Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA
RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE
Research Response Number: CHN32921 Country: China Date: 19 February 2008
Keywords: China – Land confiscation for Highway 324 in Fuqing – Compensation – protest
This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein.
Questions
1. Please provide any information pertaining to a government project extending No. 324 National Highway through Honglu Town? Were there any reports of compensation? 2. What are the usual pathways for people to seek compensation? 3. Please provide links or reports relating to the treatment of people who protest regarding embezzlement of compensation funds. 4. Please provide any other information you consider relevant.
RESPONSE
1. Please provide any information pertaining to a government project extending No. 324 National Highway through Honglu Town? Were there any reports of compensation?
The 324 National Highway (324国道) runs south from Fuzhou for 2,583 km to Kunming in southwest China. The highway runs close to or even through Honglu town, according to maps, but no information was found on when the highway was constructed or whether there has been any recent extensions.
Two maps show the 324 National Highway passing through Honglu:
The first shows, but does not label, the highway (in pink) passing through Honglu town (Fuqing section of „Fuzhou City Communications and Tourist Map‟ (undated) Fujiankids website (http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/fuzmap.shtml – Accessed 20 December 2002 – Attachment 1. The map above also gives the Chinese characters for Honglu (宏路镇), which can be used to locate Honglu on a Chinese-language map of Fuqing („福清地图 (Fuqing City Map)‟ (undated in Chinese), Via Guang.net Chinese map website – http://www.guang.net/map.htm – http://www.9654.com/m/fuqing.htm – Accessed 18 February 2008 -Attachment 2). This map identifies the 324 National Highway in red and shows it running through Honglu.
Both maps also show a large freeway (in yellow) which runs almost parallel with the 324 highway a few kilometres to the west – this must be the Fuzhou-Xiamen Expressway. The maps show that the 324 National Highway crosses the expressway about five kilometres north and again 25 kilometres south of Honglu.
Both maps show Honglu as located on the junction of the 324 National Highway and a main road to Fuqing City which lies eight kilometres east of Honglu.
A 2004 World Bank report notes that the Fuzhou – Quanzhou Expressway was open to traffic in late 1999 to relieve a congestion problem on the 324 National Highway, indicating that the 324 National Highway had been in operation for some time in 1999 (World Bank 2004, Report No: 29288 Implementation Completion Report (TF-22534 CPL-36810 SCL-3681A SCPD-3681S) on an IBRD Loan In The Amount Of US $121.89 Million To The People’s Republic Of China For A Fujian Provincial Highway Project, 9 June, p.15 http://go.worldbank.org/KW47WNNWG0 http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/06/24/000090341_2 0040624141327/Rendered/PDF/29288.pdf – Accessed 18 February 2008 – Attachment 3).
A 2006 environmental survey, completed by the Fuqing government for a World Bank funded project (in poorly translated English with confusing page numbering), noted that there were 90 road construction projects at the time in Fuqing, including one in Honglu (Fujian Provincial Communications Department & Fujian Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute 2006, RRIP Component of World Bank Financed Fujian Highway Project Environmental Management Framework, E1382, vol. 5, March, pp. 107, 129-130 (Annex pp.38-9) http://go.worldbank.org/NWNB0VHHB0 / http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/000160016_2 0060417090743/Rendered/PDF/E138210vol10511t0Framework0for0RRIP.pdf – Accessed 18 February 2008 – Attachment 4). The survey does not go into detail about the Honglu project, saying only “the project is Fuxia Highway-Jinyin (F32)”. It later notes, in „Table 1.3.1 Basic Information about RRIP in Fuqing‟ on page 220 (numbered 61), that the Fuxia – Jinying project is a “Village Road Reconstruction” for 4.3km of Grade IV road.
For Fuqing as a whole the report noted that the only significant requisition of land was near the expressway and National Highway 324 (which could be near Honglu), but no further details were given:
But on the aspect of transportation area, the whole city even the towns, the land requisition area is very small, mostly gathered at the belt of Tongsan Express Highway in Fuqing section, National Highway 324 and Provincial Highway 305. (p.47)
2. What are the usual pathways for people to seek compensation?
Compensation is allowed by law for land or property which is acquired for development by the government. People seeking compensation are required to register their claim with the land administrative departments of the local people‟s governments. However many people claim that the compensation is inadequate or embezzled by corrupt local officials. This has led to protests and, on occasion, riots, violence and arrests. Question 3 contains further information on the treament of protesters.
The Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision – Attachment 5) notes:
The state may make expropriation or requisition on land according to law for public interests, but shall give compensations accordingly. (Art.2)
Owners or users of the land expropriated shall, within the time limit specified in the announcement, go through the compensation registration for expropriated land with the land administrative departments of the local people‟s governments on the strength of the land certificate. (Art.46)
Problems arising from land confiscation and compensation disputes are common in today‟s China, where land throughout the country is being redeveloped for Chinese industry and infrastructure, in an environment of widespread official corruption. Reports indicate that people often have difficulty in accessing adequate, or even any, compensation for confiscated land or property and resort either to demonstrations or following the rarely successful paths of using the legal system or petition system to seek redress. For information on these issues, please see the following:
RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN31124, 15 December – Attachment 6. This looks at the widespread nature of the problem and the difficulties for people claiming compensation.
RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN30369, 26 July – Attachment 7. This covers confiscation of land in Fujian, lack of any farmers‟ union and the petition system.
RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response CHN31747, 5 June – Attachment 8. This contains information on laws on rural land and the procedures and documents required to lease or sell rural land. It also has sections on the compulsory acquisition of land and the steps the government is taking to eliminate abuse by local officials.
Compensation Procedures in Fujian
While no reports were found on current road projects in Fuqing, other road projects in Fujian give some indication of compensation arrangements in the province for those whose land or houses are taken for highway construction. While these arrangements provide for compensation, it is not know whether adequate compensation was provided in practice. In 2005-61 the Fujian government prepared two documents in relation to a recent highway
1 There was a similar resettlement plan for a 1999 highway project in Fujian, which ran to six volumes and over 600 pages (Fujian Provincial Traffic Planning and Design Institute – Project Resettlement Office 1999, China - Second Fujian Provincial Highways Project : Resettlement Action Plan, Vol.1 project in southern Fujian, which allow for compensation and resettlement for people who land is used for highway construction:
Fujian Provincial Communications Department 2005, Fujian Highway Project III – the World Bank Loaned Fujian Rural Roads Reconstruction Project: Resettlement Policy Framework, December http://go.worldbank.org/FFBNN5HND0 http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/14/00001 2009_20060414132038/Rendered/PDF/RP4220CD0v20Re1icyFramework1RRIPeng. pdf – Attachment 9;
Research Institute of Highway of MOC 2006, Yongan-Wuping Expressway Part of Changchun-Shenzhen National Expressway in Fujian Province: Resettlement Action Plan, March http://go.worldbank.org/PG8XYLZNX0 and http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/00001 1823_20060822160558/Rendered/PDF/RP422.vol.1.rev.pdf – Attachment 10.
