soil is a natural body, biochemically weathered and synthesized product of nature and second one considers soil as natural habitats for plants and living organisms. It is a three dimensional body composed of mineral matter (45%), organic matter (5%) air and water (50%). The mineral or inorganic matter includes soil separates like coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay. The soils are classified based on the proportion of sand, silt and clay into different textural classes ranging from sandy to clayey soils. The important properties which govern the soil physical properties like porosity, water holding, permeability / infiltration rate, bulk density of soils are texture and structure of soils. The structure refers to the arrangement of soils separates. The organic matter of soil largely consists of decomposed plant and animal material and living / dead plant roots. The microorganisms living on organic matter portion of soil perform the essential function of decomposing plant and animal matter, releasing nutrients to be used by growing plants. The soil supplies essential plant nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulphur, magnesium, zinc, copper, molybdenum and chloride. The nitrogen is supplied through organic matter as well as from the atmosphere. The three most important elements viz. oxygen and carbon are supplied by the air and hydrogen is supplied by water.
The soils are indentified by their profile characteristics. The profile is a vertical cross section of soil and it is divided into different horizons like O (organic matter) uppermost layer, A, B and C horizons in a well developed soil. But in a recent alluvial soil, which are called young soils such profile development is not there. A horizon from which maximum leaching (eluviations) of nutrients and silt + clay occurs and in B horizon maximum accumulation (illuviation) of silt +clay and nutrient occurs.
The clay + silt fraction of soil governs adsorption of nutrients which is measured in terms of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of soil. The CEC of soil is also governed by the type of clay minerals in soil i.e. 1:1 Kaolinite type 2:1 montmorillomit & illite types and 2:2 (chlorite) types. Maximum CEC is
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Thus, the soil is a store house of nutrients due to its inherent property. However, the quality (fertility and productivity) of the soil is also affected by amount of salts (electrical conductivity), pH and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) as well as the physical properties as stated above. Based on EC, pH, and ESP soils are classified as normal, saline or saline-sodic (USDA Hand Book 6o, Richard, 1954). Thus the soil is very important nutrient resources, which need to be conserved for the survival of living beings.
The project area falls under Middle Gujarat Agro Climatic Zone III (Vadodara) and Zone II (Bharuch and Surat). The sub division of Agro Climatic Zones in to Agro Ecological Zones (AEZ) indicate that Vadodara/Bharuch and Surat falls under AEZ 25, 21 and 27 respectively. These Regions are characterized by about 70 -100 cm rainfall; more than 100 cm depth and land slope varies from 1 to 3 %. The EC (Salinity) of these soils is < 2 dS/m and excepts Surat District soils other soil do not pose problem of drainage. In spite of the fact that the majority of the soils are silty clay to clay in texture. These soils have medium to low permeability and secondary Stalinization as well as water logging occurs in some parts. Principally these soil have developed from trap, however in some cases coastal alluvial soils are present. The predominant clay mineral in clay soil is smectite. Taxonomically these soils fall under Inceptisaol and sub order Ochrepts (Vadodara) and Ochrepts and Usterts (Vertisols) (Bharuch and Surat). Traditionally Vertisols are known as Black cotton soil having maximum depth of about 6 m
4.8.1 Regional Soil Profile
Vadodara District13
The soils of the district are loamy,clayey, mixed calcareous and montmorillonitic. The soil type found in the study area is soils of alluvial plains which are fine-loamy, mixed, calcareous soil and also fine, montmorillonitic, calcareous soil.
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13 District Resource Map Vadodara District
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Figure 4-8: Soil of Vadodara District
Bharuch District
The brown and saline waste types of soils are found in the costal area while rocky type soil is seen in the eastern hilly area. The alluvival lying on the surface is called older alluvivum of Holocene age. It is called older alluvium because of its long antiqrity, this is highly weathered forgning lime kankar, cale- crusts etc, at places, there are a few blown sand pockets also14. However the soils as classified by the N.B.S.S & L.U.P (I.C.A.R), Nagpur, the district has Usterts – Ochrepts type of soils
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14 Source: Geological Survey of India publication
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Figure 4-9: Soil of Bharuch District
Surat District15
The soils in the district are fine,loamy, clayey, mixed, montmorillonittic and calcareous. Study area has soils of alluvial plains.
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15 District Resource Map, Surat District
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Figure 4-10: Soil of Bharuch District
Soil Types of Study Area
In the proposed project area the majority of soils have originated from trap popularly known as block cotton soils (Vertisol) and falls under silty clay loam in texture. Majority of soils project area are calcareous in nature. As the soil slope varies from 1 to 3 % the soils are classified as slightly to moderately erodible.
4.8.2 Methodology of Soil Sampling
The locations for soil sample collection were randomly selected. The soil samples from 0-15 cm depth were collected from nearly 5-6 spots by using field equipment. The samples were homogenized and about 1 Kg soil sample was collected in the polyethylene bag. Labeled with sample ID which includes village and project name. The samples were brought to the laboratory for analysis of physical (porosity, water holding capacity, permeability, particle size distribution) and chemical properties (Cation Exchange, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K).
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4.8.3 Soil Sampling Locations
Soil Surface soil sampling was carried out at 15 locations in the study area and they are presented in Table 4-26.
Table 4-26: Surface Soil Sampling Locations S. Code Date of Sample ID Location Taluka District Remarks No. No. Sampling
1 ST1 201MR13ST01 Dabhasa 4/3/2013 Padra Vadodara
2 ST2 203MR13ST03 Bamangam 11/3/2013 Karjan Vadodara
3 ST3 227FB13ST01 Intola 28/2/2013 Amod Bharuch
4 ST4 203MR13ST01 Navi Kareli 6/3/2013 Vadodara Vadodara
5 ST5 203MR13ST02 Vasna 6/3/2013 Amod Bharuch
6 ST6 227FB13ST02 Jambusar 28/2/2013 Jambusar Bharuch
7 ST7 227FB13ST05 Nada 28/2/2013 Jambusar Bharuch
8 ST8 210MR13ST05 Muler 28/2/2013 Vagra Bharuch The source of all the 9 ST9 201MR13ST02 Khojbal 14/2/2013 Vagra Bharuch samples was Agricultural
10 ST10 201MR13ST06 Jolva 21/2/2013 Vagra Bharuch
11 ST11 210MR13ST01 Degam 22/2/2013 Jambusar Bharuch
12 ST12 201MR13ST01 Cholad 14/2/2013 Bharuch Bharuch
13 ST13 210MR13ST02 Kosamba 22/2/2013 Mangrol Surat
14 ST14 210MR13ST03 Nandav 22/2/2013 Mangrol Surat
15 ST15 210MR13ST04 Kuvad 22/2/2013 Olpad Surat
Location selected for surface soil sampling are shown in M 4.2, Photographs of the soil sampling locations are also shown in Photographs 4-7
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Photographs 4-7: Photographs of Soil Sampling Locations
Soil sampling at Intola Soil sampling at Nandav
Soil sampling at Cholad Soil sampling at Jolva
4.8.4 Sampling and Analysis Methodology
Methodology of soil sample analysis is given in Table 4-27 and the soil sampling analysis results are given in Table 4-28 and Table 4-29.
Table 4-27: Methodology of Soil Sample Monitoring
Sampling Sample Analytical Methodology Remarks Parameters collection Equipment
Porosity - IS: 2720 Part 7 Manual sample Trial pit method Water holding capacity collection using Keen Apparatus HMSO, UK for topsoil Permeability hammer and - IS: 2720 Part 17 sample container tube for collection; Moisture content collecting Electronic Balance IS: 2720 Part 2 disturbed Texture undisturbed top - IS: 2720 Part 4 samples soil. Particle size 5% Leachate to Glass wares IS: 2720 Part 4 Distribution be made and
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Sampling Sample Analytical Methodology Remarks Parameters collection Equipment
Cation Exchange IS: 2720 Part 24 analyzed as per Centrifuge Capacity (1976) APHA, F. Photometer (Na, “Standard SAR K) Calculation Methods” Titration ( Ca & Mg) All method numbers are as pH pH Meter 4500 H+B per APHA Electrical Conductivity Conductivity Meter As per IS 14767 -2000 “Standard Calcium Glass wares 3500 Ca B Methods” (21st edition, 2005) Magnesium Glass Wares 3500 Mg B
Sodium (Na) F.Photometer 3500 Na B Potassium F.Photometer 3500 K B
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Table 4-28: Soil Analysis Results Sampling Location
S. ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 Parameter Unit No Dabhasa Bamangam Intola Navi Kareli Vasna Jambusar Nada Muler 4/3/2013 11/3/2013 28/2/2013 6/3/2013 6/3/2013 28/2/2013 28/2/2013 28/2/2013
1 Porosity % 50 59 59 56 55 50 55 60 Water Holding 61.56 78.56 73.08 2 % 58.84 75.96 77.51 78.47 68.48 Capacity 3 Permeability (× 10-4) cm/sec. 6.81 0.71 2.26 3.74 3.48 6.28 0.361 0.815
4 Moisture % 2.66 5.36 5.01 4.72 6.12 2.08 13.35 3.55
5 Particle Size Distribution
a Sand % 66.84 21.84 8.84 30.56 46.12 61.97 24.84 38.56
b Clay % 18.16 30.88 30.16 30.88 28.60 20.88 14.88 10.44
c Silt % 15.00 47.28 61.00 38.56 25.28 27.56 60.28 51 Silty Clay Silty Clay Sandy Clay 6 Texture - Sandy Loam Loam Loam Silty Loam Silty Loam Loam Loam Loam Cation Exchange 7 meq/100gm 17.20 18.20 17.20 20.50 16.20 20.50 19.30 22.24 Capacity 8 Electrical Conductivity dS/m 0.217 0.457 0.200 0.163 0.201 0.215 0.462 0.540
9 Organic carbon % ------Sodium Absorption 10 - 0.49 0.76 1.73 0.21 3.11 1.07 2.68 1.01 Ratio 11 pH - 7.50 7.77 8.49 7.31 7.71 8.3 8.53 8.53
12 Calcium gm/kg 0.30 0.29 0.16 0.26 0.24 0.08 1.36 0.50
13 Magnesium gm/kg 0.5 0.41 0.87 0.57 0.44 0.57 1.60 0.18
14 Sodium gm/kg 0.23 1.05 1.13 0.10 0.19 0.56 2.77 0.47
15 Potassium gm/kg 0.11 1.33 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.99 0.20
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Table 4-29: Soil Analysis Results Sampling Location
S. ST9 ST10 ST11 ST12 ST13 ST14 ST15 Parameter Unit No Khojbal Jolva Degam Cholad Kosamba Nandav Kuvad 14/2/2013 21/2/2013 22/2/2013 14/2/2013 22/2/2013 22/2/2013 22/2/2013
1 Porosity % 56 49 51 59 58 56 55
2 Water Holding Capacity % 81.6 67 61.97 58.3 74.17 78.92 79.12
3 Permeability (× 10-4) cm/sec. 4.33 7.98 6.54 7.79 1.09 2.10 4.05
4 Moisture % 4.45 5.2 5.52 3.94 4.69 4.48 4.25
5 Particle Size Distribution
a Sand % 48.84 56.28 61.66 34.56 30.56 33.28 43.28
b Clay % 35.44 33.28 23.60 51.72 39.44 38.44 13.72
c Silt % 15.72 10.44 30.28 13.72 30 28.28 43 Sandy Clay 6 Texture - Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Medium Loam Loam 7 Cation Exchange Capacity meq/100gm 18.30 20.80 16.20 20.40 17.96 19.36 17.62
8 Electrical Conductivity dS/m 0.422 0.257 0.493 0.172 0.794 0.737 0.436
9 Organic carbon % ------
10 Sodium Absorption Ratio - 4.12 0.72 0.36 0.5 0.69 0.90 0.97
11 pH - 7.97 7.69 7.84 7.43 7.67 8.40 8.41
12 Calcium gm/kg 0.40 0.29 0.32 0.16 0.30 0.11 0.64
13 Magnesium gm/kg 0.44 0.46 0.53 0.44 0.50 0.42 0.29
14 Sodium gm/kg 2.25 0.38 0.21 0.24 0.38 0.41 0.53
15 Potassium gm/kg 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.16 0.11 0.21
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4.8.5 Quality of Soil
Analysis of the samples collected show that:
Porosity of soil samples were in the range of 49% (Jolva Village) to 60% (Muller Village) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Soil samples were in the range of 58.3% (Cholad Village) to 81.6% (Khojbal Village). The high porosity and WHC is on account of clay nature of soil, however these soils have lower permeability in range from 0.361 X 10-4 cm/sec (Nada Village) to 7.98 X 10-4 cm/sec (Jolva Village) due to vertic nature of soil and predominant clay mineral been smectite (2:1) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil samples were in range of 16.20 meq/100gm (Vasna Village and Degam Village) to 20.80 meq/100gm (Jolva Village) Electrical Conductivity of Soil samples were in range of 0.172 dS/m (Cholad Village) to 0.793 dS/m (Kosamba). These results indicate that the soil EC (1:2, soil: water ratio) is less that the critical limit of 0.8 dS/m. Hence these soils are classified normal soils based on Values of EC and pH (Range from 7.31(Navi Kareli Village) to 8.53 (Nada and Muller Villages).
The physico- chemical analysis of soil samples collected from 15 locations of the project area indicate that soils are normal for growth and development of crops. Majority of soils have originated from trap popularly known as block cotton soils (Vertisol) and falls under silty clay loam in texture. Majority of soils in the study area are calcareous in nature. As the soil slope varies from 1 to 3 %, the soils are classified as slightly to moderately erodible.
4.9 Hydrology and Groundwater
4.9.1 Hydrology
Sources of Surface Water
The source of raw water in the study area includes the following:
Pond River Water Canals Sea Water
Analysis Methodology
The samples were collected as grab samples, from each location, once during the study period and the analysis methodology is given in Table 4-30.
Table 4-30: Analysis Methodology of Ground Water, Surface Water S. Minimum Detection Parameters Methodology No Limit 1 pH APHA, Edition 21 (4500 H+ B), pH meter 0.01 2 Temperature APHA Edition 21 (2130 B), Standard Thermometer 1OC 3 Turbidity APHA Edition 21 (2130 B), Nephelophotometric 0.1 NTU 4 TDS APHA Edition 21 (2540 C) Gravimetric 4 mg/l
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S. Minimum Detection Parameters Methodology No Limit 5 Electrical conductivity APHA Edition 21 (2510 B) Conductivity Meter 1µmoh/cm 6 COD APHA Edition 21 (5220 B), Titrametic open reflux 4 mg/l 3 days IS 3025 part 44, 1993 Iodometric 1 mg/l 7 BOD 5 days APHA edition 21 (5210 B) Iodometric 8 Chlorides APHA Edition 21 (4500 Cr B) Titrametic 5 mg/l 9 Sulphates APHA Edition 21 (4500 SO2 4 E) Turbidimetric 0.1 mg/l 10 Total Hardness APHA Edition 21 (2340 C) Titrametric (EDTA Method) 10 mg/l 11 Ca++ Hardness Apha Edition 21 (3500 Ca B) 2 mg/l 12 Mg++ Hardness Apha Edition 21 (3500 Mg B) 8 mg/l 13 Total Alkalinity APHA Edition 21 (2320 B) Titrametric 10 mg/l 14 Nitrate APHA Edition 16 (418 D) Colorimetric 0.08 mg/l 15 Fluoride APHA Edition 21 (4500 F- D) Colorimetric 0.005 mg/l APHA Edition 21 (3500 Na- B) Flame Emission 1 mg/l 16 Sodium Photometric APHA Edition 21 (3500 K- B) Flame Emission 1 mg/l 17 Potassium Photometric APHA Edition 21 (3500 Ca- B) Titrametric (EDTA 1 mg/l 18 Calcium Method) 19 Magnesium APHA Edition 21 (3500 Mg- B), by difference 2 mg/l APHA Edition 21 (2520 B), Electrical conductivity - 20 Salinity Method 21 Total Nitrogen Apha Edition 21 (4500 Norg, B) 0.001 mg/l 22 Total Phosphorous Apha Edition 21 (4500 P, C) 0.08 mg/l 23 Dissolved Oxygen Apha Edition 21 (4500 O, B) 0.1 mg/l 24 Ammonical Nitrogen APHA Edition 21 (4500 NH3) Colorimetric 0.01 mg/l 25 SAR Flamephotometric and EDTA Method - a Arsenic (as As) APHA Edition 21 (3500 As- B) Colorimetric 0.01 mg/l b Cadmium (as Cd) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Cd), 3111 B, AAS Method 0.001 mg/l c Chromium (as Cr) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Cr B) Colorimetric 0.001 mg/l APHA Edition 21 (3500 Cu B), (3111B), AAS Method, 0.02 mg/l d Copper (as Cu) Colorimetric e Cyanide (as CN) Apha Edition 21 (4500 CN, E) 0.003 mg/l f Iron (as Fe) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Fe-B) Colorimetric 0.01 mg/l g Lead (as Pb) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Pb-A), AAS Method 0.02 mg/l h Mercury (as Hg) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Hg), AAS Method 0.001 mg/l APHA Edition 21 (3500 Mn-B) (3111 B), AAS Method/ 0.007mg/l i Manganese (as Mn) Colorimetric j Nickel (as Ni) APHA Edition 21 (3500 Ni), AAS Method 0.02 mg/l APHA Edition 21 (3500 Zn-B) (3111 B), AAS Method/ 0.002 mg/l k Zinc (as Zn) Colorimetric 28 Total Coliform APHA Edition 21 (9221 B), Multiple Tube Fermentation 2 MPN/100ml
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S. Minimum Detection Parameters Methodology No Limit 29 Faecal Coliforms APHA Edition 21 (9221 E), Multiple Tube Fermentation 2 MPN/100ml
Photographs 4-8: Photographs of Surface water Sampling Locations
SW sample at Amod SW sample at Cholad
SW sample at Itola SW sample at Degam
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SW sample at Kamboi estuary SW sample at Dhadhar river
River water sample at Suva River water sample at Jambusar-Amod road
SW sample at Pakhajan SW sample at Kadodara
SW sample at Jolva SW sample at Machhasara
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Surface Water Sampling
Surface water samples were collected from 25 different locations within the study area and the samples collected from ponds and canal are presented in Table 4-31, samples collected from sea water are given in Table 4-32 and river water samples are given in Table 4-33.
Table 4-31: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Ponds & Canal) Sr. Code Date of Sample Code Location Source District No. No. Sampling 1 SW1 201MR13SW01 Chitral 2.03.2013 Pond Padra Vadodara 2 SW2 201MR13SW02 Padra 2.03.2013 Pond Padra Vadodara 3 SW3 201MR13SW03 Samiyala 2.03.2013 Pond Padra Vadodara 4 SW4 201MR13SW04 Raipura 2.03.2013 Pond Vadodara Vadodara 5 SW5 201MR13SW05 Sadhi 6.03.2013 Pond Padra Vadodara 6 SW6 228FB13SW08 Itola 22.02.2013 Pond Vadodara Vadodara 7 SW7 228FB13SW01 Cholad 14.02.2013 Pond Bharuch Bharuch 8 SW8 228FB13SW02 Khojbal 14.02.2013 Pond Vagra Bharuch 9 SW9 228FB13SW03 Pakhajan 14.02.2013 Pond Vagra Bharuch 10 SW10 228FB13SW04 Pakhajan 14.02.2013 Canal Vagra Bharuch 11 SW11 228FB13SW05 Akhod 17.02.2013 Pond Vagra Bharuch 12 SW12 228FB13SW06 Kadodara 21.02.2013 Pond Vagra Bharuch 13 SW13 228FB13SW07 Jolva 21.02.2013 Pond Vagra Bharuch 14 SW14 228FB13SW09 Machhasara 22.02.2013 Pond Amod Bharuch 15 SW15 228FB13SW10 Amod 22.02.2013 Pond Amod Bharuch 16 SW16 228FB13SW17 Nada 23.02.2013 Pond Jambusar Bharuch 17 SW17 228FB13SW18 Dagam 27.02.2013 Pond Jambusar Bharuch
Table 4-32: Surface Water Sampling Locations (Marine Samples) Date of Taluka Sr. No. Code No. Sample Code Location District Sampling 227FB13SW02 Mahi River near Kamboi (L.T) 25.02.2013 227FB13SW03 Mahi River near Kamboi (H.T) 18 SW18 Jambusar Bharuch 227FB13SW04 Mahi River near Kamboi (L.T) 21.02.2013 227FB13SW05 Mahi River near Kamboi (H.T) 227FB13SW06 Dadhar River near Mangrol (L.T) 22.02.2013 227FB13SW07 Dadhar River near Mangrol (H.T) 19 SW19 Amod Bharuch 227FB13SW08 Dadhar River near Mangrol (L.T) 25.02.2013 227FB13SW09 Dadhar River near Mangrol (H.T) 227FB13SW12 Bhukhi River near Bhelsli (L.T) 14.02.2013 227FB13SW13 Bhukhi River near Bhelsli (H.T) 20 SW20 Vagra Bharuch 227FB13SW14 Bhukhi River near Bhelsli (L.T) 25.2.2013 227FB13SW15 Bhukhi River near Bhelsli (H.T) 227FB13SW10 Narmada River near Suva (L.T) 21 SW21 25.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch 227FB13SW11 Narmada River near Suva (H.T) 22 SW22 210MR13SW07 Kim river Near Elav (L.T) 22.02.2013 Hansot Bharuch
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Date of Taluka Sr. No. Code No. Sample Code Location District Sampling 210MR13SW08 Kim river near Elav (H.T) 210MR13SW09 Kim river near Elav (L.T) 25.02.2013 210MR13SW10 Kim river near Elav (H.T)
Table 4-33: Surface Water Sampling Locations (River Samples) Sr. Code Date of Taluka Sample Code Location Source District No. No. Sampling Jambusar to Amod Dhadhar Amod 23 SW23 227FB13SW01 22.02.2013 Bharuch road River 24 SW24 201MR13SW06 Umetha 06.03.2013 Mahi River Padra Vadodara Bhukhi Amod 25 SW25 227FB13SW16 Near Dayadara 27.02.2013 Bharuch River
Results of Surface water sampling
Result of surface water samples collected from ponds and canal are given in Table 4-34 and Table 4-35, analysis results for samples collected from sea are given in Table 4-36 and Table 4-37 and the analysis results of the samples collected from river are given in Table 4-38.
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Table 4-34: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Ponds and Canal)
Surface Water Quality IS 10500 Standard SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW 6 SW7 SW8 S. Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible Chitral Padra Samiyala Raipura Sadhi Itola Cholad Khojbal Limit Limit Source Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond 1 pH pH scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.75 8.79 9.01 8.65 8.78 7.97 7.92 8.04 2 Temperature °C NS NS 28.3 28.4 28.8 28.2 28.6 29.8 29.7 29.4 3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 6.9 1.9 <0.1 1 11.3 5.9 2.6 2.3 4 TDS mg/l 500 2000 612 692 708 196 687 220 204 972 µmho/c 5 Electrical conductivity NS NS 1216 1016 1017 278.3 989.6 439 348 1681 m 6 COD mg/l NS NS 27 23 16 16 4 16 12 35 7 BOD mg/l NS NS 9 8 5 5 1 4 3 10 8 Phenol mg/l 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000 280 314 328 62 333 38 19 378 10 Sulphates mg/l 200 400 12 21 18 <0.09 18 17 9 30 11 Total Hardness mg/l 300 600 190 200 200 150 160 140 150 260 12 Ca++ Hardness mg/l NS NS 92 130 118 112 115 48 58 92 13 Mg++ Hardness mg/l NS NS 98 70 82 38 42 92 92 168 14 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 600 390 400 440 370 400 230 220 250 15 Nitrate mg/l 45 100 42.19 5.65 32.75 <0.07 44.41 6.21 <0.08 1.79 16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5 1.89 2.57 2.12 1.36 1.91 0.84 1.14 0.80 17 Sodium mg/l NS NS 104 123 129.6 5.4 134.5 14 7 183 18 Potassium mg/l NS NS 23.6 12.7 26.3 1.2 5.6 2.1 1.3 11.2 19 Calcium mg/l 75 200 36.87 52.10 47.29 44.89 47.29 19.24 23.25 36.87 20 Magnesium mg/l 30 100 23.81 17.01 19.93 9.23 10.21 22.36 22.36 40.82 21 Salinity mg/l NS NS 505.04 565 591 111 599 68 35 681 22 Total Nitrogen mg/l NS NS 10.08 1.94 7.84 <0.001 10.64 1.85 0.56 0.62
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Surface Water Quality IS 10500 Standard SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW 6 SW7 SW8 S. Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible Chitral Padra Samiyala Raipura Sadhi Itola Cholad Khojbal Limit Limit Source Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond 23 Total Phosphorous mg/l NS NS <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 24 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l NS NS 3.6 3.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.9 4.6 4.9 25 Ammonical Nitrogen mg/l NS NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 26 SAR - NS NS 1.7 3.78 3.97 0.19 4.61 0.51 0.25 4.91 27 Heavy Metals a Arsenic (as As) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 b Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l 0.01 NR <0.003 <0.003 0.003 0.013 0.004 0.006 <0.003 <0.003 c Chromium (as Cr) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 d Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.005 0.003 0.012 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.024 0.027 e Cyanide (as CN) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 f Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 0.085 1.791 1.455 0.016 1.091 0.169 0.056 0.052 g Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.001 <0.001 h Mercury (as Hg) mg/l 0.001 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 i Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 0.1 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 j Nickel (as Ni) mg/l - - <0.004 <0.004 0.005 0.008 <0.004 0.006 0.008 0.052 k Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 <0.004 0.011 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.008 <0.004 28 Total Coliform MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml 1200 940 700 210 840 31000 9200 63000 29 Faecal Coliforms MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml 490 330 310 79 23 17000 4300 33000
NA – Not Applicable, NR – No Relaxation, NS – Not Specified
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Table 4-35: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Ponds and Canal) Surface Water Quality IS 10500 Standard SW9 SW10 SW11 SW12 SW13 SW14 SW15 SW16 SW17 S. Pakhaja Parameters Unit Desirable Permissible Pakhaj Machhasar Daheg No. n to Akhod Kadodara Jolva Amod Nada Limit Limit an a am canal Source Pond Canal Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond pH 1 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.2 8.0 8.12 8.21 8.14 8.08 8.11 8.17 7.97 scale 2 Temperature °C NS NS 29.5 29.3 29.7 29.9 29.9 29.5 29.9 30 29.5 3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.6 2.2 2.6 3.6 4 TDS mg/l 500 2000 840 168 664 752 1100 2728 1944 3056 240 Electrical µmho/c 5 NS NS 1215 240 1227 1236 1839 4491 3712 6161 486 conductivity m 6 COD mg/l NS NS 27 8 20 55 27 39 24 63 43 7 BOD mg/l NS NS 7 2 5 14 6 10 6 17 10 8 Phenol mg/l 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000 286 10 230 313 433 1175 899 1484 41 10 Sulphates mg/l 200 400 67 25 71 26 278 90 194 432 20 11 Total Hardness mg/l 300 600 290 130 190 170 180 560 420 300 200 12 Ca++ Hardness mg/l NS NS 50 30 28 62 60 280 50 160 86 13 Mg++ Hardness mg/l NS NS 240 100 162 108 120 280 370 140 114 14 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 600 280 240 260 280 270 260 260 270 240 15 Nitrate mg/l 45 100 38 <0.08 15.47 4.93 6.12 17.34 12.24 11.31 0.94 16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5 0.82 0.98 0.79 0.06 <0.01 0.67 0.7 <0.01 0.7 17 Sodium mg/l NS NS 122 3 86 140 219 707 525 909 17 18 Potassium mg/l NS NS 4.9 0.6 3.4 7.9 11.6 17.3 10.2 8.7 3.2 19 Calcium mg/l 75 200 20.04 12.02 11.22 24.85 24.05 112.22 40.08 64.13 34.47 20 Magnesium mg/l 30 100 58.32 24.3 39.37 26.24 29.16 68.04 89.91 34.02 27.7
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Surface Water Quality IS 10500 Standard SW9 SW10 SW11 SW12 SW13 SW14 SW15 SW16 SW17 S. Pakhaja Parameters Unit Desirable Permissible Pakhaj Machhasar Daheg No. n to Akhod Kadodara Jolva Amod Nada Limit Limit an a am canal Source Pond Canal Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond 21 Salinity mg/l NS NS 515 18 415 565 781 2118 1619 2674 75 22 Total Nitrogen mg/l NS NS 8.96 0.84 3.64 1.4 1.68 4.14 2.97 2.8 0.64 23 Total Phosphorous mg/l NS NS <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 24 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l NS NS 4.2 5.3 5.1 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9 5 4.5 Ammonical 25 mg/l NS NS <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 Nitrogen 26 SAR - NS NS 3.1 0.11 2.7 4.65 7.07 12.94 10.48 22.74 0.52 27 Heavy Metals a Arsenic (as As) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 b Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l 0.01 NR 0.008 <0.003 <0.003 0.007 <0.003 0.004 <0.001 0.007 0.008 c Chromium (as Cr) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 d Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.014 <0.01 <0.01 0.072 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 e Cyanide (as CN) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 f Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 0.022 0.071 0.017 0.051 0.332 0.204 0.163 0.033 1.4 g Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 h Mercury (as Hg) mg/l 0.001 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 i Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 0.1 0.3 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 j Nickel (as Ni) mg/l - - 0.03 <0.004 0.062 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 k Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.007 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 28 Total Coliform MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml 58000 490 46000 84000 49000 63000 43000 94000 70000 29 Faecal Coliforms MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml 23000 220 21000 46000 33000 33000 28000 63000 49000
NA – Not Applicable, NR – No Relaxation, NS – Not Specified
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Quality of Surface Water (Ponds and Canal)
The analysis results of surface water were compared with Indian Drinking Water Standards IS 10500.It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples for ponds and canal that:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.92 (Cholad Village) to 9.01 (Samiyala Village, marginally beyond the specified limit). Other than at Samiyala, samples were found to be within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5). As evident from the pH values the alkalinity was also found to be higher at Samiyala Village (440mg/l), it was highest among the 17 samples done but it is within the permissible limit (600mg/l). Higher pH in Samiyala village pond may be due phytoplankton growth observed in the pond during sampling as expected due to photosynthesis during the day time done by these
phytoplankton CO2 decreases (which is reflected in the high pH results) and O2 increases (which reflects as lower BOD). TDS of sample was found to vary from a low of 168 mg/l (at Canal near Pakhajan) to 3056 mg/l (Nada Village). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) except at Machchasara and Nada. High TDS values at Nada may be due to its proximity to the sea Nada village is more or less at sea level. At Machchasara Village the high TDS may be due to the urban, industrial and municipal discharge done into the Dhadhar River on the banks of which Machchasara village is situated. Total Hardness of all samples was found to vary from 130 mg/l (at Narmada Canal near Pakhajan) to 560 mg/l (Machchasara Village). Total Hardness of All Samples were below the permissible limit (600 mg/l). Magnesium content of sample was found to vary from 9.23 mg/l (Narmada) to 89.91 mg/l (Amod Village). Magnesium in all samples were below the permissible limit (100 mg/l) Iron content of sample was found to vary from 0.016 mg/l (Narmada) to 1.791 mg/l (Padra Village). Iron in all samples was below the permissible limit (1.0 mg/l) except at Padra, Samiyala, Sadhi and Degam. Total coliforms and faecal coliforms are exceeding the permissible limit at all locations. Village ponds are used for domestic activities such as washing of clothes, and washing cattle to some extent. Presence of coliforms in such waters is expected and confirmed.
Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be concluded that water from these ponds is not fit for drinking purposes unless it is treated and disinfected.
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Table 4-36: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Marine Samples) Classification for Coastal Water Marine (CPCB) Coastal Water Quality SW-I SW-II SW-III SW-IV SW-V SW-18 SW-19 S. Parameters Unit Location Mahi river Near Kamboi Dhadhar River Near Mangrol No. Source L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T Date of Sampling 25.02.2013 21.02.2013 22.02.2013 25.02.2013 pH 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 7.5 7.55 7.58 7.52 8.06 8.08 8.05 7.95 scale 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Total 2 Dissolved mg/l 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.2 Oxygen No No No No Colour and No colour colour colour colour 3 Pt-Co colour 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 Odour No odour No No No No odour odour odour odour Floating 4 mg/l None None None 10 - None None None None None None None None matters None from Suspended sewage or 5 mg/l - - - - 14 17 12 10 12 10 13 11 Solids Industrial waste origin 6 Turbidity NTU - 30 30 - - 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 7 BOD mg/l - 3 - 5 - 64 61 71 65 3.0 4.0 5.0 2 Oil & Grease (including 8 mg/l 0.1 - - - - <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 Petroleum Products) Mercury (as <0.00 <0.00 9 mg/l 0.001 - - - - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Hg) 1 1 10 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.001 - - - - <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
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Classification for Coastal Water Marine (CPCB) Coastal Water Quality SW-I SW-II SW-III SW-IV SW-V SW-18 SW-19 S. Parameters Unit Location Mahi river Near Kamboi Dhadhar River Near Mangrol No. Source L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T Date of Sampling 25.02.2013 21.02.2013 22.02.2013 25.02.2013 Cadmium (as <0.00 <0.00 11 mg/l 0.01 - - - - <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Cd) 3 3 Dissolved Iron 12 mg/l - - 0.5 - - 0.683 0.752 0.743 0.225 0.013 0.028 0.017 0.026 (as Fe) Dissolved 13 Manganese mg/l - - 0.5 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (as Mn) Faecal ml 14 - 100/100 500/100 500/100 500/100 4900 54020 9200 4300 460 580 630 330 Coliform (MPN) Sludge None deposits, solid except refuse, floating 15 mg/l - - - - for None None None None None None None None solids, oil treated grease and sewage scum
Note: Class Designated best use Class Designated best use Class Designated best use Industrial cooling, SW-I Salt SW-III Recreation (Non-contact) and Aesthetics Navigation and controlled SW-V Bathing, Contact Water waste disposal SW-II sports and commercial SW-IV Harbour fishing
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Table 4-37: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (Marine Samples) Classification for Coastal Water Marine Coastal Water Quality (CPCB) SW-I SW-II SW-III SW-IV SW-V SW-20 SW-21 SW-22 S. Parameter Narmada No Unit s Location Bhukhi river Near Bhensali river Near Kim River Near Elav . Suva Source L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T LT HT LT HT Date of Sampling 14.02.2013 25.02.2013 25.02.2013 22.02.2013 25.02.2013 pH 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 1 pH 7.52 7.43 7.61 7.45 7.57 7.55 7.86 7.84 7.88 8.02 scale 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Total 2 Dissolved mg/l 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.4 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.4 Oxygen No No No No No Colour and colour colour colour colour colour 3 Pt-Co 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 Odour No No No No No odour odour odour odour odour Floating 4 mg/l None None None 10 - None None None None None None None None None None matters None from sewage Suspended 5 mg/l or - - - - 24 46 16 25 22 35 12 15 13 11 Solids Industri al waste origin 6 Turbidity NTU - 30 30 - - 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.7 2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 7 BOD mg/l 8 17 11 18 29 23 <1 <1 <1 <1 Oil & Grease 8 mg/l 0.1 - - - - <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 (including Petroleum
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Classification for Coastal Water Marine Coastal Water Quality (CPCB) SW-I SW-II SW-III SW-IV SW-V SW-20 SW-21 SW-22 S. Parameter Narmada No Unit s Location Bhukhi river Near Bhensali river Near Kim River Near Elav . Suva Source L.T H.T L.T H.T L.T H.T LT HT LT HT Date of Sampling 14.02.2013 25.02.2013 25.02.2013 22.02.2013 25.02.2013 Products) Mercury (as <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 9 mg/l 0.001 - - - - Hg) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lead (as 10 mg/l 0.001 - - - - <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.012 0.022 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Pb) Cadmium <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 11 mg/l 0.01 - - - - (as Cd) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Dissolved 12 Iron mg/l - - 0.5 - - 0.446 0.356 0.296 0.436 0.594 0.709 0.17 <0.01 0.06 0.05 (as Fe) Dissolved 13 Manganese mg/l - - 0.5 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (as Mn) ml Faecal 100/10 500/10 500/10 500/10 14 (MPN - 700 1400 1100 1700 4300 3500 390 330 330 220 Coliform 0 0 0 0 ) Sludge deposits, None solid refuse, except 15 floating mg/l - - - - for None None None None None None None None None None solids, oil treated grease and sewage scum
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NOTE: Class Designated best use Class Designated best use Class Designated best use Industrial cooling, SW-I Salt SW-III Recreation (Non-contact) and Aesthetics Navigation and controlled SW-V Bathing, Contact Water waste disposal SW-II sports and commercial SW-IV Harbour fishing
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Quality of Surface Water (Coastal Samples)
The analysis results of surface water were compared with Coastal Water Marine (CPCB) standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.5 (Mahi river during Low Tide (L.T)) to 8.08 (Dadhar during High Tide (H.T)). All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5) Suspended solids vary from 10 mg/l (Mahi River during H.T) to 46 mg/l (Bhukhi River during H.T). Bhukhi river was observed to be the most polluted river having high suspended solids, and it was also observed that the dissolved oxygen is very low in Bhukhi river due to high pollution. Total Dissolved Oxygen varies from 3.4 mg/l (Bhukhi river during H.T) to 4.4 mg/l (Narmada river during H.T) Oil & greases are found to be less than 0.4 mg/l in all the places.
Based on the analyzed parameters, it can be suggested that the marine water is classified under class SW-II and hence it can be used for bathing, contact water sports and commercial fishing.
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Table 4-38: Analysis Results of Surface Water Samples (River Water) Classification for Inland Surface Water (CPCB) Surface Water Quality (River) A B C D E SW-23 SW-24 SW-25 S. Parameters Unit Jambusar to Near No. Location Umetha Amod road Dayadara Source Dhadhar river Mahi River Bhukhi River 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 1 pH pH scale 7.89 8.74 8.06 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 2 Total Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 NS 4.6 4.0 4.5 3 BOD mg/l 2.0 3.0 3.0 NS NS 4.0 1.0 2 4 Sodium Absorption Ratio mg/gm NS NS NS NS 26 (Max) 1.89 0.39 0.44 5 Electrical Conductivity µmho/cm NS NS NS NS NS 1019 296.3 477 Free NH3 (Ammonical 6 NTU NS NS NS 1.2 NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nitrogen) 7 Boron as B mg/l - - - - - <0.02 <0.03 <0.02 8 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 - 1500 - 2100 580 216 284 9 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 250 - 600 - 600 230 71 22 10 Sulphate mg/l 400 400 1000 48 4 28 11 Colour Pt-Co - - - - - 5 5 5 12 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l 20 - 50 - - 31.96 43.44 1.02 13 Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - <0.001 <0.03 <0.001 14 Iron mg/l 0.3 - 50 - - 0.021 0.038 0.504 15 Fluoride mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - <0.01 <0.01 0.02 16 Lead mg/l 0.1 - 0.1 - - 0.012 <0.02 <0.01 17 Copper mg/l 1.5 - 1.5 - - 0.062 0.038 <0.01 18 Zinc mg/l 15 - 15 - - 0.012 <0.004 <0.004 MPN/100 19 Total Coliform 50 500 5000 - - 1700 170 1300 ml
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Note: Class Designated best use Class Designated best use A Drinking water source without conventional treatment D Propagation of wild life, fisheries B Outdoor bathing outside (Organized) E Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal C Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection
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Quality of Surface Water (River Water)
The analysis results of river water were compared with Inland Surface Water (CPCB) Standards. It is observed from the analysis report of surface water samples that:
pH of sample was found to be 7.89 (Bhukhi River) and 8.74 for (Mahi River). TDS was also within the prescribed range which was around 216 mg/l (Mahi River) and 580 mg/l (Dadhar River). Total coliforms were 170 MPN/100 ml for Mahi River and 1700 MPN/100 ml for Dadhar River. Iron content in Mahi River is 0.038 mg/l for Mahi River and 0.021 mg/l for Bhuki River.
Based on the analysed parameters, rivers are classified under class C and hence they can be used for drinking purpose but only after treating and disinfecting the water.
4.9.2 Groundwater
Groundwater Quality
Sample was collected from 23 different locations to find ground water quality within study area. Sampling locations are presented in Table 4-39. Results are given in Table 4-40 to Table 4-42. Locations selected for ground water quality monitoring are also shown in M- 4.2. Photographs are shown in Photographs 4-9.
Photographs 4-9: Photographs of Groundwater Sampling Locations
Groundwater sample at Pakhajan Village Groundwater sample at Akhod Village
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Groundwater sample at Kadodara Village Groundwater sample at Dahegam
Groundwater sample at Acchod Village Groundwater sample at Cholad Village
Table 4-39: Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations Date of Code Location Source Taluka District Sampling GW 1 Pakhajan Borewell 14.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch GW 2 Akhot Borewell 17.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch GW 3 Kadodara Borewell 17.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch GW 4 Jolwa Borewell 21.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch GW 5 Amod Borewell 22.02.2013 Amod Bharuch GW 6 Nada Borewell 23.02.2013 Jambusar Bharuch GW 7 Degam Borewell 27.02.2013 Jambusar Bharuch GW 8 Acchod Borewell 22.02.2013 Amod Bharuch GW 9 Itola Borewell 22.02.2013 Vadodara Vadodara GW 10 Machasara Borewell 22.02.2013 Amod Bharuch GW11 Tankaria Borewell 22.02.2013 Jambusar Bharuch GW 12 Cholad Borewell 14.02.2013 Bharuch Bharuch GW 13 Khojbal Borewell 14.02.2013 Vagra Bharuch
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Date of Code Location Source Taluka District Sampling GW 14 Nandev Borewell 4.03.2013 Mangrol Surat GW 15 Kunwad Borewell 4.03.2013 Olpad Surat GW 16 Kosamba Borewell 4.03.2013 Mangrol Surat GW 17 Olpad Borewell 4.03.2013 Olpad Surat GW 18 Umaraya Borewell 4.03.2013 Padra Vadodara GW 19 Gavasad Borewell 4.03.2013 Padra Vadodar GW 20 Nr.Wedach Borewell 4.03.2013 Jambusar Bharuch GW 21 Methad Borewell 6.03.2013 Padra Vadodara GW 22 Goriad Borewell 6.03.2013 Padra Vadodara GW 23 Mahapura Borewell 6.03.2013 Vadodara Vadodara
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Table 4-40: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples IS 10500 Standard Limits for drinking Ground Water Quality S. water Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 GW-8 GW-9 GW-10 limit limit Pakhajan Akhot Kadodara Jolwa Amod Nada Degam Acchod Itola Machasara
Depth 47 m 35 m 17 m 25 m 35 m 19 m 14 m 19 m 22 m 12.6 m
1 pH pH scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.36 8.12 8.25 8.38 8.13 8.24 8.22 8.14 8.32 7.62 2 Temperature o C NS NS 29.7 29.9 29.9 30 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.9 3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 4 TDS mg/lit 500 2000 1308 740 1458 3212 3324 2588 404 2444 1012 5560 Electrical 5 µmhos/cm NS NS 2458 1185 2863 6023 4876 4740 783.9 4562 1930 8369 conductivity 6 COD mg/lit NS NS <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 7 BOD mg/lit NS NS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 8 Phenol mg/lit 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9 Chlorides mg/lit 250 1000 469 177 632 1316 890 1129 91 933 373 2412 10 Sulphates mg/lit 200 400 192 56 76 659 453 389 15 415 132 414 Total 11 mg/lit 300 600 650 370 460 990 500 640 440 1040 460 1940 Hardness Ca++ 12 mg/lit NS NS 324 334 196 330 370 314 306 444 182 890 Hardness Mg++ 13 mg/lit NS NS 326 36 264 660 130 326 134 596 278 1050 Hardness Total 14 mg/lit 200 600 310 260 290 320 270 290 280 270 300 160 Alkalinity 15 Nitrate mg/lit 45 100 71.6 7.14 44 67 66.1 42.4 1.19 52.9 42.8 70.8 16 Fluoride mg/lit 1 1.5 0.49 0.77 2.30 1.81 1.61 1.58 1.14 0.75 1.13 1.42 17 Sodium mg/lit NS NS 266 132.4 325.6 392.2 408.4 374 54.6 374 210 414.5
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IS 10500 Standard Limits for drinking Ground Water Quality S. water Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 GW-8 GW-9 GW-10 limit limit Pakhajan Akhot Kadodara Jolwa Amod Nada Degam Acchod Itola Machasara
Depth 47 m 35 m 17 m 25 m 35 m 19 m 14 m 19 m 22 m 12.6 m
18 Potassium mg/lit NS NS 18.9 14.8 47.5 367.8 6.5 57.8 1.7 17.6 7.5 47 19 Calcium mg/lit 75 200 129.9 133.9 78.6 132.3 148.3 125.9 122.6 177.9 72.9 356.7 20 Magnesium mg/lit 30 100 79.2 8.8 64.2 160.4 31.6 79.2 32.6 144.8 67.6 255.2 21 Salinity mg/lit NS NS 845 319 1138 2372 1604 2035 164 1682 673 4346 Total 22 mg/lit NS NS 16.59 1.74 10.25 15.57 15.34 9.86 0.30 12.21 9.97 16.41 Nitrogen Total 23 mg/lit NS NS <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 Phosphorous Dissolved 24 mg/lit NS NS 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.2 Oxygen Ammonical 25 mg/lit NS NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nitrogen 26 SAR - NS NS 4.52 2.99 6.57 5.40 7.92 6.41 1.13 5.02 4.24 4.08 Heavy 27 Metals Arsenic (as a mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 As) Cadmium b mg/l 0.01 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 (as Cd) Cromium (as c mg/l 0.05 NR <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Cr) Copper (as d mg/l 0.05 1.5 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cu) e Cyanide (as mg/l 0.05 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003
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IS 10500 Standard Limits for drinking Ground Water Quality S. water Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 GW-8 GW-9 GW-10 limit limit Pakhajan Akhot Kadodara Jolwa Amod Nada Degam Acchod Itola Machasara
Depth 47 m 35 m 17 m 25 m 35 m 19 m 14 m 19 m 22 m 12.6 m
CN) f Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 <0.01 0.15 0.08 0.11 <0.01 0.03 0.04 0.051 <0.01 0.027 g Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Mercury (as h mg/l 0.001 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Hg) Manganese i mg/l 0.1 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (as Mn) Nickel (as j mg/l - - <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 Ni) k Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.008 0.015 0.012 0.014 <0.004 <0.004 0.007 Total 10/100 28 MPN 10/100 ml <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Coliform ml Faecal 10/100 29 MPN 10/100 ml <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Coliforms ml
NA – Not Applicable, NR – No Relaxation, NS – Not Specified
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Table 4-41: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples
IS 10500 Standard Limits Ground Water Quality for drinking water S Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-11 GW-12 GW-13 GW-14 GW-15 GW-16 GW-17 GW-18 GW-19 GW-20 limit limit Tankaria Cholad Khojbal Nandev Kunwad Kosamba Olpad Umaraya Gavasad Nr.Wedach
Depth 32 m 19 m 32 m 85 m 79 m 82 m 1 pH pH scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.97 8.79 7.39 7.96 8.33 8.32 7.37 8.56 8.11 9.15 2 Temperature o C NS NS 30 29.8 29.9 29.3 29.2 29.4 29.4 27.8 27.8 30.2 3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 4 TDS mg/lit 500 2000 1180 504 32504 932 204 388 332 768 1456 892 Electrical 5 µmhos/cm NS NS 2203 874.2 52700 1675 385 815 582.9 1179 2133 1269 conductivity 6 COD mg/lit NS NS <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 7 BOD mg/li NS NS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 8 Phenol mg/lit 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9 Chlorides mg/lit 250 1000 426 225 15362 236 46 109 93 347 722 399 10 Sulphates mg/lit 200 400 182 27 3343 166 33 152 42 95 99 61 Total 11 mg/lit 300 600 550 120 6040 350 130 180 170 190 210 230 Hardness Ca++ 12 mg/lit NS NS 424 42 3000 228 64 74 56 128 194 126 Hardness Mg++ 13 mg/lit NS NS 126 78 3040 122 66 106 114 62 16 104 Hardness Total 14 mg/lit 200 600 230 400 120 230 310 300 110 350 260 460 Alkalinity 15 Nitrate mg/lit 45 100 16.5 <0.07 <0.07 49.9 14.9 11.1 2.81 53.45 101.62 48.93 16 Fluoride mg/lit 1 1.5 1.06 0.74 1.66 0.99 0.22 0.24 1.21 0.63 <0.01 1.45 17 Sodium mg/lit NS NS 197.9 164.3 1490 80.2 14.5 23.1 9.8 143.1 282.6 160 18 Potassium mg/lit NS NS 40.9 2.9 14.5 12.2 2.2 2.7 1.6 0.6 89.7 9.4 19 Calcium mg/lit 75 200 169.9 16.8 1202.4 91.4 25.7 29.7 22.4 51.3 77.76 50.50
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IS 10500 Standard Limits Ground Water Quality for drinking water S Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-11 GW-12 GW-13 GW-14 GW-15 GW-16 GW-17 GW-18 GW-19 GW-20 limit limit Tankaria Cholad Khojbal Nandev Kunwad Kosamba Olpad Umaraya Gavasad Nr.Wedach
20 Magnesium mg/lit 30 100 30.6 18.9 738.7 29.7 16.0 25.8 27.7 15.07 3.89 25.27 21 Salinity mg/lit NS NS 768 405 27683 425 83 197 168 291.92 1301 719 Total 22 mg/lit NS NS 3.86 <0.001 <0.001 11.59 3.58 2.64 0.71 12.88 23.54 11.76 Nitrogen Total 23 mg/lit NS NS <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 Phosphorous Dissolved 24 mg/lit NS NS 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.2 2.9 Oxygen Ammonical 25 mg/li NS NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nitrogen 26 SAR - NS NS 3.66 6.49 8.31 1.86 0.55 0.75 0.33 0.9 8.47 4.57 Heavy 27 Metals Arsenic (as a mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 As) Cadmium b mg/l 0.01 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003 0.014 0.012 (as Cd) Cromium (as c mg/l 0.05 NR <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Cr) Copper (as d mg/l 0.05 1.5 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.015 0.011 <0.01 0.024 0.005 0.008 0.001 Cu) Cyanide (as e mg/l 0.05 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 CN) f Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 <0.01 0.17 0.84 0.026 0.051 <0.01 0.019 0.016 0.036 0.046 g Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Mercury (as h mg/l 0.001 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Hg) i Manganese mg/l 0.1 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
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IS 10500 Standard Limits Ground Water Quality for drinking water S Parameters Unit No. Desirable Permissible GW-11 GW-12 GW-13 GW-14 GW-15 GW-16 GW-17 GW-18 GW-19 GW-20 limit limit Tankaria Cholad Khojbal Nandev Kunwad Kosamba Olpad Umaraya Gavasad Nr.Wedach
(as Mn) Nickel (as j mg/l - - <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 0.007 Ni) k Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 <0.004 <0.004 0.045 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.00 <0.004 0.010 <0.004 Total 28 MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Coliform
NA – Not Applicable, NR – No Relaxation, NS – Not Specified
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Table 4-42: Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples IS 10500 Standard Limits for Ground Water Quality drinking water Sr Parameters Unit Desirable GW-21 GW-22 GW-23 No. Permissible Limit Limit Methad Goriad Mahapura
1 pH pH scale 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.69 7.91 9.15 2 Temperature o C NS NS 27.2 27.2 30.4 3 Turbidity NTU 5 10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 4 TDS mg/lit 500 2000 888 1388 1604 Electrical 5 µmhos/cm NS NS 2046 2055 2316 conductivity 6 COD mg/lit NS NS <4 <4 <4 7 BOD mg/lit NS NS <1 <1 <1 8 Phenol mg/lit 0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9 Chlorides mg/lit 250 1000 390 580 580 10 Sulphates mg/lit 200 400 34 124 185 Total 11 mg/lit 300 600 330 400 500 Hardness Ca++ 12 mg/lit NS NS 200 160 134 Hardness Mg++ 13 mg/lit NS NS 130 240 366 Hardness Total 14 mg/lit 200 600 180 220 460 Alkalinity 15 Nitrate mg/lit 45 100 47.42 98.61 34.25 16 Fluoride mg/lit 1 1.5 1.24 2.24 2.09 17 Sodium mg/lit NS NS 145 267.2 112.6 18 Potassium mg/lit NS NS 9.8 86.5 92.6 19 Calcium mg/lit 75 200 145.89 64.13 53.71 20 Magnesium mg/lit 30 100 30.62 58.32 88.94
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IS 10500 Standard Limits for Ground Water Quality drinking water Sr Parameters Unit Desirable GW-21 GW-22 GW-23 No. Permissible Limit Limit Methad Goriad Mahapura
21 Salinity mg/lit NS NS 702 377 1044 Total 22 mg/lit NS NS 11.2 22.96 8.4 Nitrogen Total 23 mg/lit NS NS 0.61 0.49 0.49 Phosphorous Dissolved 24 mg/lit NS NS 2.8 3.0 3.5 Oxygen Ammonical 25 mg/lit NS NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nitrogen 26 SAR - NS NS 3.35 0.02 2.18 Heavy 27 Metals Arsenic (as a mg/l 0.05 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 As) Cadmium b mg/l 0.01 NR <0.003 0.009 0.009 (as Cd) Cromium (as c mg/l 0.05 NR <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Cr) Copper (as d mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.006 <0.01 <0.01 Cu) Cyanide (as e mg/l 0.05 NR <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 CN) f Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 0.006 0.067 0.018 g Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 NR <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Mercury (as h mg/l 0.001 NR <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Hg) Manganese i mg/l 0.1 0.3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (as Mn)
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IS 10500 Standard Limits for Ground Water Quality drinking water Sr Parameters Unit Desirable GW-21 GW-22 GW-23 No. Permissible Limit Limit Methad Goriad Mahapura
Nickel (as j mg/l - - <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 Ni) k Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 Total 28 MPN 10/100 ml 10/100 ml <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Coliform
NA – Not Applicable, NR – No Relaxation, NS – Not Specified
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It is observed that:
pH of sample was found to vary from 7.62 (Machchasara Village) to 9.15 (Mahapura Village). All samples were within the permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5) except Mahapura and Umaraya. Higher value of pH at Mahapura and Umaraya Village may be due to depletion in the quality of groundwater due to industries in Padra region. TDS of sample was found to vary from 404 mg/l (Degam Village) to 32504 mg/l (Khojbal Village). TDS in all samples were below the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) except Jolva, Amod, Nada, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal villages. Higher TDS at these locations is due to formational salinity in the western region of the study area this is further confirmed by high hardness, chloride, Fluorides and sulphates. Chlorides content of sample were found to vary from 46 mg/l (Kunvad Village) to 15362 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Chlorides in all samples were below the permissible limit (1000 mg/l) except at Jolwa, Nada, Machchasara and Khojbal Village. Sulphates content of sample were found to vary from 15 mg/l (Degam Village) to 3343 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Sulphates in all samples were below the permissible limit (400 mg/l) except at Jolwa, Amod, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal Village. Total Hardness of samples was found to vary from 120 mg/l (Cholad Village) to 6040 mg/l (Khojbal Village). Total Hardness in all samples was below the permissible limit (600 mg/l) except at Pakhajan, Jolwa, Nada, Acchod, Machchasara and Khojbal village. Fluoride content of sample was found to vary from <0.01 mg/l (Gavasad Village) to 2.24mg/l (Goriad Village). Fluoride in all samples was below the permissible limit (1.5 mg/l) except at Khojbal, Jolwa, Kadodara, Amod, Nada, Mahapura and Goriad Village.
It can be concluded that the western region of the study area near the sea has depleted groundwater quality due to formation salanity. Analysis of collected samples revealed that all other parameters are satisfying the permissible limits as per IS 10500 specified for drinking water.
4.10 Ecology and Bio-Diversity
4.10.1 Introduction
Natural flora and fauna are important features of the environment. They are organized into natural communities and are sensitive to outside influences. Integrating ecological thinking into the planning process is urgent need in the context of deterioration of natural environments, which is unwanted but direct consequence of development. Biological communities, being dependent on the condition and resources of its location may change if there is change in the environment. Hence change in the status of flora fauna are an elementary requirement of Environment Impact Assessment Studies, in view of the need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Information on flora fauna was collected within the study area.
Study of biological environment is one of the most important components for Environmental Impact Assessment, in view of the need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant and animal communities which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. Physical and chemical components of the environment.
Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and edaphic factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as an inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage to a
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Biodiversity of Terrestrial Environment
Conference of parties to the Convention on Biological diversity (CBD) held at Curitiba, Brazil on March 20st -31st ,2006 suggested biodiversity to be considered in impact assessment by providing voluntary guidelines on biodiversity inclusive Environmental Impact Assessment. CBD provides a strong international platform for applying impact assessment techniques to biodiversity conservation. It specifically calls for impact assessment measures to ensure that biodiversity is addressed in projects, plan and policy decision (Article14). An underlying justification for the application of impact assessment is also given in Article -8 which is for promoting the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats, promoting environmentally sound and sustainable development in areas next to the protected areas.
Biological Diversity
The variety and variability of organisms and ecosystems is referred to as biological diversity or Bio diversity. Biodiversity is a term which has gained enormous importance in the past few years. Technically, it is a contraction of 'biological diversity'. For the purposes of the CBD (Article 2. Use of Terms), 'Biological Diversity' is "the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". In practice, 'biodiversity' is most often used as a collective noun synonymous with nature or 'Life on Earth' (WCMC Biodiversity Series No 5, 1996).
The biodiversity, we see today is the result of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes. The vast array of interactions among the various components of biodiversity makes the planet habitable for all species, including humans. There is a growing recognition that, biological diversity is a global asset of tremendous value to present and future generations. At the same time, the threat to species and ecosystems has never been as great as it is today. Species extinction caused by human activities continues at an alarming rate. Protecting biodiversity is for our self-interest and also for the future generation.
Ecological Impact Assessment
Ecological impact assessment (EcIA) is used to predict and evaluate the impacts of development activities on ecosystems and their components, thereby providing the information needed to ensure that ecological issues are given full and proper consideration in development planning. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has emerged as a key to sustainable development by integrating social, economic and environmental issues in many countries. EcIA has a major part to play as a component of EIA but also has other potential applications in environmental planning and management. Ecological Impact Assessment provides a comprehensive review of the EcIA process and summarizes the ecological theories and tools that can be used to understand, explain and evaluate the ecological consequences of development proposals.
Environmental impact assessments have become an integral part of development projects in India ever since 1994, to formulate policies and guidelines for environmentally sound economic development. Proper assessment of biological environment and compilation of its taxonomical data is essential for the impact prediction.
Consistent and regularly updated data on regional and local taxonomy and floristic and faunal diversity of the areas are almost non-existent in country as diverse as India. Instant information on biodiversity profiles of the area, where the proposed project is setting up, is an essential part of
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4.10.2 Period of the Study and Study area
The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the terrestrial environment of the study area, within the demarcated Block area in the Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat district was conducted during December- February 2013. During the present survey, habitats of floristic and faunal assemblage were only surveyed. As the blocks are spread around a large area and absence of the predetermined well locations at the time of survey, the main aim of the present biological assessment was to collect the biological data from the ecologically sensitive and from the region with good assemblage of Floral and faunal diversity.
4.10.3 Methodology
The primary objective of survey was to describe the floristic and faunal communities within the study area. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the suitable habitats within the 10km radius from the project well location and Block area. The methodology adopted for faunal survey involve; faunal habitat assessment, random intensive survey, opportunistic observations, diurnal bird observation, active search for reptiles, active search for scats and foot prints and review of previous studies. The aim was to set baselines in order to monitor and identify trends after the commencement of mining activity. Emphasis has been placed on presence of rare, endemic, migratory and threatened species, if any present in the study area. Desktop literature review was conducted to identify the representative spectrum of threatened species, population and ecological communities as listed by IUCN, ZSI, BSI and in Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972. The status of individual species was assessed using the revised IUCN category system.
4.10.4 Aquatic Eco System of Study Area
Two major rivers are passing through the study area; Dhadhar River and Narmada River. Few patches of mangroves were observed along the estuarine portion of Dhadhar River dominated by Avicenna alba. Salvadorapersica and Prosopisjuliflorawere dominated the landward ravine vegetation. Banks of the Narmada River is mainly occupied by Prosopisjuliflora. The Gulf of the Khambathmarkthe western boundary of the block area. Mangroves were colonized at certain parts of the coastline especially after the GMB jetty at Dahej. These mangroves were dominated by Avicenniaalba,. Some saltpans are also present in the study area which attracts large flocks of flamingosto its shallow water bodies. The samples for biological analysis were mainly collected from the Narmada River and DhadharRiver during low tide and high tide period.
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Photographs 4-10: Photographs of Aquatic Sampling
Biological Sampling at Narmada River Biological Sampling at Narmada River
Dadhar River Aquatic Sampling at Dadhar River
4.10.5 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Vadodara District
Floral Diversity of Study Area
The objective this floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information on floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the Januay- February 2013, is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation of this region during the study period as a baseline data in absence of available secondary data. Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of flora in a locality and drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in creating awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.
The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this base line study. The list of floral species documented in the study area is enlisted in Table 4-43.
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Trees
The dominant trees in the study area were,Mangifera indica (Keri), Azadirachta indica (Limbado), Salvadora persica (Piludo), Salvadora oleoides (Piludi), Pithecellobium dulce(Gorasmli) and Acacia nilotica (Bavalal)which are generally planted as the road side plantation or along the agriculture fields for shades. Otherwise natural tree cover is very less in this part of Ahmedabad District.
The list of tree species is enlisted in the Table 4-43. 51species of trees belong to 23 families are enumerated from the study area.
Table 4-43: List of Trees in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Family: Anacardiaceae 1/1 Mangifera indica L. Kari 2 Family: Annonaceae 2/1 Annona squamosa L. Saitafal 3/2 Polylathia longifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav 3 Family: Apocynaceae 4/1 Plumeria rubra L. Champo 4 Family: Arecaceae 5/1 Cocos Nucifera L. Narial 5 Family: Bombacaceae 6/1 Bombax ceiba L. Shimalo 6 Family: Caesalpiniaceae 7/1 Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Gaulmor 8/2 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro 9/3 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo 10/4 Cassia siamea Lam. Kasid 11/5 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Sonmukhi 12/6 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali 7 Family: Caricaceae 13/1 Carica papaya L. Papaya 8 Family: Casuarinaceae 14/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 15/2 Family: Combretaceae 16/3 Anogeissus latifolia ( Roxb) Dhavdo 17/4 Terminalia catappa L. Badam 9 Family: Ehretiaceae 18/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst Gunda 10 Family: Euphorbiaceae 19/1 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla 11 Family: Malvaceae 20/1 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paras piplo 12 Family: Meliaceae 21/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado 22/2 Melia azadirachta L. Bakanlimdo 13 Family: Mimosaceae 23/1 Acacia auriculiformis L. Austrianbaval
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S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 24/2 Acacia chundra (Roxb.ex Rottl.) Willd. Khair 25/3 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Willd. Hermobaval 26/4 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.) Brenan Baval 27/5 Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. Goradiobaval 28/6 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Siris 29/7 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Bth. Kalo siris 30/8 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval 31/9 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 32/10 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo 14 Family: Moraceae 33/1 Ficus benghalensis L. Vad 34/2 Ficus hispida L. Dhedhumaro 35/3 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro 36/4 Ficus religiosa L. Piplo 15 Family: Moringaceae 37/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 16 Family: Myrtaceae 38/1 Eucalyptussp. Nilgari 39/2 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jambu 17 Family: Papilionaceae 40/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakaro 41/2 Bauhinia purpurea L. Kanchner 42/3 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sisam 18 Family: Poaceae 43/1 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb) Bans 19 Family: Salvadoraceae 44/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo 45/2 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi 20 Family: Sapotaceae 46/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayan 47/2 Manilkara zapota (L.) Chikoo 21 Family: Simaroubaceae 48/1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Aurdso 22 Family: Rhamnaceae 49/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth. Bor 22 Family: Rutaceae 50/1 Limonia acidissima L. 23 Family: Verbenaceae 51/1 Tectona grandis L.f. Sag
Shrubs:
Shrubs observed during the present survey are given in the Table 4-44. 27 shrub species belong to 17 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub community in this area was represented by, Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado), Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi),and Lantana camara (Ganthai).
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Table 4-44: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Family : Apocynaceae 1/1 Nerium indicum Lalkaren 2/2 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pili karan 2 Family: Asclepiadaceae 3/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado 4/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado 3 Family: Bignoniaceae 5/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol 4 Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6/1 Cassia auriculata L 5 Family: Capparaceae 6/1 Capparis decidua ( forsk.)Edgew 6 Family: Compositae 7/1 Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru 7 Family: Convolvulaceae 8/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy Nasarmo 8 Family: Euphorbiaceae 9/1 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thor 10/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot 11/4 Ricinus communis L. Devalo 9 Family: Lythraceae 12/1 Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi 10 Family: Malvaceae 13/1 Abelomoschus manihot (L.) Medic. Jagali bhindi 14/2 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat 15/3 Gossypium herbaceum Kapas 11 Family: Musaceae 16/1 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela 12 Family: Mimosaceae 17/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gando baval 18/2 Acacia bjacquemontii Bth. Rato baval 19/3 Mimosav hamata Willd Kai baval 13 Family: Nyctaginaceae 20/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel 14 Family: Papilionaceae 21/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari 15 Family: Rhamnaceae 22/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 16 Family: Solanaceae 23/1 Datura metel L Daturo 24/2 Solanum incanum L Ubhi ringan 25/3 Solanum indicum 17 Family: Verbenaceae 26/1 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Madhi
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S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 27/2 Lantana camara L.var.aculcata (L.)Mold. Ganthai
Herbs:
As the study area is dominated by the waterlogged grass lands and paddy fields, the area is with remarkably rich herbaceous ground cover. The herbs observed in the sampling plots, during the survey period in the study area have been enlisted in the Table 4-45. 88 species of herbs belongs to 33 families were documented from the sampling plots laid in different habitats.
Table 4-45: List of Herbaceous species in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name No 1 Family: Acanthaceae 1/1 Barleria sp. --- 2/2 Hygrophila ainguriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro 2 Family: Alismataceae 4/1 Limnophyton obtusifolium L 3 Family Amaranthaceae 5/1 Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi, Anghedo 6/2 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)Juss. Bur,Gorakhganjo 7/3 Celosia argentea L 4 Family : Aponogetonaceae 8/1 Aponogeton natans L. 5 Family :Araceae 9/1 Colocasia esculenta (L) 10/2 Pistia stratiotes Jalasankhala 6 Family: Asclepiadaceae 11/1 Leptadenia pyrotechnica i(forsk.) Khip, Ranser 7 Family :Asteraceae 12/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar 13/2 Blumea mollis D. Don Merr 13/3 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio 14/4 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Bhangro 15/5 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) .Moti Bhonpatri 16/6 Parthenium hysterophorus L -- 17/7 Tridax procumbens L Pardesi Bhangro 18/8 Vernonia cinerea Less Sadedi 8 Family: Boraginaceae 19/1 Trichodesma indicum 9 Family : Caesalpiniaceae 20/1 Cassia tora L Kuvandio 10 Family: Ceratophyllaceae 21/1 Ceratophyllum demersum L. 11 Family: Convolvulaceae 22/1 Cressa cretica L 12 Family: Commelinaceae 23/2 Commelina benghalensis L
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S. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name No 24/3 C.forskalaei Vahl., Enum 13 Family: Cyperaceae 25/1 Cyperus difformis L. 26/2 Cyperus rotundus L. 27/3 Cyperus sp. 28/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. 29/5 Fimbristylis sp. 14 Family: Euphorbiaceae 30/1 Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. 31/2 Euphorbia hirta L. 15 Family: Gentianaceae 32/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini 33/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) -- 16 Family: Hydrocharitaceae 34/1 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 35/2 Vallisneria spiralis L. 36/3 Ottelia alismodies L. 17 Family: Lamiaceae 37/1 Leucas aspera. -- 38/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi 39/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi 40/4 O .basilicum L. Damro 18 Family: Lemnaceae 41/1 Lemna gibba L. 19 Family: Liliaceae 42/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato 43/1 Urginea indica (Roxb.) Jungli Dungli 20 Family: Malvaceae 44/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar 45/2 Sida alba L.. Bala 21 Family: Martyniaceae 46/1 Martynia annua L. 22 Family: Menispermaceae 47/1 Cocculus hirstus L Vevdi 23 Family: Nyctaginaceae 48/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi 49/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce -- 24 Family: Nymphaeaceae 50/1 Nymphaea pubescens Wild Kamal 51/2 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Motu kamal 25 Family: Papilionaceae 52/1 Alysicarpus scariosus rottl.ex.Spr. 53/2 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar 54/3 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan
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S. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name No 55/4 Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Ranmethi 56/5 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. -- 57/6 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. -- 58/7 Tephrosia sps. -- 59/8 Medicago sativa L. Rajko 26 Family: Poaceae 60/1 Aleuropus lagopoides (L) 61/2 Aristida sp. 62/3 Cynodon barberi Rang. 63/4 Cynodon dactylon (L.) 64/5 Oryza sativa L. 65/6 Phragmites kara (Retz.) 66/7 Triticum aestivum L. Ghau 67/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar 68/9 Zea mays Makai 27 Family: Piperaceae 69/1 Peperomia pellucidaL. 28 Family: Polygonaceae 70/1 Polygonum glabrumwilld 29 Family: Scrophulariaceae 71/1 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Jalnaveri 30 Family: Solanaceae 72/1 Solanum indicum L. Ringni 73/2 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi 74/3 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni 75/4 Solanum trilobatum L. 76/5 Physalis minima L. Popti 31 Family: Trapaceae 77/1 Trapa natans L var. bispinosa Shinghoda 32 Family: Tiliaceae 78/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks 79/2 Triumfeta rotundifolia Lam. 33 Family: Typhaceae 80/1 Typha angustata Bory & Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu 34 Family: Zygophyllaceae 81/1 Fagonia cretica L. Dhramau 82/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru
Climbers and Twiners:
Climbers/ twiners in the study area dominated by, Ipomoea pes-tigridis (Wagpadi), Ipomea pes- caprae (Dariani vel), Ipomea aquatica (Nali ni Bhaji), Coccinia grandis (Ghiloda) , Luffa cylindrica (Galku), and Abrus precatorius (Chanothai). The major climbers and twiners observed in the study area in the sampling plots are given in the Table 4-46. 25 species of climbers/ twiners belongs to 9 families are recorded from the area.
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Table 4-46: List of Climbers in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Family: Asclepiadaceae 1/1 Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne Shingroti 2/2 Oxystelma secamone L. Karst. Deuts. 2 Family: Convolvulaceae 3/1 Ipomea cairica (L.) 4/2 Ipomoea obscura L. 5/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth 6/4 Ipomea aquatica Forsk. Nadanivel 7/5 Ipomoea pes-caprae Dariani vel/Maryad vel 8/6 Ipomoea pes-tigrides L 3 Family: Caesalpiniaceae 9/1 Caesalpinia crista L. Kachka 4 Family: Cucurbitaceae 10/1 Coccinia grandis Ghiloda 11/2 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 12/3 L. acutangula (L) Jungli turia 13/4 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.jeffrey Shivelangi 14/5 Corallocarpus epigeus (Arn.) 15/6 T richosanthes cucumerina L. 5 Family: Cuscutaceae 16/1 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Amarvel 6 Family: Euphorbiaceae 17/1 Dalechampia scandensL, 7 Family: Liliaceae 18/1 Asparagus racemosus Wild var, javanicus Satavari 19/1 Gloriosa superba L 8 Family: Menispermaceae 20/1 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi 21/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo 9 Family: Papilionaceae 22/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli 23/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi 24/3 Clitoria ternatea L. Gokaran 25/4 Clitoria biflora Dalz.
Cultivated Plant
The agricultural practices has occupied the majority of available the landscape. The major crop during the sampling period in post monsoon season was cotton and Paddy (Oryza sativa). The crop practiced during the winter season in this locality is Wheat (Triticum aestivum).The crop occupying the highest percentage of the sown area of this region is taken as the major crop and all other possible alternative crops which are sown in this region either as substitutes of the base crop in the same season or as the crops which fit in the rotation in the subsequent season, are considered as minor crop.
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Major Crops
Major crops in the study area are Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Minor Crops
The minor crops of this region are Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis)
Hoticulture Practises and Fruit Grown
Horticulture activity is not much developed in this region of Vadodara district
Major horticultural crops
Keri (Mangifera indica L.) and Chikoo (Manilkara zapota (L.) ),
Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.
Among theenumerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat category, by RED data book of Indian Plants. (Nayar and Sastry ,1990) and Red list of threatened Vascular plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)
Endamic Plants of the Study Area
De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an area of a taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or habitat, isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal barriers.
Among recorded plant species, during the survey period, nonecan be assigned the status of endemic plant of this region.
Status of Forest and their category in the Study Area
No natural forest land was observed in the study area except few scattered scrub cover in the barren lands and area demarcated for grazing.
4.10.6 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Bharuch District
Terrestrial Floral and Faunal Component of the study area
The study area of the allocated blocks falls under Bharuch District of Gujarat state were covered during the present baseline study.Western part of the study area is occupied by the vast mud flats and Saltpans along the shores of Gulf of Khambhath.
Habitats Description of the Study Area
The study area in this part of Bharuch district is characterized by the large area devoted monsoon depended agriculture. Few parts of the study area is engaged in wheat cultivation while other parts are engaged in cotton and Tuver cultivation. The villages are scattered in between the large patches of agriculture lands and all of them are of very small in size. The tree cover in the study
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Almost entire western part of the study area is occupied by vast mud flats and intermittent salt pans. Mangroves of Avceina alba were observed along the right side of Dahej jetty, and the creeks along the shore of Gulf of Khambhath and along the mouth of Daharriver.The land ward portion of the mangrove patches were occupied by Salvadora persica and Prosopisjuliflora.
Floral Diversity of the Study Area
The objective this floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information on floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the Januay- February 2013, is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation of this region during the study period as a baseline data in absence of available secondary data. Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of flora in a locality and drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in creating awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.
The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this base line study. The list of floral species documented in the study area is enlisted in Table 4-47.
The tree species observed in the study area is enlisted in the Table 4-47. The undergrowth during the summer season was almost in dry state most of them were not in a stage to be identified. The shrubs observed in the study are documented in the Table 4-48. Herbs and climbers in the study area are represented in Table 4-49 and Table 4-50 respectively.
Trees
The dominant trees in the study area are Borassus flabellifer L, Prosopis cineraria (Khijado.),Azadirachtaindica (Limbado),Mangifera indica (Keri)and Salvadora oleoides, Salvadora persica (Piludo). 43 species of trees belong to 21 families are enumerated from the study area.
Table 4-47: List of Trees in the Study Area (Bharuch District) Sr. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Anacardiaceae 1/1 Mangifera indica L. Kari 2 Annonaceae 2/1 Polylathia longifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav 3 Apocynaceae 3/1 Plumeria rubra l. Champo 4 Arecaceae 4/1 Cocos nucifera L. Narial 5/2 Borassus flabelliferL. Tad 6/3 Phoenix sylvestris Kajuri 5 Avecenniaceae 7/1 Avicennia alba Blume Patcheradi
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Sr. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 6 Caesalpiniaceae 8/1 Delonixregia (Boj.) Raf. Gaulmor 9/2 Cassiafistula L. Garmalo 10/3 Cassia siamea Lam. Kasid 11/4 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Sonmukhi 12/5 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali 7 Caricaceae 13/1 Carica papaya L. Papaya 8 Casuarinaceae 14/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 9 Combretaceae 15/1 Terminalia catappa L. Badam 10 Malvaceae 16/1 Thespesia populnea(L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paraspiplo 11 Meliaceae 17/1 Azadirachta indicaA.Juss Limbado 18/2 Melia azadirachta L. Bakanlimdo 12 Mimosaceae 19/1 Acacia auriculiformis L. Austrianbaval 20/2 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Willd. Hermobaval 21/3 Acacia nilotica (L.) Baval 22/4 Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. Goradiobaval 23/5 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De PardesiBaval 24/6 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Siris 25/7 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Bth. Kalosiris 26/8 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 27/9 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Khijado 13 Moraceae 28/1 Ficus benghalensis L. Vad 29/2 Ficus sp. 30/3 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro 31/4 Ficus religiosa L. Piplo 14 Moringaceae 32/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 15 Myrtaceae 33/1 Eucalyptus citriodoraHk. Nilgari 34/2 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jambu 16 Papilionaceae 35/1 Erythrina variegate L. Pagario 36/2 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Karanj 17 Sapotaceae 37/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayan 38/2 Manilkara zapota(L.) Chikoo 18 Salvadoraceae 39/1 Salvadora persica L. Pilva, Piludi
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Sr. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 40/2 Salvadora oleoides L. Piludi 19 Simaroubaceae 41/1 Ailanthus excelsaRoxb. Aurdso 20 Rhamnaceae 42/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth. Bor 21 Verbenaceae 43/1 Tectona grandisL.f. Sag
Shrubs
Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table 4-48 . 28 shrub species belong to 18 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub community in this area was represented by Prosopis Juliflora (Gandobaval), Balanites aegyptiaca (Ingorio),Calotropis procera, C. gigantea (Akado),Thevetia peruviana (Pilikarean), Ipomoea fistulosa (Nasarmo), Lawsonia inermis (Mendhi), Abutilon indicum (Khapat) and Lantana camara (Ganthai).
Table 4-48: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) Sr. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Apocynaceae 1/1 Nerium indicum Lalkaren 2/2 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pilikaran 2 Asclepiadaceae 3/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado 4/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado 3 Balanitaceae 5/1 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Ingorio 4 Bignoniaceae 6/1 Tecoma stans(L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol 5 Cactaceae 7/1 Opuntia elatior Mill. Fafdo Thor 6 Caesalpiniaceae 8/1 Cassia auriculata L 7 Capparaceae 9/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo 8 Compositae 10/1 Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru 9 Convolvulaceae 11/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.exChoisy Nasarmo 10 Euphorbiaceae 12/1 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thor 13/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot 14/3 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Pardesidevalo 15/4 Ricinus communis L. Devalo 11 Lythraceae 16/1 Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi 12 Malvaceae 17/1 Abelomoschus manihot (L.) Medic. Jagalibhindi
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Sr. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 18/2 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat 19/3 Hibiscus rosasinensis Jasund 13 Musaceae 20/1 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela 14 Mimosaceae 21/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gandobaval 15 Nyctaginaceae 22/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel 16 Papilionaceae 23/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari 16 Rhamnaceae 24/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 17 Solanaceae 25/1 Datura metel L Daturo 26/2 Solanum incanum L Ubhiringan 18 Verbenaceae 27/1 Clerodendrum inermis (L.) Gaertn. Madhi 28/2 Lantana camara L.var.aculcata (L.)Mold. Ganthai
Herbs
As the most of the undergrowth was dried up, except near water pools the herbaceous layer document in the report may be incomplete for this region. Themajor herbs observed in the study area have been enlisted in the Table 4-49.
Table 4-49: List of Herbs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Acanthaceae 1/1 Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.)Heine Kantashelio 2 Amaranthaceae 2/1 Amaranthus viridis L. 3/2 Aerva javanica(Burm.f.) Juss 3 Asteraceae 4/1 Blum easps. 5/2 Eclipta prostrate (L.) L. Bhangro 6/3 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio 7/4 Tridax procumbens L Pardesibhangro 4 Boraginaceae 8/1 Trichodesma indicum l. Undhafuli 5 Cannaceae 9/1 Cana indica 5 Caesalpiniaceae 10/1 Cassia toraL Kuvandio 6 Chenopodiaceae 11/1 Suaeda nudiflora (willd) Moq. Moras 12/2 S. fruticosa L. 7 Cyperaceae
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S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 13/1 Cyperus bulbosus Vahl. 14/2 Cyperus difformis L. 15/3 Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. 16/4 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 Lamiaceae ( Labiatae) 17/1 Ocimum basilicum L. Damaro 18/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tuli 9 Liliaceae 19/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato 10 Nymphaeaceae 20/1 Nymphaea pubescensWilld Kamal 21/2 Nymphae astellata 11 Nyctaginaceae 22/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. 23/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce 12 Papaveraceae 24/1 Argemone Mexicana L. Darudi 13 Papilionaceae 25/1 Cortalaria medicaginea Lam Ran methi 26/2 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. 14 Poaceae (Gramineae) 27/1 Phragmites karaka Steud - 28/2 Aleuropusla gopoides Trin - 29/3 Cynodon dactylon Pers. - 30/4 Sorghum bicolar L. Jowar 31/6 Pennisetum typhoides( Burm.) Bajri 15 Poligonaceae 32/1 Poligonum sp. 16 Pontederiaceae 33/1 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Kanphutti 17 Potamogetonaceae 34/1 Potomogeton sp. 18 Solanaceae 35/1 Solanum surattenseBurm. Bhoringini 19 Scrophulariaceae 36/1 Bacopa monnieri L 20 Typhaceae 37/1 Typha angustata Bory&Chaub 21 Zygophyllaceae 38/1 Tribulu sterrestris L Gokhru
Climbers and Twiners
The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side hedges of the study area are given in the Table 4-50. Species of climbers/ twiners belongs to 3 families are recorded from the area.
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Table 4-50: List of Herbs in the Study Area (Bharuch District) S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Convolvulaceae 1/1 Ipomoea pes-caprae Darianivel 2/2 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Wagpadi 3/3 Ipomoea aquaticaForsk. NaliniBhaji 4/4 Ipomoea nil(L.)Roth Kaladana 5/5 Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker – Gawl. Vadfudardi 2 Curcurbitacea 6/1 Citrulus colocynthis (L) Indravarna 7/2 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Ghiloda 8/3 Luffacy lindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 3 Cuscutaceae 9/1 Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Amarval
Cultivated Plant in the Study Area
The Tuver (Cajanus indica), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) are cultivated as major crops in the Northern side of the Narmada river. Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) are cultivated in few pockets immediately after monsoon period in this region while the southern side of the Narmada is dominated by Sugar cane cultivation. There is demarcated difference in cropping pattern between the area North to Narmada River and area situated on the southern part of the Narmada River.
The prevalent cropping systems of this area are the cumulative results of past and present decisions by individuals; these decisions are usually based on experience, tradition, expected profit, personal preferences and resources, and so on
The crop occupying the highest percentage of the sown area of this region is taken as the major crop and all other possible alternative crops which are sown in this region either as substitutes of the base crop in the same season or as the crops which fit in the rotation in the subsequent season, are considered as minor crop.
Major Crops
Major crops in the study area are Tuver (Cajanus indica), Wheat (Triticum aestivum)and cotton ((Gossypium herbaceum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L).
Minor Crops
The minor crops of this region are Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) and Divel (Ricinus communis)
Vegetables
The vegetables grown in the study area are Ringan (Solanum melongena), Tomato (Lycopersiconly copersicum) and Val, Valpapadi (Lablab purpureus)
Hoticultural Practices and Fruits Grown
Horticulture activity was found to be restricted to very few pockets near Hansot and Sajod.
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Major Hoticulture Crops
Keri (Mangifera indica L.), Chikoo (Manilkara zapota(L.)), Papaya (Carica papaya L.), and Banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.)
Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.
Out of 17000 species of higher plants known to occur in India, nearly 614 higher plant species were evaluated by IUCN. Among them 247 species are under threatened category (IUCN, 2007).
Among the enumerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat category, by RED data book of Indian Plants. (Nayar and Sastry ,1990) and Red list of threatened Vascular plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)
Endemic Plants of the Study Area
De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an area of a taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or habitat, isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal barriers.
Out of 17000 species of known flowering plants of India nearly 5000 species are said to be endemic. Nearly 58 genera and 1932 taxa are found to be endemic to peninsular India (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1987).
Among recorded plant species none can be assigned the status of endemic plant of this region.
Status of Forest, their Category in the Study Area
No forest was observed in the study area except few thick scrub vegetation dominated by ProsopisJuliflora colonized in barren lands, and Goucher lands. The mangrove patches were observed along the mud flats on the either side of Dahej jetty and few creeks along the coast and also along the mouth of Dahdar River. The reserve forest is located in the Dahej mainly comprises of Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora. Indian Fox, Nilgai, Mongoose, Wild Boar and mainly observed in this reserve forest. Other than that there is no notified/protected ecologically sensitive area including national park, sanctuary, existing in the study area covering the entire blocks in Bharuch District.
4.10.7 Biodiversity of Terrestial Environment of the Study Area in Surat District
Habitats Description of the Study Area
The area of present investigation is located in different blocks of Surat district. The study area is characterized by the mostly agricultural land, plantation in private land and periphery of inhabited region of the villages. A few areas of the blocks where saline ingression was observed to be colonized by good population of Salvidorapersica and Prosopisjuliflora. In Kantiyazal area near along the mouth of the Kim River, few patches of mangroves were present. Most of the land area in the allocated blocks is covered by agricultural land.No natural forest area as such was observed within the 5 km radius proposed block area.
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Floral Diversity of the Study Area
The objective this floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information on floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the December, -February 2013, is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation of this region. Listing of the endangered, threatened and endemic species of flora in a locality and drawing the attention to the occurrence of such species, would aid in creating awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect such species from extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation. These type of floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.
The vegetation types encountered in the study area can be broadly classified on the basis of habitats as per follow:
Coastal Vegetation
Mangroves Vegetation
Inland Vegetation
Open Vegetation Thorny Scrub Vegetation
Exotic Vegetation
Vegetation along road side Agriculture crop and weed flora
The tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, observed during the biological survey conducted are systematically documented.
The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this base line study. The list of floral species documented in the study area is enlisted in Table 4-51 to Table 4-54.
The dominant trees growing in this area are Borassus flabellifer, Mangifera indica, Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Acacia auriculiformis,Prosopis cineraria, and Pithecellobium dulce. The tree species observed in the study area is enlisted in the Table 4-51. Shrubs are, represented mainly by, Prosopis juliflora, Lawsonia inermis, Calotropis procera, C. gigantea, Zizyphus nummularia,Tecoma stans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa, and Lantana camara. The shrub species observed in the study area are documented in the Table 4-52.
Trees
Tree species enlisted from the study area is given in the Table 4-51. Tree species belong to 25 families are enlisted from the study area.
Table 4-51: List of Trees in the Study Area (Surat District) S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Anacardiaceae 1/1 Mangifera indicaL. Ambo
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S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 2 Annonaceae 2/1 Annona squamosa L. Saitafal 3/2 Polylathia longifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav 3 Apocynaceae 4/1 Plumeria obtuse L Chambo 5/2 Nerium indicumMill. Lalkaren 6/3 Thevitia peruviana (Pres.) Pilikaren 4 Arecaceae 7/1 Borassus flabelliferL. Tad 8/2 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb Khajuri 9/3 Cocos nucifera L. Nariiel 5 Avicenniaceae 10/1 Avicennia sp. 6 Caesalpiniaceae 11/1 Bauhinia purpurea L Kanchnar 12/2 Parkinsonia aculeataL Rambaval 13/3 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Sonmukhi 14/4 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali 15/5 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo 16/6 Senna siamea Lam. Kasida 7 Casuarinaceae 17/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 8 Caricaceae 18/1 Carica papaya L Papaya 9 Combretaceae 19/1 Terminalia catappa L. DesiBadam 20/2 Anogeissus latifolia(Roxb.) Wall. Dhamado 10 Ebenaceae 21/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Dheki 11 Ehretiaceae 22/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst. MotaGunda 23/2 Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) E. & A NaniGundi 12 Malvaceae 24/1 Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paraspiplo 13 Meliaceae 25/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado 14 Mimosaceae 26/1 Acacia auriculiformis L Austrialanbaval 27/2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.) Brenan Baval 28/3 Acacia Senegal (Willd.) Gobita 29/4 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb Hermobhava 30/5 Albizia lebbeck L. Sirid 31/5 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Killai 32/6 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De PardesiBaval 33/7 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo
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S. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 34/8 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 15 Moraceae 35/1 Ficus benghalensis Vad 36/2 Ficus religiosa L Piplo 37/3 Ficus microcarpa L. Nandarkvad 16 Moringaceae 38/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 17 Myrtaceae 39/1 Callistemon cistrinus L Bottle brush 40/2 Eucalyptus citriodora Hk. Nilgari 41/3 Syzygium cumini (L Jambu 18 Papilionaceae 42/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub Khakaro 43/2 Dalbergia latifoliaRoxb Sisam 44/3 Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre Karanji 45/4 Sesbania sesban (L.)Merr. Shevari 19 Poaceae (Gramineae) 46/1 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. 47/2 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Manvel Vans 20 Rhamnaceae 48/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth Bor 49/2 Zizyphus mauritiana Lam Bordi 21 Rutaceae 50/1 Limonia acidissima L Kothu 22 Salvadoraceae 51/1 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi 23 Sapotaceae 52/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub Rayan 53/2 Manilkara zapota (L.) Chikoo 24 Simaroubaceae 54/1 Ailanthus excels Roxb. Aurdso 25 Verbenaceae 55/1 Tectona grandis L.f. Sag
Shrubs
Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table 4-52. Shrubs belong to 17 families are enumerated from the study area.