The first document examines Chinese law and World Bank standards and then examines the compensation appropriate for different types of land and property. For loss of houses, it states:
4.2.1 Standards for Compensation for Houses
According to the laws, regulations and policies of PRC and the related principles of the World Bank, standards for compensation for houses for Fujian Highway Project III – the World Bank Loaned Fujian Rural Roads Reconstruction Project shall be determined according to replacement cost. In the course of house reconstruction, the project owner shall pay all expenses in land leveling, electric connection, water connection and road connection, etc. (p.22)
5.1 House Demolition and Reconstruction 5.1.1 Demolition and Reconstruction of Private Houses (1) Compensation Principle
A. Compensation for house demolition shall be made at replacement cost with any deduction, taxation and depreciation. Compensation shall be directly paid to the displaced persons (or households), any intermediary agency shall not hold back or spend on behalf of the displaced persons (or households) the compensation funds. …
C. Payment of compensation for house demolition shall be made to the displaced persons (or households) prior to commencement of new house construction. If payment of compensation for house demolition is made in installments, each sum of such compensation shall be paid in full prior to commencement of new house construction. (p.23)
5.1.3 Demolition and Compensation for Illegal Buildings
Illegal buildings shall be appropriately compensated according to replacement price of such sort. The illegal buildings built after determination of land for the project shall not be compensated. They shall be removed within the fixed time after being compensated. (p.26) http://go.worldbank.org/7IWVAUTO80; Vol.2 http://go.worldbank.org/MMC2UGJSN0; Vol.3 http://go.worldbank.org/J0R6ECJ4S0; Vol.4 http://go.worldbank.org/AFJEABT9N0; Vol.5 http://go.worldbank.org/DAI6V2JU90 & Vol.6 http://go.worldbank.org/EUVY2VJOF0) (Fujian Provincial Communications Department 2005, Fujian Highway Project III – the World Bank Loaned Fujian Rural Roads Reconstruction Project: Resettlement Policy Framework, December, p.22 http://go.worldbank.org/FFBNN5HND0 http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/14/000012009_2 0060414132038/Rendered/PDF/RP4220CD0v20Re1icyFramework1RRIPeng.pdf – Attachment 5)
The second, longer, document mainly looks at compensation issues arising in a particular area in southern Fujian, most of which are quite local. However the document gives this information on how to seek compensation:
4.3.2 Land to be used for construction
Whereas occupation of land for construction purposes involves the conversion of agricultural land into land for construction purposes, the examination and approval procedures in this regard shall be required.
For projects of roads, pipelines and large infrastructure approved by the people‟s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, land for construction has to be approved by the State Council whereas conversion of agricultural land is involved.
….
Owners or users of the land requisitioned should, within the time limit specified in the announcement, go through the compensation registration for requisitioned land with the land administrative departments of the local people’s governments on the strength of the land certificate.
In the case of temporary using State-owned land or land owned by peasant collectives by construction projects or geological survey teams, approval should be obtained from the land administrative departments of local people’s governments at and above the county level. Whereas the land to be temporarily used is within the urban planned areas, the consent of the urban planning departments should be obtained before being submitted for approval. Land users should sign contracts for temporary use of land with related land administrative departments or rural collective organizations or villagers committees depending on the ownership of the land and pay land compensation fees for the temporary use of the land according to the standard specified in the contracts.
Users who use the land temporarily should use the land according to the purposes agreed upon in the contract for the temporary use of land and should not build permanent structures.
The term for the temporary use of land shall not usually exceed two years.
4.3.3 Compensation for requisitioned land
In requisitioning land, compensation should be made according to the original purposes of the land requisitioned.
Compensation fees for land requisitioned include land compensation fees, resettlement fees and compensation for attachments to or green crops on the land.
The land compensation fees shall be 6-10 times the average output value of the three years preceding the requisition of the arable land. The resettlement fee shall be calculated according to the number of agricultural population to be resettled. The number of agricultural population to be resettled shall be calculated by dividing the amount of arable land requisitioned by the per capital land occupied of the unit whose land is requisitioned. The resettlement fees for each agricultural person to be resettled shall be 4-6 times the average annual output value of the three years preceding the requisition of the arable land. But the maximum resettlement fee per hectare of land requisitioned shall not exceed 15 times of the average annual output value of the three years prior to the requisition.
The standards for land compensation and resettlement fees for land requisitioned shall be determined by various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in reference to the land compensation fees and resettlement fees for arable land requisitioned. (pp.52-53)
(Research Institute of Highway of MOC 2006, Yongan-Wuping Expressway Part of Changchun-Shenzhen National Expressway in Fujian Province: Resettlement Action Plan, March http://go.worldbank.org/PG8XYLZNX0 and http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/000011823_2 0060822160558/Rendered/PDF/RP422.vol.1.rev.pdf – Attachment 6)
Despite these regulations, provisions and policies, there are reports of people in Fujian not receiving appropriate compensation for land taken to build a highway:
…The alleged failure of local officials to address land-compensation issues also is sparking protests in Fu‟an City in the southern province of Fujian, says Lin Zuying, a village chief involved in the protests. Thursday, more than 2,000 people gathered at the Fu‟an City Government building to demand the release of several fellow protesters who have been detained by police, he says. Local residents allege that the local government has illegally occupied their farmland to build a highway, and that it has offered to pay only a fraction of the compensation required by national laws. “We‟ve been protesting and making trouble for the road construction since the project started,” Mr. Lin says. (Chen, Kathy 2004, „Chinese Protests Grow More Frequent, Violent‟, Asian Wall Street Journal, 6 November, China Labour Bulletin website http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/Protests%20more%20frequent%20AWSJ.htm?article_id=50 225 – Accessed 19 February 2008 – Attachment 11)
3. Please provide links or reports relating to the treatment of people who protest regarding embezzlement of compensation funds.