Table 4-52: List of Shrubs in the Study Area (Surat District) Sr. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Agavaceae 1/1 Agave americana L 2 Apocynaceae 2/1 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pilikaran 3/2 Nerium indicum Mill Lalkaren
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Sr. No Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 3 Asclepiadaceae 4/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado 5/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado 4 Bignoniaceae 6/1 Tecoma stans(L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol 5 Cactaceae 7/1 Opuntia elatior Mill. Fafdo Thor 6 Caesal piniaceae 8/1 Cassia auriculata L Aval 7 Capparaceae 9/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo 8 Convolvulaceae 10/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.exChoisy Nasarmo 9 Euphorbiaceae 11/1 Euphorbia nerifolia L Thor 12/2 Euphorbia tirucalli L Kharsani 10 Lythraceae 13/1 Lawsonia inermis L Mendhi 11 Malvaceae 14/1 Abelmoschus esculentus Bindi 15/2 Gossypium herbaceumL. Kapas 16/3 Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Jasund 12 Mimosaceae 17/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gandobaval 13 Nyctaginaceae 18/1 Bougainvillea spectabilisWilld. Bougainvel 14 Rhamnaceae 19/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 20/2 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Ro Bor 15 Rubiaceae 21/1 Ixora brachiata (L) Garbale 16 Solanaceae 22/1 Solanum incanum L Ubhiringan 23/2 Solanum melongena L. Ringana 24/3 Datura metel L Daturo 17 Verbenaceae 25/1 Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O.Ktze Arni 26/2 Lantana camara var. Aculeate
Herbs
The herbaceous cover observed in this region is given in the Table 4-53. Herbaceous species belongs to 23 families are recorded from the study area.
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Table 4-53: List of Herbaceous Species Observed in the Study Area (Surat District) S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Acanthaceae 1/1 Barleria sp. --- 2/2 Hygrophila ainguriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro 2 Asteraceae 3/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar 4/2 Tridax procumbens L PardesiBhangro 3 Cactaceae 5/1 Opuntia elatior Mill. Thor 4 Chenopodiaceae 6/1 Salicornia brachiata Roxb. 7/2 Suaeda nudiflora (willd) Moq. Moras 8/3 S. fruticosa L. 5 Cucurbitaceae 9/1 Coccinia grandis(L.) Voigt Ghiloda 10/2 Cucumis callosus Cogn Kothimdu 11/3 Citrullus colocynthis L. Indravarna 6 Convolvulaceae 12/1 Cressa cretica L. Palio, Rudanti 7 Commelinaceae 13/1 Commelina benghalensis L -- 8 Cyperaceae 14/1 Cyperus difformis L. -- 15/2 Cyperus rotundus L. -- 16/3 Cyperus sp. -- 17/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. -- 18/5 Fimbristylis sp. -- 9 Euphorbiaceae 19/1 Chrozophorarottleri (Geis.) Juss. -- 20/2 Euphorbia hirta L. -- 10 Gentianaceae 21/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini 22/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) -- 11 Hydrocharitaceae 23/1 Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 24/2 Vallisneria spiralis L. 12 Liliaceae 25/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato 13 Lamiaceae 26/1 Leucas sps. -- 27/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi 28/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi 29/4 O .basilicum L. Damro 14 Malvaceae 30/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar
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S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 31/2 Sida sp. -- 15 Nyctaginaceae 32/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi 33/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce -- 16 Nymphaeaceae 34/1 Nymphaea pubescens Wild Kamal 17 Papilionaceae 35/1 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar 36/2 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan 37/4 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. -- 38/5 Tephrosia sps. -- 18 Papaveraceae 39/1 Argemone Mexicana L. Darudi 19 Poaceae 40/1 Aleuropusla gopoides (L) -- 41/2 Aristida sp. -- 42/3 Cynodon barberi Rang. -- 43/4 Cynodon dactylon(L.) -- 44/5 Oryza sativa L. Chokha 45/6 Phragmite skara(Retz.) -- 46/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar 47/9 Zea mays Makai 20 Solanaceae 48/1 Solanum indicum L. Ringni 49/2 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi 50/3 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni 21 Typhaceae 51/1 Typha angustata Bory&Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu 22 Tiliaceae 52/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks -- 23 Zygophyllaceae 53/1 Fagonia cretica L. -- 54/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru
Climbers and Twiners
The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side hedges of the study area are given in the Table 4-54. Climbers belongs to 6 families were recorded from the area.
Table 4-54: List of Climbers Observed in the Study Area (Surat District) S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Asclepiadaceae 1/1 Oxystelma esculentum J & A Schult Jal-Dudhi, Dhudli 2 Convolvulaceae 2/1 Ipomea cairica (L.) 3/2 Ipomoea obscura L.
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S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 4/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth 5/4 Ipomea aquatic Forsk. Nadanivel 6/5 Ipomoea pes-caprae Darianivel/Maryadvel 3 Cucurbitaceae 7/1 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 8/2 L. acutangula (L) Junglituria 4 Cuscutaceae 9/1 Cuscutare flexa Roxb. Amarvel 5 Menispermaceae 10/1 Cocculus hirsutus(L.) Diels Vevdi 11/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo 6 Papilionaceae 12/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli 13/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi 14/3 Clitoria ternatea L. Gokaran
Cultivated Plants in the Study Area
The predominant land use category of the study area is agriculture fields. During the survey period of January-Feb 2013, most of the fields were under sugar cane cultivation. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the predominant crop at Balkas village, Sosak village, Masma village, Ambheta village and Kukni village. Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), is the dominant crop at Jahangirpur, and Bheasan villages. Tuver (Cajanus indica) is the pulse cultivated in the study area especially at, Kukni village, Ambheta village, Sethana village. Bindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) is dominant vegetable crop of this area; Bhandut, Pinjarat, Admor, Masama and Sethanavillages are actively engaged in Bhindi cultivation. Few of the fields were also used for Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides ) and Jowar(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
The crop occupying the highest percentage of the sown area of this region is taken as the major crop and all other possible alternative crop which are sown in this region either as substitutes of the base crop in the same season or as the crop which fit in the rotation in the subsequent season, are considered as minor crop.
Major Crops
Major crops in the study area are Rice (Oryza sativa), Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), and Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.),
Minor Crops
Minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon isJowar(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)
Pulses
The pulses cultivated in this region are Tuver (Cajanus cajan)
Vegetables
Bindi(Abelmoschus esculentus) is dominant vegetable crop of this area
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Horticultural Practices and fruit grown
Mango (Mangifera indica) orchards and Chikko (Manilkara zapota) plantation and papaya (Carica papaya) cultivation were observed in the study area.
Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. Out of 17000 species of higher plants known to occur in India, nearly 614 higher plant species were evaluated by IUCN. Among them 247 species are under threatened category (IUCN, 2007).No Rare and endangered flora is observed in the study area during the baseline survey conducted during Jan-February 2013.
Endemic Plant of the Study Area
De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an area of a taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or habitat, isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal barriers.
Out of 17000 species of known flowering plants of India nearly 5000 species are said to be endemic. Nearly 58 genera and 1932 taxa are found to be endemic to peninsular India (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1987). Among recorded plant species none of them can be assigned endemic status of this region.
4.10.8 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Vadodara District
For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted in January-February, 2013
Birds of the Study Area
The most commonly spotted water bird species of this area were;, Cattle Egret, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Indian Cormorant, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Red-naped Ibis, Black-headed Ibis, White-breasted Water hen. Systematic account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the Table 4-55.
Table 4-55: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status (Vadodara District) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S I ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts) Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R II ORDER: FALCONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R Pied Harrier Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos R III. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S Family: Family: Anhingidae Anhinga melanogaster Darter or Snake Birds Oriental Darter R A.rufa Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Grey Heron Grey Heron Ardea cinerea RW Giant Heron Goliath Heron Ardea goliath RW Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R Mesophoyx intermedia Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret R Egretta intermedia Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R Casmerodius albus Large Egret Great Egret Rw Ardea alba Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant) Large Cormorant Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo RW Indian Shag Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis R Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R Family: Podicipedidae (Grebe) Little Grebe Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse) Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse Pterocles exustus R Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Spoonbill Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia RW Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R White Ibis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus R IV ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R Family: Cerylidae Pied Kingfisher Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R Family: Coraciidae (Roller) BlueJay or Roller Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti R VI. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel) Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R VII. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R Grey Partridge Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus R VIII. ORDER: GRUIFORMES Family: Rallidae ( Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,) White-breasted Water hen White-breasted Water hen Amaurornis phoenicurus R Purple Moorhen Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio R IX. ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Cisticolidae ( Warbler or Prinia) Jungle Wern-Warbler Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica R Family: Corvidae Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike R Coracina novaehollandiae Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo- King Crow Black Drongo R Dicrurus adsimilis Tree Pie Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda R Racket-tailed Drongo Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Family: Laniidae (shrike) Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R Family: Nectariniidae ( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Dendronanthus indicus Forest Wagtail Forest Wagtail R Motacilla indica Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling)
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name R-S Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds, Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R X. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R XI ORDER: STRIGIFORMES Family: Strigidae (Owl and Owlet) Spotted Owlet Spotted Owlet Athene brama R XII Order: Upupiformes Family: Upupidae Hoopoe Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops RW
Note: R = Widespread Resident, r= Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor
Ref WCMC, Check list of Indian Birds
Kumar, A., J.P. Sati and P.C. Tak (2003): Checklist of Indian Waterbirds. BUCEROS 8 (1): 30 pp
Butterflies of the StudyArea
Butterflies observed during the present study are documented in the Table 4-56.
Table 4-56: Butterflies in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No Scientific name & family Common name 1 Family Papilionidae 1/1 Papilio polytes Linnaeus Common Mormon 2/2 Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Lime butterfly 2 Family Pieridae 3/1 Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Grass yellow 4/2 Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Common Emigrant 5/3 Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Mottled Emigrant 6/4 Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel 7/5 Cerpora nerissa Fabricius Common Gull 8/6 Ixias mariane Cramer White orange tip 9/7 Ixias pyrene Linnaeus Yellow orange tip 10/8 Colotis danae Fabricus Crimson tip 3 Family: Nymphalidae 11/1 Melanitis leda Linnaeus Common evening Brown 12/2 Junonia lemonias Linnaeus Lemon pancy 13/3 Junonia almanac Linnaeus Peacock pancy 14/4 Junonia orithya Linnaeus Blue pancy 15/5 Junonia hierta Fabricius Yellow pancy 16/6 Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus Plain Tiger
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17/7 Danaus genutia Cramer Stripped Tiger 18/8 Hypolimanas misippus Linnaeus Danaid egg fly 19/9 Mycalesis perseus Fabricius Common bush brown
Herpetofauna
Reptiles documented in the region are given in the Table 4-57.
Table 4-57: Reptiles in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin) 2 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) 3 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis ( Daudin) 4 Brahminy skink Eutropis carinata (Schneider) 5 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell) 7 Common Indian Cat Snake Boiga trigonata ( Schneider) 8 Spotted Indian House Gecko Hemidactylus brookii (Gray) 9 Fan-Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana ( Cuvier) 10 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.) 11 Russell’s Viper Daboia russelii ( Shaw and Nodder) 12 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus ( Schneider)
,= Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the interaction with them with pictorial presentation.
Mammals
The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from study area is documented in the Table 4-58.
Table 4-58: Mammals in the Study Area (Vadodara District) S. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Indian field mouse Mus booduga (Gray) 2 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy) 3 Hare Lepus sp. 4 Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanii ( Wroughton) 5 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas)
Rare and Endangered Fauna of the Study Area
As per IUCN RED (2010) List
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.
A taxon is Near Threatened, when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories, but is close to qualifying or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. As per IUCN Red list of threatened species (2012),among the sighted animal species three bids are grouped under near threatened
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Table 4-59: Threatened and Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Vadodara District Located Threat status Species Habitat Coordinates Number at (IUCN,2010) Dabasar N 23014’43.6” Shallow Painted stork Village E 730 02’19.8” 6 water Near threatened (Mycteria Kural N 22008’45.7” bodies, ver.3.1 leucocephala) Village E 72055’17.8” 8 Paddy fields
Shallow Padra N 22014’41.2” Black-headed Ibis 7 water village E 73005’02.6” Near threatened (Threskiornis bodies, Chitral N 22010’24.4” ver.3.1 melanocephalus) 2 Paddy fields Village E 72057’23.6” Oriental Darter Shallow Dabasar N 23014’43.6” (Anhinga water Near threatened Village E 730 02’19.8” 4 melanogaster ) bodies, ver.3.1
Paddy fields
Source: IUCN Red list of threatened species, 2012.2 and Bird life international 2010
As per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,as amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental security of the country.
Some of the sighted fauna were given protection by the Indian Wild Life (Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the study area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.
Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)
Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), is a schedule –II animals. Hares and five stripped squirrels are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
Table 4-60: Species provided Protection as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 in Study Area (Vadodara District) Group Species Schedule Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), schedule I Birds Most of other birds Schedule-IV Indian Cobra (Naja naja), Schedule-II Reptiles Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) Schedule-II Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Schedule-II Five striped Palm squirrel (Funambulus pennanii ( Schedule-IV Mammals Wroughton)) Hare (Lepus sp.) Schedule-IV
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Photographs 4-11: Photo Documentation Vadodara District
White Ibis Observe in the study area Hoopoe Observed in the study area
Purple Moorhen observed in the study area
Painted Stork observed in the study area Fiddler Crabs observed in mudflat of Mahi River
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Thick Prosopis sp. patch in the study area Common Langur in the study area
4.10.9 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Bharuch District
For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted. The study area falls under the allocated Blocks in Bharuch District of Gujarat state.
Birds of the Study Area
The sighting of bird species was very lass during the study period during January-February2013. The most commonly spotted bird species of this area were; Cattle Egret, Intermediate Egret, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-Dove, Spotted Dove, Chestnut-headed Bee-eater, Grey Francolin, House Crow, Purple Sunbird, Bank Myna and common Myna.
Only one sighted birds were evaluated as near threatened by IUCN, 2010.
A taxon is Near Threatened,when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories, but is close to qualifying or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. List of these, near threatened species is given in the Table 4-61. Systematic account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the Table 4-62.
Table 4-61: Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Bharuch District Species Habitat Threat status IUCN Painted stork Near threatened Village Pond (Mycteria leucocephala) B-11
Source: IUCN Red list of threatened species, 2010 and Bird life international 2010
Table 4-62: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its residential status (Bharuch District) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Status I.ORDER: ANSERIFORMES Family: Anatidae (Ducks and teals Brahminy duck or Ruddy Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea R shield duck II. ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts)
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Status Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R III ORDER: FALCONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Shikra Shikra Ccipiter badius R Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R IV. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R Mesophoyx intermedia Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret R Egrettain termedia Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Spoonbill Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R V. ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R Spotted Dove Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R
VI : ORDER: CORACIFORME Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti R Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus R VII. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Indian DrongoCuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R VIII. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R Grey Partridge Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus R IX ORDER: GRUIFORMES
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Status Family: Rallidae ( Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,) White-breasted Water hen White-breasted Water hen Amaurornis phoenicurus R X. ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Corvidae Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracina macei R Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo- King Crow Black Drongo R Dicrurus adsimilis Tree Pie RufousTreepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Golden-Oriole Eurasian Golden-Oriole Oriolus oriolus R Family: Laniidae (shrike) Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R Family: Nectariniidae( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling) Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds,
Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R
Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R XI. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R ORDER: STRIGIFORMES Family: Strigidae (Owl and Owlet) Spotted Owlet Spotted Owlet Athene brama R
Note: R = Widespread Resident, r= Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor
As per the distribution given in WCMC, Check list of Indian Birds
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Butterflies in the Study Area
Butterflies in the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) are restricted to few places where Lantana camaraandCalotropisprocerawas growing. Butterflies observed during the present study are documented in the Table 4-63.
Table 4-63: Butterflies in the Study Area (Bharuch District) Scientific name & family Common name Family : Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Mormon Family Pieridae Euremahecabe Common Grass yellow Ixias marianne White orange tip Family: Nymphalidae Danausgenutia Cramer Stripped Tiger Hypolimanas misippus Danaid egg fly Mycalesis perseus Common bush brown
Herpetofauna
The reptiles documented in the region are given in the Table 4-64.
Table 4-64: Reptiles in the Study Area (Bharuch District) Sr. No. Common Name Scientific name 1 Common Garden Lizards Calotes versicolor (Daudin) 2 Common rat snake Ptyas mucossus (Linn) 3 Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis 4 House Gecko Hemidactylus Flaviviridis 5 Fan Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana 6 * Indian Cobra Naja naja 7 * Russell’s viper Daboia russelli 8 * Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus = Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the interaction with them with pictorial presentation.
Mammal
The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from the study area is documented in the Table 4-65.
Table 4-65: Mammals in the Study Area (Bharuch District) Sr. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Indian field mouse Musbo oduga (Gray) 2 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy) 3 Hare Lepus sp. 4 Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennanii( Wroughton) 5 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas) 6 Jungle cat Felis Chaus (Guldenstaedt)
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Rare and Endangered Fauna in the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. IUCN,(2007) has evaluated 1976 animal species from India, among them 313 have in recognized as threatened species. Among them one species is considered as extinct ,while 44 species are in critically endangered( CR) catogery,88 is in endangered category(EN), while 181 is considered as vulnerable (VU).
As per IUCN Red list of threatened species (2010), Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), grouped under near threatened birds.
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental security of the country.
Some of the sighted fauna was given protection by the Indian Wild Life (Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the study area, Pea fowl (Pavocristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.
Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)
Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) and Jungle cat (Felis Chaus) are a schedule –II animals. Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is protected as Schedule-III animal and all Hares are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
Endemic Fauna of the Study Area
None of the sighted animal species can be assigned endemic species category of the study area.
The list of floral species is prepared based on visual observation during site visit and through review of site literatures and secondary data available with various government offices is referred for identifying rare or endangered species in the region.
4.10.10 Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area in Surat District
For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a detailed survey had been conducted in the study area, within allocated blocks in Surat District. This report is based on a short duration study. The following lists are obviously incomplete. It does not include many other species which might occur in this part of Surat District, either as resident or as migrant in the other seasons of the year. This data is based on the baseline survey conducted during January-February, 2013.
Birds of the Study Area
Few Birds in the study area are categorized as near threatened by IUCN red list, 2012. They are as given in the Table 4-66. Systematic account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the Table 4-67.
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Table 4-66: Near Threatened Birds of the Study Area in Surat District Species Habitat Threat status IUCN Painted stork Near threatened Shallow water bodies (Mycteria leucocephala) B-11 Near Black headed ibis Near water bodies and agriculture Threatened (Threskiornis melanocephalus) fields B10/8
Source: IUCN Red list of threatened species, 2012 and Bird life international 2010
Table 4-67: Systematic List of birds in the study area with its Distribution and Migratory status (Surat District) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Status I ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts) Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R II ORDER: CICONIIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R Mesophoyx intermedia Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret R Egretta intermedia Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R Family: Phoenicopteridae(Flamingo) Flamingo Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus rubber Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R White Ibis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus R IIIORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R IV : ORDER: CORACIFORMES Family: Alcedinidae (King fisher) Small Blue King Fisher Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti R Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus R
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Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Status Merops superciliosus V. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel) Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R Cuckoo Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R VI. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R VII.ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Corvidae Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracinano vaehollandiae R Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R Family: Nectariniidae( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R Maroon breasted Suinbird Long-billed Sunbird Nectarinia lotenia R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling) Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds, Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R VII. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R
Note: R = Widespread Resident, r= Very Local Resident, W = Widespread, Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor,
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Butterflies from the Study Area
Butterflies in the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) are restricted to few places where Lantana camara and Calotropis procera was growing. Butterflies observed during the present study are documented in the Table 4-68.
Table 4-68: Butterflies in the Study Area (Surat District) Scientific name & family Common name Family: Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Mormon Family: Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common Grass yellow Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant Delias eucharis Common Jezebel Ixias marianne White orange tip Family: Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Danausgenutia Cramer Stripped Tiger Hypolimanas misippus Danaid egg fly Mycalesis perseus Common bush brown
Herpetofauna
Reptiles observed in the study area (Buffer zone) are given in the Table 4-69.
Table 4-69: Reptiles in the Study Area (Surat District) S. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin) 2 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.) 3 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus(Linn.) 4 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis
Based on the information provided by the villagers (Secondary information)
Mammals
The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from the study area is documented in the Table 4-70.
Table 4-70: Mammals in the Buffer Zone (Surat District) S. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Indian field mouse Musboo duga (Gray) 2 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) 3 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi 4 Hare Lepus sp.
As per the information provided by the villagers consulted during the survey (secondary information) None of them were sighted during the survey period in the core zone and buffer zone).
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Rare and Endangered Fauna of the Study Area
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. IUCN,(2007) has evaluated 1976 animal species from India, among them 313 have in recognized as threatened species. Among them one species is considered as extinct ,while 44 species are in critically endangered( CR) catogery,88 is in endangered category(EN), while 181 is considered as vulnerable (VU).
As per IUCN Red list of threatened species (2010), Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black headed ibis, (Threskiornis melanocephalus), are grouped under near threatened birds.
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental security of the country.
Some of the sighted fauna was given protection by the Indian Wild Life (Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the study area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.
Among the reptiles, Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis), Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)
Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) and Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are a schedule –II animals. and Hares are included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
Endemic Fauna of the Study Area
None of the sighted animal species can be assigned endemic species category of the study area.
Status of the Forest, their Category in the Study Area
No natural forest area as such was observed within the 10 km radius from project site except the scrub jungle of engrossed Prosopis juliflora in the barren lands of Suvali village.
Photographs 4-12: Photo Documentation Surat District
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Parvar Plantation in the study area Thick Prosopis vegitation in the study area
Kim River in the study area Flamingo observed in the study area
4.10.11 Aquatic Ecology Vadodara District
Establishment of biological status of an aquatic ecosystem is an essential pre-requisite to assess the impacts of existing as well as proposed developments in the surrounding region. The best indicators of environmental quality for a particular environmental condition are the biological species, viz. phytoplankton and zooplankton. With a view to conserve the environmental quality and safety of natural flora and fauna, studies on biological aspects of the ecosystem is of priority in an environmental impact assessment study. These indicators serve as an inexpensive and efficient for early warning and control system and hence were included in the study. The presence of these indicator organisms depend on physico-chemical characteristics of water such as pH, Conductivity, Nutrients, BOD, Alkalinity etc. and also type of water body viz. canal/rivers, lakes, and sea.
Sampling Procedure
Sampling was done according to the parameters considered for the present study of above referred communities. They are Phytoplankton cell count, Zooplankton standing stock and Macrobenthic biomass and population status. Details of sampling locations are presented in Table 4-71.
Phytoplankton
Polyethylene bucket was used for sampling surface water for the estimation of phytoplankton cell count. Samples were preserved in Lugol's iodine.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton samples were collected by passing known volume of water through Heron Tranter net (mesh size 0.33 mm, mouth area 0.25 m2). After collection, samples were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde.
Method of Analysis
Phytoplankton
The samples were stored in dark for a few days there by allowing cells to settle at bottom. At the time of analysis, settled cells were transferred into a Sedgwick rafter slide. Enumeration and
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Zooplankton
Volume (biomass) was obtained by displacement method. The samples were analyzed under a Stereo microscope for standing stock in Kadam’s own laboratory.
Species Diversity
In order to calculate species diversity, quantitative data were analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver index (H= Σ pi ln pi).The Shannon-Weaver index shows diversity in any ecological communities, and it is important to comment on the seasonal as well as spatial fluctuations. For this reason, index value is important for expressing diversity in ecosystem management. The low index value meant that the most unequal proportion of species. The Shannon-Weaver index gave higher values when the proportions of species in a sample were close to each other. It was seen that the Shannon-Weaver index was not affected by the number of species. In this respect, the Shannon- Weaver index has specific importance in the expression of equal proportions of groups of organism in a sample rather than the total number of individuals.
The positive correlation appeared only when organisms show homogeneous distribution in the total abundance. Thus H may give somehow contradictory results concerning the tropic status of an aquatic ecosystem. Stiling, P. B. (1996) noted that the value of species diversity H is often found to fall between 1.0 and 6.0, and the maximum diversity of a sample is H max when all species area equally abundant. Higher index values express species higher diversity, but do not indicate the trophic status of an aquatic ecosystem. The number of species and number of individuals in a community is measure of species diversity which depends on stability of the habitat.
Results
Table 4-71: Details of Sampling Location (Vadodara District)
Station No. Place Date Source Parameter of Sample
Zooplankton 1 Mahi River near Sarod River Phytoplankton Zooplankton 2 Mahi River near Kambhoi River Phytoplankton
Table 4-72: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x 103/lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Vadodara District) Station Cell Count Total Genera Genera Euglena, Chaetophora, Cladophora, Station 1 22 5 Pediastrum, Fragilaria, Anabaena Scenedesmus, Anabaena, Spirulina, Station 2 18 6 Pediastrum, Cladophora, Diatoma
Table 4-73: Diversity of Phytoplankton across Sampling Location (Vadodara District) Sampling Locations Genera Station 1 Station 2 Euglena + - Chaetophora + -
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Sampling Locations Genera Station 1 Station 2 Cladophora + + Pediastrum + + Fragilaria + - Anabaena + + Scenedesmus - + Diatoma - + Spirulina - +
(+ Present, - Absent)
Table 4-74: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Vadodara District) Station Population Total Genera Genera Station 1 192 5 Daphnia, Cyclops, Branchionus, Notholca, Euchlamis Station 2 151 4 Daphnia, Cyclops, Branchionus, Philodina
Table 4-75: Diversity of Zooplankton across Sampling Location (Vadodara District) Sampling Locations Genera Station 1 Station 2 Daphnia + + Cyclops + + Branchionus + + Notholca + - Euchlamis + - Philodina - +
(+ present, - Absent)
Table 4-76: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Vadodara District) Station Location Phytoplankton Zooplankton Mahi River near Sarod 1.52 1.48 Mahi River near Kambhoi 1.29 1.22
Observation
Total 9 no. of phytoplankton genera were found from both the station of Mahi River in which Cladophora, Pediastrum and Anabaena were dominant in the Mahi River.
Total 6 no. of zooplankton genera were found from both the station of Mahi River in which Daphnia, Cyclops and Branchionus were dominant in the Mahi River during winter season.
The diversity index of phytoplankton and zooplankton shows moderate environmental condition of Mahi River.
4.10.12 Aquatic Ecology Bharuch District
Establishment of biological status of an aquatic ecosystem is an essential pre-requisite to assess the impacts of existing as well as proposed developments in the surrounding region. The best indicators of environmental quality for a particular environmental condition are the biological species, viz. phytoplankton and zooplankton. With a view to conserve the environmental quality
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Sampling Procedure
Sampling was done according to the parameters considered for the present study of above referred communities. They are Phytoplankton cell count, Zooplankton standing stock and Macro benthic biomass and population status. Details of sampling are presented in Table 4-77.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton samples were collected by using plankton net of 20µm mesh size. Plankton Samples were preserved in Lugol's iodine.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton samples were collected by passing known volume of water through Heron Tranter net (mesh size 60µm, mouth area 0.25 m2). After collection, samples were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde.
Method of Analysis
Phytoplankton
The samples were stored in dark for a few days there by allowing cells to settle at bottom. At the time of analysis, settled cells were transferred into a Sedgwick rafter slide. Enumeration and identification of phytoplankton were done under a compound microscope, in Kadam’s own laboratory.
Zooplankton
Volume (biomass) was obtained by displacement method. The samples were analyzed under a Stereo microscope for standing stock in Kadam’s own laboratory.
Species Diversity
In order to calculate species diversity, quantitative data were analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver index (H= Σ pi ln pi).The Shannon-Weaver index shows diversity in any ecological communities, and it is important to comment on the seasonal as well as spatial fluctuations. For this reason, index value is important for expressing diversity in ecosystem management. The low index value meant that the most unequal proportion of species. The Shannon-Weaver index gave higher values when the proportions of species in a sample were close to each other. It was seen that the Shannon-Weaver index was not affected by the number of species. In this respect, the Shannon- Weaver index has specific importance in the expression of equal proportions of groups of organism in a sample rather than the total number of individuals.
The positive correlation appeared only when organisms show homogeneous distribution in the total abundance. Thus H may give somehow contradictory results concerning the tropic status of an aquatic ecosystem. Stiling, P. B. (1996) noted that the value of species diversity H is often found to fall between 1.0 and 6.0, and the maximum diversity of a sample is H max when all species area equally abundant. Higher index values express species higher diversity, but do not
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Results
Table 4-77: Details of Sampling Location (Bharuch District)
Station No. Place Date Source Parameter of Sample
Zooplankton 1 Dhadhar River near Asasra 12/02/2013 River Phytoplankton Zooplankton 2 Dhadhar River near Mangrol 12/02/2013 River Phytoplankton Narmada River near Zooplankton 3 19/12/2012 River Jageshwar (SW-HT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Zooplankton 4 19/12/2012 River Jageshwar (BW- HT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Zooplankton 5 19/12/2012 River Jageshwar (SW- LT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Zooplankton 6 19/12/2012 River Jageshwar (BW- LT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Suva Zooplankton 7 12/02/2013 River (SW-HT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Suva Zooplankton 8 12/02/2013 River (BW-HT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Suva Zooplankton 9 12/02/2013 River (BW-HT) Phytoplankton Narmada River near Suva Zooplankton 10 12/02/2013 River (BW-HT) Phytoplankton
Table 4-78: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x 103/lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Bharuch District) Station Cell Count Total Groups Common Genera Diatom, Navicula sp., Melosira sp., Station 1 17 4 Rhizosolenia Station 2 12 3 Thalassiosira, Thalassiothrix, Diatom Fragilaria, Melosira, Navicula, Peridinium, Station 3 16 5 Diatom Station 4 14 4 Diatom, Melosira, Rhizosolenia, Thalassiothrix 4 Navicula, Thalassiosira, Thalassiothrix, Station 5 11 Thalassionema Nitschia, Ditylum, Thalassiothrix, Thalassiosira, Station 6 10 5 Diatom Station 7 11 3 Navicula, Melosira, Diatom Station 8 17 3 Nitschia, Rhizosolenia, Fragilaria Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Melosira, Station 9 13 5 Rhizosolenia, Thalassiosira Station 10 11 3 Thalassiothrix, Thalassiosira, Rhizosolenia
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Table 4-79: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Bharuch District) Station Population Total Groups Common Group Copepod, Fish Egg, Nauplius, Station 1 20.80 4 Limnocalamus Station 2 21.65 3 Copepod, Nauplius, Fish egg Station 3 24.30 4 Nauplius, Copepod, Fish Egg, Amphipod Nauplius, Copepod, Fish Larva, Station 4 15.00 5 Amphipod, Fish egg Station 5 19.60 3 Nauplius, Amphipod, Copepod Copepod, Decapods Larva, Fish egg, Station 6 10.26 5 Fish Larva, Marine Insect Copepod, Cumaceans, Decapods Larva, Station 7 18.40 5 Fish egg, Nauplius Fish larva, Foraminifera, Copepod, Station 8 17.97 4 Amphipod Copepod, Fish larva, Medusae, Station 9 16.06 4 Amphipod Copepod, Fish egg, Fish Larva, Medusae, Station 10 19.60 5 Amphipod
Table 4-80: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Bharuch District) Total Biomass Population Station Group Groups (Major/Minor) (gm/m2) (no./m2) (No.) Station 1 8.49 300 2 Foraminifera, Amphipods, Station 2 6.23 300 3 Foraminifera, Amphipods, Gastropods Station 3 7.64 350 2 Gastropods, Isopods, Amphipods Station 4 8.11 400 3 Gastropods, Bivalves, Amphipods Station 5 6.85 300 3 Isopods, Amphipods, Brachyurans Station 6 6.01 250 2 Bivalves, Polychaetes Station 7 8.71 400 2 Amphipods, Brachyurans Station 8 6.12 300 2 Crustacean Larvae, Gastropods Station 9 5.92 400 3 Isopods, Brachyurans, Amphipods Station 10 9.17 450 3 Gastropod, Bivalves, Amphipods
Table 4-81: Sub Tidal Benthic Diversity Index (Bharuch District) Shanon-Wiener Margalef’s Richness Pielou’s Evenness Stations H'(log2) (d) (J’) Station 1 2.46 0.88 0.95 Station 2 2.47 1.05 0.88 Station 3 2.01 0.68 0.86 Station 4 2.02 0.83 0.78 Station 5 1.96 0.53 0.98 Station 6 0.97 0.18 0.97 Station 7 1.88 0.50 0.94 Station 8 2.20 0.70 0.95 Station 9 1.94 0.50 0.97 Station 10 1.94 0.82 0.75
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Observation
Total 12 no. of phytoplankton genera was reported in all sampling location of the study area in which the highest cell count of phytoplankton was reported at Bottom water of Narmada river near jageshwar during low tide and Dhadhar River near Asasrawhere as lowest cell count of phytoplankton was reported in bottom water of Narmada river near jageshwar village during low tide.
Total 10 no. of zooplankton group was recorded in all sampling locations of the study area in which highest population of zooplankton was reported in surface water sample of Narmada River near jageshwar village during high tide where as lowest population of zooplankton was recorded in bottom water of Narmada River near jageshwar village during low tide.
The highest population and biomass of sub tidal macro benthos were reported in bottom water of Narmada River near suva village during high tide where as lowest population and biomass of sub tidal benthos was reported in Narmada river near Jhagadia during low tide.
The diversity index, margelef index and richness index shows the healthy aquatic environmental condition in all the station except bottom water of Narmada River near Jhagadia during low tide.
4.10.13 Aquatic Ecology Surat District
Establishment of biological status of an aquatic ecosystem is an essential pre-requisite to assess the impacts of existing as well as proposed developments in the surrounding region. The best indicators of environmental quality for a particular environmental condition are the biological species, viz. phytoplankton and zooplankton. With a view to conserve the environmental quality and safety of natural flora and fauna, studies on biological aspects of the ecosystem is of priority in an environmental impact assessment study. These indicators serve as an inexpensive and efficient for early warning and control system and hence were included in the study. The presence of these indicator organisms depend on physico-chemical characteristics of water such as pH, Conductivity, Nutrients, BOD, Alkalinity etc. and also type of water body viz. canal/rivers, lakes, and sea.
Sampling Procedure
Sampling was done according to the parameters considered for the present study of above referred communities. They are Phytoplankton cell count, Zooplankton standing stock and Macrobenthic biomass and population status. Details of sampling locations are presented in Table 4-82.
Phytoplankton
Polyethylene bucket was used for sampling surface water for the estimation of phytoplankton cell count. Samples were preserved in Lugol's iodine.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton samples were collected by passing known volume of water through Heron Tranter net (mesh size 0.33 mm, mouth area 0.25 m2). After collection, samples were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde.
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Method of Analysis
Phytoplankton
The samples were stored in dark for a few days there by allowing cells to settle at bottom. At the time of analysis, settled cells were transferred into a Sedgwick rafter slide. Enumeration and identification of phytoplankton were done under a compound microscope, in Kadam’s own laboratory
Zooplankton
Volume (biomass) was obtained by displacement method. The samples were analyzed under a Stereo microscope for standing stock in Kadam’s own laboratory.
Species Diversity
In order to calculate species diversity, quantitative data were analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver index (H= Σ pi ln pi).The Shannon-Weaver index shows diversity in any ecological communities, and it is important to comment on the seasonal as well as spatial fluctuations. For this reason, index value is important for expressing diversity in ecosystem management. The low index value meant that the most unequal proportion of species. The Shannon-Weaver index gave higher values when the proportions of species in a sample were close to each other. It was seen that the Shannon-Weaver index was not affected by the number of species. In this respect, the Shannon- Weaver index has specific importance in the expression of equal proportions of groups of organism in a sample rather than the total number of individuals.
The positive correlation appeared only when organisms show homogeneous distribution in the total abundance. Thus H may give somehow contradictory results concerning the tropic status of an aquatic ecosystem. Stiling, P. B. (1996) noted that the value of species diversity H is often found to fall between 1.0 and 6.0, and the maximum diversity of a sample is H max when all species area equally abundant. Higher index values express species higher diversity, but do not indicate the trophic status of an aquatic ecosystem. The number of species and number of individuals in a community is measure of species diversity which depends on stability of the habitat.
Results
Table 4-82: Details of Sampling Location (Surat District)
Station No. Place Date Source Parameter of Sample
Kim River near Pinjroli LT Zooplankton 1. 22/02/2013 River (Kosamba Block) Phytoplankton Kim River near Pinjroli HT Zooplankton 2. 22/02/2013 River (Kosamba Block) Phytoplankton Kim River near Khatiyazal LT Zooplankton 3. 25/02/2013 River (Khatiyajal Block) Phytoplankton Kim River near Khatiyazal Zooplankton 4. HT 25/02/2013 River Phytoplankton (Khatiyajal Block)
Table 4-83: Phytoplankton Cell Count (No x lit.) Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) Station Cell Count Total Groups Genera Station 1 140 4 Melosira sp. , Fragilaria sp., Pediastrum,
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Station Cell Count Total Groups Genera Phormidium Fragilaria, Pennularia, Navicula, Euglena, Station 2 168 5 Phormidium Station 3 148 4 Melosira, Pediastrum, Synedra, Phormidium Melosira, Phormidium, Pediastrum, Station 4 180 4 Rhizosolenia,
Table 4-84: Diversity of Phytoplankton Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) Sampling Locations Genera Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Melosira + - + + Fragilaria + + - - Pediastrum + - + + Phormidium + + + + Pennularia - + - - Navicula - + - - Euglena - + - - Synedra - - + - Rhizosolenia - - - + Scenedesmus - - - +
Table 4-85: Zooplankton Standing Stock (no./lit) (Surat District) Station Population Total Genera Groups Station 1 5.6 4 Diaphanosoma, Cyclops, Moina, Bosmina Station 2 5.8 3 Branchionus, Diaphanosoma, Copepod Station 3 10.2 4 Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, Cyclops, Bosmina Station 4 6.2 4 Moina, Branchionus, Diaphanosoma, Notholca
Table 4-86: Diversity of Zooplankton Across Sampling Locations (Surat District) Sampling Locations Genera Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Diaphanosoma + + + + Cyclops + - + - Moina + - - + Bosmina + - + - Branchionus - + - + Copepod - + - - Daphnia - - + - Notholca - - - +
Table 4-87: Presenting Diversity (Shannon Weaver Index) across Sampling Locations (Surat District) Station Location Phytoplankton Zooplankton Kim River near Pinjroli (LT) 1.302 1.465 Kim River near Pinjroli (HT) 1.445 1.192 Kim River near Khatiyazal (LT) 1.151 1.079 Kim River near Khatiyazal (HT) 1.354 1.203
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Observations
Total 10 nos. of phytoplankton genera were found in all sampling locations in which highest cell count of phytoplankton was reported at station 4 where as lowest at station 1.
Total 8 nos. of zooplankton genera were observed in all sampling locations in which the highest population was reported at station 3 where as lowest at station 1.
The lowest diversity index of phytoplankton and zooplankton was reported at station 3 where as highest phytoplankton diversity index at station 2 and zooplankton diversity index at station 1. The diversity index of all sampling locations is showing moderate aquatic environmental condition in the study area.
4.11 Socio-Economics
4.11.1 Study Methodology Adopted
The social study was conducted by experts - Dr. C N Ray and Mr. Anil Kumar Vishwakarma, and team members - Maria Jessica Sharma and Sudeshna Panchal for various socio-economic components with respect to demography, infrastructure, health & economic status, religious and cultural attributes, and awareness among the people about the upcoming project. This field survey was carried out within the aerial distance of 10 km from the proposed exploratory drilling site. The primary data was generated through site observation, key-informant interviews and focus-group discussions in randomly selected villages. Views and opinions were collected from the village sarpanch, adult male/female, school teachers, anganwadi workers, PHC in charge, gramsevaks, and the like through common meetings and random interactions. They were also asked to attend the public hearing, as fixed by the authorities, and put their opinions/views about the project in the common forum.
The details of villages falling within the study area, population, sex-ratio, stratified population distribution (male-female, scheduled caste-scheduled tribe, workers-non workers, etc.) and basic amenities were abstracted from Census 2001-CD of Gujarat State, obtained from Office of Registrar General India, New Delhi, and Provisional Census Data 2011 available from the Official website of Census of India16 as the latest census data has not been officially released yet. This primary and secondary data was also compared and verified in accordance with various official documents and socio-economic review reports.
4.11.2 Social Profile
Population Distribution
The list of villages, number of households and human population of the villages falling within the study area are given in Table 4-88. This information is taken from the Census of India, 2001 CD. Since certain village boundaries do not match the study area boundaries, the population of villages even partially falling within the study area has been considered while enumerating the study area population.
1
16 http://censusindia.gov.in/
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Table 4-88: List of Villages, Population and Households in the Study Area S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population ANAND 1 Khambhat Vasna Buffer 519 2846 2 Khambhat Ralaj Buffer 1121 6297 3 Khambhat Rajpur Buffer 106 624 4 Khambhat Dhuvaran Buffer 1904 9607 5 Khambhat Khambhat (M) Buffer 14854 80452 6 Khambhat Shakarpur (OG) - Ward No.19 Buffer 1303 7052 7 Khambhat Metpur (OG) - Ward No.20 Buffer 402 1953 8 Borsad Kinkhlod Buffer 952 5088 9 Borsad Moti Sherdi Buffer 462 2128 10 Borsad Badalpur Buffer 1277 6881 11 Borsad Gajana Buffer 354 2462 12 Borsad Kothiya khad Buffer 492 2553 13 Anklav Kanvadi Buffer 1110 5816 14 Anklav Amrol Buffer 969 5006 15 Anklav Asarma Buffer 825 3863 16 Anklav Navakhal Buffer 1248 5819 17 Anklav Navapura Buffer 418 2103 18 Anklav Bilpad Buffer 550 2990 19 Anklav Jhilod Buffer 418 2078 20 Anklav Manpura Buffer 347 1720 21 Anklav Umeta Buffer 627 3176 22 Anklav Khadol (Umeta) Buffer 275 1582 23 Anklav Sankhyad Buffer 551 2820 24 Anklav Chamara Buffer 853 4523 25 Anklav Narpura Buffer 281 1368 26 Anklav Devapura Buffer 128 584 27 Anklav Gambhira Buffer 1376 7038 28 Anklav Bamangam Buffer 1617 8220 TOTAL 35,339 1,86,649 VADODARA 1 Vadodara Mahapura Core 242 1335 2 Vadodara Raypura Core 870 4594 3 Vadodara Samiyala Core 1286 6073 4 Vadodara Maretha Core 370 1852 5 Vadodara Khalipur Core 200 937 6 Vadodara Varnama Core 899 4177 7 Vadodara Sundarpura Core 245 1121 8 Vadodara Fatepura Core 53 227 9 Vadodara Karali Core 172 937 10 Vadodara Untiya (Kajapur) Core 79 312 11 Vadodara Kajapur Core 99 431
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 12 Vadodara Raman Gamdi Core 117 517 13 Vadodara Ankhi Core 252 1132 14 Vadodara Fajalpur (Ankhi) Core 98 520 15 Vadodara Ramnath Core 179 980 16 Vadodara Rasulpur Core 10 48 17 Vadodara Hinglot Core 182 988 18 Vadodara Alamgir Core 146 763 19 Vadodara Itola Core 861 3826 20 Vadodara Vadsala Core 709 3115 21 Vadodara Por Core 1111 5237 22 Vadodara Bil Core 966 4471 23 Vadodara Chapad Core 496 2280 24 Vadodara Ajitpura Core 34 189 25 Vadodara Shahpura Core 111 524 26 Dabhoi Habipura Core 339 1536 27 Dabhoi Puniyad Core 303 1457 28 Dabhoi Fofaliya Core 205 926 29 Dabhoi Lingsthali Core 416 1938 30 Padra Padra (M) Core 6727 35923 31 Padra Sangma Core 488 2513 32 Padra Luna Core 414 2245 33 Padra Majatan Core 571 2741 34 Padra Mahuvad Core 910 4326 35 Padra Dabhasa Core 1403 7240 36 Padra Ranu Core 997 5069 37 Padra Bhoj Core 1244 6466 38 Padra Sandha Core 433 2166 39 Padra Chitral Core 342 1733 40 Padra Brahmanvasi Core 395 1978 41 Padra Masar Core 716 3429 42 Padra Gametha Core 483 2399 43 Padra Gavasad Core 713 3448 44 Padra Lola Core 260 1443 45 Padra Karnakuva Core 244 1153 46 Padra Vadadla Core 188 842 47 Padra Pipli Core 355 2019 48 Padra Sejakuva Core 472 2306 49 Padra Goriyad Core 388 1859 50 Padra Chansad Core 547 2601 51 Padra Madapur Core 166 806 52 Padra Sadhi Core 756 3661 53 Padra Anti Core 626 4135 54 Padra Kural Core 567 2620
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 55 Padra Kanzat Core 910 4538 56 Padra Abhol Core 448 2141 57 Padra Pindapa Core 282 1473 58 Padra Mobha Core 991 4896 59 Padra Ambada Core 245 1099 60 Padra Thikariya Mubarak Core 70 352 61 Padra Virpur Core 75 336 62 Padra Medhad Core 131 637 63 Padra Shanpur Core 277 1253 64 Padra Danoli Core 202 978 65 Padra Bhanpur Core 143 721 66 Padra Vanchhara Core 300 1409 67 Padra Nedra Core 184 993 68 Padra Patod Core 470 2337 69 Padra Darapura Core 633 2964 70 Padra Ghayaj Core 494 2431 71 Padra Latipura Core 563 2793 72 Padra Husepur Core 136 667 73 Padra Mahmadpura Core 307 1469 74 Padra Saras Vani Core 512 2391 75 Karjan Umaj Core 234 1109 76 Karjan Gandhara Core 530 2428 77 Karjan Mangrol Core 351 1679 78 Vadodara Vadodara (M Corp.) Buffer 280873 1306227 79 Vadodara Anagadh Buffer 2560 13531 80 Vadodara Dasharath Buffer 2129 10630 81 Vadodara Dhanora Buffer 675 3573 82 Vadodara Kotna Buffer 379 2051 83 Vadodara Koyli Buffer 1911 9580 84 Vadodara Gorva Buffer 372 1669 85 Vadodara Ankodiya Buffer 708 3567 86 Vadodara Sherkhi Buffer 1627 8425 87 Vadodara Sindhrot Buffer 1262 6174 88 Vadodara Ampad Buffer 251 1328 89 Vadodara Sevasi Buffer 1224 6107 90 Vadodara Khanpur Buffer 298 1451 91 Vadodara Bhayli Buffer 1553 7096 92 Vadodara Jobantekri Buffer 106 415 93 Vadodara Ratanpur Buffer 308 1342 94 Vadodara Vadadla Buffer 486 2230 95 Vadodara Talsat Buffer 177 856 96 Vadodara Chikhodara Buffer 376 1816 97 Vadodara Navapura Buffer 67 315
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 98 Vadodara Sultanpura Buffer 62 272 99 Vadodara Diwalipura Buffer 118 565 100 Vadodara Hetampura Buffer 290 1362 101 Vadodara Dhaniyavi Buffer 425 2320 102 Vadodara Vora Gamdi Buffer 111 646 103 Vadodara Mujar Gamdi Buffer 111 535 104 Vadodara Hansajipura Buffer 42 193 105 Vadodara Raghavpura Buffer 186 862 106 Vadodara Samaspura Buffer 219 874 107 Vadodara Patarveni Buffer 162 710 108 Vadodara Hansapura Buffer 62 269 109 Vadodara Mastupur Gamdi Buffer 92 384 110 Vadodara Kandkoi Buffer 43 178 111 Vadodara Meghakui Buffer 221 1116 112 Vadodara Salad Buffer 312 1380 113 Vadodara Gosindra Buffer 202 937 114 Vadodara Untiya (Medhad) Buffer 134 705 115 Vadodara Sarar Buffer 486 2258 116 Vadodara Runvad Buffer 330 1448 117 Vadodara Samsabad Buffer 181 768 118 Vadodara Ranoli (CT) Buffer 2360 11057 119 Vadodara Karachiya (CT) Buffer 1589 7736 120 Vadodara Bajwa (CT) Buffer 1724 9192 121 Vadodara Undera (OG) - Ward No.11 Buffer 2492 12392 122 Vadodara Karodiya (OG) - Ward No.12 Buffer 2367 11532 123 Vadodara Harni (OG) - Ward No.13 Buffer 1002 4915 124 Vadodara Kapurai (OG) - Ward No.17 Buffer 1799 8084 125 Vadodara Chhani (OG) - Ward No.19 Buffer 4997 23933 126 Vadodara Tarsali (CT) Buffer 5887 26706 127 Vadodara Tatarpura Buffer 211 994 128 Vadodara Kashipura Buffer 198 942 129 Dabhoi Mosampura Buffer 76 324 130 Dabhoi Mahmadpura Buffer 104 563 131 Dabhoi Palaswada Buffer 288 1336 132 Dabhoi Rasulpura Buffer 69 313 133 Dabhoi Malharpura Buffer 62 345 134 Dabhoi Saguwada Buffer 138 724 135 Dabhoi Valipura Buffer 78 381 136 Dabhoi Kundhela Buffer 564 2589 137 Dabhoi Baherampura Buffer 115 496 138 Dabhoi Navapur Buffer 81 394 139 Dabhoi Bhilapur Buffer 513 2265 140 Dabhoi Karali Buffer 137 571
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 141 Dabhoi Simaliya Buffer 586 2875 142 Dabhoi Anguthan Buffer 289 1338 143 Dabhoi Nariya Buffer 232 1112 144 Dabhoi Nada Buffer 520 2131 145 Dabhoi Borbar Buffer 304 1261 146 Dabhoi Thikariya Buffer 52 232 147 Dabhoi Dangikuva Buffer 75 329 148 Dabhoi Khanpur Buffer 170 862 149 Dabhoi Chhatral Buffer 254 1105 150 Dabhoi Sejpura Buffer 86 345 151 Dabhoi Vakhatpura Buffer 46 172 152 Dabhoi Baripura Buffer 149 672 153 Dabhoi Sathod Buffer 741 3507 154 Dabhoi Kothara Buffer 168 722 155 Dabhoi Kunvarpura Buffer 95 452 156 Dabhoi Sultanpura Buffer 105 511 157 Dabhoi Parikha Buffer 292 1212 158 Dabhoi Pisai Buffer 329 1485 159 Dabhoi Karmal Buffer 337 1549 160 Dabhoi Kayavarohan Buffer 1899 8733 161 Dabhoi Bananj Buffer 227 971 162 Dabhoi Rajpura Buffer 160 723 163 Dabhoi Mandala Buffer 941 4098 164 Dabhoi Para Buffer 59 219 165 Padra Jaspur Buffer 1299 7035 166 Padra Umaraya Buffer 660 3481 167 Padra Ekalbara Buffer 767 3885 168 Padra Mujpur Buffer 1702 8542 169 Padra Sultanpura Buffer 109 532 170 Padra Dabka Buffer 1470 7691 171 Padra Pavda Buffer 394 1940 172 Padra Chokari Buffer 1561 7880 173 Padra Tithor Buffer 960 4495 174 Padra Dudhwada Buffer 400 1804 175 Padra Karkhadi Buffer 983 4484 176 Padra Somjipura Buffer 456 2478 177 Padra Narsipura Buffer 476 2631 178 Padra Vadu Buffer 1562 8506 179 Padra Vishrampura Buffer 510 2623 180 Padra Muval Buffer 818 3946 181 Padra Rajupura Buffer 252 1125 182 Padra Jalalpur Buffer 399 1956 183 Padra Kalyankui Buffer 123 568
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 184 Padra Bhadara Buffer 112 624 185 Padra Gayapura Buffer 125 589 186 Padra Kanda Buffer 169 742 187 Padra Thikariya Math Buffer 80 380 188 Padra Sadad Buffer 134 660 189 Padra Bhadari Buffer 190 1089 190 Padra Kotna Buffer 261 1123 191 Karjan Virjai Buffer 362 1734 192 Karjan Sambhoi Buffer 230 1225 193 Karjan Surwada Buffer 264 1264 194 Karjan Manpur Buffer 219 964 195 Karjan Pingalwada Buffer 278 1276 196 Karjan Harsunda Buffer 78 374 197 Karjan Bamangam Buffer 442 2024 198 Karjan Anastu Buffer 359 1655 199 Karjan Kurai Buffer 351 1545 200 Karjan Khandha Buffer 256 1176 201 Karjan Handod Buffer 413 2039 202 Karjan Kanabha Buffer 239 1278 203 Karjan Chorbhuj Buffer 263 1208 204 Karjan Sanpa Buffer 412 2132 205 Karjan Bodaka Buffer 303 1438 206 Karjan Kambola Buffer 331 1428 207 Karjan Ganpatpura Buffer 401 1941 208 Karjan Juni Jitharadi Buffer 334 1507 209 Karjan Miyagam Buffer 1050 5155 210 Karjan Lakodara Buffer 358 1912 211 Karjan Bharthana Buffer 356 1627 212 Karjan Bharthali Buffer 160 684 213 Karjan Dhavat Buffer 520 2358 214 Karjan Kurali Buffer 339 1700 215 Karjan Kasampur Buffer 149 751 216 Karjan Osalam Buffer 386 1814 217 Karjan Valan Buffer 1611 9250 218 Karjan Mesrad Buffer 359 2116 219 Karjan Mankan Buffer 321 1766 220 Karjan Kiya Buffer 242 1245 221 Karjan Atali Buffer 244 1248 222 Karjan Bachar Buffer 245 1216 223 Karjan Choranda Buffer 654 3228 224 Karjan Nishaliya Buffer 116 499 225 Karjan Methi Buffer 250 1055 226 Karjan Urad Buffer 240 1056
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 227 Karjan Koliyad Buffer 565 2757 228 Karjan Sansrod Buffer 1054 5561 229 Karjan Haldarva Buffer 377 2191 230 Karjan Simli Buffer 411 2032 231 Karjan Ranapur Buffer 270 1200 232 Karjan Karjan (M) Buffer 5487 26358 233 Karjan Abhara Buffer 233 1010 234 Karjan Karamadi Buffer 435 1824 235 Karjan Dhanora Buffer 149 635 236 Karjan Vemardi Buffer 219 1056 237 Karjan Navi Jithardi Buffer 96 453 238 Karjan Vadava Buffer 14 54 239 Sinor Timbarva Buffer 557 2384 240 Sinor Garadi Buffer 224 1141 241 Sinor Sandha Buffer 166 817 242 Sinor Damnagar Buffer 118 492 243 Sinor Anandi Buffer 400 1891 244 Sinor Puniyad Buffer 369 1738 245 Sinor Chhanbhoi Buffer 242 1043 246 Sinor Achisara Buffer 205 916 247 Sinor Bavaliya Buffer 184 884 248 Sinor Utraj Buffer 466 2082 249 Sinor Sadhli Buffer 1328 6683 250 Sinor Simli Buffer 422 1855 251 Sinor Kukas Buffer 419 1979 252 Sinor Tersa Buffer 168 741 253 Sinor Manjrol Buffer 387 1906 254 Sinor Diver Buffer 273 1185 TOTAL 4,20,386 19,87,788 BHARUCH 1 Jambusar Mahamadpor Kamboi Core 128 555 2 Jambusar Piludara Core 902 4269 3 Jambusar Vedach Core 1369 6483 4 Jambusar Uber Core 753 3339 5 Jambusar Bhodar Core 214 961 6 Jambusar Nobar Core 342 1696 7 Jambusar Dabha Core 604 3095 8 Jambusar Gajera Core 1052 4328 9 Jambusar Uchchhad Core 614 2822 10 Jambusar Vavli Core 295 1278 11 Jambusar Umra Core 227 1011 12 Jambusar Karmad Core 279 1144 13 Jambusar Rampore Core 151 726
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 14 Jambusar Limaj Core 118 518 15 Jambusar Bhankhetar Core 99 470 16 Jambusar Vahelam Core 170 774 17 Jambusar Bojadra Core 308 1492 18 Jambusar Nadiad Core 96 549 19 Jambusar Chandpor Bara Core 64 396 20 Jambusar Singarna Core 73 377 21 Jambusar Sardarpura Core 63 270 22 Jambusar Vanseta Core 109 451 23 Jambusar Kalak Core 398 2001 24 Jambusar Mahapara Core 87 427 25 Jambusar Kundhal Core 72 355 26 Jambusar Tankari Core 718 3660 27 Jambusar Islampore Core 211 1146 28 Jambusar Kapuria Core 102 481 29 Jambusar Nada Core 547 2674 30 Jambusar Asarsa Core 133 735 31 Jambusar Jambusar (M) Core 6963 38778 32 Amod Dadapor Core 161 789 33 Amod Manjola Core 198 903 34 Amod Vasna Core 237 1063 35 Amod Matar Core 691 3286 36 Amod Ajamnagar Core 65 297 37 Amod Vedcha Core 189 850 38 Amod Amod Core 2934 15527 39 Amod Denva Core 201 1012 40 Amod Valipor Core 86 412 41 Amod Mangrol Core 183 1063 42 Amod Machhasara Core 406 2199 43 Amod Achhod Core 1024 5844 44 Amod Bhimpura Core 148 679 45 Amod Telod Core 252 1167 46 Amod Danda Core 472 2023 47 Amod Malkinpura Alias Timbi Core 173 817 48 Amod Nahier Core 185 998 49 Amod Intola Core 93 520 50 Amod Roza Tankariya Core 507 2375 51 Amod Kolavana Core 449 2564 52 Amod Buva Core 323 1575 53 Amod Kerwada Core 525 2598 54 Amod Ghamnad Core 443 1964 55 Amod Dora Core 593 2763 56 Vagra Gandhar Core 311 1527
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 57 Vagra Muler Core 270 1575 58 Vagra Paldi Core 157 782 59 Vagra Chanchvel Core 506 2950 60 Vagra Badalpura Core 104 499 61 Vagra Vinchhiyad Core 107 558 62 Vagra Keshwan Core 343 1599 63 Vagra Trankal Core 124 563 64 Vagra Aladar Core 148 730 65 Vagra Paniadara Core 460 2330 66 Vagra Goladara Core 191 939 67 Vagra Ambhel Core 141 595 68 Vagra Limdi Core 108 536 69 Vagra Pakhajan Core 237 1255 70 Vagra Nadarkha Core 79 417 71 Vagra Narnavi Core 131 596 72 Vagra Padariya Core 131 569 73 Vagra Kadodara Core 353 1811 74 Vagra Vav Core 133 676 75 Vagra Sambheti Core 67 391 76 Vagra Janiadara Core 129 621 77 Vagra Akhod Core 133 669 78 Vagra Nandida Core 153 683 79 Vagra Khojbal Core 224 1249 80 Vagra Atali Core 215 1145 81 Vagra Galenda Core 95 513 82 Vagra Vadadla Core 142 606 83 Vagra Jolva Core 171 814 84 Vagra Suva Core 325 1664 85 Vagra Rahiad Core 269 1315 86 Vagra Koliad Core 120 535 87 Vagra Vengani Core 150 675 88 Anklesvar Motwan Core 143 678 89 Anklesvar Piludara Core 197 908 90 Anklesvar Adadara Core 95 384 91 Hansot Mangrol Core 177 743 92 Hansot Katpor Core 490 2219 93 Hansot Sayan Core 365 1684 94 Hansot Alva Core 154 737 95 Hansot Kalam Core 152 687 96 Hansot Kathodara Core 163 886 97 Hansot Rohid Core 295 1330 98 Hansot Valner Core 382 1751 99 Hansot Rayma Core 256 1144
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 100 Hansot Vamleshwar Core 217 885 101 Hansot Jetpor Core 102 448 102 Hansot Ankalva Core 160 719 103 Hansot Kudadara Core 144 709 104 Hansot Ghodadara Core 240 1064 105 Hansot Samli Core 176 734 106 Hansot Kantiyajal Core 291 1177 107 Jambusar Degam Buffer 717 4380 108 Jambusar Gulal Buffer 72 324 109 Jambusar Kavi Buffer 1824 9576 110 Jambusar Nahar Buffer 306 1509 111 Jambusar Sarod Buffer 1380 7419 112 Jambusar Valipore Buffer 72 280 113 Jambusar Kareli Buffer 1144 5431 114 Jambusar Kahanava Buffer 1636 7810 115 Jambusar Nondhana Buffer 449 1955 116 Jambusar Amanpor Mota Buffer 200 705 117 Jambusar Amanpor Nana Buffer 90 419 118 Jambusar Samoj Buffer 300 1384 119 Jambusar Kavli Buffer 358 1989 120 Jambusar Aurangpor Timbi Buffer 30 195 121 Jambusar Kangam Buffer 424 2072 122 Jambusar Runad Buffer 324 1679 123 Jambusar Hamadpor Kanthariya Buffer 81 384 124 Jambusar Kimoj Buffer 192 762 125 Jambusar Sigam Buffer 467 2055 126 Jambusar Muradpor Neja Buffer 118 511 127 Jambusar Salehpor Sangdi Buffer 50 259 128 Jambusar Vadadala Buffer 243 945 129 Jambusar Kora Buffer 283 1469 130 Jambusar Tundaj Buffer 332 1502 131 Jambusar Panchakada Buffer 142 740 132 Jambusar Shambha Buffer 144 677 133 Jambusar Jantran Buffer 492 2290 134 Jambusar Dahri Buffer 160 708 135 Jambusar Zamdi Buffer 209 913 136 Jambusar Chhidra Buffer 413 1654 137 Jambusar Malpore Buffer 497 2287 138 Jambusar Bhadkodara Buffer 482 2664 139 Jambusar Madafar Buffer 247 1186 140 Jambusar Vad Buffer 93 437 141 Jambusar Kava Buffer 360 1722 142 Jambusar Anakhi Buffer 609 2751
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 143 Jambusar Jafarpara Buffer 126 579 144 Jambusar Panchpipla Buffer 30 105 145 Jambusar Kansagar Buffer 64 335 146 Jambusar Sindhav Buffer 105 545 147 Jambusar Devla Buffer 729 4090 148 Jambusar Thakore Talavdi Buffer 59 263 149 Jambusar Asanvad Buffer 78 376 150 Jambusar Bakarpor Timbi Buffer 49 235 151 Jambusar Khanpor Deh Buffer 608 3542 152 Amod Vadiya Buffer 220 1048 153 Amod Chaklad Buffer 338 1703 154 Amod Adwala Buffer 157 717 155 Amod Pursa Buffer 432 2093 156 Amod Rohad Buffer 167 771 157 Amod Sarbhan Buffer 1133 5078 158 Amod Ikhar Buffer 1131 6118 159 Amod Ninam Buffer 198 824 160 Amod Shrikothi Buffer 179 869 161 Amod Sonama Buffer 82 385 162 Amod Tegva Buffer 164 742 163 Amod Bodka Buffer 103 541 164 Amod Asnera Buffer 136 606 165 Amod Anor Buffer 409 2159 166 Amod Kothi Vantarsa Buffer 218 1348 167 Amod Kurchan Buffer 431 2333 168 Amod Ranada Buffer 159 742 169 Amod Tanchha Buffer 277 1272 170 Amod Samiala Buffer 21 94 171 Amod Sudi Buffer 204 998 172 Amod Keshlu Buffer 208 1015 173 Amod Vantarsa Buffer 148 827 174 Amod Samani Buffer 459 2219 175 Vagra Khadkhandali Buffer 16 85 176 Vagra Ora Buffer 235 1123 177 Vagra Vagra Buffer 1368 6745 178 Vagra Sachan Buffer 147 688 179 Vagra Pahaj Buffer 514 2454 180 Vagra Ochchhan Buffer 284 1364 181 Vagra Kalam Buffer 290 1362 182 Vagra Mosam Buffer 162 781 183 Vagra Pisad Buffer 133 646 184 Vagra Vastikhandali Buffer 346 1793 185 Vagra Rahad Buffer 190 911
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 186 Vagra Vachhnad Buffer 137 714 187 Vagra Saladara Buffer 197 971 188 Vagra Ankot Buffer 155 704 189 Vagra Juned Buffer 90 424 190 Vagra Saran Buffer 216 1127 191 Vagra Sutrel Buffer 179 904 192 Vagra Vahiyal Buffer 247 1143 193 Vagra Pipalia Buffer 257 1373 194 Vagra Sadathala Buffer 55 210 195 Vagra Kothia Buffer 103 497 196 Vagra Sayakha Buffer 189 835 197 Vagra Aragama Buffer 201 1021 198 Vagra Vilayat Buffer 409 2077 199 Vagra Bhensali Buffer 146 786 200 Bharuch Kishnad Buffer 324 1717 201 Bharuch Tankariya Buffer 1608 9014 202 Bharuch Padariya Buffer 226 889 203 Bharuch Karela Buffer 277 1227 204 Bharuch Kelod Buffer 393 1864 205 Bharuch Pipalia Buffer 193 880 206 Bharuch Parkhet Buffer 477 2808 207 Bharuch Dayadra Buffer 700 4257 208 Bharuch Amleshwar Buffer 394 1972 209 Bharuch Cholad Buffer 101 552 210 Bharuch Kurala Buffer 169 804 211 Bharuch Amdada Buffer 141 663 212 Bharuch Sankhvad Buffer 120 596 213 Bharuch Kesrol Buffer 137 665 214 Bharuch Eksal Buffer 184 825 215 Bharuch Bhuva Buffer 129 709 216 Bharuch Kanthariya Buffer 750 5733 217 Bharuch Umraj Buffer 831 3722 218 Bharuch Jhadeshwar Buffer 3789 16651 219 Bharuch Dahegam Buffer 440 2468 220 Bharuch Bhadbhut Buffer 608 3166 221 Bharuch Kasva Buffer 257 1214 222 Bharuch Manad Buffer 186 826 223 Bharuch Mahegam Buffer 213 1055 224 Bharuch Kukarwada Buffer 341 1903 225 Bharuch Bharuch (M) Buffer 30373 148140 226 Jhagadiya Govali Buffer 918 4290 227 Jhagadiya Kharchi Bhilwada Buffer 198 1006 228 Anklesvar Matied Buffer 468 2269
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 229 Anklesvar Haripura Buffer 261 1218 230 Anklesvar Sakkarpor Buffer 519 2704 231 Anklesvar Borbhatha Buffer 295 1395 232 Anklesvar Chhapra Buffer 318 1520 233 Anklesvar Mandvabuzarg Buffer 1145 5775 234 Anklesvar Divi Buffer 147 636 235 Anklesvar Diva Buffer 1248 5999 236 Anklesvar Pungam Buffer 408 1933 237 Anklesvar Sajod Buffer 800 3868 238 Anklesvar Nangal Buffer 347 1537 239 Anklesvar Boidara Buffer 405 1787 240 Anklesvar Dadhal Buffer 617 3020 241 Anklesvar Amboli Buffer 223 1077 242 Anklesvar Adol Buffer 298 1544 243 Anklesvar Hajat Buffer 237 1125 244 Anklesvar Sarthan Buffer 250 1270 245 Anklesvar Telva Buffer 110 592 246 Anklesvar Umarwada Buffer 688 3333 247 Anklesvar Kapodara Buffer 560 2633 248 Anklesvar Kosamadi Buffer 1138 5305 249 Anklesvar Jitali Buffer 865 3864 250 Anklesvar Sangpor Buffer 530 2436 251 Anklesvar Alonj Buffer 387 1916 252 Anklesvar Panoli Buffer 825 4779 253 Anklesvar Kharod Buffer 743 4289 254 Anklesvar Sisodara Buffer 453 2158 255 Anklesvar Andada (CT) Buffer 3275 13506 256 Anklesvar Anklesvar (M) Buffer 14321 67569 257 Hansot Ambheta Buffer 233 1195 258 Hansot Pardi Buffer 123 544 259 Hansot Hansot Buffer 2078 10793 260 Hansot Shera Buffer 257 1302 261 Hansot Mothiya Buffer 213 1012 262 Hansot Digas Buffer 297 1310 263 Hansot Mangrol Buffer 177 743 264 Hansot Asta Buffer 290 1296 265 Hansot Vansnoli Buffer 149 725 266 Hansot Badodara Buffer 231 1056 267 Hansot Chhilodara Buffer 137 645 268 Hansot Vaghwan Buffer 196 775 269 Hansot Dhamrad Buffer 319 1394 270 Hansot Bolav Buffer 150 712 271 Hansot Malanpor Buffer 133 647
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 272 Hansot Parvat Buffer 203 951 273 Hansot Aniyadara Buffer 187 844 274 Hansot Balota Buffer 311 1471 275 Hansot Ilav Buffer 751 3811 276 Hansot Sunevkhurd Buffer 395 1773 277 Hansot Sunevkalla Buffer 406 1779 278 Hansot Pandavai Buffer 393 1613 279 Hansot Dungra Buffer 113 551 280 Hansot Obha Buffer 429 2040 281 Hansot Asarma Buffer 239 1078 282 Valia Kondh Buffer 831 4233 283 Valia Dungari Buffer 330 1611 284 Valia Siludi Buffer 312 1767 285 Valia Mela Buffer 267 1220 286 Valia Kara Buffer 339 1522 TOTAL 1,55,100 7,60,262 SURAT 1 Olpad Anita Core 241 1221 2 Olpad Bolav Core 245 1298 3 Olpad Hathisa Core 101 520 4 Olpad Saras Core 561 2509 5 Olpad Kuvad Core 224 1225 6 Olpad Orma Core 157 819 7 Olpad Veluk Core 257 1245 8 Olpad Kasala Khurd Core 84 474 9 Olpad Kachhol Core 136 698 10 Olpad Kundiyana Core 398 2145 11 Olpad Admor Core 285 1373 12 Olpad Bhandut Core 265 1192 13 Olpad Selut Core 227 1111 14 Olpad Pinjrat Core 1134 5339 15 Olpad Tena Core 391 1781 16 Mangrol Dhamdod Core 273 1277 17 Mangrol Nandav Core 290 1411 18 Mangrol Mahuej Core 334 1793 19 Mangrol Kosamba (CT) Core 2636 13543 20 Olpad Nesh Buffer 86 448 21 Olpad Karanj Buffer 309 1477 22 Olpad Kamroli Buffer 262 1260 23 Olpad Mandroi Buffer 368 1822 24 Olpad Thothab Buffer 79 346 25 Olpad Koba Buffer 182 908 26 Olpad Pardi Koba Buffer 147 745
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 27 Olpad Kasad Buffer 154 670 28 Olpad Kadrama Buffer 316 1529 29 Olpad Bhadol Buffer 301 1496 30 Olpad Vadoli Buffer 376 1790 31 Olpad Kimamli Buffer 208 994 32 Olpad Kathodra Buffer 665 3183 33 Olpad Simalthu Buffer 177 866 34 Olpad Pardi Bhadoly Buffer 279 1147 35 Olpad Kanbhi Buffer 140 611 36 Olpad Erthan Buffer 353 1585 37 Olpad Takarma Buffer 322 1670 38 Olpad Sarsana Buffer 158 863 39 Olpad Sondamitha Buffer 126 721 40 Olpad Asnad Buffer 305 1518 41 Olpad Naghoi Buffer 209 1093 42 Olpad Jinod Buffer 236 1240 43 Olpad Bhagwa Buffer 136 688 44 Olpad Mirjapor Buffer 184 834 45 Olpad Sondlakhara Buffer 217 1104 46 Olpad Kumbhari Buffer 127 600 47 Olpad Bhatgam Buffer 390 1965 48 Olpad Andhi Buffer 131 733 49 Olpad Mahamedpor Buffer 193 832 50 Olpad Gola Buffer 155 796 51 Olpad Morthan Buffer 224 1071 52 Olpad Vihara Buffer 222 1231 53 Olpad Kachhab Buffer 84 379 54 Olpad Syadla Buffer 421 1802 55 Olpad Mulad Buffer 655 3146 56 Olpad Kudsad Buffer 1581 7014 57 Olpad Kareli Buffer 266 1281 58 Olpad Bharundi Buffer 222 1117 59 Olpad Obhla Buffer 123 636 60 Olpad Kanthraj Buffer 139 709 61 Olpad Sithan Buffer 241 1247 62 Olpad Achharan Buffer 223 1031 63 Olpad Atodra Buffer 259 1314 64 Olpad Olpad Buffer 2661 13046 65 Olpad Dandi Buffer 583 2902 66 Olpad Jafrabad Buffer 133 589 67 Olpad Asnabad Buffer 134 656 68 Olpad Isanpor Buffer 245 1261 69 Olpad Karamla Buffer 405 1727
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 70 Olpad Madhar Buffer 138 679 71 Olpad Siwan Buffer 466 2120 72 Olpad Kanyasi Buffer 280 1464 73 Olpad Umra Buffer 458 2306 74 Olpad Sherdi Buffer 273 1387 75 Olpad Kosam Buffer 373 1762 76 Olpad Vadod Buffer 151 668 77 Olpad Talad Buffer 243 1089 78 Olpad Masma Buffer 621 2850 79 Olpad Balkas Buffer 167 794 80 Olpad Lavachha Buffer 513 2451 81 Olpad Narthan Buffer 273 1369 82 Olpad Ariyana Buffer 205 1010 83 Olpad Ambheta Buffer 311 1611 84 Olpad Sonsak Buffer 390 1764 85 Olpad Jothan Buffer 146 968 86 Olpad Kanad Buffer 183 846 87 Olpad Saroli Buffer 319 1752 88 Olpad Kunkni Buffer 151 741 89 Olpad Dihen Buffer 513 2458 90 Olpad Barbodhan Buffer 547 2643 91 Olpad Sithana Buffer 44 192 92 Olpad Segwachhama Buffer 223 1240 93 Mangrol Mangrol Buffer 1040 5354 94 Mangrol Hathuran Buffer 938 4622 95 Mangrol Kantva Buffer 499 2246 96 Mangrol Dinod Buffer 231 1133 97 Mangrol Boridara Buffer 260 1103 98 Mangrol Sava Buffer 173 774 99 Mangrol Siyalaj Buffer 329 1711 100 Mangrol Mota Borsara Buffer 367 1871 101 Mangrol Moti Naroli Buffer 222 1060 102 Mangrol Hathoda Buffer 660 3735 103 Mangrol Velachha Buffer 449 2138 104 Mangrol Limbada Buffer 528 2434 105 Mangrol Simodara Buffer 369 1676 106 Mangrol Vadoli Buffer 155 732 107 Mangrol Shah Buffer 255 1246 108 Mangrol Surali Buffer 81 394 109 Mangrol Panetha Buffer 122 584 110 Mangrol Valesa Buffer 114 568 111 Mangrol Palod Buffer 512 2558 112 Mangrol Bhatkol Buffer 205 1124
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S. No. Taluka Village Distance Households Population 113 Mangrol Lindiad Buffer 191 854 114 Mangrol Chhamuchhal Buffer 194 895 115 Mangrol Limodara Buffer 341 1782 116 Mandvi Karanj Buffer 474 2511 117 Mandvi Varethi Buffer 383 2003 118 Mandvi Tadkeshvar Buffer 1647 9046 119 Chorasi Vansva Buffer 496 2239 120 Chorasi Damka Buffer 912 4386 121 Chorasi Malgama Buffer 159 915 122 Chorasi Bhesan Buffer 367 2011 123 Chorasi Variav Buffer 2752 14003 124 Chorasi Bhatlai Buffer 415 1796 125 Chorasi Rajgari Buffer 295 1276 126 Chorasi Sunvali Buffer 613 2907 127 Chorasi Mora Buffer 1526 6115 128 Chorasi Kavas Buffer 531 2366 129 Chorasi Pal (OG) - Ward No.75 Buffer 2312 11165 130 Chorasi Palanpor (OG) - Ward No.76 Buffer 2533 11496 131 Chorasi Ichchhapor (CT) Buffer 1906 8292 132 Chorasi Chhapra Bhatha (CT) Buffer 5145 23415 133 Chorasi Limla (CT) Buffer 1658 6622 TOTAL 63,698 3,05,989
Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001
The above table shows that the core area consists of 202 villages and the buffer area consists of 499 villages across four districts – Anand, Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat. According to the Census of India 2001, the core area (1 km. surrounding the proposed exploratory wells) depicted 86,407 households and population of 4,30,455, while the buffer area (10 kms. surrounding the proposed exploratory wells) showed 5,88,116 households and population of 28,10,233.
According to the Provisional Census Data 2011, Anand district had a population of 20,90,276 of which male and female were 10,88,253 and 10,02,023 respectively. The Decadal growth rate in 2001 – 2011 was 12.57 percent while in 1991-2001 it was 13.04 percent.
As per the Provisional Census Data 2011, Vadodara district had a population of 41,57,568 of which male and female were 21,50,229 and 20,07,339 respectively. The Decadal growth rate in 2001 – 2011 was 14.16 percent while in 1991-2001 it was 19.87 percent.
With respect to the Provisional Census Data 2011, Bharuch district had a population of 1,550,822 of which male and female were 805,945 and 744,877 respectively. The Decadal growth rate in 2001 – 2011 was 13.14 percent while in 1991-2001 it was 19.37 percent.
In accordance with the Provisional Census Data 2011, Surat district had a population of 60,79,231 of which male and female were 33,99,742 and 26,79,489 respectively. The Decadal growth rate in 2001 – 2011 was 42.19 percent while in 1991-2001 it was 54.30 percent.
With regards to Sex Ratio (number of females per 1000 males), in Anand, it stood at 921 compared to 2001 census figure of 910. In Vadodara, it stood at 934 compared to 2001 census
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It can be concluded that there has been a significant increase in the sex ratio of Anand, Vadodara and Bharuch while in Surat the sex ratio has sharply decreased. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 females per 1000 males, as per latest reports of Census of India - 2011.
Table 4-89: Population and Households in the Study Area
Distance in km Core Buffer
Number of house holds 86,407 5,88,116
Total 4,30,455 28,10,233
Population Male 2,24,759 14,72,444
Female 2,05,696 13,37,789 Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001
The above information has been derived from the District Census Handbook 2001, which shows that the core area consists of a population of 4,30,455 of which males are 2,24,759 and females are 2,05,696 while the buffer area consists of a population of 28,10,233 of which males are 14,72,444 and females are 13,37,789. It can be estimated that each household in the study area, both core and buffer, has ~ five members.
Social Characteristics
Anand is located near the Gulf of Cambay in the southern part of Gujarat. Proximity with Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharuch and Gandhinagar has made the district an important industrial center.
Vadodara, one of India’s most cosmopolitan cities, is located to the south east of Ahmedabad, on the banks of river Vishwamitri. The district is referred to as the “Sanskaar Nagari” (city of culture) due to its rich cultural traditions. Vadodara is known as the ‘Gateway to the Golden Corridor’, as the entire rail and road arteries that link Delhi, Mumbai and Ahmedabad also connect Vadodara, including the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC).
Bharuch, also known as Broach, is the oldest city in Gujarat, situated at the mouth of the holy river Narmada. It is located in the southern part of Gujarat, near the Gulf of Cambay in Arabian Sea. The district has a known history for about 8000 years.
Located in the Southern part of Gujarat, Surat is the second largest commercial hub in the State. It is known for its textiles and diamond processing industry.
The statistics regarding the distribution of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population in the study area are given in Table 4-90.
Table 4-90: Scheduled Cast / Scheduled Tribe Population Distribution in the Study Area
% Scheduled Caste % Scheduled Tribe Distance Total Male Female Total Male Female Core 6 52 48 14 52 48 Buffer 6 52 48 11 52 48
Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001
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The scheduled caste population in the study area, as per the Primary Census Abstract 2001, is 26,934 and scheduled tribe population is 58,978. Male scheduled caste population is 13,900 and female scheduled caste population is 13,034. The male scheduled tribe population is 30,542 and female scheduled tribe population is 28,436. The study area consists more of tribal people than people belonging to scheduled castes.
Education Facilities
The statistics regarding the educational facilities available in the study area are given in Table 4-91
Table 4-91: No. of villages having Eductaional facilities within the study area Distance P S SS C IS TS ALS O Core 255 42 9 0 0 1 12 2 Buffer 652 119 28 6 7 8 24 13 Total 907 161 37 6 7 9 36 15
Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001
(P=Primary school, S=Secondary school, SS=Senior secondary school, C=College, IS=Industrial school, TS=Training school, ALS=Adult literacy school, O=other)
The study area has a good amount of educational facilities at both primary and secondary levels. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) scheme encourages children to regularly attend school for free and compulsory education up to class 8, and also provides nutritious meal under the Mid-day Meal scheme of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Nonetheless, higher education facilities are significantly less for a total study area population of 32,40,688 according to the Census figures of 2001. It has been observed that highest educational attainment of the people in the study area is up to class 10. However, with changing times and emergence for the need for higher education, there may have been rise in the number of educational facilities in the study area.
The statistics regarding the literacy within the study area are given in Table 4-92.
Table 4-92: Literacy within the Study Area % Literacy Distance Total Male Female Core 63 59 41 Buffer 71 58 42
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
The average literacy rate within the core area is 63 percent of which male literacy is 59 percent and female literacy is 41 percent while in the buffer area, the literacy rate is 71 percent of which male literacy rate is 58 percent and female literacy rate is 42 percent. Average literacy rate of the study area, on the whole, is roughly around 67 percent.
According to the Provisional Census Data 2011, Anand district had literacy rate of 85.79 percent compared to the previous literacy rate of 74.51 percent. Male literacy in 2011 was 93.23 percent and female literacy was 77.76 percent as compared to 86.09 percent and 61.94 percent respectively in 2001.
Vadodara district had literacy rate of 81.21 percent compared to the previous literacy rate of 70.76 percent. Male literacy in 2011 was 87.59 percent and female literacy was 74.40 percent as compared to 80.04 percent and 60.73 percent respectively in 2001.
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Bharuch district had literacy rate of 83.03 percent compared to the previous literacy rate of 74.41 percent. Male literacy in 2011 was 88.80 percent and female literacy was 76.79 percent as compared to 82.98 percent and 65.11 percent respectively in 2001.
Surat district had literacy rate of 86.65 percent compared to the previous literacy rate of 77.62 percent. Male literacy in 2011 was 91.05 percent and female literacy was 81.02 percent as compared to 83.83 percent and 69.87 percent respectively in 2001.
Health Status
The statistics regarding to the health facilities within the study area are give in the Table 4-93.
Table 4-93: No. of villages having Health Facilities within the Study Area Distance AH MCW CWC PHC PHS FWC RMP Core 5 17 10 9 71 34 96 Buffer 19 40 38 34 198 94 240 Total 24 57 48 43 269 128 336
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
(AH=Allopathic hospitals, MCW=Maternity and child welfare clinics, CWC=Child welfare centers, PHC=Primary health centers, PHS=Primary health sub-centers, FWC=Family welfare centers, RMP=Registered medical practitioners)
The above statistical data gives a total picture of the study area, in the study area there are 43 primary health centers and 269 primary health sub-centers, 57 maternity & child welfare centers and 24 allopathic hospitals are also present in the study area. 336 registered medical practitioners are available in the study area.
As per observation, the average life- expectancy of the people in study area is 60-70 years.
Fever, malaria and water borne diseases are commonly prevalent in the study. Anganwadi workers (AWWs) continuously work for the promotion and betterment of health of children under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) work for improving the health status of women in the study area under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). However, there is lack of proper sanitation facilities in the study area in spite of the awareness regarding this issue among the people. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan – Gujarat (NBA) is incessantly working to improve the current status of hygiene and sanitation in the study area.
Drinking Water Facilities/ Rural Water Supply
The statistics regarding to the drinking water facilities within the study area are given in Table 4-94.
Table 4-94: No. of villages having Drinking Water Facilities within the Study Area Hand Tap Well Tank Tube well River Canal Other Distance pump Core 186 144 116 65 73 17 24 7 Buffer 456 322 190 145 204 31 77 8 Total 642 466 306 210 277 48 101 15
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
Water is the elixir of life and its availability is a not problem for the people living in the study area. Water for domestic purposes is supplied by Water and Sanitation Management Organization
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(WASMO). There are nine rivers in the study area, namely – Amravati, Bhadar, Bhukhi, Dhadhar, Kim Mahi, Narmada, Tapi and Vishwamitri. Narmada, being the life-line of Gujarat, suffices the need for water. Water for agricultural purposes is sought from the Sardar Sarovar Dam built on river Narmada which supplies water through canals within the study area.
Social Welfare
Gram panchayats and their allied bodies continuously work for the upliftment of the people living in the villages. Women and child development programs are efficiently run by the Anganwadi workers of the study area under various schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan, Integrated Child Development Services scheme (ICDS scheme), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Employment is provided to local people through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS). Housing facilities are provided under Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) and Sardar Awas Yojana (SAY). Hygiene and sanitation are maintained under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan – Gujarat. Special reservation schemes are run for the people belonging to the socially and economically backward classes, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe.
4.11.3 Economic Profile
Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Agriculture
Agriculture is the primary occupation of most of the people living in the study area. The major crops grown in the study area are paddy, jowar, bajri, pigeon peas (toor) and maize. Major horticulture crops being produced in the district are sugarcane, banana, mango, cucurbits, papaya and egg-plant. Cotton and tobacco are the major cash crops grown in the study area.
Agriculture is mostly carried out by the water from bore wells and wells. Modern equipments and tractors are used to carry out the agricultural work in the study area.
Animal Husbandry
Livestock rearing is common among the people of this region as it allies with agriculture. Most of the animals reared by them are cows, buffaloes, goats, poultry farming and donkeys. Milk cooperatives enhance the need for rearing cows and buffaloes, in particular.
Private veterinary doctors visit on the basis of the requirement of the local people. Regular medical check-up of animals is carried out by these doctors.
Industries and Factories
Anand is an industrial base for Chemical, Industrial and Food & Agriculture products. It is also an emerging hub for Auto & Engineering and Plastics. In Vadodara, the industrial clusters include chemicals and fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, cotton textiles, machine tools, glass, engineering, tobacco, fisheries and dairy. Bharuch is a formidable industrial base in sectors as diversified as chemicals & petrochemicals, textiles, drugs & pharmaceuticals and ports & ship building. Ankleshwar being a major industrial center has shown substantial contribution in the development of the district. With over 70 medium and large scale industries, Ankleshwar is the major industrial center in Bharuch witnessing a large number of business activities. Industrial
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Employment Generation
The statistics regarding to the distribution of the workers within the study area are given in Table 4-95.
Table 4-95: Occupational Pattern within the Study Area
% % Household % Marginal Distance % Cultivators Agricultural % Others Workers Workers Laborers
Core 17 29 1 19 34 Buffer 4 8 2 7 80
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
According to the Census Data 2001, there are 17 percent cultivators, 29 percent agricultural laborers, 1 percent household workers and 19 percent marginal workers and 34 percent workers fall in other workers category. In the buffer area, there are 4 percent cultivators, 8 percent agricultural laborers, 2 percent household workers and 7 percent marginal workers. 80 percent of the people, in the buffer area, fall in other workers category. Most of the people find employment in the many small and medium scale industries present in the study area.
4.11.4 Infrastructure Development
The statistics regarding to the prevalence of basic infrastructure within the study area are given in Table 4-96.
Table 4-96: No. of Villages having Basic Infrastructure within the Study Area Distance Bus Services Railway Services Navigable Waters Core 194 16 13 Buffer 450 35 16 Total 644 51 29
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
All the villages present in the study area are well connected through efficient bus services. Railway line passes through 51 villages of the study area. Water as means of transportation is used in 29 villages as the study area comprises of 9 rivers.