The research responses referred to in the previous question also contain information on this issue:
RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN31124, 15 December – Attachment 6. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN30369, 26 July – Attachment 7. RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response CHN31747, 5 June – Attachment 8.
The following reports are also useful:
Amnesty International 2005, People’s Republic of China: Human Rights Defenders At Risk – Update, ASA 17/002/2005, 1 March (Attachment 12) This contains a section on Detention of housing and land rights activists (pp.4-6) and information on the petition system (pp.6-7). Here is an excerpt: The requisition of farmland in rural areas continues to fuel a wave of protests resulting in thousands of petitions and legal disputes about compensation. These tend to be weighted heavily in favour of the government and developers. Meanwhile construction projects in urban areas continue to give rise to tensions between developers or local officials and those evicted from their homes. Activists working for the protection of housing and land rights of both urban and rural residents continue to be detained and some have been put on trial. For example:
· Gao Lading, a farmer who had spearheaded a two-year campaign against land seizures in Sanchawan village, Shaanxi Province, was sentenced to 15 years‟ imprisonment in January 2005 by the Yulin Intermediate People‟s Court. He was convicted of engaging in “illegal gatherings” and “disturbing public order” in connection with his activities on behalf of local farmers whose land had reportedly been seized by local officials with little compensation.
Since early 2003 up to 500 villagers had protested against the official seizure of 1,600 acres land for development in the area. The protests included sit-ins and the blocking of construction work as well as petitions to the central authorities in officials who had been accused of seizing the land. The protests culminated in a five-month occupation of the CCP offices in the village, which was reportedly brought to a violent end in early October 2004 by police firing rubber bullets and tear gas. 9 Twenty-seven people were arrested, including Gao Lading. Some farmers, including women, were reportedly beaten and attacked with cattle prods. Gao Lading‟s 26 co- defendants were sentenced to a variety of prison terms; the majority were sentenced to up to three years‟ imprisonment.
· Li Boguang, the director of the Qimin Research Centre in Beijing and a freelance writer and journalist was reportedly detained in Fu’an, Fujian Province on 14 December 2004. The reasons for his arrest are unclear but appear to be in connection with his activities in support of farmers’ rights.
Li Boguang, a graduate in philosophy, politics and law, had helped farmers in many parts of China to exercise their right to seek compensation for confiscated farmland. Earlier in 2004 he reportedly published an article examining the impact of corruption on the lives of farmers. He also helped farmers in Fu‟an petition the central government in a dispute over land.
In an article posted on the Internet in October 2004, Li Boguang warned that farmers in Fujian and other areas had been ordered to report on his whereabouts and that he had been threatened with arrest should he return to Fu‟an. He was arrested in Fu‟an two months later. Fu‟an police reportedly searched his home in Beijing, confiscating computers and documents. It is unclear whether he has been charged with any crime.
· Ye Guozhu,10 a housing rights activist in Beijing, was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment by the Beijing Intermediate People‟s Court on 18 December 2004 because his actions “seriously interfered with the work and order of the state organs and public order”. He had been detained in August 2004 after applying for permission to hold a mass protest against forced evictions in Beijing. He and his family were reportedly forcibly evicted from their home in 2003 to make way for construction work in connection with the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Amnesty International 2004, People’s Republic of China – Human rights defenders at risk, 6 December (Attachment 13). This report looks at land confiscation and compensation on pages 11-13. It states:
Authorities regularly arrest and prosecute individual “ring-leaders” who attempt to organise fellow-petitioners into larger groups with the intention of lobbying local and national authorities in connection with the loss of their homes. For example, Ye Guozhu was detained in Beijing in August 2004 and charged with “disturbing social order”, having tried to gain permission through official channels to stage a demonstration with fellow-petitioners to publicly protest against forced evictions and inadequate compensation. Ye was reportedly tried on charges of “disturbing social order” at the end of November 2004, but at the time of this report‟s release the verdict had not been reported.