Availablity of Power Supply
The Government of Gujarat supplies 24-hour uninterrupted power to all the households in the study area through the Jyotigram Yojana.
1
17 http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/dist-profiles.htm
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Means of Communication
The statistics regarding to the means of communication within the study area are given in Table 4-97.
Table 4-97: No. of Villages having Basic Infrastructure within the Study Area Distance Post Offices Post & Telegraph Offices Telephonic connections Core 137 26 1784 Buffer 346 32 7227 Total 483 58 9011
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001
The study area has well connected communication facilities. However, the changing trends in technology have extremely affected the people. In recent times, the most important means of communication is mobile phones. These are possessed by most of the individuals in the study area. All other means of communication seem to have become extinct after the advent of mobile technology.
Availability of Banking Facilities
There are branches of State Bank of India, other public as well as private sector banks and Cooperative Banks in many villages of the study area.
4.11.5 Cultural Profile
Archaeological or Historical Sites / Places of Religious Importance
Among the places of archeological importance in Vadodara, the Laxmi Vilas palace holds a prominent place. Nazarbaug palace, Makarpura palace, Pratap Vilas Palace, Hazira Maqbara, Kirti Stambh and Nyaya mandir are some places worth seeing. Vadodara also has beautiful temples namely – Kirti mandir, Dakshinamurty Temple, Kayavarohan Temple and Aurobindo ashram. Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum, Vadodara Museum and Picture Gallery, Sayajibaug, Ajwa & Nimeta, Pavagadh, Champaner-Pavagadh Archeological park are places ideal for picnics and excursions.
Bharuch is a renowned tirtha also known as Bhrigu Tirtha in many of Hindu puranas. It is a host of huge number of temples along the river side. The district is well known for its ancient monuments such as Swaminarayan Temple, Narmada mata Temple and the Vaishnav Haveli which are more than 150 years old.
Lifestyle
The study area has a slightly urban feel to its lifestyle and living standard. There are many religions being followed by the people living in the study area. Usually there is a sense of harmony and co-existence without incident. However, there have been situations in the past in which this delicate social fabric has broken down. The main language spoken by the people here is Gujarati but people also make use of Hindi and English as languages for secondary and/or official use. Uttarayan and Navratri are few of the popular celebrations observed across the study area. Different set of customs and rituals here characterize the mind-set of the people here. The most popular form of meal—a typical Gujarati thali—consists of rotli, dal, rice and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. A strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained in the daily cuisine because of the religious beliefs of
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5 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we:
Identify project activities that could beneficially or adversely impact the environment Predict and assess the environmental impacts of the such activities Examine each environmental aspect-impact relationship in detail and identify its degree of significance Identify possible mitigation measures for these project activities and select the most appropriate mitigation measure, based on the reduction in significance achieved and practicality in implementation
5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology
5.2.1 Key Definitions
Environmental Aspects
These are elements of an organization’s activities or products or services that can interact with the environment. Environmental aspects could include activities that occur during normal, abnormal and emergency operations.
Environmental aspects selected for further study should large enough for meaningful examination and small enough to be easily understood.
Environmental Impacts
Environmental impacts are defined as any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s environmental aspects.
Environmental Indices
The environment includes surroundings in which an organization operates such as air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation.
The environmental indices (or parts of the receiving environment on which impacts are being assessed) include: Land use/land cover, air quality, noise quality, surface water environment, ground water environment, soil, ecology and bio diversity, socio economics, occupational health, community health and safety
After the identification of impacting activities, impacts require to be assessed based on subjective / objective criteria to assess the impacting activities. This is done in the following steps.
5.2.2 Identification of Impacts
This entails employing a simple checklist method requiring:
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1. Listing of environmental aspects (i.e. activities or parts thereof that can cause environmental impacts) 2. Identifying applicable components of the environment on which the environmental aspects can cause an environmental impact 3. Making notes of the reason / possible inter-relationships that lead to environmental impact creation 4. Listing the environmental components likely to receive impacts, along with the key impacting activities on each component
5.2.3 Component Wise Environment Risk Assessment and Mitigation
A component wise approach to environmental risk assessment and mitigation is now applied. For each environmental component this is carried through a series of steps as follows.
Step 1: Review and Assessment of the Specific Aspects Generating Environmental Risk
Several scientific techniques and methodologies are also used to predict impacts on the environment. Mathematical models are useful tools (where applicable) to quantitatively describe the cause and effect relationships between sources of pollution and different components of environment. In cases where it is not possible to identify and validate a model for a particular situation, predictions have been arrived at based on logical reasoning / consultation / extrapolation or overlay methods. In any case, for each component of the environment, the methods used to arrive at the likely impacts require to be described.
Step 2: Quantifying the Environmental Risk, Identifying Aspects Causing Unacceptable Levels of Risk and Prioritizing Aspects Requiring Mitigation Measures
Once a general understanding of the impacts has been studied and understood, efforts are made to compare different impacts so as to prioritize mitigation measures, focusing on those impacting activities (i.e. aspects) that require urgent mitigation. For ease of comparision across different activities, a summary environmental risk score is calculated. Two key elements are taken into consideration based on standard environmental risk assessment methodologies:
Severity / consequence: the resultant effect of an activity and its interaction with the physical, biological and/or socio-economic environments Probability: the likelihood that an impact may occur due to the project activity/aspect
A combination of severity / consequence with probability gives a reasonable measure of environmental risk, which aids in decision making. It must always be kept in mind that any scoring methodology howsoever well defined is subjective and different persons can arrive at different impact risk scores based on their understanding / opinion. Therefore end results should be evaluated against past experience as well as professional judgment as well as project and activity specific conditions to ensure adequacy and equity. Kadam has made an effort to ensure that the scoring does not change significantly assuming that different evaluators are equally well informed on the project as well as knowledgeable on the concerned issues. The steps in identifying environmental risk follow.
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1. Scoring the Impact Severity / Consequence
The consequences on various environmental receptors have been ranked into 5 levels ranging from insignificant to catastrophic consequence and are given in Table 5-1.
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Table 5-1: Impact Scoring System – Consequence Assessment Impact and Score18 Environmental S. Insignificant Major Catastrophic Component Minor Consequence Moderate Consequence No. Consequence Consequence Consequence Impacted (+/-) 2 points (+/-) 3 points (+/-) 1 point (+/-) 4 points (+/-) 5 points C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Very short term (< 3 Short term (3 months – 1 Medium term (1 - 3 years) Long term (>3 years) Permanent and irreversible Landuse / months) and reversible year) and reversible change 1 and reversible change in irreversible change in adverse change in landuse Landcover change in landuse and / or in landuse and / or landuse and / or landcover landuse and / or landcover and / or landcover landcover landcover Moderate environmental Unacceptable Minor environmental impact Significant environmental Temporary nuisance due to impact due to controlled / environmental impact due due to controlled / impact due to release of air controlled / uncontrolled uncontrolled release of air to release of air emissions, uncontrolled release of air emissions, odor / dust or 2 Air Quality release of air emissions, emissions, odor / dust or odor / dust leading to emissions, odor / dust or greenhouse gases leading odor / dust or greenhouse greenhouse gases leading possibility of chronic / acute greenhouse gases with no to exceedance of limits gases to visual impacts, at health issues, injuries or lasting detrimental effects specified in EP Rules’ significant nuisance levels fatalities Background Noise Levels, with respect to Applicable Limit19 as per The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, as Ambient Noise - Measured at Boundary of Relevant Noise Generating Unit give the mean <10% or more Between <10 to <5% Between <5% or the limit Upto 5% above the limit >5% above the limit score from the Incremental Noise Levels, as Predicted at Boundary of Relevant Noise Generating Unit 3 three 1 dB(A) or less 1 dB(A) – 2 dB(A) 2 dB(A) – 3 dB(A) 3 dB(A) – 4 dB(A) 4 dB(A) or more categories, rounded to the Incremental Noise Levels, as Predicted at Boundary of Nearest Human Settlement / Sensitive Receptor from Boundary of Relevant nearest decimal Noise Generating Unit 0.5 dB(A) or less 0.5 dB(A) – 1 dB(A) 1 dB(A) – 1.5 dB(A) 1.5 dB(A) – 2 dB(A) 2 dB(A) or more
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18 In case none of the impacts are applicable, then Not Applicable (NA) is written in the appropriate cell. 19 For leq (day) or leq (night), whichever is higher.
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Impact and Score18 Environmental S. Insignificant Major Catastrophic Component Minor Consequence Moderate Consequence No. Consequence Consequence Consequence Impacted (+/-) 2 points (+/-) 3 points (+/-) 1 point (+/-) 4 points (+/-) 5 points C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Water Consumption (KL/D) Surface Water - < 50 51 – 100 101 - 250 250 – 500 501 and more give the mean Water Consumption, Duration score from the 4 three < 1 year 1 – 3 years 3 – 5 years 5 – 10 years 10 years or more categories, Wastewater Discharge Quality rounded to the Other discharge within Other discharge, outside Discharge to an authorized, nearest decimal No wastewater generation Zero Discharge20 limits specified by the EP limits specified by the EP functional CETP Rules Rules Location of Drawl, as per CGWA / CGWB Regulations Safe Semi-critical Critical Over-exploited Notified Ground Water - Water Drawl (KL/D) give the mean < 50 51 – 100 101 - 250 250 – 500 501 and more score from the 5 three Water Drawl, Duration categories, < 1 year 1 – 3 years 3 – 5 years 5 – 10 years 10 years or more rounded to the Wastewater Discharge Quality nearest decimal Other discharge within Other discharge, outside Discharge to an authorized, No wastewater generation Zero Discharge limits specified by the EP limits specified by the EP functional CETP Rules Rules
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20 Meaning that any wastewater generated is recycled and any non-recycled water is disposed without discharge, through an appropriate means such as thermal destruction.
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Impact and Score18 Environmental S. Insignificant Major Catastrophic Component Minor Consequence Moderate Consequence No. Consequence Consequence Consequence Impacted (+/-) 2 points (+/-) 3 points (+/-) 1 point (+/-) 4 points (+/-) 5 points C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Loss of upto 80% topsoil, Loss of upto 100% topsoil, Loss of upto 20% topsoil, Loss of upto 40% topsoil, Loss of upto 60% topsoil, or actual or possible or actual or possible or minor contamination of or actual or possible or actual or possible contamination of soil contamination of soil soil that can be easily 6 Soil Quality contamination of soil contamination of soil volume >25 m3 and above volume >25 m3 and above restored close to original volume <25 m3 but below volume <25 m3 but above Dutch Intervention Values, Dutch Intervention condition for volume <10 Dutch Intervention Values Dutch Intervention Values but not deemed to require Values21, and deemed to m3 urgent remediation require urgent remediation Significant changes in flora/ fauna population and habitat. Disruption to, or some death of rare flora Long term and significant Minor impact on flora/fauna and fauna, but not resulting Continuous and serious change in population or and habitats, but no in eradication of Insignificant Environmental damage by erosion or to habitat with negative negative impacts on endangered species. Non Ecology and Impact. Occasional damage flora or fauna. Major impact on ecosystem ecosystem function. Limited persistent but possibly 7.1 Bio-diversity: by erosion, or of flora and disruption to or frequent function. Widespread damage to minimal area of widespread damage to Terrestrial fauna. Some disturbance to death of rare flora or fauna. destruction to a significant land. Temporary damage land, damage that can be flora and fauna habitats Major destruction of area of land, rare flora and (< 1 month) to flora of remediated without long ecosystem. fauna and/ or ground water fauna habitats. term loss, localized resources. persistent damage; or significant temporary damage (< 1 year) to ecosystem.
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21 Source: Ministry of Housing Spatial Planning and the Environment, Netherlands; Soil Remediation Circular 2009, Annex A.
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Impact and Score18 Environmental S. Insignificant Major Catastrophic Component Minor Consequence Moderate Consequence No. Consequence Consequence Consequence Impacted (+/-) 2 points (+/-) 3 points (+/-) 1 point (+/-) 4 points (+/-) 5 points C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Damage to an extensive Significant localized impacts Minor impact on aquatic portion of aquatic but without long term Significant widespread Ecology and Occasional short term ecosystem, including flora, ecosystem resulting in impact on aquatic impact on protected wildlife 7.2 Bio-diversity: impact and / or disruption fauna and habitat. No severe impacts on aquatic ecosystem and/or short or aquatic ecosystem of Aquatic to aquatic flora and fauna significant impact on water population and habitats and term impacts on water moderate duration resources. or long term impact on resources. water resources. Possible Temporary or Permanent Migration, Persons as a % of Population of Study Area Socio-economic <0.5% <1% <1.5% <2% 2.5% Environment: Social Aspects - Possible Change in Ethnicity, vis-à-vis Major Existing Ethnicities Present in Study Area give the mean Not Likely Possible Limited Significant Severe 8.1 score from the Gender Imbalance, as a Proportion to Existing Sex-Ratio categories, Not Likely Possible Limited Significant Severe rounded to the Possibility of Return to Original Status in Terms of Any or All of the Above Changes nearest decimal <1 year <2 years <3 years <5 years Permanent Change
Socio-economic No of Jobs Gained or Lost Environment: <50 Up to 75 Up to 100 Up to 250 Up to 500 or more Economic Persons Having Loss or Gain in Income Aspects - give <50 100 250 500 1000 or more 8.2 the mean score Land Losers from the categories, <10 <20 <50 <100 >100 rounded to the Losers of Homesteads nearest decimal <5 <10 <25 <50 >50 Socio-economic Minor repairable damage to Moderate damage to Major damage to structures Irreparable damage to Minor repairable damage to 8.3 Aspects: structures / items of structures/ items of cultural / items of cultural highly valued structures / commonplace structures Cultural cultural significance, or significance, or significant, significance, or major items / locations of cultural
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Impact and Score18 Environmental S. Insignificant Major Catastrophic Component Minor Consequence Moderate Consequence No. Consequence Consequence Consequence Impacted (+/-) 2 points (+/-) 3 points (+/-) 1 point (+/-) 4 points (+/-) 5 points C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 minor infringements of infringement of cultural infringement of cultural significance or sacred value cultural values values/ sacred location values / sacred locations Occupational / Community Minor complaints or Ongoing complaints from Major ongoing long term Health and exposure to community. community. Significant Extreme health risk- Insignificant impact on health effects likely to 9.1 Safety: Maximum occurrence emission or discharge that potential for death in surrounding communities surrounding communities Community limited to two times per impacts on surrounding community and workers Health and year population Safety Occupational / Near miss incident or trivial Serious injuries requiring off Community Injuries requiring onsite injuries, which may require site treatment by medical Health and treatment by medical self administered first aid. practitioner or immediate 9.2 Safety: practitioner. Personnel Single Fatality Multiple Fatality Injured personnel can evacuation to hospital. Occupational unable to continue to continue to perform normal Potential long term or Health and perform duties duties permanent disabling effect Safety
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2. Quantifying the Probability of Occurrence of the Impact
After identifying the consequence severity as shown in Table 5-1, the probability of occurrence also needs to be estimated to arrive at a complete picture of environmental impact risk. Table 5-2 provides probability / likelihood ratings on a scale of 1-5. These ratings are used for estimating the likelihood of each occurrence.
Table 5-2: Probability of Occurrence Description Environment/Health and Safety Probability Frequent Continues or will happen every time during the drilling program 5 Often Occur several times during the drilling program 4 Likely Might occur at least once during the drilling 3 Possible Might occur during the drilling 2 Rare Very rarely encountered in during the drilling 1
3. Quantifying Environmental Impact Risk
The level of environmental impact risk is calculated by multiplying the consequence score and the probability of occurrence together. Thus
Significance of Impact = Consequence Score × Probability of Occurrence
The final score is in relative point score, rather than actual impact. The impact estimation is carried out assuming a well managed exploratory program with the use of standard safety measures. Table 5-3 below assigns significance criteria, based on the scale of 1-25, used for prioritizing mitigation measures for reducing the environmental impact risks and thereafter, formulating and implementing Environmental Management Plans (EMPs).
To do this, environmental impact risk levels are first scored and identified as mentioned earlier and then evaluated on the evaluation scale that follows in Table 5-3.
Table 5-3: Environmental Impact Significance Criteria Consequence
Probability Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Rare (1) 1 2 3 4 5 Possible (2) 2 4 6 8 10 Likely (3) 3 6 9 12 15 Often (4) 4 8 12 16 20 Certain (5) 5 10 15 20 25
4. Identifying Activities Causing Unacceptable Levels of Environmental Risk
Environmental risks are now clubbed into four levels from extreme risk to low risk activities. Extreme risk activities are unacceptable and therefore need to be either stopped or modified such that they are brought to a lower level of environmental risk.
High and moderate risk activities, although acceptable, require being evaluated and mitigated in a manner that their consequences / probabilities are lowered, with more focus on high risk activities vis-
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à-vis moderate risk activities. Low risk activities do not require further mitigation. This is summarized in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4: Environmental Risk Categorization Score Type of Risk Action Required 15-25 Extreme Risk Activity should not proceed in current form Activity should be modified to include remedial planning and actions and be subject 8-12 High Risk to detailed EHS assessment Moderate 4-6 Activity can operate subject to management and / or modification Risk 1-3 Low Risk No action required unless escalation of risk is possible
Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures require being formulated and implemented for all high risk and moderate risk activities. A programme to implement all mitigation measures is then prepared and presented as an Environmental Management Programme, presented in Chapter 9.
Impact Assessment for the exploratory drilling Programme of ONGC in 23 blocks, based on the methodology described here, is given in the next section.
5.3 Identification of Impacting Activities for the Proposed Project
As discussed earlier, environmental impacts have been identified based on an assessment of environmental aspects associated with the project. The symbol ‘●’ indicates an adverse impact and ‘o’ indicates a beneficial impact.
Identified environmental impacts have been listed in Table 5-5.
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Table 5-5: Aspect – Impact Identification Potential Environmental Impacts on Environment
S. Project Activities / Aspects Remarks / Notes No. (EB) (EB) Soil (S) Soil (LU/LC) (LU/LC) Air Quality (AQ) (AQ) Air Quality Safety (OH CH&S) / Safety (OH Surface Water (SW) (SW) Water Surface (GW) Water Ground Landuse/ Landcover Landuse/ Landcover Socio-Economic (SE) (SE) Socio-Economic Community Health & Community Occupational Health, Health, Occupational Ecology & Bio-diversity & Bio-diversity Ecology Noise and Vibration (NV) C1 C2 C3 C4 C7 C5 C9 C10 C6 C8 C11 C12 1 Site Selection LU (-): Potential change in landuse / land cover typically from agricultural land; SE (+): Compensation to land owner against lease – voluntary land lease at market rate; annual lease 1.1 Land lease or purchase ● ●O payments by cheque; SE (-): Reduction in agricultural productivity (~ 0.01 %) due to conversion of agricultural land to land for oil and gas drilling and access roads 2 Preparation of Site LC (-): Temporary Change in land cover from vegetation cover to land for drilling AQ (-): Dust generation during clearing operations NV (-): Noise and vibration from vehicles and road laying Clearance of vegetation at site equipment 2.1 and preparation of approach ● ● ● ● ● o ● S (-): Soil erosion due to wind or storm water run off roads EB (-): possible loss of green cover (very marginal if at all since most of the land lost will be agricultural) SE(+): improved local roads; short time employment for approach road construction OH (-): risk of occupational injuries
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Potential Environmental Impacts on Environment
S. Project Activities / Aspects Remarks / Notes No. (EB) (EB) Soil (S) Soil (LU/LC) (LU/LC) Air Quality (AQ) (AQ) Air Quality Safety (OH CH&S) / Safety (OH Surface Water (SW) (SW) Water Surface (GW) Water Ground Landuse/ Landcover Landuse/ Landcover Socio-Economic (SE) (SE) Socio-Economic Community Health & Community Occupational Health, Health, Occupational Ecology & Bio-diversity & Bio-diversity Ecology Noise and Vibration (NV) LC(-): Change in topography of site due to excavation; AQ(-): Dust generation due for excavation operations; NV(-): Noise generation due to machinery used (JCB, Tractors and Trucks) for excavation operation 2.2 Excavation and Paving of Site ● ● ● ● o ● S(-): Loss of top soil; SE(+): Temporary job creation for excavation and site preparation work; OH(-): Occupational risk involved in excavation work AQ(-): Air emissions due to vehicle movement; NV(-): Noise Generation due vehicle movement and unloading of materials such as drill casing pipes, mud Vehicle movement for circulation system, DG Sets, Rig components 2.3 transportation of rig, materials ● ● o ● ● SE(+): Hiring of vehicles for movment of materials and equipment SE (-): Potential damage to village roads; OH/ CH&S(-): Risk involved in transportation activity such as accidents, damage to properties etc 3 Rigging up and Drilling NV(-): Noise generation due rig and machinery set up Setting up the rig floor and work; derrick, handrails, guardrails, S(-): Soil contamination due to spillage if any during stairs, walkways, ladders, flare 3.1 ● ● ● rigging up operation; and compaction of soil due to stack, drilling fluid circulating setting up of rig and circulation system system & other equipment and OH(-): Risk of occupational injury such as fall from machinery height, stuck by object, caught in under or between, etc.
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Potential Environmental Impacts on Environment
S. Project Activities / Aspects Remarks / Notes No. (EB) (EB) Soil (S) Soil (LU/LC) (LU/LC) Air Quality (AQ) (AQ) Air Quality Safety (OH CH&S) / Safety (OH Surface Water (SW) (SW) Water Surface (GW) Water Ground Landuse/ Landcover Landuse/ Landcover Socio-Economic (SE) (SE) Socio-Economic Community Health & Community Occupational Health, Health, Occupational Ecology & Bio-diversity & Bio-diversity Ecology Noise and Vibration (NV) during rigging up operation S(-): Soil contamination if soak pit is not designed properly; SE(+): Marginal increase in indirect income of locals due Workforce accommodation & 3.2 ● ●o ● to on technical crew at site sanitation SE (-): Conflict of Crew members with near by villagers OH(-): Risk of dieses due unhygienic condition of accommodation and sanitation facilities SW (-): Possibility of surface water contamination due to spillage of chemicals and fuel GW(-): Possibility of ground water contamination due to spillage of chemicals and fuel; 3.3 Chemical and fuel storage ● ● ● ● S(-): Possibility of soil contamination due to spillage if any; OH(-): Occupational risk due to handling of material required for drilling mud preparation SW(-): Use of resources, ONGC will use water from 3.4 Use of raw water for drilling ● Narmada River S(-): Possibility of soil contamination due to spillage of mud if any 3.5 Preparation of drilling fluid ● ● OH (-): Occupational risk while handling chemicals used in drilling fluid preparation NV (-): Noise generation due to operation of rig, DG Set 3.6 Drilling process ● ● ● and mud circulation pump;
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Potential Environmental Impacts on Environment
S. Project Activities / Aspects Remarks / Notes No. (EB) (EB) Soil (S) Soil (LU/LC) (LU/LC) Air Quality (AQ) (AQ) Air Quality Safety (OH CH&S) / Safety (OH Surface Water (SW) (SW) Water Surface (GW) Water Ground Landuse/ Landcover Landuse/ Landcover Socio-Economic (SE) (SE) Socio-Economic Community Health & Community Occupational Health, Health, Occupational Ecology & Bio-diversity & Bio-diversity Ecology Noise and Vibration (NV) S(-): Possible contamination of soil due to improper discharge of drill cutting and waste water from drilling process EB(-): Disturbance to fauna residing near to site AQ(-): Air emission due to operation of DG sets; NV(-): Noise generation due to operation of DG sets 3.7 Operation of DG set ● ● ● S(-): Possibility of soil contamination due to spillage of diesel and / or oil S(-): Possibility of soil contamination due to improper 3.8 Installation of casing ● installation of casing GW/S(-): Possibility of ground water and soil 3.9 Circulating and cementing ● ● contamination due to leakage of cement and mud during circulating and cementing S(-): Possibility of soil contamination due to improper disposal and/ or transportation of solid and Hazardous Storage, handling and disposal waste; 3.10 ● ● of solid/hazardous waste OH/OH&S(-): Risk to workers and community in surrounding area due to spillage if not stored and transported properly GW/S(-): Possibility of ground water and soil contamination due to improper disposal of waste water; Storage, handling and disposal 3.11 ● ● ● ● ● SE(-):Damage to crop in adjacent field due to possibility of waste water of leakage or overflow of waste water from HDPE lined pit especially during monsoon
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Potential Environmental Impacts on Environment
S. Project Activities / Aspects Remarks / Notes No. (EB) (EB) Soil (S) Soil (LU/LC) (LU/LC) Air Quality (AQ) (AQ) Air Quality Safety (OH CH&S) / Safety (OH Surface Water (SW) (SW) Water Surface (GW) Water Ground Landuse/ Landcover Landuse/ Landcover Socio-Economic (SE) (SE) Socio-Economic Community Health & Community Occupational Health, Health, Occupational Ecology & Bio-diversity & Bio-diversity Ecology Noise and Vibration (NV) OH/OH&S(-): Risk to community health due to spillage in surrounding area if not stored properly AQ(-): Air emission during blow out; S(-): Soil contamination due to deposition of hydrocarbon emitted during blow out; NV(-): Noise due to blow out; EB(-): Impact on ecology and bio diversity of surrounding 3.12 Blow out ● ● ● ● ● area due to emission of hydrocarbon & heat generated during blow out; OH/OH&S(-): Risk of fatal injury to worker and staff working at site, risk to community health due to emission of hydrocarbon in surrounding area 4 Decommissioning AQ(-): Dust generation during dismantling work; NV(-): Noise generation during dismantling work Dismantling of rig & associated S(-): Possibility of soil contamination during 4.1 ● ● ● ● machineries decommissioning work; OH(-): Occupational risk during dismantling work of rig and associated machinery
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Based on this preliminary identification, environmental indices that are likely to be impacted due to the project are:
Landuse / Land cover: Land lease/purchase, Clearance of vegetation, Excavation and Paving of drilling site Air quality: Clearance of vegetation at site, Excavation and Paving of drilling site, vehicle movement during transportation of rig and materials, operation of DG Set, Blow out and during de commissioning Noise quality: Preparation of Site, Excavation and Paving, Vehicle movement during site preparation and transportation of raw materials,riging up, Drilling process, Operation of DG Set, Blow out and during de commissioning Surface Water: Due to storage of raw material and fuel, disposal of waste water and use of raw water for drilling Ground water: Due to storage of raw material and fuel, installation of casing,cementing activity, storage and handling of waste water Soil: Clearance during site preparation, Excavation and paving of site, Rigging up and drilling, workforce accommodation and sanitation, chemical and fuel storage, preparation of drilling fluid, operation of DG Set, installation of casing, storage and handling of solid and hazardous waste and waste water, blow out and Dismantaling and de commissioning Ecology and Biodiversity: clearance of vegetation during site preparation, during drilling process and blow out Socio – Economic: positive creation of jobs and increase in indirect income while may have negative impact due to loss of agricultural productivity due to change in land use, impact on near by agriculture field due to accidental release of waste water in near by field, possible damage to village infrasture due to movement of heavy machinery and equipment Occupational health, community Health and safety: Occupational risk during various activity associated with drilling, risk to community due to blow out or spillage of waste water or fuel/chemicals
These are discussed in further detail.
5.4 Air Environment
Impacts on the air environment are necessarily transient and temporary owing to the time bound nature of exploratory drilling work.
A number of sources in onshore oil and gas drilling cause potential impacts on air quality, which include:
Emissions from DG sets used as part of the drilling rig; Flaring of gases primarily during the testing phase will contribute to additional air pollution; Fugitive emissions during site preparation and closure phases; Emissions from vehicular movement;
For the purpose of impact predictions on air environment, emission sources can be classified into point and area sources. Whilst no area sources have been identified as part of the project programme, point sources have been identified and these include diesel engines / generator sets at drill sites.
These are discussed.
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5.4.1 Diesel Engines / Generators Sets
As already mentioned earlier, a diesel engine shall work 24 hours a day during the drilling period, for operating the drill rig, mud circulation as well as illumination and Heating / Ventilation / Air- conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Its capacity will be ~1250 kVA, consuming ~290 liters/hour of diesel conforming to specifications laid out in the Bharat Stage IV norms, indicating a sulphur content of <50mg/kg. It will emit pollutants, principally NOx, SO2 and PM. The exhaust of the DG set will be of sufficient height as per the Environment Protection Rules, 1986 as amended till date, to allow dispersion of the pollutants DG sets will be properly maintained so that emissions will be under statutory limits – currently the applicable Rule (Emission limits for new diesel engines (more than 800 KW) for generator sets (Gensets) application, Schedule I of The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 as amended to date) require DG sets having a capacity > 800 KW to emit less than 710 ppmv for NOx and 75 mg/Nm3 for PM if the D.G set is having a capacity up to 75 MW.
Emissions from the diesel engine were analyzed for their impacts on the GLC for various distances using AERMOD.
Stack details
AERMOD was run for 3 different stack heights as shown in
Table 5-6: Stack Details Stack attached to Fuel Consumption in Kg/hr Stack Height 4 DG sets of 1250 KVA ( 3 running and HSD 290 6 m / 15 m /18 m 1 standby) for Electrical Rig
Table 5-7: Emission of Pollutants Stack attached to Pollutant SO2 NOx PM 1250 KVA DG set Emission in gm/sec 0.008 0.86 0.008 for Electrical Rig
Emissions from the DG Sets were analyzed for their impact on the ground level concentration for various distances.
Based on SO2 emission rate in kg/hr, the stack height was determined using the formula Q = 14 Q 0.3
The stack height predicted using above formula was about 6 meter for given rate of SO2 emission and dispersion modeling was performed for it.
At this stack height, the resultant SO2 and PM concentration were coming within NAAQ standard; however the NOX GLC concentration was obtained above the NAAQS standard, Therefore various simulations were performed by increasing the stack height, so that the resultant concentration of NOx comes within the NAAQ standard. The optimum stack height obtained using various simulations for which NAAQS for NOx was within limit is 18 m
GLC for dispersion modeling using stack height 18 m are provided below
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Vadodara District
3 3 3 Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.5 µg/m , 53.83 µg/m and 0.5 µg/m for SO2,
NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 100 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Bharuch District
Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m3 , 30.13 µg/m3 and 0.28 µg/m3 for
SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Surat District
Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m3 , 29.49 µg/m3 and 0.28 µg/m3 for
SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SW Direction.
3 The concentration limit for SO2 and NOx in the ambient air, as specified by CPCB is 80 µg/m . Hence, the predicted impact level due to the operation of D.G sets is within the prescribed limits of CPCB for the ambient air quality. Consequently ambient air quality due to proposed activities is not expected to cause an effect on vegetation and human settlements in the vicinity of the operational sites.
Operational & design considerations of the diesel engines with respect to parameters such as air-fuel ratio, fuel quality and rate of combustion would contribute to reduction / increase in emission load to the air environment. The level of maintenance of the engines as well as their make and age will also influence the air emissions. Ensuring that operating conditions are managed as per standard operating procedures is therefore, of importance.
5.4.2 Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions due to the proposed project will be principally associated with emissions of dust during the initial site preparation and closure phases. Fugitive emissions can cause the dust to settle down at nearby residential properties and on agricultural lands. In addition, fugitive emissions in the form of material dust are also expected during drilling operations like loading, unloading, handling of drilling fluid, chemical additives, cement and cement additives etc. Fugitive dust may also impact agricultural crops in and around the drill sites.
Volatile chemicals and fuel are stored at the site. Fugitive emissions may emanate from these, if not capped properly or not handled with due care. However, such emissions will not disperse widely and can only affect workers health at site.
5.4.3 Flaring
Flaring of gases primarily during the well testing phase will contribute to additional air pollution in terms of release of unburnt hydrocarbons. Location of the flaring stack will have the potential to affect the air quality at the nearby receptors. Flaring will involve high temperature oxidation process to burn combustible gases that may be generated from the proposed well. However, In accordance with the Oil Mines Regulation Rules, 1984 (OMR 1984; Chapter 9, Section 96 – Protection against Pollution of Environment), a flare stack of minimum 9 m height or higher as required by the Regional Inspector (Inspector of mines in charge of the region or local area) will be provided at a distance of 30 m from well, given the fact that, flaring is a temporary activity which will not last for more than a few days, the impacts on air quality will not be significant.
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5.4.4 Emission from Vehicle /Machinery
This kind of emissions will principally arise from the vehicles used for the transport of construction materials and equipment, for the workers and for the transport of drilling rig to the site. Most vehicles used at site will be PUC certified hence the effect will be reduced to some extent. There will be a chance that, the workers on the site would get exposed to this type of emission from the vehicles.
However their effect will be localized and transient in nature and will principally affect the localities adjacent to the access road.
5.4.5 Blowouts
Blowouts, if occurring, can be a major source of air pollution, especially if ignited.OMR 1984 requires wells to have blow-out preventers to reduce the risk of blowouts. These will be followed. Blowouts are however, extremely rare phenomena – per available reliable statistics – likely to occur once in 2040 - 2272 onshore wells drilled22.
5.4.6 Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures for air quality impacts are:
The flaring system will be properly managed at all times; Water spraying will be done on the access roads to control re-entrained dust during dry season (if required); The engines and exhaust systems of all vehicles and equipment used will be maintained as such, that exhaust emissions are low and do not breach statutory limits set for the concerned vehicle/equipment type; D.G set will be properly maintained; Ensuring the availability of valid Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUCC) for all vehicles used on site.
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.4.1-5.4.4, the impact scores on air environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8: Impact Scoring of Air Environment Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Clearance of vegetation 1 at site and preparation 2 3 6 Moderate risk of approach roads 1
22 International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, (OGP), 2010, Report No. 434-2, Blowout Frequencies, pp-12.
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Excavation and paving 2 2 3 6 Moderate risk of site
Vehicle movement for Low risk, as vehicles used transportation of rig, will be PUC certified i.e 3 1 3 3 materials and consequence is given a equipment lower score Low risk, Consequence is given a lower score due to the fact that D.G sets will be properly maintained 4 Operation of DG Set 1 5 5 and results of the dispersion modeling shows the emissions to be within limits Low risk due to low 5 Blow out 5 1 5 probability of occurrence of blow out, Moderate risk, Consequence is given a score of 2 due to emission Dismantling of rig & 6 2 3 6 arising out of various associated machineries activities involving transportation of rig, equipments,
5.5 Noise Environment
The proposed drilling operations and related activities will lead to emission of noise that may have significant impact on the surrounding communities in terms of increase in noise levels and associated disturbances. The potential impacts on noise level may arise out of the following:
5.5.1 Noise from drilling rig
The drilling rig and associated machinery are likely to emit noise in the range of 101 db (A). Moreover, as drilling is a continuous activity, such noise will be emitted during both daytime and night time leading to a significant impact on local communities if located near to the well site. But as all the wells will be drilled at a safe distance from nearest habitation this will reduce its impact on local community.
The high noise levels within the site also have the potential to affect the workers on site. Continuous exposure to high noise level in workplace environment may cause Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and other discomforts like headaches and increase in stress levels in workers.
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5.5.2 Noise from Machinery/ Equipment
In addition to the drilling activity, site preparation / closure related activities will also involve the operation of heavy equipment like pile drivers, loaders, and bulldozers etc. Such heavy equipments are noted to emit noise emissions which will get dispersed in the nearby communities thus resulting in a decrease in noise quality in the immediately adjacent settlement area. Some activities like piling may also result in minor vibration impacts which are expected to subside to acceptable levels with distance.
5.5.3 Noise from vehicle / traffic
Vehicles used for procuring goods, material and manpower to the drilling site and the subsequent transportation of rig/equipments and debris during decommissioning will use the site approach road and village roads, which connect to state highway. This will result in increase in traffic density in the site access road and introduction of vehicular traffic on the site approach road during the site preparation stage as 50 -60 truck load will transfer rig and other equipments to the site, and will cause increase in noise levels. But as this activity will be transient and for few days the impact may be considered to be insignificant given the present environmental setting.
5.5.4 Assessment of noise levels using Model
For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogeneous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations at different sources using model based on first principle.
Lp2 = Lp1 - 20 log(r2/r1) - Ae1,2.
Where
Lp1 & Lp2 are sound levels at points located at distances r1 & r2 from the source.
Ae1, 2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions. Combined effect of all the sources than can be determined at various locations by logarithmic addition
Lptotal = 10 log (10(Lp1/10) + 10(Lp2/10) + 10(Lp3/10) +……).
The noise generated due to the diesel engines operating the rig along with the mud circulation system is considered to be the most significant of the noise generating equipment. Generally, the noise sources in a drilling well are scattered within an area of about 110 m x 110 m. Noise propagation modeling performed for noise generation due to operation of these engines in terms of the occupational and human settlement exposure levels is presented in Table 5-9.
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Table 5-9: Predicted Exposure Levels at Day and Night Time
Incremental Prediccted Incremental Prediccted Baseline noise Baseline noise Distance in meter Noise level Exposure Noise level Exposure S. No. Location from nearest well level, dB(A) level, dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) locations Day Time Night Time
1 Pinjrat 792 55.2 0.0001 55.20 47.1 0.001 47.1
2 Ankalwa 976 55.5 0.00006 55.50 46.6 0.000 46.6
3 Khatiazal 2804 56.0 0.00001 56.00 45.9 0.000 45.9
4 Kosamba 1690 59.0 0.00001 59.00 47.5 0.000 47.5 5 Nandao 1880 53.0 0.00003 53.00 47.2 0.000 47.2 6 Suva 995 53.4 0.0001 53.40 45.3 0.001 45.3 7 Dahej 2368 70.6 0.0000 70.60 53.6 0.000 53.6 8 Nr Dahej 2590 56.4 0.00001 56.40 47.1 0.000 47.1 9 Paniadra 2507 55.7 0.00001 55.70 49.5 0.000 49.5 10 Nr Nada 1732 54.1 0.00003 54.13 45.4 0.000 45.4 11 Muler 1639 57.3 0.00002 57.30 49.8 0.000 49.8 12 Kerwada 1068 57.1 0.00004 57.10 49.8 0.000 49.8 13 Acchod 1268 54.6 0.00005 54.60 47.1 0.000 47.1 14 Dora 1174 55.6 0.00004 55.60 49.6 0.000 49.6 15 Kalam 4391 62.8 0.00001 52.80 49.0 0.000 49.0 16 Umra 857 57.0 0.00006 57.00 51.0 0.000 51.0 17 Kamboi 584 53.3 0.0003 53.30 47.1 0.001 47.1 18 Sopla 427 55.3 0.00003 55.30 46.8 0.000 46.8 19 Nr Sampa 1903 52.6 0.00003 52.60 44.6 0.000 44.6 20 Mobha 2394 54.3 0.00001 54.30 46.6 0.000 46.6 21 Kahanva 1045 54.0 0.00008 54.00 45.9 0.001 45.9
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Incremental Prediccted Incremental Prediccted Baseline noise Baseline noise Distance in meter Noise level Exposure Noise level Exposure S. No. Location from nearest well level, dB(A) level, dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) locations Day Time Night Time
22 Pimpali 758 55.2 0.00011 55.20 46.4 0.001 46.4 23 Padra 1030 76.4 0.0000 76.40 51.1 0.000 51.1 24 Shihor 1864 53.3 0.00003 53.30 46.3 0.000 46.3 25 Sangma 2391 68.7 0.00000 68.70 53.5 0.000 53.5 26 Chapad 1546 53.4 0.00004 53.40 47.7 0.000 47.7 27 Maretha 504 55.5 0.00024 55.50 45.9 0.002 45.9 28 Itola 1022 57.9 0.00003 57.90 48.4 0.000 48.4 29 Karali 1163 53.0 0.00008 53.00 46.3 0.000 46.3 30 Mahmadpur 653 53.8 0.00021 53.80 48.1 0.001 48.1
The damage risk criteria for hearing, as enforced by OSHA to reduce hearing loss, stipulates that noise levels up to 90 dB (A) are acceptable for 8 hrs exposure per day. It seems that the noise level only during the drilling is of concern for occupational consideration. This noise is transient and will occur only for a few days thatis the duration of drilling operations.
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5.5.5 Mitigation Measure
Mitigation measures for noise will include the following:
Sufficient engineering control during installation of equipments and machineries (like mufflers in DG sets) is to be ensured to reduce noise levels at source; and also as far as possible installation will be done during day time to reduce noise levels at night. Proper and timely maintenance of machineries and preventive maintenance of vehicles is to be adopted to reduce noise levels; All noise generating operations, except drilling is to be restricted to daytime only to the extent possible; Personnel Protective Equipments (PPE) like ear plugs/muffs is to be given to all the workers at site and it will be ensured that the same are wore by everybody during their shift;
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.5.1-5.5.3, the impact scores on noise environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-10.
Table 5-10: Impact Scoring of Noise Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Clearance of vegetation at site 1 and preparation of approach 2 3 6 Moderate Risk road
2 Excavation and paving of site 1 3 3 Low risk
Moderate risk, vehicles transferring materials Vehicle Movement for will pass through village 3 transportation of rig, materials 2 3 6 roads at many places and equipment i.e. consequence is given a higher score Setting up the rig floor and derrick, handrails, guardrails, stairs, walkways, ladders , flare 4 1 3 3 Low risk stack, drilling fluid circulating system & other equipment and
machinery High risk due high Operation of rig machinery and probability as D.G set 6 2 5 10 DG Set will run for almost entire drilling program Low risk as probability of 7 Blow out 5 1 5 occurrence of blow out is very low
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Dismantling of rig & associated 8 1 2 2 Low risk machineries
5.6 Hydrology
The proposed drilling operation would include water requirement for site preparation, drilling of wells and campsite activities, which involves use of water for domestic purpose and for mud preparation and would cause generation of waste water. Following potential impacts may cause from proposed project:
5.6.1 Impact on water resources
For this project, it is anticipated that a total requirement of ~35m3/day will be required for drilling purposes, out of which 8 m3/day will be recycled. Thus a fresh water requirement of ~27 m3/day.
ONGC has planned to meet the requirement of water at the drilling site through water supplied by tankers and sourced from nearest ONGC installation, which in turn obtain water from the Narmada River at Jhanor, Bharuch.
5.6.2 Impact on Water Quality
The waste water will be generated from domestic activities and from different processing activities. Approximately 1 KLD of domestic waste water will be generated; waste water generated from domestic activities will be treated in a septic tank–soak pit system. The septic tank will be adequately sized so as to cater a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day.
Waste Water Storage Pit
The waste water storage pit (Size 45 m X 25 m X 1.5) will collect waste water, which come from the drilling operations. Water based drilling fluids, which are of an environmentally acceptable nature with regards to current Indian legislation and which are non- hazardous, will be used. The residual wastewater and the drilling fluid from the drilling operation will be collected in waste pits for solar drying. The pit will be lined with HDPE sheet and the overlaps welded together with the edges brought over the rim and tucked into the soil. At the end of the drilling phase, the liquid fraction of the waste drilling fluid will be allowed to evaporate and then pit is filled with thick layer of native top-soil excavated during excavation of pit.
Drill Cuttings Disposal Pit
The drilling rig system to be employed for drilling will be equipped for the separation of drill cuttings and solid materials from the drilling fluid. The drill cuttings, cut by the drill bit, will be removed from the fluid by the shale shakers (vibrating screens) and centrifuges and transferred to the cuttings
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Drill Cutting and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation”.
Cuttings are collected, dried and disposed off in an environmentally safe manner.
5.6.3 Mitigation Measures
Following mitigation measures will be implemented for water pollution control:
Efforts will be made to reduce water requirement All chemical and fuel storage areas will have proper bunds so that contaminated run-off cannot meet the storm-water drainage system;
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.6.1-5.6.2, the impact scores on surface water environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-11.
Table 5-11: Impact Scoring of Surface water Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Low risk, Probability is given a lower score as ONGC will take proper care during storage and material will be stored on a paved 1 Chemical & fuel storage 2 1 2 surface, in addition the location will be selected such that a safe distance is maintained from water bodies if any Low risk, pit will be of sufficient Storage handling and disposal 2 2 1 2 volume and lined of waste water properly by HDPE sheets High 3 Use of raw water for Driling 2 5 10 Risk,Probability is given a high score
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 as water will be required everytime during the drilling
5.7 Ground Water
Ground water is an environmental parameter that could be affected by the drilling activities. Potential impacts on the ground water arising from drilling activities are:
5.7.1 Effect on Ground water regime
The compaction of the working areas for setting up heavy machineries and equipments like the rig may lead to increased runoff and reduced infiltration, thereby affecting subsurface groundwater recharge at local level. This can affect local users, who are still dependent on ground water for various needs. However, the drilling operation being a temporary activity will not become a cause of permanent loss to ground water recharging. Hence, the effect on the groundwater regime will not affect water availability of the area.
5.7.2 Contamination of Subsurface Groundwater
Possibility of subsurface groundwater contamination from site drainage or accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and chemicals from storage areas, vehicles and machineries is always there, if they are not properly designed or maintained. Contamination of subsurface groundwater can also occur in case of frequent accidental discharge on soil. The possibility of contamination of subsurface and lower possibly unconfined aquifers also exist, if in case, the casing and cementing of the well is not carried out properly, which may lead to infiltration or seeping of drilling chemicals or mud into porous aquifer region.
5.7.3 Mitigation Measure
The following mitigation measures will be implemented:
ONGC will ensure proper spill control at site; ONGC will take proper care that ground water does not get contaminated due to leak in the HDPE lined pit; ONGC will use best engineering technique during drilling operation and also during the cementing job and installation of casing so that drilling mud does not contaminate the ground water.
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.7.1-5.7.2, the impact scores on ground water environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-12.
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Table 5-12: Impact scoring Ground water Impact Scoring
Impacting Final Code Remarks Activity Consequence, C Probability, P Score C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Low risk, Probability is given a lower score as ONGC will take Chemical and Fuel 1 2 1 2 proper care during storage storage and material will be stored on a paved surface Moderate risk, Probability is Circulation and given a lower score as ONGC 2 4 1 4 cementing is having proper cementing methodology Low risk, Probability is given a Storage handling low score as ONGC will keep 3 and disposal of 2 1 2 waste water in properly waste water designed HDPE lined pit
5.8 Land Environment
Potential impacts on land environment due to drilling activities are given below:
5.8.1 Impact on land Environment during Site preparation
The existing land and land use pattern of the drill site will get affected from the construction of drilling site and associated activities, like installation of rig & machineries, temporary storage of drilling material including oil and chemicals, domestic waste and other kind of waste material etc. This impacts may happen in terms of temporary clearing of ground vegetation of around 110m x 110m area (as this much area is required for well drilling), changes in the aesthetic looks of the area, from temporary dumping of earth and fill material generate from site during waste pit construction and other grading activities etc.
5.8.2 During Drilling Operation
The entire drilling operation, being a temporary activity, will not require any kind of land acquisition (as it involves temporary leasing of land) and neither involves clearing of any trees, except few ground vegetation if present at the proposed drilling site. During drilling activities, soil property may get affected due to clearing of undergrowth for movement of truck load with drilling rig & associated machineries and crews. During the entire drilling operation, drill cuttings and domestic waste and sewage from drill site may also cause soil contamination.
5.8.3 Mitigation Measures
Necessary restoration efforts will be made during decommissioning and site closure to restore the site back to its original condition to the extent possible;
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Proper restoration of site will be carried out to bring the physical terrain, soils and vegetation, as closely possible, to their original condition; On completion of works (in phases), all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes will be completely removed till 1m below the surface; Temporary new approach roads can be constructed and existing roads may be improved, if required, for smooth and hassle free movement of personnel as well as materials and machineries; Optimization of land requirement through proper site lay out design will be a basic criteria at the design phase;
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.8.1-5.8.2, the impact scores on land environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-13
Table 5-13: Impact Scoring Land Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 High Risk, Consequence is given a lower score as the land will be taken on a lease for a short duration of around 40 – 45 days and the site will be restored as nearly as possible to its 1 Land lease or purchase 2 5 10 original condition , Probability is given a higher score as being exploratory drilling wells will be drilled at new sites and it will happen every time during the drilling of 48 wells Moderate Risk, Probability is given a high score as approximately all wells will Clearance of vegetation be drilled from new 2 at site and preparation of 1 5 5 locations,Consequence is approach roads given a low score as the site will be restored to its original form after completion of drilling Probability is given a higher score as this will happen at Excavation and paving of every site during the drilling 3 1 5 5 site program, Consequence is given a low score as the site will be restored to its
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 original form using the top soil removed during excavation
5.9 Soil Quality
Soil quality may be affected by setting up of rig and associated machinery and will continue till the site is restored to its original condition. The impacts would be degradation of soil or change in its structure due to compaction and erosion during site preparation activities and plying of trucks during construction and operational phase.
5.9.1 Topsoil Contamination
During site preparation the topsoil will be removed from the project site and the approach road, which contains most of the nutrients and organisms that give soil productivity. This will in turn result in minor changes of topsoil structure. However, the project design will take into account the preservation of the top soil and its subsequent use during the restoration of the site. In spite of this the fertility of the soil at the site area may be affected.
5.9.2 Compaction of Soil
The setting up of the rig and associated machinery will require a strong base for being set up properly and piling equipment will be used for compaction of the soil, so that it can take the load of the equipments. Compaction of the soil will also occur due to the movement of heavy trucks on the approach road connecting highways and village roads to the site for transfer or rig and other equipments. The compaction of surface soil may result in a change in soil texture thereby changing the drainage patterns and water-logging in nearby areas.
5.9.3 Soil Contamination
Contamination of soil can result from the project activities if certain operations like storage of chemicals and fuels, cement and mud preparation, spent oil and lubricants are not managed efficiently however probability of this are low. Storage of chemicals and fuels, spent lubricants on unpaved surfaces also have a potential for soil contamination. If in case, chemicals, drilling mud, oil and lubricants are spilled accidentally on open soil, either during transportation or during handling, it will cause soil contamination. Improper storage of drilling waste and return/unused drilling mud at the on- site waste disposal facility can also result in contamination of the soil.
Process waste e.g. drill cuttings and return mud generated during drilling operations will be stored in an HDPE lined impervious pit and disposed off in accordance with Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation”. This may cause soil contamination, if not disposed or reused
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5.9.4 Mitigation Measures
Store, preserve and protect topsoil separately to use it during restoration period; Carry out adequate restoration of soil at the drilling site, to the extent possible using the soil stored from piling and excavation activities; Dispose drilling mud and drill cutting temporarily in an impervious HDPE lined pit for evaporation carefully so that there is no spillage. Management of spilling of contaminants such as oil from equipments, cement, drilling mud, and etc. on the soil; Proper arrangement of soak pits provided at the drill site for disposal of domestic waste water
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the operating and other conditions mentioned in Sections 5.9.1-5.9.3, the impact scores on soil environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-14.
Table 5-14: Impact scoring of soil Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Moderate risk, Consequence Clearance of vegetation is given a lower score as 1 at site and preparation of 1 5 5 ONGC will restore the site approach roads after completion of drilling Consequence is given a lower score as all the top Excavation and paving of 2 2 3 6 soil excavated will be used site to cover the HDPE lined evaporation pit Setting up the rig floor and derrick, handrails, guardrails, stairs, walkways, ladders , flare 3 1 3 3 Low Risk stack, drilling fluid circulating system & other equipment and
machinery Work force 4 accommodation and 1 1 1 Low Risk sanitation As the storage will be done on paved surface the 5 Chemical and fuel storage 1 1 1 probability is given a lower score
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Low Risk, Consequence and Probability are given low Preparation of drilling 6 1 1 1 score as ONGC will take fluid proper care during mud preparation Low Risk, As Drill cuttings and spent mud will be 7 Drilling Process 1 1 1 disposed off in HDPE lined pit Possible soil contamination 8 Operation of DG set 1 2 2 due to leakage Low Risk, Probability has given lower score, since 9 Installation of casing 2 1 2 ONGC have proper casing and cementing policy Low Risk, Probability has given lower score, since 10 Circulating and cementing 2 1 2 ONGC have proper casing and cementing policy Storage, handling and 11 disposal of 2 1 2 solid/hazardous waste Storage, handling and 12 2 2 4 disposal of waste water Low risk, since blow outs are very rare and Blow out 13 Blow out 4 1 4 preventer will be installed to prevent blow outs Dismantling of rig and 14 1 5 5 associated machinery
5.10 Socio- Economic Environment
Critical analysis of the existing socio-economic profile of the area vis-à-vis its scenario with proposed project activities identifies the following impacts
The proposed activities shall generate indirect employment in the region due to the requirement of workers, supply of raw material, auxiliary and ancillary works, which would marginally improve the economic status of the people. The activities would result in an increase in local skill levels through exposure to activities.
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As the existing loose / soft surface roads, may be upgraded to facilitate the movement of the heavy equipment required, the project in turn would lead to improvement in transport facilities.
5.10.1 Mitigation Measures
Proper compensation for land and crop based on APMC rates will be provided by project proponent Approach roads will be upgraded to facilitate heavy vehicular movement Project proponent may provide educational aid to local villages based on need and request from the village Panchayat.
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the other conditions, the impact scores on socio economic environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-15.
Table 5-15: Impact scoring of socio economic Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 This will have positive impact as ONGC will provide 2 2 (+4) compensation as per Government approved rates to the owners Due to the loss in agriculture productivity as 1 Land lease or purchase land would be converted to oil and gas production parcel from agricutrure 2 1 (-2) land, probability has given a lower score as the site will be restored to its original form after completion of drilling Clearance of vegetation This is a positive impact due 2 at site and preparation 1 3 (+3) to creation of temporary of approach roads jobs, This is a positive impact due Excavation and paving 3 1 3 (+3) to gain in income from of site generation of employment This is a positive impact 1 2 (+2) considering creation of Work force jobs/income 4 accommodation and This is considering possible sanitation 1 1 (-1) migration from outside which may change existing
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Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Probability, Remarks Score C P C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 social profile of area
5.11 Ecology and Biodiversity
There is no notified/protected ecologically sensitive area including national park, sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger reserves existing in the study area. Most of the vegetation is aggregated on agricultural boundaries, road side plantation, private land and social forest area. The study area mainly comprises of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. The predicted impact on surrounding ecology is not very significant.
Predicted impact due to drilling activities
Flaring of Gases may create disturbance for nocturnal Avifauna during night Changes in activity pattern of terrestrial fauna due to Noise Loss of vegetation due to access cutting and site preparation Accidental discharge of waste water may create impact on aquatic ecology if not handled properly Well site development may affect agriculture activity of site area. Dust generation due to vehicular movement may increase deposition of dust and dust settling on the vegetation may alter or limit plants' abilities to photosynthesize and/or reproduce
5.11.1 Mitigation Measures
Flaring will be done through a vent as per OMR standard to minimize effect on nocturnal avifauna. Acoustic enclosure shall be provided to D.G. set to reduce the noise intensity during the drilling operation Development of plantation of native species to substitute the access cutting, site preparation will provide habitat, food and breeding areas to birds, small animals and insects Since, the activity is temporary wastewater discharged from the drilling operations shall be collected in HDPE lined collection pit and would be disposed of as per the prescribed norms There is no ecologically important area (e.g. National Park, Sanctuary) in the study area so impact on such areas is not expected. ONGC will develop and implement a spill management plan in case of spill. Use existing facilities (e.g. Access Roads) to the extent possible to minimize the amount of new disturbance Avoid use of unnecessary lighting at night to avoid attracting avifauna.
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the other conditions, the impact scores on ecology and biodiversity environment are likely to be as mentioned in Table 5-16.
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Table 5-16: Impact Scoring of Ecology and Bio diversity Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Clearance of vegetation Removal of site specific 1 at site and preparation of 2 2 4 vegetation during clearance approach roads Disturbance of fauna nearby 2 Drilling operation 1 5 5 site during drilling 3 Blow out 4 1 4
5.12 Occupational Health and Risk to Surrounding Community
Site preparation, drilling and post drilling activities involve many occupational health hazards to the workers at site.
Noise generated during drilling operation may affect the workers and staff members
Handling of chemicals, fuel, may cause health hazard if not handled properly
Uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbon or other fluids during blow out may cause serious health injuries including fatality of workers as well as surrounding communities.
5.12.1 Risk and Hazards
In this section, the possibilities of accidental events that may be encountered in the proposed drilling activities are assessed. Details of the hazards and safety measures have been identified. The analysis is based on known potential failure causes for storage vessels, other system components and case histories, type of operations to be carried out in the proposed project and past experience of the consultants.
5.12.2 Hazard Identification
Hazard Associated with Drilling Activities
The project description, and other project related data provided by the client have been comprehensively reviewed to identify the hazardous operations. Also the information on the hazardous properties (MSDS) of all the chemicals handled at the site has been reviewed to identify the hazards associated with the same. Key equipment associated with potential hazards is summarized in Table 5-17.
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Table 5-17: Key Plant Equipment with Quantities, Material Contained & Operating Conditions Maximum S. No. / Operating Control System / Component MOC No. Quantity Pressure / Flow Indicators Rate 1 kg/cm2 Level indicator, (Hydrostatic earthing, flame 1 HSD Fuel Storage Tank MS 40 KL pressure in case of arrestor & visual partial leaks) observation
Hazard Inventory
Definition of hazardous chemical is based on the Manufacture, Storage, & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 as amended in 2008 with inputs from MSDS’ of relevant chemicals and available database software such as the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA’s) CAMEO software suite.
Flammable Gases
Natural gas (Methane) may come along with crude oil from the drilling well, which is flammable gas. In accordance with the Oil Mines Regulation Rules, 1984, a flare stack of 9m height will be provided.
Flammable Liquids
HSD fuel is flammable liquid. Release of HSD from storage tank and leak through pipeline have been considered in the present study.
5.12.3 Event Classification and Modes of Failure
Component failures are the initiating events for the failure scenarios, which can escalate to consequences like fires, explosions and equipment damage. Eventual failures could be in the form of small gasket leaks in a flange joint or guillotine failure of a pipeline or even rupture / catastrophic failure of equipment. Major failure modes identified in this project are:
Storage tank - small/large leaks
Hazards that can lead to accidents in operations are discussed in this section. Important hazardous events are classified and defined in Table 5-18.
Table 5-18: Event Classification Type of Event Description Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion; may happen due to catastrophic failure of BLEVE refrigerated or pressurized gases or liquids stored above their boiling points, followed by early ignition of the same, typically leading to a fire ball Is the same as detonation but with reaction occurring at less than sonic velocity and Deflagration initiation of the reaction at lower energy levels A propagating chemical reaction of a substance in which the reaction front advances in Detonation the unreacted substance at or greater than sonic velocity in the unreacted material Explosion A release of large amount of energy that form a blast wave Fire Fire
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Type of Event Description Fireball The burning of a flammable gas cloud on being immediately ignited at the edge before forming a flammable/explosive mixture. Flash Fire A flammable gas release gets ignited at the farthest edge resulting in flash-back fire ‘Loss of containment’. Release of fluid or gas to the surroundings from unit’s own Spill Release equipment / tanks causing (potential) pollution and / or risk of explosion and / or fire Breakage or fatigue failures (mostly failures caused by weather but not necessarily) of Structural Damage structural support and direct structural failures Vapour Cloud Explosion resulting from vapour clouds formed from flashing liquids or non-flashing Explosion liquids and gases
5.12.4 MCLS Selected for Consequence Assessment
On the basis of the discussions in this chapter, the MCLS’ selected for further study are described in Table 5-19.
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Table 5-19: Event Classification Maximum Material(s) Types of S. No. / Operating Consequences Control System / Component MOC Modeled Failure Remarks No. Quantity Pressure / Flow Studied Indicators Possible Rate 10 mm, 25 mm, 50mm and 100 Flammable 1 kg/cm2 Level indicator, mm hole in tank liquid: HSD (Hydrostatic Pool Fire & earthing, flame Stoppage by 1. HSD Storage Tank MS 1 No. (40 KL) Catastrophic pressure in case of Explosion arrestor & visual operator Rupture of partial leaks) observation storage tank (100% contents)
Note: Materials Modeled: This have selected on the basis of the Technical Paper by the World Bank
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5.12.5 Consequence Analysis
Consequence analysis is accomplished by estimating various components required prior to accomplishing the final task of risk assessment. Risk is considered to be a function of frequency (likelihood of occurrence of a given event) and damage (generally expressed in terms of fatalities to people; but also injuries and property damage) caused by the occurrence of the event. Before estimating damage, it is required to find out the release quantities and their primary consequences. This is done using intermediate steps of source modelling and consequence assessment. These steps are described in this section.
Toxic, flammable and explosive substances released from sources of storage as a result of failures or catastrophes, can cause losses in the surrounding area in the form of:
Toxic gas dispersion, resulting in toxic levels in ambient air, Fires, fireballs, and flash back fires, resulting in a heat wave (radiation), or Explosions (Vapour Cloud Explosions) resulting in blast waves (overpressure)
Consequence of Fire/ Heat Wave
The effect of thermal radiation on people is mainly a function of intensity of radiation and exposure time. The effect is expressed in terms of the probability of death and different degrees of burns.
Table 5-20: Damage due to Radiation Intensity Radiation Damage to Equipment Damage to People Kw/m2 1.2 Solar heat at noon 1.6 - Minimum level of pain threshold 2.0 PVC insulated cable damage Causes pain if duration is longer than 20 sec. 4.0 - But blistering is unlikely. Pain threshold reached after 8 sec. Second 6.4 - degree burns after 20 sec. Minimum energy to ignite wood with 1% lethality in one minute. First degree burns in 12.5 a flame; melts plastic tubing. 10 sec. 16.0 - Severe burns after 5 sec. Minimum energy to ignite wood at 100% lethality in 1 min. Significant injury in 10 25.0 identifying long exposure without a sec. flame. 100% lethality in 1 min. 37.5 Severe damage to plant 50% lethality in 20 sec. 1% lethality in 10 sec.
Reference: World Bank Technical Paper no. 55- Technical Ltd. For assessing hazards – A manual
5.12.6 Consequence of Containment Failure and release of Material into Environment
The model is very useful in risk assessment studies where, frequency results provided in this report are based on the above, generalized, algorithm and from published failure data.
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Weather condition selected are 1.9/C (prevalent during the day), 1.4/E (prevalent during the night) and 4.0/D (prevalent during monsoons) has been considered for modeling.
5.12.7 Release of HSD
Release of HSD can occur from two scenarios.
Release of HSD due to 10mm hole in tank, 25mm hole in tank, and catastrophic failure of the HSD storage tank.
It is expected that ONGC would have 40 KL (1 no) capacity tank for diesel storage at drilling site.
Table 5-21: Radiation Level and Effect Distance Due to Release of HSD Effect Distance in Meters to Radiation Level Met. Failure Scenarios Consequences 1.6 12.5 37.5 Data 4 kW/m2 kW/m2 kW/m2 kW/m2
1.9/C 39.5479 30.7668 23.8184 19.4783 Jet fire 1.4/E 39.8156 31.2284 24.4076 20.0982 4.0/D 37.8389 28.8618 21.8269 17.579
25 mm equivalent 1.9/C 52.9486 38.1908 22.688 12.5006 diameter leak in HSD Early Pool fire 1.4/E 52.3005 36.9824 21.3285 12.5082 Storage Tank 4.0/D 55.0815 40.6764 27.0356 13.0183 1.9/C 122.026 76.3938 35.3419 N.R Late pool fire 1.4/E 120.527 73.4635 36.1717 N.R 4.0/D 128.552 88.0098 35.8437 N.R 1.9/C 182.067 112.156 52.8014 N.R Catastrophic rupture of Late pool fire 1.4/E 176.628 106.246 52.9392 N.R HSD storage tank 4.0/D 199.59 134.851 57.4204 N.R
N.R – Not Reached
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Figure 5-1: Risk Contours for Jet Fire Due to 25 mm Equivalent Diameter Leak in HSD tank at Weather Condition 1.9/C
Figure 5-2: Risk Contours for Late Pool Fire Due to 25 mm Equivalent Diameter Leak in HSD tank at Weather Condition 1.9/ C
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Figure 5-3: Risk Contours for Late Pool Fire Due to Catastropic rupture of HSD Tank at Weather Condition 4.0/D
5.12.8 Safety Consideration while Installation of Drilling Site Facilities
Site Layout
The site layout will be designed considering the following key safety issues:
The site perimeter will be appropriately fenced in the interests of security and public safety Emergency exits and safe assembly point will be provided in all facilities as per regulatory requirements including the Oil Mines Regulations, 1984 Provision of dyke at HSD storage area to prevent spill
Drill Site Facilities
Adequate general lighting arrangements shall be provided during working hours at the following places:
Where the natural lighting is insufficient; Derrick floor; Driller’s stand and control panel; Monkey board; Every engine and pump house; Derrick sub-structure near blowout preventer controls; Every place where persons are to work; Every means of escape, access or egress;
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Fire Protection
Suitable fire-fighting equipment will be provided to take care of any eventuality. This will include
Sufficient number of fire extinguishers located at strategic locations as per OISD 189, Enough storage of water in pit or storage tank. Fire station located at nearyby installations of ONGC wil be kept ready
Personnel Safety
Suitable Personal Protective Equipment will be provided to all personnel Essential equipment such as eyewash facilities will be provided at relevant locations Antidotes for all chemicals being used as per MSDS will be kept ready at the site First aid box will be kept at site and training in first aid provided Work permit systems will be strictly followed Safety training will be incorporated into routine activities Every person employed at any drilling rig, work-over rig, well head installation, storage tank or on such work where firefighting equipment may be required to be used, shall be trained in the use of equipment & regular fire drills shall be held for this purpose.
5.12.9 Mitigation Measures
As per ONGC policy period medical checkup would be carried out in two stages which include clinical examination and laboratory test if required During site preparation proper care would be taken by ONGC, proper PPE will be provided to site workers and staff members Site preparation work will be carried out during day time only Acoustic enclosures will be provided to DG sets and other noise generating equipment ONGC will develop and implement a spill management plan to prevent risk of spill which may cause health problem
Considering the above mitigation measures as well as the other conditions, the impact scores on ecology and biodiversity environment are likely to be as mentioned Table 5-22.
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Table 5-22: Impact Scoring of Occupational Health, Community Health & Safety Impact Scoring
Final Code Impacting Activity Consequence, Remarks Probability, P Score C C x P
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Clearance of vegetation 1 at site and preparation of 1 1 1 - approach roads Excavation and paving of 2 1 1 1 - site Probability is given higher score since, Safety Performance 2011 data of Vehicle Movement for OGP shows % fatalities in 3 transportation of rig, 2 2 4 land travel of about 23%, materials and equipment which is heighest amonst all activities involved in drilling operation Setting up the rig floor and derrick, handrails, Consequnce is given a low guardrails, stairs, score since ONGC follow walkways, ladders , flare safety rules and regulation 4 2 2 4 stack, drilling fluid strictly and provide PPE to circulating system & workers onsite and has other equipment and good past records machinery Work force 5 accommodation and 1 1 1 Low risk sanitation 5 Chemical and fuel storage 2 2 4 Low Risk Preparation of drilling 6 1 2 2 fluid Storage handling and 7 disposal of solid/ 2 2 4 - hazardous waste Storage, handling and 8 2 2 4 - disposal of waste water Blow outs are rare, and 9 Blow out 5 1 5 ONGC will provide BoP to its rig to prevent blow outs Dismantling of rig and 10 2 2 4 - associated machinery
5.13 Land Subsidence Due to Exploration of Oil & Gas
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Subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level.
Land subsidence occurs when large amounts of ground water have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up. When the water is withdrawn, the rocks fall on itself.
In order to study occurrence of Land Subsidence due to exploration of oil and gas, DGH has undertaken study through Central Mining Research Institute to assess land subsidence in a gas field in Gujarat.
“It was concluded that during these nine campaigns from February 2004 to May 2006, only few seasonal local minor negligible level changes are detected in the area under study, indicating that overall the area is stable. Also the trend in the behavior of some points, which had been observed in a particular region, has also now been proven to be due to seasonal variations, and no resultant subsidence is observed. However, close monitoring is required in future, especially at some points to estimate the trends, and the probable changes.”
In light of the above, it is explicitly clear that no resultant subsidence is observed even when the reservoir is at very low depth (about 200 m below the ground surface level) and at a higher withdrawal rate of gas.
Source: www.dghindia.org
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6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
6.1 Alternative Drilling Locations
At the time of selection of drilling locations a safe distance will be kept from the nearest habitation and water bodies and other sensitive receptors.
6.2 Alternative Drilling Technologies
Conventional drilling technology (rotary drilling with WBM stabilization) for onshore drilling will be used by ONGC for its drilling campaign.
6.3 Alternative Resources
The mining leases of 23 Blocks fall in
Taluka: Vadodara, Dabhoi, Padra and Karjan Talukas of Vadodara District Jambusar, Amod, Vagra, Ankleshwar and Hansot Taluka of Bharuch District , Olpad and Mangrol Taluka of Surat District District: Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat
The entire water requirement will be met through tankers from nearest ONGC installation which will source surface water from Narmada River.
6.4 Alternative Treatment Options
Drill cutting will be separated from drilling mud and analyzed for Oil and Grease (O&G) content. If O&G content is found to be less than 10 g/kg ,the cutting will be disposed off(in-situ) in an impervious HDPE lined pit and after drying it will be covered by an impervious liner and soil layer. If O&G content is found to be higher than the 10 g/kg, drill cuttings will be temporarily stored in HDPE lined pits / packed in bags and then disposed to TSDF.
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7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
7.1 Disaster Management Plan
In view of the hazardous nature of products / process handled by the ONGC, Disaster Management Plans (DMPs) has been prepared. These plans are based on various probable scenarios like Well Blow Out, Fire, Explosion, Natural Calamities etc. The consequence arising out of such incidents are accurately predicted with the help of latest technique available by various Risk Analysis Studies. To minimize the extent of damage consequent to any disaster and restoration of normalcy is the main purpose of DMP. There are on site Emergency Plans that deal with handling of the emergency within boundary of the plants mainly with the help of industry’s own resources. Also when the damage extends to the neighboring areas, affecting local population beyond boundaries of plant, Off-site Emergency plan is put into action in which quick response and services of many agencies are involved e.g. Government, Fire Services, Civil defence, Medical, Police, Army, Voluntary organizations etc.
7.1.1 Objective of DMP
The following are the main objective of Disaster Management Plan:
Safeguarding lives both at installations and in neighborhood. Containing the incident & bringing it under control. Minimizing damage to property & environment. Resuscitation & treatment of causalities. Evacuating people to safe area. Identifying persons and to extend necessary welfare assistance to causalities. Finally when situation is controlled, efforts are to be made to return to normal or near normal conditions.
7.1.2 Disaster management Plan: Structure
Following are the key elements of DMP:
Basis of the plan Accident prevention procedures / measures Accident/ emergency response planning procedures Recovery procedure
A broad outline of responsibilities and duties of different team members concerning the emergency management plan are given in Figure 7-1.
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Figure 7-1: Organogram for Offsite Emergencies
7.1.3 Types of Anticipated Hazard
The following are two major disasters likely to be happened during the drilling activity:
Well Blowout Fire / Explosion
Gas Leakage (H2S, Natural Gas etc.)
Well Blow out
Blow-out (uncontrolled gushing of oil & gas) is the worst situation, which may arise at oil wells during drilling, work-over operations, perforation, and reservoir studies at active wells etc. or due to some unforeseen reasons.
A blow out, though rare, is the worst accident that can occur in a drilling operation that is often accompanied by fire and explosion exposing workers to serious danger to their lives, burns and poisoning. To understand the failure modes resulting to formation of kick and subsequent blow outs we have to understand the safety systems installed for blow out prevention.
Prevention of blow outs rests primarily on control of any kick in the well bore. A kick means entry of formation fluids into well bore in large enough quantity to require shutting in the well under pressure. Once a kick is detected, steps can be taken to control entry of formation fluids into the well bore by over balancing the expected bottom hole pressure with properly conditioned mud and operation of safety valves i.e. BOP, whereby the space between the drill pipes and the casings can be closed and well itself shut off completely. Several instruments are provided on a drilling rig for detection of kicks.
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Instrumentation in Mud System
Continuous monitoring of condition of mud in the well provides information useful for well control. The following instruments and equipments are used in the drilling mud system for this purpose:
A pit level indicator registering increase or decrease in drilling mud volume. It is connected with an audio-visual alarm near the drillers control panel. A trip with float-marking device to accurately measure the volume of mud going in to the well. This is useful to keep the well feed with required quantity of mud at all times. A gas detector or explosive meter installed at the primary shale shaker together with an audio-visual alarm at the drillers control panel to indicate the well presence of gas-cut mud in the well. The kick in the well is prevented by keeping the hydrostatic head of the drilling fluid greater than the formation pressure. The primary control can be lost in the following situations: While tripping, if the well is not kept full with the required volume of mud. If there is reduction in hydrostatic pressure in the well due to swabbing, which maybe caused if the drilling string is pulled out too fast or by a balled-up or clogged bit, which is indicated by insufficient filling of mud. If there is loss of circulation, which may be caused either due to running in too fast, thereby, causing the weak horizons of the well to break or while drilling through a formation with cracks or cavity.
BOP Stacks
In a well, after the surface casing blow-out prevention (BOP) equipment is installed and maintained before resuming drilling Annular preventer for closing the well regardless of size / shape of the drill string in the hole or no string in the hole.
The spool is double ram Preventer, blind ram for closing against open hole as well as pipe ram for closing against drill pipes. Drilling spool located below the double ram preventer provided with choke and kill lines which are connected to the choke and kill manifold. A non-return valve is provided in the kill line.
Standard operating Prodcedure for Blow out is given in Table 7-1
Table 7-1: Standard Operating Procedure for Blow Out S. Action to be Action Details of action No taken by If the I/C of the operation of the Rig feels the well is out Declaration of well `Out of control and could not be brought under control 1 DIC of the Rig of Control' through normal procedure, emergency should be declared. Immediately after the Blowout is declared, switch off the DIC of the Rig 2 Switch-off the Power Main power system, which can cause the ignition. Call all personnel from the Rig floor area. Ensure Ensure personal safety DIC of the Rig 3 whether all the persons reported or not. If anybody is
entrapped try to rescue.
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S. Action to be Action Details of action No taken by If anybody is injured, carry out the first aid and send him 4 First Aid DIC of the Rig to the nearest hospital. Communication to 5 Report the Emergency to Base control room. DIC of the Rig control room. Communication to senior Base control room has to communicate the Emergency 6 Base control room officers to all the key personnel. Based on the information received and also after visiting Activation of 7 the site, seeing the gravity of situation, SOP for dealing Asset Manager SOP the emergency has to be activated. Make water supply Make arrangement to connect water line/ spray water on 8 I/C Fire services arrangements. the Wellhead, if the well not on fire. People are to be evacuated from the premises of 1000 meters. If there is release of Toxic gas like H2S, relief 9 Relief Camps Head HR camps are to be organised with all facility for the evacuated people till the well is controlled. Crude Oil Make trenches to collect the crude and subsequently 10 CMT Head Containment transport to nearest GGS Remove all the rig unwanted equipment around the Remove the Rig Head RCMT of the 11 wellhead to protect them from the danger of fire and equipment Area also to create access to the wellhead. Establish communication In-built communication room has to be mobilized and Head RCMT of the 12 center at site made operational. Area Manning of Personnel should be deployed on round the clock basis 13 Head Info com communication center to the communication centre at the problem site. Establish communication control room in the base with Establish Base control Concerned 14 the all type of communication facilities. Control room room services Head should work on round the clock basis. Establish First Head Medical 15 First aid centre & medical support has to be established. Aid Centre Services Nearest hospital / Care Centre should be alerted for Head Medical 16 Care of Casualties receiving the emergency cases. Services Boundary has to be fixed all around the problem area 17 Cordoning of area. Head Security and has to be declared as restricted area. Mobilise the Blowout Blow-out control equipment as directed by RCMT should 18 Control equipment from LM (Logistics) be mobilised. RCMT location. Transport equipment for the mobilization of personnel, 19 Logistic support equipment, removal of debris etc., are to be provided as LM (Logistics) desired by Head-RCMT Accommodation/ Accommodation for all CMT Experts at nearest possible 20 Head HR Food/ Beverages location. Based on the condition of the well on the surface and Action plan for Head CMT 21 Sub-surface & the available data, workout step-by-step controlling blowout Operations detailed action plan with bar charts. 22 Insurance related Reporting of incident to the underwriters, also Rep. of Finance
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S. Action to be Action Details of action No taken by matters supplementation of required data to them, communication of other decision / advice etc., to Head CMT-Ops, claims, pursue of claims. A leveled surface with required hardening has to be Construct leveled 23 provided at a place required by Head RCMT to place the LM (Works) Surface office/ rest/ store room etc. Dig pits as suggested by Head RCMT. Lay the pipeline, Pumping arrangements 24 and arrange pumps to pump the water from the main LM (Works) and fill water. source to water pits. Install Fire Install fire pumps, Monitors at required places and test 25 Head-RCMT Pumps them on load. Pin point the equipment /expertise /special As per the action plan, identify the equipment, workout Head CMT 26 services which is not expertise and services required for each operation also Operations available with RCMT Find out Directional drilling services as desired by Head Head Drilling 27 Directional drilling CMT. Operations could be provided by local team or not. Services Find out if snubbing unit can carry out snubbing services Head CMT 28 Snubbing services required or not. Operations Safety of the personnel, equipment etc is to be taken Head CMT 29 Safety during operations care with out compromise during control operations. Operations Action plan has to be monitored on day-to-day basis; Corporate 30 Monitoring of the plan constraints if any. communication Every day or once in three days press briefing are to be Asset 31 Press Briefing organized in consultation with Head CMT operations, Manager /CC Asset Manager. VIP Visits should be planned in such a way that control Asset 32 VIP Visits operation should not be hampered and also safety of the Manager VIPs should be taken seriously. Review meeting with regard to progress, constraints if at all should be organized every two days. All the Asset 33 Review meeting responsible persons noted above should attend the Manager meeting.
Fire
Fire is one of the major hazards, which can result from storage tanks. Fire prevention and code enforcement is one of the major areas of responsibility for the fire service. Hence the facility should be equipped with:
Water supply Fire hydrant and monitor nozzle installation Foam system Water fog and sprinkler system of Mobile Fire fighting equipment or First aid appliances
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Proper dyke area should be provided for the storage of chemicals. In the event of a fire, the fire in the dyke area should be addressed first so as to minimize the heat input to the tank A wind direction pointer should also be installed at storage site, so that in an emergency the wind direction can be directly seen and downwind population cautioned. Shut off and isolation valves should be easily approachable in emergencies Hydrocarbon detectors to be installed at strategic locations near the units and pipelines handling hydrocarbons at higher temperatures and pressures to assess any leak Storage areas must be adequately separate from buildings process areas and other dangerous substances These measures should be backed up by relief systems such that the combination of vessel design, protection, quality control and relief eliminates the possibility of complete vessel failure.
Action Plan for Fire Fighting
General
As soon as fire is noticed, shout “FIRE” “FIRE” “FIRE” or “AAG” “AAG” “AAG”. Try to eliminate the fire by using proper portable fire extinguishers.
Installation Manager:
He should ensure regularly the working status of fire equipments / its maintenance through fire section and see that they are kept in their respective places as per the need. As soon as, the fire accident is reported, rush to site and take charge of the situation. Inform Mines Manger besides Area Manager as well Fire Manager.
Shift In-charge
If situation demands sound “Hooter”; call on the nearest Fire Services and Hospital attending doctor. Inform Installation Manager / Field Manager / Surface Area Manager. Give instructions to the assembled staff and get the best out of them.
Drilling Officials
Remove other inflammable materials to the safer distance. Remove important documents to a safer place. The first aid trained persons should be ready to give first aid to the injured persons and move them to the hospital if required. Get well acquainted with the location of the wells.
Electrical Officials
No naked flame should be allowed. Generator should be stopped. Electrical lines are required to be de-energized. See that uninterrupted supply of water from tube well to the fire services.
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Mechanical Officials
Get the instruction from the Shift In-charge to act accordingly to stop the equipments and ready to carry out repair jobs if required like pump problems of fire services etc. Help production officials in removing inflammable materials.
Transport Officials
Get vehicles parked at a safer distance. See that approach road is clear for fire services vehicle to the approach the accident site.
Security at Gate
To prevent unauthorized entry of persons / vehicles inside the area of responsibility and also to ensure no abnormal activity by unauthorized persons is allowed.
Fire Officials
On arrival they fight fire with the assistance of site staff in extinguishing the fire. If the situation still proves to be beyond control, then the help from the nearest agencies could be taken.
Fire Control Room
A fire control room will be set up for smooth functioning of fire fighting/ rescue operations at the site of incident. Manager (F.S)/ one fire officer or senior most person of fire section will be I/C of that control room. Mean while one Fire officer will take charge of Control Room of Central Fire Station to assist/ back support for required fire equipments / man power. Incharge control room of Central fire Station will be responsible for arranging of man power and equipments if required at site.
Area Manager: (In Case of Major Fire)
Pre-identified source of additional water to be used for uninterrupted supply of water. If situation demands, pits be dug to store sufficient water, pipeline is laid to carry water from the sources to water pits. Maintenance party to remain to attend any problem. Besides special maintenance team is immediately sought from the workshop. Arrangements to provide flameproof lights at a safer distance. Arrangements to provide mud and chemicals necessary to control situation. Arrangements for food, water, temporary rest rooms or tents for the officials on the round the clock duty at site. To keep ready fleet of jeeps, tractors, crane to meet demand.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Natural Gas Leakage
Hydrogen sulfide is a colourless, flammable, extremely hazardous gas with “rotten egg” smell.
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide gas to Health:
Low concentrations irritate the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system e.g. burning / tearing of eyes, cough, and shortness of breath. Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause eye inflammation, headache, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, digestive disturbances and weight loss.
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Measures
Do not panic Check the wind direction and evacuate all personnel to safe breathing area. Put on 30 Min. breathing apparatus set
Come back to that site in two (use buddy system), with portable H2S detector and monitor the
H2S level in the atmosphere. Stop the source of leakage (i.e. close the well) Remove victim, if any to fresh air, if breathing, maintain victim at rest & administer oxygen, if available, if person is not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately or start mechanical/ automatic resuscitator. Call ambulance and sent victim to hospital or doctor. Avoid & extinguish all naked flames Pull out all inflammable material i.e. HSD, Gas Cylinders, Chemicals etc. from the premises of well / installation. . Warn nearby ONGC installation/ testing sites. Pull out all possible equipment to safe distances.
Call for fire tender and start spraying water on the sources of leakage to dissolve H2S in water. Evacuate personnel in 500 mts area from down wind direction. Warn nearby inhabitants, if required. Keep in touch with control room for all instruction. Cordon off the area & do not allow entry of any unauthorised person.
Effect of Natural gas on Human Health:
Colourless, odourless, flammable gas, mainly methane. May cause flash fire. Electrostatic charge may be generated by flow, agitation etc: No occupational exposure limits established. Provide local exhaust ventilation system. Ventilation equipment should be explosion-resistant if explosive concentrations of material are present. Eye Protection: Eye protection not required, but recommended. Clothing: Protective clothing is not required. Gloves: Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves. Respirator: Under conditions of frequent use or heavy exposure, respiratory protection may be needed. Respiratory protection is ranked in order from minimum to maximum. Consider warning properties before use. For Unknown Concentrations or Immediately
Contingency Plan for Oil Spill
Oil spills occur despite prevention efforts. Oil spills happen on land and in water, during monsoon, testing, pipeline leakage etc. They vary in size, from just a few hundred liters to the thousand of liters. Preparing a timely and co-ordinated response to such an emergency of undefined magnitude that can happen anywhere, at any time, and in any kind of weather is an enormous challenge that requires significant planning and training.
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Action
When the information / disaster has been flown to all the designated components of the system. Every part has to function and coordinated goal shall be achieved according to the prescribed duties and responsibilities. Immediate step: As soon as the concerned personnel receive the alarm, all shall work simultaneously for the following steps to be taken to carry out the operation. First Information Report (FIR): Control room of surface team shall be treated as nodal point for converging / diverging the information in / from all the components of the system. Pumping: Concerned Installation Head shall take immediate steps for shut down or stopping of pumping / compressor unit and the affected pipeline sector shall be isolated. He shall inform HES, SM, ASM, LM (W), I/C Security and I/C Fire. Search: Area Manager / Installation Manager shall organize for sending a search party of the skilled personnel to the site and the team shall coordinate with installation in-charge and communicate the data / information regarding location of accident/ disaster and magnitude of the same. Administration: Administration coordinator has to arrange for mobilization of fire brigade, safety and security team and medical team if required (as in case of red disaster). In case of red disaster, he has to take steps for evacuation and rescue operations. Firefighting: In-Charge Fire and Security section shall have to immediately assess the situation and mobilize fire fighting equipments from in-house resources and outside agencies if needed. The incident site should be cordoned off by the security to avoid any untoward incident. Repair operation: LM (W) shall coordinate and I/C maintenance in C & M division shall organize and supervise operation for repairing and restoring the normal operational conditions. The line should be buried in presence of security personnel.
Control Room
E & T control room of Asset will be the nodal point of converging / diverging the information. Duty officer shall coordinate the information flow between site and management team.
Preventing Oil Spills
To have sufficient storage facilities to prevent the discharge of all kind of oil into the water. To have adequate facilities for inspection of pipeline, pressure vessel, storage tank etc. to avoid leakage, sabotage. To have adequate facilities for testing of well.
Mitigation Measure
The following are the mitigation measures for oil spill:
Monitoring of pipe line, oil storage tank Using mechanical and chemical method, fresh oil will be lifted in tanker and sent to nearby GGS / CTF. Contaminated oil (if mixed with water) will be collected in the tanker and will be sent to nearby effluent treatment plant and oil is separated from water by using skimmers and chemical. Biological methods will be used for cleaning up contaminated soil.
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8 PROJECT BENEFITS
The project benefits are summarized as follows:
Employment Opportunity
The drilling process will involve a number of skilled and unskilled workers. There is possibility that local people will be engaged for the purpose and hence improve the existing employment scenario of the region. The drill site construction would be done largely by employing local labour.
Benefits for the Country
The demand for petroleum has recorded a considerable increase over the year from 30 million tonnes in 1980-81 to about 115 million tonnes at present. This growing demand poses a big challenge to oil producing company including ONGC. Also new oil/gas finds in the Block will lead to reduction in India’s dependence on imported crude oil and thereby results in considerable saving in foreign exchange. There will be a beneficial effect of a flourishing production unit that will directly and indirectly boost the living standards of the people, save foreign exchange and with increase in industrial activities, create more jobs in the local economy.
Benefits to the Region
In the event that commercial quantities of hydrocarbon reserves are discovered, more long- term employment opportunities would be created. Besides, the hydrocarbons brought to the surface shall help in contributing the ongoing efforts of the government to meet the national demand of petroleum resources. Development of ancillary activities resulting into indirect jobs and requirement of more skills.
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
Chapter 5 has identified a number of impacts that are likely to arise during land acquisition / permitting, operations of equipment and abandonment of operations. The EIA has also examined biophysical and socio-economic effects of the proposed program.
Where adverse impacts have been identified, the EIA has examined the extent to which these impacts would be mitigated through the adoption of industry standard practice and guidelines and following legislative requirements of the MoEF and Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) describes both generic good practice measures and site specific measures, the implementation of which is aimed at mitigating potential impacts associated with the proposed activities.
9.1.1 Purpose of the Environmental Management Plan
The EMP provides a delivery mechanism to address potential adverse impacts, to instruct contractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works. For each stage of the programme, the EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective mitigation of every potential biophysical and socio-economic impact identified in the EIA. For each activity or operation, which could otherwise give rise to impact, the following information is presented.
A comprehensive listing of the mitigation otherwise give rise to impact, the following information is presented: measures (actions) that ONGC will implement; The parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the action; The timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met. ONGC is committed to the adoption of these measures and will carry out ongoing inspection to ensure their implementation and effectiveness by its contractors
9.1.2 Role of ONGC and its Contractor
Role of ONGC
As project proponents, ONGC will have ultimate responsibility for implementing the provisions of the EMP. This role will include the ongoing management of environmental impacts, monitoring of contractor performance as well as development of mechanisms for dealing with environmental problems.