Other key housing rights advocates have been sentenced to prison terms on vague charges which appear to have been politically motivated. For example, Zheng Enchong, a lawyer from Shanghai, represented or advised around 500 families who were evicted due to urban redevelopment in the city, and who received little or no compensation from the authorities. He was detained in June 2003, days after a group of evicted residents he had advised appeared in court attempting to sue the authorities for adequate compensation, alleging collusion between officials and a wealthy property developer.
Zheng Enchong was later charged and sentenced to three years in prison for “supplying state secrets to foreign entities” in connection with faxes he sent to Human Rights in China, an NGO based in New York. There are serious concerns that Zheng Enchong‟s detention and conviction were aimed at preventing him from continuing with his advocacy work. A lasting effect of his conviction has been a reported decrease in the number of lawyers in Shanghai willing to “risk” defending people‟s rights to housing for fear of reprisals.
Human Rights Watch 2004, Demolished: Forced evictions and the tenants’ rights movement in China, March, Vol.16, No.4(C) – Attachment 14). This is a very useful report, looking at forced evictions, violent evictions, disputes over compensation, arbitration and judicial remedies, international law and the tenants‟ rights movement. It gives many examples of harassment and arbitrary arrest and detention of tenant‟s rights advocates.
Lum, Thomas 2006, Social Unrest in China, US Congressional Research Service, 8 May http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33416.pdf – Accessed 12 December 2006 pp.5-6 – Attachment 15). This report contains examples of protests and government responses on pages 5 and 6.
The case of Huang Jingao shows that the Fuzhou authorities are willing to imprison those who complain of their corruption. In 2004, the authorities detained Huang Jingao, the Communist Party chief of Lianjiang County in Fujian Province, who wrote a letter to the online edition of People’s Daily contending that local officials had thwarted his campaign against corruption in the area. Huang‟s anti-corruption efforts centred on what he described as crooked deals in which officials took bribes to confiscate peasants‟ land and sell it at below-market prices to developers. Huang was relieved of his duties and put under house arrest. He was later charged with 50 counts of corruption himself and sentenced to life imprisonment, following a campaign to discredit him and his supporters. The Fuzhou journalist, Li Changqing, who published Huang‟s claims was also sentenced to three years in prison for “spreading false and alarmist information.” (Cody, Edward 2004, „Chinese Whistle-Blower Punished‟, Washington Post, 12 November http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42852-2004Nov11.html – Accessed 19 February 2008 – Attachment 16; Cody, Edward 2006, „China Puts Journalist On Trial‟, Washington Post, 20 January http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011901810_pf.html – Accessed 19 February 2008 – Attachment 17; „Imprisoned China Journalist Wins Prize‟ 2007, Associated Press, 20 November http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112001133_pf.html – Accessed 19 February 2008 – Attachment 18).
4. Please provide any other information you consider relevant.
For a profile of the population, production and peasant net annual income for Honglu, see page 220 (p.38 of an annex) of Attachment 4 (Fujian Provincial Communications Department & Fujian Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute 2006, RRIP Component of World Bank Financed Fujian Highway Project Environmental Management Framework, E1382, vol. 5, March, pp. 107, 129-130 (Annex pp.38-9) http://go.worldbank.org/NWNB0VHHB0 / http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/000160016_2 0060417090743/Rendered/PDF/E138210vol10511t0Framework0for0RRIP.pdf – Accessed 18 February 2008 – Attachment 4).
The addresses in Fuqing of some of the government agencies mentioned in background for this request are given in recent DFAT advice (Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January – Attachment 19).