ONGC will also ensure that the activities of its contractors are conducted in accordance with ‘good practice’ measures, implementation of which will be required through contractual documentation. In order to facilitate this, and to demonstrate commitment to the EMP, ONGC /Contractor management will conduct regular internal site inspections, the results of which will be documented.
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Role of ONGC’s Contractor
ONGC’s management will be responsible for performance of all it's contractors and ensuring that all ONGC's commitments in the EIA are translated into contractors' requirements and that these requirements are implemented to the full intent and extent of ONGC’s original commitment.
ONGC’s contractors will be responsible for implementation of, or adherence, to all the mitigation measures outlined in the EIA. All contractors will be required to comply with the provisions of the EMP and with any environmental and other codes of conduct required by ONGC. ONGC will require all contractors to introduce regular environmental inspection and reporting to enable ONGC to monitor their performance.
ONGC's contractors and sub-contractors will be required to adopt the provisions of the EMP as if it were their own.
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Table 9-1: Environmental Management Plan S. No. Potential Impact Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing 1. Land Acquisition Ensure that all necessary protocols are Legal documents Pre-deployment of followed and legal requirements implemented. Lease documents topographic survey Ensure that appropriate legal requirements team or site have been met with regard to land occupancy, clearance crew. land ownership or usage rights, notice & compensation etc.
Establish and clearly document land usage permission agreements with owners, users and state authorities. Mark out site boundaries. Ensure that land After selection of take during drilling site construction is precise site restricted to pre-agreed area. location & orientation. Prior to onset of site clearance. 2. Soil erosion Minimize area extent of site clearance, by Site boundaries not Prior to onset of staying within the defined boundaries. extended / site clearance. breached. Protect topsoil stockpile where possible. Effective cover in Duration of data place. acquisition until demobilization. 3. Habitat disturbance Mark out path / trail boundaries. Clear boundaries Prior to marks in place. commencement of site clearance. For cleared area, retain topsoil in stockpile Topsoil stockpile in Duration of where possible on perimeter of site for place on site edge. programme until subsequent re-spreading onsite during demobilization. restoration. All operators involved in site preparation shall Maintenance of Duration of site be trained to observe the defined site integrity of preparation. boundaries. boundary markers. 4. Drainage and Effluent Ensure drainage system and specific design Evidence of Duration of
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S. No. Potential Impact Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing measures are working effectively. impended programme. drainage, culvert Blockage or collapse. 5. Fuels, Lubricants & Chemicals Maintain strict inventory of all fuels, lubricants Up-to-date Duration of Management and chemicals brought to the site. inventory in place. programme All fuels, lubricants & chemicals placed in Integrity of storage Duration of controlled storage in proper container. area: impervious programme liner; surfacing. All drums and containers located within footprint of storage area. All used & unused lubricants and chemicals no Low inventory (or Duration of longer required, to be transported offsite. absence) of used / programme unused lubricants no longer required onsite. Refueling operations to be undertaken over Facilities installed Duration of area with impervious flooring and surface programme drainage with oil interceptor. Delivery of fuel to storage to be supervised. Detailed procedure Duration of in place. programme. Adequate spills containment and clean-up Make available at a equipment and materials on-hand and short notice. available to contain foreseeable spill. 6. Waste Management Implement site waste management plan Comprehensive Prior to site (section 5.4) which identifies and Waste clearance. characterizes every waste arising associated Management Plan with operation, which identifies the in place and procedures for collection, handling & disposal available for of each waste arising. inspection on-site.
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S. No. Potential Impact Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing 7. Site Contamination Impervious liners (e.g.; clay, concrete) in Evidence of Daily throughout place for fuel, lubricants storage area. protective the duration of measures in place; programme. No visual sign of spills. Effective bunds capable of containing 110% of Evidence of Daily throughout the volume of the largest container within and protective duration of enclosing all potentially contaminating measures in place; programme. materials. To be used for fuel lubricants and absence of visual chemicals storage area. sign of spills. Non-contaminated and potentially Evidence of Duration of contaminated run-off shall be kept separate. separate routes programme. Non-contaminated run-off shall be routed to and effectively off-site area via silt traps. Potentially working silt traps. contaminated surface run-off shall be treated. Oil drip pans shall be used wherever there is Drip pans in place. Duration of significant potential for leakage including, but Absence of visible programme not limited to: signs of soil Drill rig engine. Contamination Electric Generator. Pumps or other motors. Maintenance area. Fuel transfer areas. All spills / leaks contained, reported and Written spill control Duration of cleaned up immediately. procedure in place programme. during the duration Spill absorbent containment material deployed to contain large spills. of programme.
Contaminated soil dug up, placed in drums & subsequently removed from site.
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S. No. Potential Impact Action Parameters for Monitoring Timing 8. Water Quality and other aquatic No discharge to be made to watercourse. No discharge hoses Duration of impacts in vicinity of programme with watercourses. particular emphasis during operation camp layout design and site preparation. 9. Noise and Vibration (applies to List of all machinery onsite identifying age of List of age of all Prior to operation of equipment) equipment. equipment commencement of deployed under work by contract. contractors at each Equipment maintained in good working order. Written record of survey site. maintenance for all equipment. Implement good working practices to Timing and Duration of minimize noise. synchronization of programme. operations with local activities. Acoustic mufflers in large engines (where Mufflers in place. practicable) 10. Air Emissions All equipment operated within specified design N/A Duration of parameters. (Operational phase) programme. Any dry, dusty materials (chemicals, etc.) shall Absence of be stored in sealed containers. stockpiles or open containers of dusty materials. 11. Non-routine events and accidental An Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Emergency The provisions of Update Emergency releases. Response Plan shall be drawn up. the Oil Spill Plan as required; Contingency Plan maintain state of shall be monitored. readiness for response including plan awareness and training.
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9.2 Waste Management Plan
The WMP (Waste Management Plan) covers disposal of all wastes on the operating site itself, with further reference to off-site disposal of those wastes which cannot be dealt with on-site.
9.2.1 Objectives
The objectives of the WMP are:
To provide the operating crew with the necessary guidance for the reduction and appropriate management of wastes generated during drilling.
To comply with all current environmental regulations. To meet industry standards on waste management and control.
9.2.2 Classification of Waste
In general, wastes can be categorized as follows.
Non-Hazardous Solid Waste: for example lines, cables, plastic, domestic waste, containers etc. Hazardous Liquid Wastes -any liquid wastes, vehicle maintenance wastes or receptacles containing or previously containing hazardous wastes or hazardous raw materials. Hazardous by definition is a chemical identified in its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) as being harmful to humans, animals, or the surrounding environment. This also includes volumes of paints, solvents, lubricating oil etc. Hazardous Solid Wastes - Containers holding or previously holding volumes of hazardous chemicals, batteries, etc. Wastes are designated as hazardous if their MSDS indicates they are harmful to humans and/or the environment. Additionally, used medical wastes (bandages, syringes, etc) are classified as hazardous. Contaminated Soils - Soils contaminated by any substance defined as hazardous are themselves designated as 'Hazardous'. Hydrocarbon Wastes - waste oils e.g. from oil changes or leakage from equipment. Used oil (from engine oil changes) is designated as hazardous. Once a waste item is identified and classified, it will be disposed off in an approved manner. Care will be taken to ensure that the waste is properly categorized to ensure that the appropriate disposal method is selected. Drill cutting and Spent Mud.
9.2.3 Disposal Options
The following disposal options will be available on site.
Offsite Disposal – Drill cutting if found hazardous wastes shall be handed over to authorized TSDF facility for further disposal. Used Batteries will be disposed off as per Batteries (Management and Handling) Amended Rules, 2010 Used oil/burnt oil will be disposed through MSTC (Metal Scrape Trading Corporation)
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9.2.4 Waste Reduction
Waste reduction efforts will concentrate on reuse, recycling, minimization of packaging material, reduction in size of waste material, and finally reduction of time spent on location via optimization of survey operations. Water based will be reused to the extent possible.
Minimization of waste material centre around reducing packaging materials. Use of large packaging, in bulk (for example 1 to 1.5 tonne recyclable bags as opposed to 100 lb sacks) should be preferred.
9.2.5 Special Concern
Plastic containers are prime targets for use as water containers. As some of these may contain substances, which can be harmful to humans, care will be taken to ensure that they are removed from the site intact. In general, after emptying chemical containers, which did not contain hazardous substances, the container will be sent to authorize recycler.
9.3 Site Restoration Plan
The proposed wells are exploratory wells, hence after completion of drilling there will be broadly two scenarios
In case that the well is completed when economic quantities of hydrocarbons are found, the well will be left with a wellhead in place, but all other equipment and materials will be removed from the site. In any other case the site will be cleared and will be retained for future use
Site will be restored as per Ponit no C of G.S.R.546 (E) dated 30th August 2005 of MoEF
9.4 Occupational Health Surveillance Programme
ONGC onshore operations are comes under Mine Act (Ministry of Labour) and as per Mines Act every person employed in mine should go under PME (Periodical Medical Examination) by approved medical doctor / Hospital at fixed interval. i.e.
Up to 45 yrs - Once in a 05 Yrs 45 to 55 yrs - 03 yrs & > 55 yrs - 01 yr
As per plan 10 % employees are being medically examined every year and records is being kept for future reference and track.
There are ONGC Panel hospitals / Laboratories / Doctors with necessary medical facilities for PME like X-Rays, ECG, Sonography, PFT, Audiometery, Eye / ENT Surgeon / Blood / urine test etc.
All the work centers have First Aid Box, Stretcher and 24 Hrs. Emergency vehicles.
The main occupational health hazards may be noise at Mechanical Rigs / Compressors plants, Hydrogen Sulphide gas in EOR affected area for this breathing apparatus are provided and necessary guidelines are available at sites.
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Free medical camps (medical check up / eye check up) are also organized by ONGC in villages around the operational area, and accordingly patients are treated and free medicines are given. If required free operations are also done by ONGC.
9.4.1 Social Management
The social management plan has been designed to take proactive steps and adopt best practices, which are sensitive to the socio-cultural setting of the region. This section outlines appropriate mitigative measures to the potential socio-economic impacts identified. The following mitigative measures will be included:
Providing Job Opportunities and Training:
During site construction approximately 45 to 50 workmen are likely to be involved. Most of the people employed during the stage would be semi-skilled. People from adjoining areas especially land losers would be given preference according to the skill sets possessed.
Ensuring Public Safety
Since the project involves the movement of heavy vehicles and machineries in the area, the issue of public safety of the villagers, especially children, is an important concern. During the drilling phase and for the rest of the project activities proper safety measures will be undertaken both for transportation as well as the other operations. The drill site would be fenced.
The movement of traffic is also likely to disrupt access conditions of the inhabitants residing close to the approach road. The increase in traffic would have implications on their safety too, as well as create congestion, potential delays and inconvenience for pedestrians. A traffic safety awareness campaign will also be conducted among the habitants along the highway in the villages adjacent to the drill site.
Mitigation of Noise Impacts at Sensitive Receptors
Drilling activity and increase in vehicular movement is likely to increase the noise level in the surrounding villages and schools near the drilling sites. Considering this, ONGC will ensure that minimum noise is emitted, by using better acoustics protection (less noise producing) in machineries and generators. Barriers will also be created on the periphery of the site to reduce the spread of noise to the extent possible. Wherever possible, the noise generating equipments will be placed away from the villages. These management measures are predicted to reduce noise levels within the prescribed standards.
In addition regular preventive maintenance of vehicle and machinery has been proposed. Movement of vehicle during nighttime will also be restricted. Continued interactions will be conducted with the villagers during the entire period of project activity to incorporate feasible solution in activity scheduling.
Community Interactions
Since the workers camp will be located very close to the villagers, various issues like conflict of workers with the local population, safety and privacy issues of the women of the surrounding villages, spread of various communicable diseases, nuisance caused by workers
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The project proponent will carry out several welfare activites as a part of CSR to improve the socio- economic condition of the area. These activities will include:
Provision of Education including Vocational Courses for the schools and other local people of the study area. Improving the current health status by offering timely and quality health care facilities. Developing Entrepreneurship (self help and livelihood generation) schemes. Developing infrastructural support near the operational areas of the project proponent. Engage into activities for the protection of environment, ecological conservation and its promotion. Promotion of artisans, craftsman, musicians, artists etc. for preserving heritage, art and culture. Encouraging women empowerment, girl child development and gender sensitive projects. Promoting sports/sports persons; supporting agencies promoting sports/sports persons within the study area. Engaging into activities of Water management including ground water recharge and Rain Water Harvesting schemes. Taking up initiatives for physically and mentally challenged by empowering them. Sponsoring of various seminars, conferences, workshops etc. for the employees and residents of the study area.
9.4.2 Noise Management
Impacts of drilling activities will affect the surrounding noise quality, and consequently receptors residing in the villages is likely to be significant. The noise impacts emerged as an added concern in the assessment section, as even with engineering control, the noise emissions were far higher than the standards prescribed in the noise rules. Though the impacts will be in the short term, ONGC adopt a systematic approach to manage these impacts to the extent possible.
ONGC will make sure that the machineries and equipments being used by the Contractors comply with the noise emission standards stipulated by the standards for Construction Equipments.
It shall be ensured that sufficient engineering controls (e.g. mufflers) are installed to reduce noise levels at source for vehicle and machinery.
In addition to the measures taken during the design and planning phase, further mitigation of these impacts can be achieved through management practices and some of the key measures that can be taken up during the drilling phase are laid down below:
All noise generating operations, except drilling (as drilling has to be carried out continuously) will be restricted to daytime unless an emergency situation arises at the drill site. Provide Personnel Protective Equipments (PPEs) like ear plugs / muffs to all workers who are supposed to work in high noise areas and provide them adequate training in using the same. Preventive maintenance of vehicles and machinery to be undertaken as and when required
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9.4.3 Management to Arrest Chemicals & Petroleum Products Spillage and Gas release
The chemicals and petroleum products storage location will be covered with concrete flooring to minimize any contamination of soil and groundwater from spillage of chemicals and petroleum products. Especially the petroleum storage area will have containment system in term of impermeable flooring and bund to arrest spillages and oil trap with a pump to recover the material.
ONGC will ensure measures to control well kick or blow out situation. as per statutory requirements as specified in Oil Mines Regulations, 1984 and guidelines of Directorate General of Mines and Safety. ONGC will ensure Blow Out Preventer and ensure engaging experienced personnel for handling of such situation. A brief description of the measures is given in the following subsections:
Prevention of accidental release of oil, chemical spills & gas releases
Safety systems such as blowout preventers; On-Site and Off-site Emergency Management plan have been prepared and will be available at site all the time. Provision of Oil Spill Contingency management to be included in the onsite and offsite emergency control plans. The plan is to cover detailed roles and responsibility for meeting with unlikely event of an emergency; Regular refreshing training of the personnel and arrangements. Provision of First Aid and Emergency Vehicle to be made available at the rig site round the clock and also contact numbers for concerned authorities. Containment around chemical storage areas and equipment such as pipe, mud tanks, pumps etc; Provision of material safety data sheets (MSDS) and handling procedures for hazardous chemicals and materials; Provision of appropriate absorbent material and spill cleanup equipment; Emergency Response Plan in place for environmental incidents including chemical spills.
Control of oil spills and soil contamination
The following measures shall be implemented to control soil and groundwater contaminations from oil spills and leaks:
Potentially contaminated surface run-off from the will be routed via an oil trap system where oils will be skimmed off and put in drums for removal from site while non-contaminated run- off will be routed, possibly via a silt trap, through a discharge pipeline to a suitable off-site location; A spill response plan has been developed for the well site, which deals in detail with identification and response to major, non-routine incidents. Areas susceptible to potential spills of contaminants, such as diesel fuel loading, storage and transfer areas, will be covered in an impermeable layer (hard cover) with drainage to a suitable holding, separation or treatment facility. Bio-remediation is practiced for all kind of oil, oil contaminated soil.
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9.4.4 Starage and Handling of Material and Spoils
ONGC will ensure that during site preparation, carry out proper storage and handling of spoil, sub-soils, top-soils and also solid powdery raw materials to minimize the risk of wind blown material and dust. If possible all loose heaps of materials will be covered by polythene sheets. In addition, procedures and work instruction for all activities that may generate fugitive dust emissions will be created. All loading and unloading activities shall be carried out as close as possible to the storage facilities.
Dry cement handling should be enclosed to the extent possible. Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) shall be provided to all workers involving in handling of hazardous materials
9.4.5 Identification and Compliance with Legislative Requirements
The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects. The important environmental legislation in India is given in Table 9-2
Table 9-2: Key Environmental Legislation Operational Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Agencies/Key Players To provide for the Water (Prevention prevention and control Controls sewage and industrial Central and State Pollution and Control of of water pollution and effluent discharges Control Boards Pollution Act,1974) enhancing the quality of water Air (Prevention and To provide for the Controls emissions of air Central and State Pollution Control of prevention and control pollutants. Control Boards. Pollution Act (1974) of air pollution. Regulates access to natural To consolidate resources, state has a State government, forest Forest Act, 1927 acquisition of common monopoly right over land; settlement officers. property such as forests. categories forests. To halt India’s rapid Restriction on dereservation Forest Conservation deforestation and and using forest for non-forest Central government. Act, 1980 resulting Environmental purpose. degradation. Creates protected areas Wildlife Protection (national parks/sanctuaries) Wildlife advisory boards; To protect wildlife. Act, 1980 categories of wildlife which are central zoo authorities. protected. To provide for the Central government nodal An umbrella act for protection Environment protection and agency MoEF; can delegate of environment and related Protection Act, 1986 improvement of powers to state Department matters. Environment. of Environment. Hazardous waste (Management, To manage hazardous Identification, Labeling, Authorization from State Handling and waste arising out of Handling, Treatment and Pollution Control Board Transboundary drilling operation Disposal of Hazardous waste Movement) Rules,
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Operational Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Agencies/Key Players 2010 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and To Manage Bio medical Identification, Labeling of Bio Handling) Rules, waste arising out of State Pollution Control Board Medical Waste 1998, Amended till drilling operation dated Battery Identification, Labeling, (Management and To Manage Waste Handling, and Disposal of State Pollution Control Board Handling) Rules, arising from Batteries Bateries waste 2000
(Source: Government of India Publications)
The following EHS regulatory requirements applicable to the activities being planned are given in Table 9-3 which may be taken into consideration prior to actual commencement of operations. Action required is to be reviewed quarterly.
Table 9-3: Applicable EHS Regulatory Requirements – Drilling Activities Applicable Legislation / Rule / Action Required / S. No. Requirement Permit Timing of Action NOC to be applied along NOC/Consent to establish from A general permit to establish 1 with the completed EIA the GPCB facilities for drilling of wells. report. Relevant guidelines to be Stipulation pertaining to general perused before actual start 2 Mine and Oilfields Regulations safety, height of flare stacks and of work to evaluate other guidelines. compliance. Applicable code for E&P activities: OISD-GDN-166, OISD-GDN-200, Oil Industry Safety Directorate Evaluation of compliance 3 OISD-GDN-202, OISD-GDN-218, Codes (OISD) against the same. OISD-STD-121, OISD-RP-174, OISD-STD-175, OISD-STD-189 Applicable permits from the CCE, Requirements of permits to be If required, applications to 4 Nagpur for storage of explosive / ascertained prior to establishment be filed and required flammable material of facilities. permits to be obtained. Listing of hazardous materials; thresholds against which Safety The Manufacture, Storage and If required, safety audit and Audit and Safety Report has to be 5 Import of Hazardous Chemicals safety report to be maintained; Requirements of Rules, 1989 (as amended till date) prepared. disclosure of information; Availability of MSDS’; Check whether ONGC’s insurance under PLI covers 6 The Public Liability Act, 1991 (PLI) Insurance to be taken out. the project under consideration. Chemical Accidents (Emergency Preparation of Local & District Identify whether Local or 7 Planning, Preparedness and Level Crisis Groups, for District Level Crisis Groups Response) Rules, 1996 management of offsite exist at site and take
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Applicable Legislation / Rule / Action Required / S. No. Requirement Permit Timing of Action emergencies. proactive part in preparing Offsite ERP.
9.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme
The following will be monitored on a regular basis throughout the drilling operation to ensure a high level of environmental performance being maintained:
Ambient Air monitoring during drilling;PM10, Sox, Nox, hydrocarbon Noise monitoring at drill site Flue gas analysis Wash water analysis Sanitation facilities at camp-sites Disposal of domestic wastewater to soak pit Collection and disposal of garbage, plastic waste, cables, used oil drums Use of PUC certified Transportation system, controlled movement of vehicles on kuchha roads to reduce dust generation Handling and storage of HSD at site on impervious ground at camp site during drilling activities, soaking of spilled HSD. Monitoring of required fire extinguishers at HSD storage area. Monitoring of Usage of safety appliances like ear plugs/muffs, helmets etc.
Table 9-4 gives Environmental Monitoring Plan
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Table 9-4: Environmental Monitoring Plan EI No Environmental Monitoring Parameter Location Period & Frequency Responsibility Indicator(EI) A DESIGN AND PLANNING A.1 Proximity of nearest Distance between the drill site and nearest Site Once in project lifecycle -do- Habitation habitation A.2 Location and Size of Number of land owners affected Total area leased Site Once in project lifecycle I/c LAQ Land Leased for the drill sites (Ha) A.3 Present Crop Cycle Crop period (in months) Site Once in project lifecycle -do- B APPROACH ROAD & SITE DEVELOPMENT B.1 Topsoil Area occupied for topsoil storage/ Area planned for Site Weekly during site preparation I/C Civil Works topsoil storage Height of topsoil stockpile B.2 Fugitive emission of dust Visual observation of dust in air by haziness Site & approach Daily during site preparation -do- during site preparation roads B.3 Subsoil Compaction Visual observation of compacted area/ trampled Adjacent to Site Daily during site preparation I/C Civil Works vegetation / crops & approach roads B.4 Fugitive emission of dust Visual observation of dust in air by haziness Near stockpiles Daily during the entire project I/c HSE ES during material handling and storages life- cycle and storage B.5 Soil Fertility Fertility parameters like pH, NPK ratio, Total Site & adjacent Once before site preparation I/c HSE ES Carbon, etc. areas B.6 Quality of water Visual observation Analysis of Parameters as per Near by Once before site preparation I/c HSE ES CPCB Use-class Nalla, canal, Nearby River
B.7 Ambient Air Quality Visual observation Odour/smell (NOx) Measurement At Surrounding Once before site preparation I/c HSE ES of SPM, RPM, SOx, NOx, CO, using HVS receptor points B.8 Ambient noise quality Hearing / perception Measurement of Noise Pressure At surrounding Once before site preparation I/c HSE ES Level in dB(A) receptor points C DRILLING & TESTING ACTIVITY C.1 Gaseous pollutant Pollutant concentrations in gaseous emissions and DG Stack During drilling & testing I/c HSE-DS
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EI No Environmental Monitoring Parameter Location Period & Frequency Responsibility Indicator(EI) emissions from DG Set maintenance parameters (air, fuel filters & air-fuel ratio) of DG sets influencing air emissions Visual observation of exhaust smoke characteristics Emission rates of SPM, NOx, SOx, CO, HC based on emission factors C.2 Noise emission from Noise pressure level in dB(A) Number of cases of Near noise During the drlling operation (day I/c HSE-DS DG Sets, Rig and other workers not using PPE sources (5m) & night) machinery / Vehicle
C.3 Ground water usage Daily withdrawal rate Site Daily DIC C.4 Waste from Spillage Mass generated in kg Storage & At storage point Daily during entire life-cycle of DIC containment disposal details (qty, method) within site project
C.5 Spilled Chemicals/Oil Area of Spill /Quantity Spilled/ Severity of Spill / Site As and when spills DIC Characterization of Spilled Substances for occur Contaminants (Heavy Metals, Toxics, etc.) Storage & Disposal Details (Qty, Method) C.6 Fugitive emission of Visual observation of cement dust in air by Near stockpiles Daily during the entire project life- DIC cement dust during haziness and storages cycle handling and storage C.7 Waste Oil and Lubricants Volume of waste generated in it Storage& disposal At storage point Daily during DIC details (qty, method) within site entire life-cycle of project C.8 Spent batteries Numbers, size Storage & disposal details (qty, At storage point Daily during entire life-cycle of DIC method) Authorisation of waste recyclers of spent within site project batteries C.9 Metallic, packing, scrap Mass generated in kg Storage & At storage point Daily during entire life-cycle of DIC waste disposal details (qty, method) within site project
C.10 Emissions from Flaring Total CO, Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, NOx emission Flare Stack Once during well testing DIC estimates based on emission factors C.11 Domestic Solid Waste Mass of waste generated in kg Storage & disposal At storage point Daily during entire life-cycle of DIC
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EI No Environmental Monitoring Parameter Location Period & Frequency Responsibility Indicator(EI) details (qty, method and frequency) within site project C.12 Sewage (Black, grey water) Volume estimate Basic pollutant parameters (pH, At discharge Daily during the project life- DIC quantity & quality solids, COD) point cycle For every batch of waste water discharge Monthly during the project life- cycle C.13 Waste water quantity & Volume estimate Basic pollutant parameters (pH, At discharge Monthly during the project life- DIC quality (Process water) solids, COD) All parameters as per Consent to point cycle Operate C.14 Evacuation Procedures Arrangements for safe shelters, evacuation routes and Nearby villages/ Once during DIC vehicles camp site Drilling phase workers C.15 Ambient Air Quality Visual observation Odour / smell (NOx) At surrounding Quarterly HSE Measurement of SPM, RPM, SOx, NOx, CO, using receptor points HVS & testing
C.16 Ambient noise quality Hearing / perception Measurement of Noise Pressure At surrounding Daily during drilling & testing DIC Level in dB(A) receptor points Monthly during drilling & testing
C.17 Groundwater Quality Analysis of Parameters as per IS10500 Nearby wells Monthly during drilling & testing HSE
D DECOMMISSIONING / CLOSURE D.1 Decommissioning waste Mass generated in kg Storage & disposal details (qty, At storage Daily during entire life-cycle of DIC method) point within site project D.2 Site restoration Visual observation of : Clearing of Site Daily during decommissioning DIC decommissioning waste Leveling of site Relaying of top soil Regeneration of top soil D.3 Soil Fertility Fertility parameters like pH, NPK ratio, Total Site & adjacent Once after site restoration HSE Carbon, etc. areas D 4 Soil Quality Measure EC and pH of soil and sulphur/acid forming Site & adjacent After completion of drilling HSE material requirement areas where
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EI No Environmental Monitoring Parameter Location Period & Frequency Responsibility Indicator(EI) contamination observed
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9.6 Project Expenditure on environmental Matter
Table 9-5 gives the expenditure on environmental matters
Table 9-5: Expenditure on Environmental Matters Amount S No. Description (in Rs.) Fixed Cost Cost of pit excavation and construction of septic tank and soak pit per 1. 1,50,000 well 2. Cost of HDPE liner (500 micron) per well 2,25,000 Environmental monitoring and analysis for environmental parameter
during drilling per well 3 AAQM + Stack monitoring per well 3000 Waste water Analysis and Dril cuttings analysis 2530 Noise Monitroing 1000 Total 381530
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10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
An Environment Impact Assessment report has been prepared for drilling of 48 exploratory wells in 23 Blocks located in Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat districts based on existing baseline environmental quality data collected for winter season 2012- 13; Identification and prediction of significant environmental impacts due to the proposed drilling activity followed by delineation of appropriate impact mitigation measures and suggestion for implementing this measures by preparing an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
10.1 Salient Features of the Project
The salient features of the proposed drilling project are given in Table 10-1.
Table 10-1: Salient Features of the Proposed Project S. No Features Details
The 23 Blocks are geographically located in Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat Districts of Gujarat.
Location details are as follows:
Taluka: Olpad and Mangrol Taluka of Surat District, 1 Location Details Jambusar, Amod, Vagra, Ankleshwar and Hansot Taluka of Bharuch District, Vadodara, Dabhoi, Padra and Karjan Talukas of Vadodara District District: Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat State: Gujarat
Number of exploratory wells 2 ONGC proposes to drill 48 wells proposed 3 Depth of drilling Upto 3500 m Temporary land lease, Site and access road preparation, drilling of 4 Activity involved wells and testing operation, 5 Area required 110 × 110 m for each well 6 Cost of the drilling Likely Cost of the project works out to be INR 800 Crores 7 Drilling Fluid Water based mud will be used for drilling 8 Man power on rig/shift 15 - 16 person at each site at time 9 Water Requirement ~ 35 Kilo liters per day per well Waste water generation and ~3 m3 per day of waste water will be generated which will be 10 disposal collected in 45m X 25m X 1.5m HDPE lined pit at each site The domestic sewage generated from the drill site operations will be treated in a septic tank–soak pit system. The septic 11 Domestic waste water tank is adequately sized to cater to a volumetric capacity of 4–5 m3 per day 12 Generation of drill cutting and It is estimated that 300 MT of formation cuttings will be
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S. No Features Details disposal generated in the form of solid waste, during the drilling operation. Drill Cutting and drilling mud will be disposed off in accordance with Notification dated 30th August 2005 - G.S.R 546 (E) point no C “Guidelines for Disposal of Solid Waste, Drill Cutting and Drilling Fluids for Offshore and Onshore Drilling Operation”. Cuttings are collected, dried and disposed off in an environmentally safe manner. It is expected that 100 liters of waste lube oil will be generated Generation of used oil and 13 during drilling operation of one well, which will be disposed off disposal through authorized recycler as per ONGC’s policy. The power required for driving the drilling rig, circulation system 14 Power Requirement and for providing lighting shall be generated by DG sets attached with the drilling rig. There is no Notified/ Protected ecologically sensitive area 16 Sensitive Area including National park, Sanctuary, Elephant/tiger reserves existing in the study area covering 10 km radial distance.
10.2 Conclusion
During the environmental assessment study, all possible environmental aspects have been adequately addressed and necessary control measures have been suggested to meet with statutory requirements.
The proposed drilling project will contribute to economic growth in indirect way and may help in meeting the increasing demands of oil & gas if proved to be economically beneficial for future production.
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11 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
11.1 Brief resume and Nature of Consultancy Rendered by Kadam Environmental Consultants
Kadam Environmental Consultants (KEC) was established in 1981 and has more than 30 years of varied experience in the field of environment. The mission of company is providing sustainable solutions on “Environment for Development”.
The company has a dedicated and experienced team of more than 200 technical staff. The team comprises of environmental planners and engineers, chemical and civil engineers, geologists, socio- economic experts, microbiologists, zoologists, botanists and industrial/analytical chemists. The Company’s strength lies in project management, performing risk assessment, formulating environmental disaster plans, use of satellite Imagery in impact assessment, use of mathematical models for air, water and soil assessment and expertise in public consultation.
The company has three sister concerns namely : Kadam Pollution Control Pvt. Ltd dealing in operation and maintenance contracts of sewage, effluent and water treatment plants , Kadam Projects dealing in supply of Effluent and Sewage treatment plants on turnkey basis and
Kadam Enviro International Consultancy headquartered in UAE, offering Environmental and Safety Consultancy services in the Middle East Region.
Customer services are mainly categorized into:
Consultancy Services ( since more than 20 years) in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment , Environmental Site Assessment and Due Diligence, Enviro Legal Services, Statutory Environmental Audits/Statements, Risk Assessments and HAZOP, Energy Audit, Environmental , Health and Safety Management Systems and Waste Management Systems. Engineering Services ( Since almost 30 years) for collection and conveyance of liquid and solid wastes, designing and executing effluent and sewage treatment plants, municipal solid waste studies and solid waste management systems, bio gas plants , rain water harvesting systems and deep sea marine disposal systems. Laboratory services (since more than 25 years) in chemical and waste testing, microbiology, soil testing and Field sampling (we have amongst the highest number of environmental field sampling equipments amongst environmental companies in the country. . The company has a well equipped laboratory with modern instruments and experienced staff catering to the need of statutory and advisory environmental testing for air, water and wastewater and hazardous solid waste.
The group has a varied industrial clientele encompassing Indian and Multinational Companies covering the industrial and services spectrum viz. Bulk Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Paints, Chemicals, Oil & Gas, Real Estate, Hospitality and Infrastructure sectors. Whilst the heart of our clientle encompasses the top 50/Blue Chip Indian companies ( Reliance Industries, ONGC, Infosys, ITC, ICICI, Indian Oil, GAIL, ONGC/GSPL, Sun Pharma, NTPC, Reliance Energy/Reliance Power, Welspun and many others) who have placed implicit trust in us over the decades. We are increasingly working with several multinationals (such as : ABB, Alstom, Areva, GM, Hindustan Lever, Honeywell, Kohler, Sabic and Tyco
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The Group has branch offices at Delhi and other places in Gujarat and an overseas office in the UAE.
KEC has received ISO 9001:2008 certification for its Quality management System from BSI-MS.
The company is an accredited EIA Consultant Organization by NABET, Quality Council of India under EIA accreditation scheme as per mandatory requirement of the MOEF, Govt. of India for carrying out Environmental Clearance studies. It has approved EIA coordinators and Field Area Experts for undertaking Environmental and related studies in seven approved sectors.
11.2 EIA Team Members
Work presented in this report was carried out by KEC with active co-operation from ONGC, Mr. D K Trivedi (Chief Engineer – Production) was the co ordinator from ONGC. The other KEC team members in addition to the experts mentioned in beginning of the report are given in Table 11-1.
Table 11-1: EIA Team Members Name & Designation Area Task Mr. B.K Patel Soil FAE Report review Mr. Mehul Petkar Hydrology, Geology Site Visit, Report preparation with FAE- HG Ms. Parul Patel Air Quality Modelling Team member for AQ Modeling In-charge of Field Monitoring, data collection and Mr. Mahendra Jadhav coordination with Laboratory, Team member for (Sr. Environmental Field Monitoring analysis of results, Team member for ground Scientist) truth survey. Ms Arpana Patel Lab - Chemist Analysis of Field monitoring data. Mr. Krunal Kharva Drafts man Drawing Land use & Land cover diagrams Mr. Zabir Saiyad Field Monitoring Collection of Data (Field Technician)
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ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: Lease Co ordinates of Mining Lease Name of ML Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Point (Sq. km.) Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. P 72 56 15.00 22 10 28.99 Q 72 56 33.00 22 7 55.99 Dabka ML K’ 72 53 2.00 22 9 50.00 ( 21.67) I 72 53 4.99 22 11 15.00 M 72 55 39.00 22 10 30.00 P 72 56 15.00 22 10 28.99 b 72 57 15.98 22 9 14.00 a 72 56 24.00 22 9 14.00 p 72 56 15.00 22 10 28.99 M 72 55 39.00 22 10 30.00 Z 72 55 41.99 22 11 38.00 Dabka EXT-I ML Y 72 56 20.00 22 11 38.00 (12.85) X 72 56 20.00 22 12 10.01 W 72 55 41.99 22 12 10.01 a 72 55 41.99 22 12 27.00 c 72 57 15.98 22 12 27.00 b 72 57 15.98 22 9 14.00 Q’ 72 55 40.98 22 11 3.01 R’ 72 55 13.01 22 11 3.01 Dabka EXT-II ML S’ 72 55 13.01 22 11 29.00 (1.39) T’ 72 55 40.98 22 11 29.00 Q’ 72 55 40.98 22 11 3.01 M’ 72 57 57.02 22 7 55.99 Dabka EXT-III Q’ 72 57 57.02 22 7 23.99 ML P’ 72 57 15.01 22 7 23.99 (1.15) R’ 72 57 15.01 22 7 55.99 M’ 72 57 57.02 22 7 55.99 W 72 55 41.99 22 12 10.01 X 72 56 20.00 22 12 10.01 Dabka EXT-IV ML Y 72 56 20.00 22 11 38.00 (1.00) Z 72 55 41.99 22 11 38.000 W 72 55 41.99 22 12 10.01 M 72 55 39.00 22 10 30.00 M’ 72 54 59.98 22 10 41.02 Dabka EXT-V ML X 72 54 59.958 22 11 49.99 (2.00) W 72 55 41.99 22 11 49.99 T’ 72 55 40.98 22 11 29.00
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Name of ML Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Point (Sq. km.) Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. S’ 72 55 13.01 22 11 29.00 R’ 72 55 13.01 22 11 3.01 Q’ 72 55 13.01 22 11 3.01 M 72 55 39.00 22 10 30.00 A’ 72 52 52.00 22 7 50.02 B’ 72 53 46.00 22 6 24.01 Umra ML C’ 72 51 58.00 22 6 31.00 (8.44) D’ 72 51 19.98 22 7 50.02 A’ 72 52 52.00 22 7 50.02 F 72 47 13.99 22 6 47.99 I 72 49 12.00 22 6 40.00 J 72 49 12.00 22 6 10.01 K 72 50 0.02 22 6 10.01 Umra EXT-I ML D 72 50 0.02 22 4 59.99 (9.93) C” 72 48 22.00 22 4 59.99 D’ 72 48 50.98 22 5 15.00 E’ 72 48 29.99 22 5 44.02 F’ 72 48 1.98 22 5 15.00 F 72 47 13.99 22 6 47.99 L 72 45 17.24 22 6 57.38 M 72 44 8.12 22 4 42.64 C 72 45 46.01 22 4 8.00 Umra EXT-II ML N 72 48 44.46 22 2 31.09 (34.43) F’ 72 48 2.02 22 5 14.93 F 72 47 13.99 22 6 47.99 L 72 45 17.24 22 6 57.38 K 72 32 24.00 22 55 27.98 L 72 32 24.00 22 56 58.99 Nada ML M 72 34 6.02 22 57 55.01 (9.85) J 72 34 4.01 22 55 30.00 K 72 32 24.00 22 55 27.98 S 72 32 38.00 22 58 57.00 L 72 32 24.00 22 56 58.99 W 72 32 24.00 22 55 36.98 Nada EXT-I ML P 72 31 45.01 22 55 36.98 (6.12) B’ 72 31 45.01 22 56 39.98 Q 72 31 45.01 22 56 39.98 U’ 72 31 45.01 22 58 40.01 S 72 32 38.00 22 58 57.00 Gandhar ML A 72 40 31.98 22 54 37.01
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Name of ML Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Point (Sq. km.) Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. (11.78) B 72 42 27.00 22 55 22.01 C 72 42 32.00 22 54 19.01 D 72 41 39.98 22 52 36.01 E 72 40 59.99 22 52 23.99 A 72 40 31.98 22 54 37.01 T 72 45 46.01 21 1 3.00 b3 72 48 41.40 21 54 42.98 b4 72 48 41.58 21 55 15.53 M8 72 48 24.86 21 53 19.00 M9 72 48 24.86 21 54 43.00 a3 72 48 53.17 21 52 46.27 a4 72 48 53.32 21 53 18.82 M10 72 48 24.86 21 55 15.50 M11 72 48 24.86 21 55 50.00 E 72 49 17.00 21 55 50.02 A 72 48 44.03 21 55 13.01 Gandhar EXT-XII C 72 50 47.98 21 55 13.01 ML B’ 72 50 47.98 21 57 25.99 (67.00) G 72 50 20.00 21 56 55.00 e’ 72 48 45.00 21 56 55.00 M12 72 48 45.00 21 57 33.00 M13 72 50 34.00 21 0 6.60 M14 72 52 43.98 21 0 6.60 M15 72 52 43.98 21 57 0.00 Y 72 52 0.01 21 57 0.00 Z 72 52 0.01 21 55 0.01 Z’ 72 51 50.00 21 55 0.01 M16 72 51 50.00 21 52 46.24 b3 72 48 41.40 21 54 42.98 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01 Dahej ML B 72 43 42.00 21 41 8.02 (18.52) C 72 39 7.99 21 40 34.00 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01 Z 72 40 7.00 21 41 15.00 W 72 39 45.00 21 41 44.99 Dahej EXT-I ML X 72 39 16.99 21 41 25.01 (90.90) Y 72 39 39.02 21 40 54.98 C 72 39 7.99 21 40 34.00 G 72 38 18.02 21 40 52.00
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Name of ML Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Point (Sq. km.) Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. e 72 37 14.02 21 45 36.00 F 72 42 33.98 21 49 37.99 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01 M1 72 39 0.00 21 40 37.22 C 72 39 8.00 21 40 34.00 b 72 40 9.59 21 40 40.76 a 72 40 9.59 21 40 8.15 D 72 40 44.47 21 40 8.15 South Dahej ML C 72 40 44.47 21 40 4483 (27.00) B 72 43 52.00 21 41 8.00 M2 72 45 0.00 21 41 4.33 M3 72 45 0.00 21 39 24.41 M4 72 39 0.00 21 39 24.41 M1 72 39 0.00 21 41 37.22 G 72 44 6.00 21 45 29.99 H 72 45 34.99 21 45 29.99 Pakhajan ML I 72 45 34.99 21 44 8.02 (6.25) F 72 44 6.00 21 44 8.02 G 72 44 6.00 21 45 29.99 D 72 45 11.02 21 46 44.00 Pakhajan EXT-I E 72 42 23.00 21 46 17.00 ML L 72 42 32.00 21 48 54.00 (18.00) M 72 44 33.00 21 48 54.00 D 72 45 11.02 21 46 44.00 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01 E 72 42 23.00 21 46 17.00 E1 72 44 26.52 21 46 36.01 G’ 72 44 26.52 21 45 58.14 I’ 72 45 5.00 21 45 58.14 P 72 45 5.00 21 45 29.99 G 72 44 6.00 21 45 29.99 Pakhajan EXT-II F 72 44 6.00 21 44 .02 ML I 72 45 34.99 21 44 8.02 (48.00) S1 72 46 31.69 21 44 10.00 g 72 44 13.02 21 41 34.01 f 72 43 59.02 21 41 44.02 e 72 43 48.00 21 41 31.99 h 72 44 1.00 21 41 21.01 B 72 43 52.00 21 41 8.02 A 72 42 11.99 21 42 42.01
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Name of ML Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Point (Sq. km.) Deg. Min. Sec. Deg. Min. Sec. C 72 46 0.01 21 25 52.00 E 72 46 0.01 21 27 29.99 Elav ML F 72 47 55.00 21 27 29.99 (10.37) G 72 47 55.00 21 25 52.00 C 72 46 0.01 21 25 52.00 H 72 50 38.00 21 33 10.01 K 72 49 50.02 21 31 32.99 Kudara ML M 72 49 35.00 21 33 6.01 H 72 50 38.00 21 33 10.01 Motwan ML H 72 50 38.00 21 33 10.01 (42.20) Do 72 55 35.00 21 34 18.01
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Annexure 2: ToR Letter
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Annexure 3: Long Term Meteorological Data {Climatological Tables (1961 – 1990)} – IMD
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Annexure 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration in Ambient Air Ecologically Industrial, Time Weighted Sensitive area Pollutants Residential, Average (Notified by Method of measurement Rural and other Central area Government) Improved West and Gacke Sulphur Dioxide Annual Avg* 50 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 method (SO2) 24 hrs.** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Ultraviolet fluorescence Modified Jacab and Hochheiser Oxides of Nitrogen Annual Avg* 40 µg/m3 30 µg/m3 (Na-arsenite) (NOx) 24 hrs.** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Chemiluminescence Annual Avg* 60 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Particulate Matter Gravimetric (Size less than 10 TOEM 24 hrs.** 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 µm) or PM10 µg/m3 Beta attenuation
Particulate Matter Annual Avg* 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 Gravimetric (Size less than 2.5 TOEM 24 hrs.** 60 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 µm) or PM2.5 µg/m3 Beta attenuation 8 hrs.** 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 UV photometric Ozone (O3) µg/m3 Chemiluminescence 1 hrs.** 180 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 Chemical Method Annual Avg* 0.50 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3 AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter Lead (Pb) 24 hrs.** 1.0 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 paper ED-XRF using Teflon filter. Carbon Monoxide 8 hrs.** 2.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 Non-disbersive, Monoxide (CO) 1 hr. 4.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 Infrared spectroscopy (NDIR) Ammonia (NH3) Annual Avg* 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 Chemiluminescence µg/m3 24 hrs.** 400 µg/m3 400 µg/m3 Indophenol blue method Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer Benzene µg/m3 Annual Avg* 05 µg/m3 05 µg/m3 Adsorption & Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo(a)pyrene – Solvent Extraction followed by Particulate phase Annual Avg* 01 µg/m3 01 µg/m3 HPLC/GC analysis. only, µg/m3 AAS/ICP Method after sampling Arsenic As), µg/m3 Annual Avg* 06 µg/m3 06 µg/m3 on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper AAS/ICP Method after sampling Nickel (Ni), µg/m3 Annual Avg* 20 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
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Annexure 5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
1 AA1 22/12/12 Sundarpura 66 36 9.4 <10
2 AA1 23/12/12 Sundarpura 72 30 <8 18.6
3 AA1 27/12/12 Sundarpura 55 20 8.6 13.9
4 AA1 28/12/12 Sundarpura 33 15 9.4 11.5
5 AA1 03-01-13 Sundarpura 75 39 9.1 15.2
6 AA1 04-01-13 Sundarpura 43 21 8.8 19.2
7 AA1 23/1/13 Sundarpura 76 44 9.9 20.5
8 AA1 24/1/13 Sundarpura 42 34 8.2 14.9
9 AA1 25/1/13 Sundarpura 45 18 8.4 19.5
10 AA1 08-02-13 Sundarpura 58 31 <8.0 17.1
11 AA1 09-02-13 Sundarpura 38 27 8.7 23.8
12 AA1 11-02-13 Sundarpura 52 38 9.2 21.9
13 AA1 12-02-13 Sundarpura 73 40 8.8 18.8
14 AA1 18/2/13 Sundarpura 43 28 9.3 21.8
15 AA1 19/2/13 Sundarpura 57 26 9.7 20.2
16 AA1 25/2/13 Sundarpura 60 35 9.6 17.3
17 AA1 26/2/13 Sundarpura 41 19 8.1 22.4
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
18 AA1 04-03-13 Sundarpura 65 25 9.6 15.8
19 AA1 05-03-13 Sundarpura 36 16 <8.0 23.3
1 AA2 22/12/12 Sejakuva 62 35 <8.0 17.8
2 AA2 23/12/12 Sejakuva 41 28 <8.0 22.4
3 AA2 29/12/12 Sejakuva 45 21 9.9 10.1
4 AA2 30/12/12 Sejakuva 62 30 <8.0 11.7
5 AA2 01-03-13 Sejakuva 67 34 <8.0 12.8
6 AA2 01-04-13 Sejakuva 89 24 10.0 19.4
7 AA2 01-07-13 Sejakuva 86 30 <8.0 20.8
8 AA2 01-08-13 Sejakuva 68 35 10.0 17.1
9 AA2 16/1/13 Sejakuva 59 38 9.1 21.3
10 AA2 17/1/13 Sejakuva 64 24 <8.0 15.8
11 AA2 23/1/13 Sejakuva 71 32 8.4 22.5
12 AA2 24/1/13 Sejakuva 69 36 <8.0 16.5
13 AA2 29/1/13 Sejakuva 63 28 9.6 14.6
14 AA2 30/1/13 Sejakuva 68 34 10.1 19.4
15 AA2 02-01-13 Sejakuva 61 38 8.5 14.7
16 AA2 02-10-13 Sejakuva 79 21 9.5 17.3
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
17 AA2 02-11-13 Sejakuva 88 35 9.8 13.6
18 AA2 16/2/13 Sejakuva 38 19 8.2 23.0
19 AA2 17/2/13 Sejakuva 44 23 <8.0 20.6
20 AA2 22/2/13 Sejakuva 38 17 8.9 22.0
21 AA2 23/2/13 Sejakuva 71 34 <8.0 24.9
22 AA2 03-01-13 Sejakuva 57 30 <8.0 17.8
23 AA2 03-02-13 Sejakuva 52 31 9.2 21.9
1 AA3 14/12/12 Umaraya 91 43 8.1 14.8
2 AA3 15/12/12 Umaraya 72 24 9.1 <10
3 AA3 24/12/12 Umaraya 86 37 <8.0 11.3
4 AA3 25/12/12 Umaraya 101 44 <8.0 <10
5 AA3 31/12/12 Umaraya 79 32 <8.0 16.7
6 AA3 01-02-13 Umaraya 94 38 8.4 17.6
7 AA3 01-09-13 Umaraya 63 38 9.7 10.9
8 AA3 01-10-13 Umaraya 88 46 9.1 16.6
9 AA3 18/1/13 Umaraya 82 41 <8.0 14.2
10 AA3 20/1/13 Umaraya 58 23 10.6 20.2
11 AA3 25/1/13 Umaraya 83 43 <8.0 19.3
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
12 AA3 26/1/13 Umaraya 88 40 <8.0 18.3
13 AA3 02-12-13 Umaraya 44 19 <8.0 14.0
14 AA3 13/2/13 Umaraya 41 17 9.8 16.2
15 AA3 18/2/13 Umaraya 57 13 <8.0 15.6
16 AA3 19/2/13 Umaraya 44 22 9.5 23.6
17 AA3 25/2/13 Umaraya 71 23 <8.0 22.8
18 AA3 26/2/13 Umaraya 97 20 9.8 23.9
19 AA3 03-03-13 Umaraya 50 18 <8.0 23.6
20 AA3 04-03-13 Umaraya 65 39 10.6 25.1
1 AA4 19/12/12 Kural 44 26 9.1 14.4
2 AA4 21/12/12 Kural 67 38 <8.0 <10
3 AA4 26/12/12 Kural 61 40 <8.0 14.0
4 AA4 27/12/12 Kural 64 33 <8.0 <10
5 AA4 05-01-13 Kural 59 28 <8.0 16.2
6 AA4 06-01-13 Kural 48 23 10.1 15.3
7 AA4 11-01-13 Kural 63 47 8.2 14.9
8 AA4 12-01-13 Kural 78 47 <8.0 14.2
9 AA4 21/1/13 Kural 52 40 10.2 15.6
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
10 AA4 27/1/13 Kural 48 29 9.0 19.6
11 AA4 28/1/13 Kural 65 45 9.4 17.1
12 AA4 08-02-13 Kural 71 21 9.7 22.0
13 AA4 09-02-13 Kural 45 24 9.0 14.7
14 AA4 14/2/13 Kural 37 28 <8.0 17.0
15 AA4 15/2/13 Kural 74 41 10.0 24.5
16 AA4 20/2/13 Kural 76 36 9.2 24.1
17 AA4 21/2/13 Kural 57 32 9.7 18.6
18 AA4 27/2/13 Kural 61 31 9.7 16.7
19 AA4 28/2/13 Kural 48 25 8.5 17.7
20 AA4 05-03-13 Kural 53 38 10.2 19.1
21 AA4 06-03-13 Kural 56 35 9.5 22.7
1 AA5 28/12/12 Dehgam 31 17 9.8 16.4
2 AA5 29/12/12 Dehgam 59 21 9.6 18.8
3 AA5 03-01-13 Dehgam 66 28 9.2 11.3
4 AA5 04-01-13 Dehgam 43 28 8.6 19.6
5 AA5 08-01-13 Dehgam 53 30 <8.0 14.3
6 AA5 09-01-13 Dehgam 57 39 8.9 10.3
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
7 AA5 10-01-13 Dehgam 56 41 <8.0 10.1
8 AA5 19/1/13 Dehgam 42 32 9.0 <10
9 AA5 20/1/13 Dehgam 58 28 <8.0 17.8
10 AA5 26/1/13 Dehgam 54 23 <8.0 <10
11 AA5 27/1/13 Dehgam 65 36 9.1 10.5
12 AA5 01-02-13 Dehgam 62 43 <8.0 16.6
13 AA5 02-02-13 Dehgam 57 36 <8.0 16.2
14 AA5 09-02-13 Dehgam 55 31 <8.0 12.8
15 AA5 15/2/13 Dehgam 41 25 10.0 17.2
16 AA5 16/2/13 Dehgam 60 28 <8.0 17.4
17 AA5 22/2/13 Dehgam 58 31 8.6 17.0
18 AA5 23/2/13 Dehgam 46 33 <8.0 16.5
19 AA5 02-03-13 Dehgam 45 28 <8.0 19.7
20 AA5 03-03-13 Dehgam 49 23 9.5 16.6
1 AA6 30/12/12 Nada 57 19 <8.0 12.5
2 AA6 31/12/12 Nada 33 20 9.7 21.6
3 AA6 01-05-13 Nada 59 33 9.0 19.7
4 AA6 01-06-13 Nada 60 38 10.6 18.2
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
5 AA6 01-11-12 Nada 38 25 9.5 19.5
6 AA6 13/1/13 Nada 57 34 <8.0 <10
7 AA6 21/1/13 Nada 36 22 8.3 <10
8 AA6 22/1/13 Nada 53 38 <8.0 19.3
9 AA6 28/1/13 Nada 61 31 <8.0 21.1
10 AA6 29/1/13 Nada 58 22 <8.0 17.9
11 AA6 02-03-13 Nada 56 22 <8.0 19.4
12 AA6 02-04-13 Nada 68 29 9.0 16.5
13 AA6 02-11-13 Nada 42 22 9.0 17.8
14 AA6 02-12-13 Nada 30 30 8.1 16.8
15 AA6 19/2/13 Nada 48 21 10.1 16.9
16 AA6 20/2/13 Nada 43 34 8.6 18.6
17 AA6 25/2/13 Nada 59 37 8.8 18.5
18 AA6 26/2/13 Nada 68 34 8.5 17.5
19 AA6 04-03-13 Nada 56 36 <8.0 17.3
20 AA6 05-03-13 Nada 45 30 8.1 19.4
21 AA6 11-03-13 Nada 52 37 8.3 13.9
1 AA7 25/12/12 Tankari 52 37 9.1 <10
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
2 AA7 26/12/12 Tankari 51 33 <8.0 12.3
3 AA7 01-01-13 Tankari 57 21 10.6 22.4
4 AA7 01-02-13 Tankari 41 15 10.1 23.8
5 AA7 01-07-13 Tankari 61 38 <8.0 14.9
6 AA7 01-08-13 Tankari 66 48 10.0 21.8
7 AA7 17/1/13 Tankari 72 42 8.2 10.0
8 AA7 18/1/13 Tankari 79 45 <8.0 13.3
9 AA7 24/1/13 Tankari 50 37 9.4 10.8
10 AA7 25/1/13 Tankari 65 39 <8.0 <10
11 AA7 30/1/13 Tankari 74 41 8.7 21.0
12 AA7 31/1/13 Tankari 78 43 9.4 23.1
13 AA7 02-05-13 Tankari 69 37 10.0 17.9
14 AA7 02-06-13 Tankari 49 32 <8.0 22.9
15 AA7 02-12-13 Tankari 55 41 8.1 16.0
16 AA7 13/2/13 Tankari 51 21 8.3 16.3
17 AA7 20/2/13 Tankari 45 23 10.0 13.5
18 AA7 21/2/13 Tankari 51 29 9.0 20.1
19 AA7 27/2/13 Tankari 55 26 8.4 14.9
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
20 AA7 28/2/13 Tankari 62 35 <8.0 22.4
1 AA8 27/12/12 Gandhar 54 36 9.5 24.6
2 AA8 28/12/12 Gandhar 105 55 <8.0 11.0
3 AA8 01-06-13 Gandhar 84 31 9.3 27.6
4 AA8 01-07-12 Gandhar 53 44 8.8 14.2
5 AA8 13/1/13 Gandhar 66 53 <8.0 11.1
6 AA8 14/1/13 Gandhar 62 38 9.3 20.1
7 AA8 23/1/13 Gandhar 67 52 <8.0 15.4
8 AA8 24/1/13 Gandhar 64 50 9.3 10.5
9 AA8 30/1/13 Gandhar 52 44 <8.0 12.5
10 AA8 31/1/13 Gandhar 68 45 9.0 20.6
11 AA8 02-06-13 Gandhar 73 43 10.8 25.0
12 AA8 02-07-13 Gandhar 81 47 8.1 14.6
13 AA8 15/2/13 Gandhar 65 46 <8.0 19.3
14 AA8 16/2/13 Gandhar 92 49 <8.0 18.7
15 AA8 21/2/13 Gandhar 73 46 <8.0 17.5
16 AA8 22/2/13 Gandhar 69 48 8.1 14.6
17 AA8 25/2/13 Gandhar 78 44 9.3 15.9
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
18 AA8 26/2/13 Gandhar 83 41 9.6 11.6
19 AA8 02-03-13 Gandhar 67 44 <8.0 18.0
20 AA8 03-03-13 Gandhar 70 43 <8.0 20.4
1 AA9 30/12/12 Pakhajan 53 28 8.7 10.8
2 AA9 31/12/12 Pakhajan 61 33 9.4 12.2
3 AA9 01-05-13 Pakhajan 55 33 <8.0 15.6
4 AA9 01-06-13 Pakhajan 58 20 8.3 <10
5 AA9 14/1/1 Pakhajan 62 45 10.1 17.5
6 AA9 15/1/13 Pakhajan 56 36 9.8 <10
7 AA9 21/1/13 Pakhajan 67 39 9.3 14.7
8 AA9 22/1/13 Pakhajan 63 41 <8.0 12.7
9 AA9 28/1/13 Pakhajan 48 37 8.1 12.7
10 AA9 29/1/13 Pakhajan 41 27 <8.0 17.2
11 AA9 02-04-13 Pakhajan 49 29 9.1 12.2
12 AA9 02-05-13 Pakhajan 63 32 <8.0 18.8
13 AA9 02-12-13 Pakhajan 54 33 10.0 16.7
14 AA9 13/2/13 Pakhajan 67 40 10.6 16.5
15 AA9 19/2/13 Pakhajan 62 46 10.4 17.0
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
16 AA9 20/2/13 Pakhajan 55 43 <8.0 20.5
17 AA9 27/2/13 Pakhajan 46 30 8.9 15.7
18 AA9 28/2/13 Pakhajan 51 39 <8.0 16.8
19 AA9 03-06-13 Pakhajan 63 31 9.4 11.7
20 AA9 03-07-13 Pakhajan 65 26 10.1 12.6
1 AA10 29/12/12 Chachvel 46 22 9.3 <10
2 AA10 30/12/12 Chachvel 41 23 8.2 14.1
3 AA10 01-08-13 Chachvel 53 29 9.0 10.0
4 AA10 01-09-13 Chachvel 40 24 8.7 14.1
5 AA10 15/1/13 Chachvel 52 27 <8.0 <10
6 AA10 16/1/13 Chachvel 47 20 8.5 14.0
7 AA10 27/1/13 Chachvel 60 22 10.5 16.7
8 AA10 28/1/13 Chachvel 48 32 9.3 16.0
9 AA10 02-02-13 Chachvel 59 22 <8.0 19.9
10 AA10 02-03-13 Chachvel 39 25 <8.0 20.2
11 AA10 02-11-13 Chachvel 43 20 8.5 23.0
12 AA10 02-10-13 Chachvel 39 26 9.3 18.9
13 AA10 19/2/13 Chachvel 53 24 10.4 21.6
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
14 AA10 20/2/13 Chachvel 44 24 <8.0 24.2
15 AA10 27/2/13 Chachvel 59 23 <8.0 20.3
16 AA10 28/2/13 Chachvel 43 28 <8.0 16.5
17 AA10 06-03-13 Chachvel 55 28 <8.0 18.9
18 AA10 07-03-13 Chachvel 64 26 10.9 15.4
19 AA10 11-03-13 Chachvel 55 21 8.7 18.9
20 AA10 12-03-13 Chachvel 38 19 10.3 19.8
1 AA11 26/12/12 Jolwa 114 40 <8.0 21.0
2 AA11 27/12/12 Jolwa 64 39 9.7 21.9
3 AA11 01-01-13 Jolwa 68 37 9.5 29.6
4 AA11 01-02-13 Jolwa 117 43 10.6 21.1
5 AA11 01-08-13 Jolwa 61 35 10.4 31.0
6 AA11 01-09-13 Jolwa 114 42 8.3 20.3
7 AA11 16/1/13 Jolwa 110 41 <8.0 26.0
8 AA11 17/1/13 Jolwa 118 42 8.1 30.2
9 AA11 23/1/13 Jolwa 116 44 10.9 23.4
10 AA11 24/1/13 Jolwa 105 38 8.7 28.3
11 AA11 31/1/13 Jolwa 110 40 9.4 23.0
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
12 AA11 01-02-13 Jolwa 119 43 10.0 24.5
13 AA11 06-02-13 Jolwa 122 45 <8.0 19.0
14 AA11 07-02-13 Jolwa 109 41 10.4 25.7
15 AA11 15/2/13 Jolwa 122 45 <8.0 24.6
16 AA11 16/2/13 Jolwa 113 41 9.2 21.9
17 AA11 23/2/13 Jolwa 121 42 9.6 20.2
18 AA11 24/2/13 Jolwa 119 45 10.6 32.4
19 AA11 02-03-13 Jolwa 117 42 <8.0 23.9
20 AA11 03-03-13 Jolwa 120 43 10.7 20.5
1 AA12 28/12/12 Kaladra 52 27 <8.0 14.8
2 AA12 29/12/12 Kaladra 48 21 <8.0 <10
3 AA12 01-03-13 Kaladra 53 25 8.2 11.5
4 AA12 01-04-13 Kaladra 55 29 <8.0 <10
5 AA12 01-11-13 Kaladra 50 19 <8.0 16.5
6 AA12 01-12-13 Kaladra 56 27 9.5 10.3
7 AA12 18/1/13 Kaladra 59 23 8.1 12.0
8 AA12 19/1/13 Kaladra 56 23 9.6 17.1
9 AA12 26/1/13 Kaladra 58 33 9.3 22.4
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
10 AA12 27/1/13 Kaladra 57 26 <8.0 17.9
11 AA12 02-02-13 Kaladra 54 26 <8.0 16.5
12 AA12 02-03-13 Kaladra 61 27 10.1 24.3
13 AA12 02-09-13 Kaladra 54 25 <8.0 17.5
14 AA12 02-10-13 Kaladra 51 26 8.3 23.3
15 AA12 17/2/13 Kaladra 55 29 8.7 24.7
16 AA12 18/2/13 Kaladra 57 43 <8.0 16.0
17 AA12 25/2/13 Kaladra 50 21 8.1 15.2
18 AA12 26/2/13 Kaladra 54 19 <8.0 14.9
19 AA12 04-03-13 Kaladra 56 22 <8.0 14.8
20 AA12 05-03-13 Kaladra 53 28 <8.0 16.6
1 AA13 01-02-13 Kosamba 82 37 <8.0 10.7
2 AA13 01-03-13 Kosamba 88 29 <8.0 14.0
3 AA13 01-08-13 Kosamba 95 27 9.3 18.4
4 AA13 01-09-13 Kosamba 101 40 <8.0 <10
5 AA13 15/1/13 Kosamba 98 44 <8.0 13.8
6 AA13 16/1/13 Kosamba 102 43 10.3 18.9
7 AA13 21/1/13 Kosamba 106 48 8.3 10.8
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
8 AA13 22/1/13 Kosamba 83 36 10.5 18.6
9 AA13 28/1/13 Kosamba 92 42 <8.0 13.6
10 AA13 29/1/13 Kosamba 99 43 <8.0 15.6
11 AA13 02-04-13 Kosamba 86 36 8.4 23.8
12 AA13 02-05-13 Kosamba 93 31 <8.0 16.0
13 AA13 02-10-13 Kosamba 92 45 <8.0 17.4
14 AA13 02-11-13 Kosamba 98 49 10.5 23.9
15 AA13 18/2/13 Kosamba 96 36 9.7 23.4
16 AA13 19/2/13 Kosamba 40 25 10.5 24.8
17 AA13 24/2/13 Kosamba 81 36 11.1 20.9
18 AA13 25/2/13 Kosamba 74 35 <8.0 14.3
19 AA13 03-02-13 Kosamba 108 36 8.4 16.2
20 AA13 03-03-13 Kosamba 78 32 <8.0 12.3
1 AA14 01-04-13 Kim 96 43 <8.0 10.4
2 AA14 01-05-13 Kim 80 40 <8.0 15.8
3 AA14 01-10-13 Kim 103 46 9.8 14.4
4 AA14 01-11-13 Kim 92 42 9.2 19.5
5 AA14 17/1/13 Kim 81 33 10.2 15.4
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
6 AA14 18/1/13 Kim 92 48 9.9 20.0
7 AA14 23/1/13 Kim 90 42 8.2 14.9
8 AA14 24/1/13 Kim 82 40 10.3 20.7
9 AA14 30/1/13 Kim 93 48 <8.0 20.8
10 AA14 31/1/13 Kim 91 46 <8.0 21.9
11 AA14 02-06-13 Kim 81 43 <8.0 20.1
12 AA14 02-07-13 Kim 94 53 <8.0 19.0
13 AA14 02-12-13 Kim 88 37 <8.0 20.6 14 AA14 20/2/13 Kim 88 42 9.4 18.5 15 AA14 21/2/13 Kim 83 22 <8.0 22.6 16 AA14 26/2/13 Kim 80 41 9.5 22.7 17 AA14 27/2/13 Kim 43 26 8.2 13.4 18 AA14 04-03-13 Kim 90 38 9.7 21.1 19 AA14 05-03-13 Kim 86 49 <8.0 19.1 20 AA14 08-03-13 Kim 85 38 10.5 21.9 21 AA14 09-03-13 Kim 81 37 <8.0 15.6 1 AA15 01-06-13 Olpad 85 41 8.4 16.2 2 AA15 01-07-13 Olpad 78 40 9.2 <10 3 AA15 13/1/13 Olpad 69 19 9.8 19.9
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Average Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3)
S No Station Code Sampling Date Sampling Location PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
(24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr.) (24hr)
100 60 80 80 Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other CPCB Norms Area 100 60 30 30
4 AA15 14/1/13 Olpad 54 37 10.7 17.7 5 AA15 19/1/13 Olpad 84 42 9.0 20.7 6 AA15 20/1/13 Olpad 75 38 9.2 19.1 7 AA15 26/1/13 Olpad 70 34 8.7 15.8 8 AA15 27/1/13 Olpad 85 39 <8.0 17.7 9 AA15 02-02-13 Olpad 80 42 <8.0 25.5 10 AA15 02-03-13 Olpad 81 37 <8.0 23.6 11 AA15 02-08-13 Olpad 69 33 10.9 22.8 12 AA15 02-09-13 Olpad 78 24 10.3 23.2 13 AA15 22/2/13 Olpad 79 42 9.9 25.5 14 AA15 23/2/13 Olpad 68 33 9.8 22.3 15 AA15 28/2/13 Olpad 83 37 <8.0 24.7 16 AA15 03-01-13 Olpad 70 31 10.7 25.8 17 AA15 03-06-13 Olpad 66 27 10.4 22.6 18 AA15 03-07-13 Olpad 78 34 <8.0 19.0
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Annexure 6: Dispersion Modeling Results for Diesel Engines and D.G Sets Emissions from the DG Sets were analyzed for their impact on the ground level concentration for various distances using AERMOD
Study has been conducted for winter season 2012-13. The stack emission concentrations used for dispersion modeling were taken as per CPCB guidelines issued for conducting air quality modeling.
Emissions from the DG Sets were analyzed for their impact on the ground level concentration for various distances.
Based on SO2 emission rate in kg/hr, the stack height was determined using the formula Q = 14 Q 0.3
The stack height predicted using above formula was about 6 meter for given rate of SO2 emission and dispersion modeling was performed for it.
At this stack height, the resultant SO2 and PM concentration were coming within NAAQ standard; however the NOX GLC concentration was obtained above the NAAQS standard, Therefore various simulations were performed by increasing the stack height, so that the resultant concentration of NOx comes within the NAAQ standard. The optimum stack height obtained using various simulations for which NAAQS for NOx was within limit is 18 m
GLC for dispersion modeling using stack height 18 m are provided below
Vadodara District
3 3 3 Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.5 µg/m , 53.83 µg/m and 0.5 µg/m for SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 100 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Bharuch District
3 3 3 Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m , 30.13 µg/m and 0.28 µg/m for SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SSE Direction.
Surat District
3 3 3 Maximum 24 hourly average GLC’s are observed to be 0.28 µg/m , 29.49 µg/m and 0.28 µg/m for SO2, NOx and Particulate matter respectively at distance of 200 m from the source in SW Direction.
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Table 1: 24 Hour Average GLC of PM (µg/m3) – Vadodara District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 20 0.13 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 0.13 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 50 0.17 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 60 0.19 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 70 0.19 0.18 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 80 0.20 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 90 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 100 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 110 0.16 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 120 0.18 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 130 0.22 0.18 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 140 0.31 0.30 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 150 0.45 0.38 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 160 0.50 0.38 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 170 0.42 0.32 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 180 0.28 0.21 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 190 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 200 0.29 0.29 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 210 0.25 0.26 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 220 0.28 0.25 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 230 0.28 0.27 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 240 0.24 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 250 0.19 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 260 0.18 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
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DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 270 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 280 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 290 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 300 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 310 0.14 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 320 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 330 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 340 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 360 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
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3 Table 2: 24 Hour Average GLC of SO2 (µg/m ) – Vadodara District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 20 0.13 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 0.13 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 50 0.17 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 60 0.19 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 70 0.19 0.18 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 80 0.20 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 90 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 100 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 110 0.16 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 120 0.18 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 130 0.22 0.18 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 140 0.31 0.30 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 150 0.45 0.38 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 160 0.50 0.38 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 170 0.42 0.32 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 180 0.28 0.21 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 190 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 200 0.29 0.29 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 210 0.25 0.26 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 220 0.28 0.25 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 230 0.28 0.27 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 240 0.24 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 250 0.19 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 260 0.18 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
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DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 270 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 280 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 290 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 300 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 310 0.14 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 320 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 330 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 340 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 360 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
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EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
3 Table 3: 24 Hour Average GLC of NOx (µg/m ) – Vadodara District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 14.61 6.76 3.58 2.48 1.82 1.12 0.75 0.51 0.37 20 14.58 7.32 2.03 1.18 0.77 0.55 0.33 0.20 0.14 30 14.56 2.30 4.02 2.05 1.43 0.63 0.46 0.36 0.30 40 14.54 5.86 5.83 4.07 3.19 1.86 1.40 1.06 0.83 50 18.14 5.40 6.20 4.81 3.88 4.28 4.66 4.12 3.61 60 20.75 0.52 6.99 4.12 2.88 2.03 2.18 1.92 1.64 70 20.94 8.84 6.98 5.70 5.07 3.95 3.01 2.30 1.81 80 21.68 2.18 5.61 4.35 3.53 2.47 1.97 1.54 1.22 90 19.83 1.54 6.20 6.56 5.54 3.13 2.92 2.48 2.08 100 17.48 2.25 5.43 5.84 4.91 2.19 1.25 0.96 0.92 110 17.68 2.19 4.79 5.37 5.50 3.44 2.34 1.77 1.40 120 19.51 1.24 3.69 2.97 2.33 1.10 0.66 0.44 0.53 130 23.79 9.14 5.34 4.61 3.87 2.30 1.70 1.42 1.16 140 33.76 1.87 8.35 3.96 2.28 1.12 0.67 0.44 0.32 150 48.41 0.51 0.68 7.15 8.52 8.31 6.28 4.78 3.83 160 53.83 0.90 0.56 6.27 6.64 4.26 3.09 2.28 1.75 170 46.22 3.80 9.37 5.00 3.16 2.16 1.43 1.02 0.76 180 30.35 2.96 6.59 3.42 2.72 1.42 0.98 1.17 1.32 190 29.23 6.25 2.06 2.38 1.36 6.39 3.87 2.68 2.19 200 31.07 0.85 7.10 3.65 1.29 6.35 4.92 3.85 3.07 210 27.26 8.17 3.51 2.42 2.73 10.03 7.49 5.99 4.86 220 29.99 6.39 3.43 0.95 8.56 7.90 6.44 4.92 3.83 230 29.98 9.19 6.42 4.67 2.36 6.30 6.02 5.32 4.70 240 26.01 1.71 7.52 5.55 4.51 2.77 2.25 1.99 1.68 250 20.85 6.59 5.61 4.06 3.49 3.12 2.54 2.05 1.73 260 19.26 4.56 6.54 5.41 4.64 2.48 2.04 1.78 1.50
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 358
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 270 19.16 3.64 8.54 5.29 5.09 3.75 2.67 2.02 1.61 280 17.10 0.66 5.37 4.10 3.29 1.84 1.83 1.56 1.31 290 15.39 9.60 6.37 5.05 4.11 2.40 1.65 1.27 1.03 300 15.44 9.28 5.60 4.30 3.39 1.76 1.14 0.82 0.63 310 15.35 7.84 3.32 2.26 1.60 0.63 0.35 0.23 0.17 320 15.22 6.32 2.76 1.29 0.76 0.34 0.22 0.17 0.13 330 15.12 6.20 2.36 1.13 0.64 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.13 340 15.03 6.01 2.88 1.89 1.33 0.53 0.29 0.19 0.13 350 14.92 6.91 4.54 3.39 2.66 1.40 0.92 0.68 0.52 360 14.77 7.25 4.93 3.75 3.00 1.68 1.18 0.90 0.73
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 359
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1a: Concentration of PM due to Emission from DG Set – Vadodara District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 360
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1b: Concentration of SO2 due to Emission from DG Set – Vadodara District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 361
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1b: Concentration of NOx due to Emission from DG Set – Vadodara District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 362
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Table 4: 24 Hour Average GLC of PM (µg/m3) – Bharuch District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 20 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 30 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 40 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 50 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 60 0.18 0.17 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 70 0.18 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 80 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 90 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 100 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 110 0.14 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 120 0.15 0.14 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 130 0.19 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 140 0.21 0.28 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 150 0.20 0.22 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 160 0.23 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 170 0.23 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 180 0.21 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 190 0.17 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 200 0.13 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 210 0.14 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 220 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 230 0.22 0.24 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 240 0.21 0.22 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 250 0.20 0.21 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 260 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 270 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 363
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 0.16 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 290 0.12 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 300 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 310 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 320 0.11 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 330 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 340 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 360 0.12 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 364
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
3 Table 5: 24 Hour Average GLC of SO2 (µg/m ) – Bharuch District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 20 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 30 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 40 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 50 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 60 0.18 0.17 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 70 0.18 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 80 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 90 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 100 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 110 0.14 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 120 0.15 0.14 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 130 0.19 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 140 0.21 0.28 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 150 0.20 0.22 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 160 0.23 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 170 0.23 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 180 0.21 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 190 0.17 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 200 0.13 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 210 0.14 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 220 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 230 0.22 0.24 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 240 0.21 0.22 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 250 0.20 0.21 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 260 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 270 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 365
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 0.16 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 290 0.12 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 300 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 310 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 320 0.11 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 330 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 340 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 360 0.12 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 366
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Table 6: 24 Hour Average GLC of NOx (µg/m3) – Bharuch District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 12.20 12.81 5.28 4.38 3.87 1.94 1.10 0.75 0.60 20 12.21 10.58 7.19 9.19 9.49 6.23 3.99 2.78 2.08 30 12.19 7.03 2.55 2.43 2.59 1.75 1.26 0.98 0.77 40 12.87 8.63 3.42 2.64 3.42 2.52 1.75 1.46 1.40 50 16.88 13.49 6.63 9.23 0.74 7.91 6.35 5.14 4.83 60 19.39 18.63 7.64 4.73 3.58 2.03 1.46 1.16 0.97 70 18.34 17.02 5.80 3.17 2.44 1.35 0.94 0.72 0.70 80 15.69 13.50 4.50 3.35 2.78 1.79 1.16 0.82 0.62 90 17.13 12.24 7.03 8.99 9.50 6.34 4.53 3.87 3.60 100 16.07 11.99 4.88 4.16 4.23 2.37 1.90 1.53 1.32 110 14.62 14.21 7.54 8.79 0.59 7.63 5.06 4.47 4.54 120 17.05 15.57 5.45 3.72 2.96 1.90 1.27 0.99 0.96 130 21.15 24.52 8.05 4.37 3.05 2.95 2.46 2.45 2.67 140 23.28 30.13 0.52 1.31 4.02 10.53 7.27 5.57 4.73 150 22.34 21.89 1.20 6.86 4.64 2.08 1.19 0.87 0.74 160 24.46 19.49 2.83 8.11 5.76 5.02 4.40 3.46 2.76 170 24.45 15.83 8.86 5.48 5.09 3.73 2.66 2.11 1.74 180 22.23 12.71 3.62 2.19 1.58 1.16 1.49 1.44 1.30 190 18.43 15.21 5.02 2.44 1.69 1.58 1.77 1.52 1.26 200 14.62 21.11 7.77 4.06 3.22 3.13 2.58 2.15 1.91 210 14.86 20.36 7.15 4.27 3.44 2.04 1.44 1.12 0.91 220 20.34 18.82 6.54 4.98 4.28 2.15 1.98 1.60 1.29 230 23.75 25.26 1.52 2.86 2.65 8.17 5.59 4.34 4.11 240 22.85 24.09 8.46 4.92 3.43 1.51 0.94 0.66 0.50 250 21.31 21.60 7.60 4.44 3.30 2.17 1.52 1.65 2.36 260 22.59 22.09 7.62 5.08 3.83 2.45 1.87 1.44 1.70 270 21.11 19.28 6.57 4.21 5.46 5.16 3.69 2.71 2.06
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 367
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 18.08 14.58 4.48 2.18 1.27 1.44 1.43 1.19 0.98 290 13.61 10.03 3.20 2.79 2.26 1.12 0.68 0.98 1.53 300 11.68 6.14 4.81 4.39 3.75 2.26 1.62 1.26 1.04 310 11.76 8.13 2.26 1.79 1.33 0.51 0.26 0.15 0.10 320 11.86 10.29 3.97 3.77 4.62 5.14 3.92 3.01 2.60 330 11.96 9.44 3.62 2.03 1.88 0.98 0.63 0.41 0.31 340 12.04 7.10 1.85 0.86 0.51 0.25 0.16 0.12 0.10 350 12.11 9.33 2.46 1.12 0.64 0.27 0.16 0.24 0.40 360 12.39 11.94 3.79 3.78 4.62 3.34 2.42 2.08 1.92
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 368
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1d: Concentration of PM due to Emission from DG Set – Bharuch District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 369
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1e: Concentration of SO2 due to Emission from DG Set – Bharuch District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 370
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION EXPLORATORY WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF LIMITED WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Figure 1f: Concentration of NOx due to Emission from DG Set – Bharuch District
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 371
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
Table 7: 24 Hour Average GLC of PM (µg/m3) – Surat District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.18 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 50 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 60 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 70 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 80 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 90 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 100 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 110 0.20 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 120 0.20 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 130 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 140 0.21 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 150 0.20 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 160 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 170 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 180 0.18 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 190 0.19 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 200 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 210 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 220 0.27 0.24 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 230 0.27 0.28 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.05 240 0.25 0.20 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 250 0.22 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 260 0.18 0.19 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 270 0.19 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 372
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 0.18 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 290 0.18 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 300 0.19 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 310 0.21 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 320 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 330 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 340 0.19 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 360 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 373
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
3 Table 8: 24 Hour Average GLC of SO2 (µg/m ) – Surat District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 0.18 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 0.18 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 50 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 60 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 70 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 80 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 90 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 100 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 110 0.20 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 120 0.20 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 130 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 140 0.21 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 150 0.20 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 160 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 170 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 180 0.18 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 190 0.19 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 200 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 210 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 220 0.27 0.24 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 230 0.27 0.28 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.05 240 0.25 0.20 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 250 0.22 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 260 0.18 0.19 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 270 0.19 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
KADAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS| MARCH 2013 374
EIA/EMP AND RA/DMP FOR DRILLING OF EXPLORATORY OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED WELLS IN 23 BLOCKS OF WESTERN ONSHORE BASIN ANNEXURES
DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 0.18 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 290 0.18 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 300 0.19 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 310 0.21 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 320 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 330 0.20 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 340 0.19 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 350 0.18 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 360 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
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3 Table 9: 24 Hour Average GLC of NOx (µg/m ) – Surat District DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 19.29 6.26 2.30 1.58 1.12 0.43 0.23 0.16 0.13 20 19.29 6.45 2.09 1.77 1.37 0.58 0.33 0.23 0.30 30 19.30 7.59 2.77 1.73 1.22 0.49 0.28 0.19 0.14 40 19.62 8.74 4.09 2.85 2.18 1.10 0.71 0.51 0.39 50 19.75 9.16 5.72 4.38 3.50 1.91 1.51 1.22 0.99 60 19.60 8.57 5.73 4.39 3.50 1.92 1.31 0.98 0.78 70 19.35 7.37 3.95 3.38 2.81 1.59 1.09 0.82 0.65 80 19.43 8.11 3.49 2.94 2.39 1.26 0.82 0.58 0.44 90 19.77 8.75 4.05 2.85 2.22 2.28 1.61 1.19 0.96 100 20.38 8.50 3.76 2.58 1.96 1.00 0.65 0.48 0.37 110 21.03 8.45 2.74 1.70 1.19 1.26 0.99 0.75 0.57 120 21.56 9.90 4.07 2.48 1.68 0.60 0.34 0.25 0.19 130 21.87 2.87 6.47 4.52 3.43 1.70 1.10 0.79 0.60 140 22.91 4.60 7.40 6.26 5.21 3.02 2.12 1.62 1.31 150 21.72 3.45 6.80 5.64 4.60 2.50 1.66 1.21 0.94 160 21.27 0.95 5.91 4.48 3.61 2.06 1.45 1.12 0.91 170 20.66 8.49 4.42 3.06 2.28 1.03 0.61 0.40 0.29 180 20.05 0.37 3.93 2.27 1.49 0.51 0.27 0.17 0.13 190 20.57 5.77 7.00 4.55 3.34 1.57 1.00 0.71 0.53 200 24.58 9.60 8.64 5.82 4.45 3.81 2.93 2.33 1.99 210 27.15 3.70 7.50 4.63 3.29 1.45 0.88 0.61 0.45 220 29.02 5.55 9.42 6.02 4.96 2.21 1.17 0.87 0.68 230 29.49 9.75 6.91 5.29 5.83 12.20 8.75 6.80 5.81 240 27.63 2.13 0.90 7.67 5.97 2.81 1.55 1.00 0.69 250 23.99 2.19 9.39 5.90 5.17 3.96 2.75 2.16 2.35 260 19.65 9.99 7.61 5.06 4.39 2.19 1.26 0.81 0.60 270 20.39 0.04 7.87 6.36 5.05 3.16 2.19 2.25 2.30
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DIRECTION DISTANCE (Meters) (DEGREES) 100 200 500 750 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 280 19.43 6.14 5.05 3.37 2.49 1.01 0.57 0.41 0.32 290 19.60 0.48 4.58 3.54 2.94 1.99 1.48 1.17 0.97 300 20.82 8.54 3.68 2.88 2.28 1.18 0.76 0.54 0.41 310 22.29 9.96 4.62 3.45 2.73 1.47 0.98 0.73 0.57 320 22.52 0.22 5.25 3.95 3.14 1.73 1.22 0.94 0.78 330 21.40 8.66 5.24 3.95 3.13 1.70 1.16 0.87 0.69 340 19.77 7.12 3.37 2.28 1.64 0.66 0.35 0.22 0.15 350 19.30 7.02 4.03 3.18 2.52 1.26 0.79 0.55 0.41 360 19.29 6.54 4.73 4.02 3.35 1.95 1.37 1.06 0.86
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Figure 1g: Concentration of PM due to Emission from DG Set – Surat District
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Figure 1h: Concentration of SO2 due to Emission from DG Set – Surat District
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Figure 1i: Concentration of NOx due to Emission from DG Set – Surat District
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Annexure 7: Certificate of Kadam Environmental Consultants from QCI / NABET
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Annexure 8: TSDF Membership Certificates
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Annexure 9: ONGC Periodical Medical Examination Policy Manpower in the organization is the most important resource and maintaining their health is vital for productivity and effectiveness. As such, promotion of health of employees in the widest sense has become a high priority goal for the organization. ONGC has formulated a policy (effective from 5th July 2007) on Periodic Medical Examination (PME), some important features of which are detailed below:
Periodicity Type of PME Employees to be covered Periodicity Employees upto 45 years of age 5 Years Employees in age group of 46 to 55 3 Years General PME years Employees in age group of 56 years 2 Years and above Employees having hazard based Specific PME 2 Years profiles On need basis – upto 10% of Intermediate PME employees examined in a particular Every Year year
Scope:
PME will be conducted in two stages
Laboratory tests either in-house or at empanelled lab/diagnostic center. Clinical examination including interview, which will include physical parameters, spirometry, audiometry tests, flexibility test (P4), physical evaluation of male field personnel, interview to fill in the personal and family history sheets, psychological evaluation etc.
Procedure
Medical Officer (Occupational Health) will record the pertinent findings in Periodic Medical Profile and simultaneously in Occupational Health System. He will record these findings in a register also which is required to be maintained in compliance with the provisions of Indian Factories Act. MO (OH) will issue form ‘O’ required under the provisions of Mines Act 1952, certifying the fitness of field employees to the concerned Sectional Head and the individual. A copy of the said document will also be kept in record at the Occupational Health Center.
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Annexure 10: Corporate Environment Policy
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Annexure 11: List of Documents and records related to safety Environment and Health maintained by ONGC S. NO Name of Documents /List of Records 1 QHSE Management Manual 2 Common Procedure Manual 3 Environmen Aspect Manual Environmental Aspect Aspect Evaluation Objective and target Environment Management Plan Operational Manula 4 Risk Register Criteria of Hazar identification and Risk Assessment Hazard Identification and Risk assessment Significant hazard Management Plan/Program 5 Qulaity Procedure Manual 6 Safety Procedure Manual 7 Legal Register 8 Designated post for QHSE- MS 9 Records of Manager Tours 10 QSHE IA schedule internal audit report 11 Minutes of MRM 12 Minutes of Safety committee meeting – DS 13 Health and Hygine tours – Occupational Health Hazard Survey 14 PME Record 15 Training need Assessment and training records 16 Training Feed Back 17 Planned general inspection 18 Corrective action 19 Preventive actions 20 Accident/incident investigations 21 Near miss reporting and investigation 22 PPE compliance survey records 23 Safety meeting/ group loss control meeting 24 Calibration record of rig instruments 25 Performance measurement & monitoring records for continaula improvement 26 Dispach of non bio-degradable waste records 27 Material Consumption records 29 Record of waste consumption 30 Costomer/ interested party complaint/feed back record 31 Record of empty barrels and sacks 32 Document amendement 33 QSHE related circulars
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S. NO Name of Documents /List of Records 34 OISD audit compliance report 35 Technical audit report 36 Third party QHSE audit compliance report 37 Daily progress report (Drilling) 38 Daily check list for drilling rig 39 Bit Records 40 Trip Sheet 41 Trip Drill 42 BOP Drill 43 Fire Drill 44 BOP Pressure Testing 45 BOP Function test 46 Hot Work Permit 47 Cold Work Permit 48 Return of reportable accidents form J 49 Return of minor accidents form K 50 PPE issue records 51 Cheking of wire ropes 52 Casing line inspection & shifting record 53 Casing Tally record 54 Spuding Conference report 55 Well plan from Asset/Basin 56 Mechanical DPR 57 Preventive maintance report of mechanical equipment 58 Mechanical equipment log book 59 POL consumption report 60 Monthly proress report of engine & equipment 61 Engine smoke analysis / AAQM 62 NDT Records 63 Pressure vessel testing 64 Electrical DPR 65 Electrical mines logbook 66 IR Value records 67 Earth resistace test 68 Relay test record 69 Preventive maintanane report of electrical equipment 70 Elect lock out permit record 71 Monthly progress report of electrical equipment 72 Electricla equipment log book 73 Replacement of batteries 74 Inventory of chemicals 75 Daily progress report chemistry 76 Drinking water test report
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S. NO Name of Documents /List of Records 77 Master list of document and records 78 Well history 79 Visitor register
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Kadam Environmental Consultants www.kadamenviro.com
Environment f or Development
CONTACT DETAILS Vadodara (Head Office) 871/B/3, GIDC Makarpura, Vadodara, India – 390 010. E: [email protected]; T:+91-265-3001000; F: +91-265-3001069 Delhi / NCR SPAZE IT PARK, Unit No. 1124, 11th Floor, Tower B-3,Sector – 49, Near Omax City Center Mall, Sohna Road, Gurgaon – 122 002 (Haryana). E: [email protected]; T/F : 0124-4242430; M:+91-98998-04300 Kolkata No. BF – 232, Sector – 1, Salt Lake City – Kolkata – 700064 E: [email protected]