List of Sources Consulted
Internet Sources:
Government Information & Reports Immigration & Refugee Board of Canada http://www.irb.gc.ca/ UK Home Office http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk US Department of State http://www.state.gov/ United Nations (UN) UNHCR http://www.unhchr.ch/ Non-Government Organisations Amnesty International website http://www.amnesty.org/ Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/ Region specific http://www.maps-of-china.net/g_highways_china.html http://www.maps-of-china.net/general/highways.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highways Search Engines Google search engine http://www.google.com.au/
Databases: FACTIVA (news database) BACIS (DIMA Country Information database) REFINFO (IRBDC (Canada) Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Country Research database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports) RRT Library Catalogue
List of Attachments
1. „Fuzhou City Communications and Tourist Map‟ (undated) Fujiankids website (http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/fuzmap.shtml and http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/prefectl.jpg – Accessed 20 December 2002.
2. („福清地图 (Fuqing City Map)‟ (undated in Chinese), Via Guang.net Chinese map website – http://www.guang.net/map.htm – http://www.9654.com/m/fuqing.htm – Accessed 18 February 2008.
3. World Bank 2004, Report No: 29288 Implementation Completion Report (TF-22534 CPL-36810 SCL-3681A SCPD-3681S) on an IBRD Loan In The Amount Of US $121.89 Million To The People’s Republic Of China For A Fujian Provincial Highway Project, 9 June, p.15 http://go.worldbank.org/KW47WNNWG0 http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/06/24/00009034 1_20040624141327/Rendered/PDF/29288.pdf – Accessed 18 February 2008.
4. Fujian Provincial Communications Department Fujian Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute 2006, RRIP Component of World Bank Financed Fujian Highway Project Environmental Management Framework, E1382, vol. 5, March, pp. 107, 129-130 (Annex pp.38-9) http://go.worldbank.org/NWNB0VHHB0 / http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/00016001 6_20060417090743/Rendered/PDF/E138210vol10511t0Framework0for0RRIP.pdf – Accessed 18 February 2008.
5. Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised on 28 August 2004). Invest in China website http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI_EN/Laws/law_en_info.jsp?docid=50939 – Accessed 4 June 2007.
6. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN31124, 15 December.
7. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response CHN30369, 26 July.
8. RRT Country Research 2007, Research Response CHN31747, 5 June.
9. Fujian Provincial Communications Department 2005, Fujian Highway Project III – the World Bank Loaned Fujian Rural Roads Reconstruction Project: Resettlement Policy Framework, December http://go.worldbank.org/FFBNN5HND0 http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/14/00001200 9_20060414132038/Rendered/PDF/RP4220CD0v20Re1icyFramework1RRIPeng.pdf- Accessed 19 February 2008.
10. Research Institute of Highway of MOC 2006, Yongan-Wuping Expressway Part of Changchun-Shenzhen National Expressway in Fujian Province: Resettlement Action Plan, March http://go.worldbank.org/PG8XYLZNX0 and http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/00001182 3_20060822160558/Rendered/PDF/RP422.vol.1.rev.pdf – Accessed 19 February 2008.
11. Chen, Kathy 2004, „Chinese Protests Grow More Frequent, Violent‟, Asian Wall Street Journal, 6 November, China Labour Bulletin website http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/Protests%20more%20frequent%20AWSJ.htm?article_id =50225 – Accessed 19 February 2008.
12. Amnesty International 2005, People’s Republic of China: Human Rights Defenders At Risk – Update, ASA 17/002/2005, 1 March.
13. Amnesty International 2004, People’s Republic of China – Human rights defenders at risk, 6 December.
14. Human Rights Watch 2004, Demolished: Forced evictions and the tenants’ rights movement in China, March, Vol.16, No.4(C).
15. Lum, Thomas 2006, Social Unrest in China, US Congressional Research Service, 8 May http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33416.pdf – Accessed 12 December 2006.
16. Cody, Edward 2004, „Chinese Whistle-Blower Punished‟, Washington Post, 12 November http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42852-2004Nov11.html – Accessed 19 February 2008.
17. Cody, Edward 2006, „China Puts Journalist On Trial‟, Washington Post, 20 January http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011901810_pf.html – Accessed 19 February 2008.
18. „Imprisoned China Journalist Wins Prize‟ 2007, Associated Press, 20 November http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112001133_pf.html – Accessed 19 February 2008.
19. Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January.